Marzano

1. Cooperative learning- Cooperative learning is a teaching strategy for

organizing classroom activities. Grouped into small teams, students
work together to achieve shared goals. This structured group is an
effective tool to address learning, organizational and communication
problems at school. Cooperative learning shifts the focus in teaching
from lecturing to interaction. The teacher serves as a facilitator and
observer during all cooperative learning activities.
2. Identifying similarities and differences- The ability to break a concept
into its similar and dissimilar characteristics allows students to
understand (and often solve) complex problems by analyzing them in a
simpler way. Teachers can either directly present similarities and
differences, accompanied by deep discussion and inquiry, or simply
ask students to identify similarities and differences on their own.
3. Nonlinguistic representations/graphic organizers- When students make
concept maps, idea webs, dramatizations, and other types of non
linguistic representation, they are actively creating a model of their
thinking. Computer simulations also encourage exploration and
experimentation by allowing learners to manipulate their learning
experience and visualize results. When students then explain their
models, they are putting their thinking into words. This may lead to
new questions and discussions, which will in turn promote deeper
thinking and better understanding.
4. Homework and practice- Homework and practice are related,
connected by the context when students are learning on their own and
applying new knowledge. Knowing which type of homework is needed,
helps teachers design appropriate homework assignments.
5. Advances organizers- Similar to questions, advance organizers are also
commonly used to help set the stage for instruction. advance
organizers are a cognitive strategy to help students learn and retain
information, teachers have developed a variety of forms for effectively
organizing learning. The K-W-L chart, for example, lists what students
know, what they want to find out, and what they have learned
6. Cues and Questions-Asking questions and prompting students' replies
with cues are strategies that come naturally to most teachers. In fact,
some 80 percent of student-teacher interactions involve cues and
questions. By fine-tuning questioning strategies with insights from
research, teachers can become even more effective at guiding
students' learning.