I HC QUC GIA H NI

TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN

VT L I CNG 2

IN QUANG

H Ni 12/03/2014

I HC QUC GIA H NI
TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN

VT L I CNG 2

IN QUANG

SINH VIN

: HONG VN TRNG

LP

: K54 a l

QU QUN

: Giao Thy Nam nh

IN THOI

: 0974 971 149

EMAIL

: hoangtronghus@gmail.com

H Ni 12/03/2014

Li chia s
in Quang l mn hc thuc "Khi kin thc c bn chung ca nhm ngnh"
v cc ngnh o to ca trng HKHTN, HQGHN u hc mn hc ny.
Ni dung ca in Quang gm 2 phn chnh c lin quan cht ch vi nhau:
+ in hc (bao gm in v T)
+ Quang hc (tnh cht sng v tnh cht ht ca nh sng)
Trong phn in hc l nhng ni dung c bn v trng in v trng t.
Trc ht, cn nm c cc khi nim, hiu v nh cc nh lut gii quyt cc bi
tp lin quan y l iu kin cn. tip thu kin thc ca mn hc bt kh khn
th cn phi xem li nhng kin thc lin quan ti mn Ton nh: o hm vi phn,
tch phn hm mt bin (mn Gii tch 1 gio trnh Ton hc cao cp tp 2), tch
phn hm nhiu bin (mn Gii tch 2 gio trnh Ton hc cao cp tp 3), l thuyt
trng v ton t rot, ton t div,
Cc nh lut pht biu cho in tch im, ht c bn, yu t dng,.nhng bi
ton li cn tm gi tr tng hp. V th, trong qu trnh vn dng l thuyt vo bi tp
th thng gp kh khn do lin quan n php tnh tch phn m c th l i tm biu
thc di du tch phn.
Bn cht ca php ly tch phn ch l php cng: cng v s cc s hng trong
b

mi s hng c gi tr v cng nh: f(x) dx

a

lim
n

i1

ba
f(x i )
n

Ta s dng tch phn khi c mt hoc nhiu yu t bin i, v d in trng do

cc in tch v tr khc nhau l khc nhau, cc in tch phn b lin tc. Mun tm
biu thc di du tch phn th phi xc nh gi tr (v d in trng) do mt yu t
vi phn v cng nh gy nn sau ly tch phn cng cc gi tr li vi nhau.
Ngoi ra, biu thc di du tch phn c th xut hin vct tc l chiu ca cc
vct thay i theo tng yu t vi phn. Nu c 1 yu t bin i th ta c tch phn
ca hm 1 bin, nu c 2 yu t bin i th ta c tch phn mt, nu c 2 yu t bin
i m bin s ny l hm ca bin s kia th c th a v tch phn ng,
Ngoi ra, mt s nh l v nh lut cn c th hin di dng vi phn v lin
quan ti ton t rot, ton t div: nh l O G trong in trng, t trng; nh lut
Faraday v hin tng cm ng in t, nh lut Ampere v dng ton phn, cc
phng trnh ca Maxwell. V vy cn phi hiu c rot v div:

Edl

rot E lim L
S 0

(trong S l din tch gii hn bi ng cong kn L)

EdS

div E lim S
V 0

(trong V l th tch gii hn bi mt kn S)

Mt vn kh khn na l khi xc nh chiu theo quy tc bn tay phi th

thng b gng tay. Cc bn c th thay bng quy tc vn inh c cho d tng
tng, vi quy c: vn inh c xoay theo chiu kim ng h th inh c s chuyn
ng tnh tin v pha trc v ngc li.
Phn Quang hc cng cha nhiu ni dung tng ng vi lch s pht trin ca
n. Trong khun kh ca mn hc v cng phc v cho thi kt thc mn, chng ta
nn tp trung vo bn cht sng ca nh sng (giao thoa, nhiu x, phn cc) v lng
t nh sng (cc nh lut bc x ca vt en tuyt i, hiu ng quang in, hiu ng
Compton). Nhn chung, bi tp trong phn ny d hn phn in nhng l thuyt cn
phi nh th kh nhiu.
File ny c cu trc nh sau: i vi mi phn th u tin l tm tt l thuyt
vi cc cng thc hay s dng c bao quanh bi vin mu , sau l p dng l
thuyt vo gii mt s bi ton lin quan. Cui file l mt s thi v kim tra. Cn
hiu v ghi nh nhng ni dung l thuyt c bn, cch xy dng cng thc,v chng
s xut hin trong bi thi kt thc mn hc.
Trn y l cht kin thc t i m mnh mun chia s cng cc bn. Do hn ch
nhn thc v mn hc nn chc chn cn ni dung no vit cha ng hoc cha
y , rt mong cc bn thng cm v gp mnh chnh sa thm.
Cc bn c iu g thc mc xin gi v a ch: hoangtronghus@gmail.com
Hoc ng kin ln page: THI HUS KHTN H NI ca trang web
facebook.com cng trao i v tho lun.

Hong Vn Trng

Cp nht 12/03/2014

MC LC
PHN I: IN HC .................................................................................................................. 8
A. L THUYT ......................................................................................................................... 8
1. in trng ........................................................................................................................ 8
a. in tch ......................................................................................................................... 8
b. nh lut Coulomb ......................................................................................................... 8
c. in trng..................................................................................................................... 9
d. ng sc in trng................................................................................................... 9
e. Nguyn l chng cht in trng .................................................................................. 9
2. nh l Ostrogradski Gauss (O G) ............................................................................ 10
a. Thng lng in trng.............................................................................................. 10
b. nh l O G................................................................................................................ 10
3. in th ............................................................................................................................ 10
a. Cng ca lc tnh in.................................................................................................. 10
b. Tnh cht th ca trng tnh in ............................................................................... 11
c. Th nng ca mt in tch trong in trng ............................................................. 11
d. in th - Hiu in th ................................................................................................ 11
e. Mt ng th ................................................................................................................. 12
g. Mi lin h gia in th v cng in trng ..................................................... 12
4. Nng lng in trng ................................................................................................... 13
a. Nng lng tnh in ca vt dn ................................................................................ 13
b. Nng lng ca t in ................................................................................................ 13
c. Nng lng v mt nng lng in trng ........................................................... 14
5. Dng in ......................................................................................................................... 14
a. Dng in. Mt dng in ....................................................................................... 14
b. Phng trnh lin tc .................................................................................................... 15
c. Lc l ............................................................................................................................ 15
6. T trng ......................................................................................................................... 15
a. nh lut Ampere v tng tc t gia hai yu t dng c bn .................................. 15
b. T trng ...................................................................................................................... 16
c. nh lut Biot Savart Laplace ................................................................................ 16
d. Lc tc dng ca t trng ln dng in ................................................................... 16
7. nh lut Ampere v dng ton phn v ng dng ......................................................... 17
a. nh lut Ampere v dng ton phn ........................................................................... 17
b. ng dng ca nh lut Ampere v dng ton phn .................................................... 17
c. nh l Ostrogradski Gauss trong t trng ............................................................ 18
8. Lc Lorentz Hiu ng Hall ........................................................................................... 18
a. Lc Lorentz ................................................................................................................... 18
b. Hiu ng Hall ............................................................................................................... 18
9. Cc nh lut v cm ng in t .................................................................................... 19
a. nh lut Faraday ........................................................................................................ 19
b. nh lut Lenz .............................................................................................................. 19
10. Hin tng h cm v hin tng t cm ...................................................................... 19
a. Hin tng h cm ....................................................................................................... 19
b. Hin tng t cm ........................................................................................................ 20
11. Nng lng t trng .................................................................................................... 20
a. Nng lng t trng ................................................................................................... 20
b. Mt nng lng t trng ....................................................................................... 20
Hong Vn Trng 0974.971.149
1

Cp nht 12/03/2014
12. H phng trnh Maxwell v h qu ............................................................................. 20
B. BI TP .............................................................................................................................. 22
Bi 1: in trng ca in tch im ................................................................................. 22
Bi 2: in th ca in tch im ....................................................................................... 23
Bi 3: in trng ca lng cc in ................................................................................ 23
Bi 4: in th ca lng cc in...................................................................................... 25
Bi 5: in trng v in th ca dy dn thng di tch in .......................................... 25
Trng hp 1: M nm trn ng trung trc ca si dy v cch trung im ca si dy
mt khong l z. Xt trng hp c bit khi a ....................................................... 25
Trng hp 2: M nm trn ng thng AB v cch trung im O mt khong l z...... 28
Trng hp 3: M nm trn ng thng vung goc vi mt u ca si dy v cch u
si dy mt khong l z .................................................................................................... 30
Trng hp 4: M nm trn ng thng vung goc vi si dy ti im cch u si dy
mt khong l h, M cch si dy mt khong l z. y l trng hp tng qut cho 3
trng hp trn.............................................................................................................. 32
Bi 6: in trng v in th ca vng dy trn tch in ................................................ 34
Trng hp 1: Vng dy trn tm O bn knh R, tch in q, mt in di l . im
M nm trn trc ca vng dy v cch O mt khong l z. Xt trng hp c bit khi z
bng 0. .............................................................................................................................. 34
Trng hp 2: Mt ng hnh tr rt mng co chiu cao h, tch in dng vi mt
in mt l . im M nm trn trc ca hnh tr v cch tm ca mt y mt khong
l z..................................................................................................................................... 36
Trng hp 3: Bn cu rng co bn knh R, tch in dng vi mt in mt .
im M nm ti tm ca bn cu..................................................................................... 37
Bi 7: in trng v in th ca a trn tch in .......................................................... 40
Trng hp 1: a trn tm O bn knh R, tch in dng vi mt in mt . im
M nm trn trc ca a v cch O mt khong l z. Xt trng hp c bit khi z >> R
v khi R . ................................................................................................................... 40
Trng hp 2: Hnh tr c bn knh R, tch in dng vi mt in khi l . im
M nm trn trc ca khi tr v cch tm ca mt y mt khong l z. ....................... 42
Bi 8: Xc nh vc t cm ng t B do mt dy dn thng di c dng I chy qua ti
im M cch dy mt khong l z. ................................................................................. 45
Bi 9: Xc nh vct cm ng t B do mt dng in trn tm O bn knh R, cng I
gy ra ti im M nm trn trc ca vng dy trn v cch O mt khong l z. Tm cm
ng t ti tm O ca vng dy trn. ................................................................................ 47
Bi 10: Na vng dy dn in bn knh R = 0,49m v khi lng m = 250g, c dng in
I = 25A chy qua (hnh v). Hi cn mt t trng B c hng v ln nh th no
na vng dy trn l lng trong khng gian. ............................................................. 48
Bi 11: Mt dy cp ng trc c ng knh trong d1 = 2mm v ngoi bc ch ng knh
d2 = 8 cm, gia li v v bc l cht in mi c hng s in mi = 3. Trong li v
v bc tch in tri du nhau vi mt in di = 3,14.10-4 C/m. Hy xc nh
cng in trng ti cc im cch trc mt khong: ............................................. 49
(a) r1 = 3 cm. ..................................................................................................................... 49
(b) r2 = 10 cm. ................................................................................................................... 49
Bi 12: Cho qu cu khng dn in tm O, bn knh R = 15 cm c tch in u vi
mt in tch khi = 1,699.10-7 C/m3, c t trong chn khng. ........................ 51
(1) Xc nh cng in trng ti im M cch tm O mt on: (a) r 1 = 10 cm; (b)
r2 = 30 cm. ........................................................................................................................ 51
(2) Ly in th ti v cng bng 0. Xc nh in th ti P cch tm 20 cm. ................ 51
Hong Vn Trng 0974.971.149
2

Cp nht 12/03/2014
Bi 13: Mt qu cu kim loi tm O, bn knh R = 15 cm. Ly in th ti v cng bng 0,
tch in cho qu cu n hiu in th 1500V. Hy xc nh: ...................................... 54
(a) in tch v mt in tch trn mt qu cu. .......................................................... 54
(b) Cng in trng, hiu in th ti cc im M v N ln lt cch tm O mt
khong l 5 cm v 45 cm. ................................................................................................. 54
(c) Mt in trng ti cc im M, N. ....................................................................... 54
Bi 14: Mt dng in thng di v hn c dng in khng i 1A chy qua. Mt khung
dy hnh ch nht ABCD t trong mt phng i qua dng in. Cho cnh AB = 30cm,
BC = 20cm. on AB song song vi dng in, cch dng in 10cm. Hy xc nh t
thng i qua cun dy. Cho hng s t thm ca mi trng bng 1. ............................ 55
Bi 15: Mt dy tch in lin tc nm dc theo trc Ox t im x = x 0 n +. Mt
in tch di trn dy l 0. Tnh cng in trng v in th ti gc ta O. ... 56
Bi 16: Mt thanh dn hnh tr, khi lng 0.72 kg, bn knh tit din 6 cm, c dng in I
= 48A chy qua theo chiu mi tn, nm trn hai thanh ray c di L = 45 cm t
song song v cch nhau mt khong d = 12 cm. Ton b h c t trong mt t
trng u c ln 0.24 T, hng vung gc vi mt phng cha thanh dn v thanh
ray. Thanh dn ng yn mt u ca ray v bt u ln khng trt theo ray. Tnh
tc ca thanh dn ti thi im ri khi u kia ca ray. .......................................... 58
Bi 17: Mt dy dn c un nh hnh v, c dng I = 5A chy qua. Bn knh cung trn
l R = 3 cm. Xc nh ln v hng ca cm ng t ti tm ca cung trn. ............. 59
Bi 18: Mt solenoid vi n = 400 vng/m c dng in bin thin I = 30(1 e-1.6t) A chy
qua. Mt cun dy c tng cng N = 250 vng, bn knh 6cm c t ng trc vo
trong lng ca solenoid. Tm sut in ng cm ng xut hin trong cun dy. ......... 60
Bi 19: Mt thanh di 14 cm c tch in u, c din tch tng cng l 22 C. Xc
nh cng in trng v in th ti im nm trn trc thanh, cch trung im
ca thanh mt khong l 36 cm....................................................................................... 61
Bi 20: Mt thanh dn in c mt khi lng l 0.04 kg/m, c treo bng hai si dy
dn mm cho dng in I chy qua, t trong t trng Bin = 3,6 T, hng vung gc
vo trong mt phng. Dng in I phi c hng v ln nh th no khng c sc
cng trn cc dy treo. ..................................................................................................... 63
Bi 21: Mt dy dn gm vng dy trn c bn knh R v hai on dy thng, di, nm
trong cng mt mt phng. Dy dn c dng in I = 7A chy qua theo chiu mi tn
(hnh v). Tm biu thc ca vct cm ng t ti tm ca vng dy. ........................... 64
Bi 22: Mt cun c 15 vng dy, bn knh R = 10 cm, c cun quanh mt solenoid c
bn knh 2 cm v n = 1000 vng/m. Dng in chy trong solenoid theo chiu mi tn
(hnh v) v bin thin theo quy lut I = 5sin(120t) A. Tm biu thc ca sut in ng
cm ng trong cun c 15 vng dy. .............................................................................. 65
Bi 23: Mt qu cu c, bn knh 40 cm, tch in u trong ton b th tch vi in tch
tng cng l +26C. Tm ln v hng ca cng in trng ti nhng v tr
cch tm qu cu mt khong: ........................................................................................ 66
(a) 0 cm. ............................................................................................................................ 66
(b) 10 cm........................................................................................................................... 66
(c) 40 cm. .......................................................................................................................... 66
(d) 60 cm........................................................................................................................... 66
Bi 24: Mt thanh c di L nm dc theo trc x (hnh v). u bn tri ca thanh c
t ti gc ta . Thanh c tch in khng u vi mt in tch di l = .x
( l mt hng s dng). ............................................................................................... 68
(a) n v ca l g........................................................................................................ 68
(b) Tm in th ti im M cch gc ta mt khong d............................................. 68

Hong Vn Trng 0974.971.149

3

Cp nht 12/03/2014
Bi 25: Bn dy dn thng song song di v hn c cng dng in I = 5A (hnh v). Cc
dng in A v B hng vung gc vo trong mt phng hnh v. Cc dng C v D
hng vung gc ra bn ngoi mt phng hnh v. Tm ln v hng ca cm ng t

B ti im M nm tm hnh vung c cnh 0,2m. ..................................................... 69

Bi 26: Thanh dn c th trt khng ma st trn hai ray song song, t cch nhau mt
khong l = 1,2m. Ton b h c t trong t trng u c ln B = 2,5T hng
vung gc vo trong mt phng hnh v. ........................................................................ 70
(a) Tnh lc lc khng i Fapp cn thit trt thanh dn sang phi vi tc 2 m/s.
.......................................................................................................................................... 70
(b) Tnh cng sut ta ra trn in tr R = 6. ................................................................ 70
Bi 27: Mt qu cu khng dn in ng knh 8 cm, tch in u trong ton b th tch
vi in tch tng cng l +5,7 C. Tnh in tch cha trong cc mt cu ng tm vi
qu cu c bn knh. ........................................................................................................ 71
(a) r1 = 2 cm. ..................................................................................................................... 71
(b) r2 = 6 cm. ..................................................................................................................... 71
Tm ln v hng ca cng in trng ti cc mt cu ng tm . ............... 71
Bi 28: Tnh cng in trng v in th ti im P nm trn trc ca bn vnh khn
tch in u vi mt in tch mt (hnh v). ........................................................ 72
Bi 29: Mt vt dn hnh tr di v hn, bn knh R, c dng in I chy qua (hnh v) vi
mt dng J khng u trn tit din vt dn, J = br (vi b l hng s v r l khong
cch tnh t trc ca hnh tr). Tm ln cm ng t B ti nhng im nm cch trc
hnh tr mt khong: ....................................................................................................... 74
(a) r1 < R....................................................................................................................... 74
(b) r2 > R. ..................................................................................................................... 74
Bi 30: Thanh dn c th trt khng ma st trn hai thanh ray song song, t cch nhau
mt khong l. Ton b h c t trong t trng u B hng vung gc vo trong
mt phng hnh v. Mt lc khng i c ln Fapp 1N lm thanh dn trt u
sang phi vi tc 2m/s. B qua lc ma st. ............................................................... 76
(a) Tnh cng dng in chy trong in tr R = 8. ............................................... 76
(b) Tnh cng sut ta ra trn in tr R. ......................................................................... 76
Bi 31: Mt electrn chuyn ng trn qu o trn (hnh v) c ng nng E = 22,5 eV
(1eV = 1,6.10-19 J), cm ng t B = 4,55.10-4 T. ............................................................ 77
(a) Tnh bn knh qu o in t, bit khi lng electrn m = 9,1.10 -31 kg v in tch
q = 1,6.10-19 C. .................................................................................................................. 77
(b) Chu k chuyn ng ca electrn. ....................................................................... 77
Bi 32: Mt si dy thng t nm ngang c dng I = 28A. Hi chiu v ln ca t
trng bng bao nhiu n gy ra mt lc cn bng vi trng lng ca si dy. Cho
bit khi lng trn mt n v chiu di ca si dy l: m/L = 46,6 g/m. .................... 78
Bi 33: Mt dy dn thng c tch thnh hai na vng trn nh nhau, c dng I chy
qua. Xc nh cng t trng ti tm O ca vng trn. .......................................... 79
Bi 34: Tnh vct cm ng t ti tm C ca hnh c dng di y (hnh v) khi c dng I
chy qua. ......................................................................................................................... 79
Bi 35: Hai vng dy dn mt ln mt nh t song song vi nhau (hnh v). Trong vng
ln c dng I ang tng. Hi: .......................................................................................... 80
(a) Chiu ca dng in cm ng trong cun nh. ........................................................... 80
(b) Chiu ca lc tc dng ln cun nh. ......................................................................... 80
Bi 36: Mt dy dn thng AB, chiu di l = 1,2m c ni vi mt ngun in c sut
in ng = 24V bng mt si dy mm (hnh v). in tr trong ca ngun in l r
Hong Vn Trng 0974.971.149
4

Cp nht 12/03/2014
= 0,5 . Dy dn AB t trong t trng c vct cm ng t B = 0,8T vung gc vi
dy dn. in tr mch ngoi l R = 2,5. .................................................................... 81
(a) Tm dng chy trong mch nu dy chuyn ng vi vn tc v = 12,5 m/s. ............. 81
(b) Dng thay i bao nhiu ln nu dy dn dng li. B qua t trng do dng in
gy nn. ............................................................................................................................. 81
PHN II: QUANG HC .......................................................................................................... 82
A. L THUYT ....................................................................................................................... 82
1. C s quang hnh hc ...................................................................................................... 82
2. Giao thoa nh sng ........................................................................................................... 83
a. nh sng l mt song.................................................................................................... 83
b. Cng sng .............................................................................................................. 83
c. Giao thoa vn khng nh x ........................................................................................ 84
d. Giao thoa vn nh x .................................................................................................. 86
e. Cc giao thoa k ........................................................................................................... 89
3. Nhiu x nh sng ............................................................................................................ 90
a. Nguyn l Hugen Fresnel .......................................................................................... 90
b. Nhiu x Fresnel ........................................................................................................... 91
c. Nhiu x Fraunhofer..................................................................................................... 92
4. Phn cc nh sng............................................................................................................ 96
5. Lng t nh sng ........................................................................................................... 98
a. Bc x nhit .................................................................................................................. 98
b. Cc nh lut bc x ca vt en tuyt i .................................................................. 98
c. Thuyt lng t nh sng ca Einstein ........................................................................ 99
d. Hin tng quang in ............................................................................................... 100
e. Hiu ng Compton ...................................................................................................... 100
B. BI TP ............................................................................................................................ 101
Bi 1: Chiu chm nh sng trng xung bn mng c chit sut n = 1,33 trong khng kh
vi gc ti 60o, nh sng c bc sng 550nm phn x cho cng cc i vi bc
giao thoa bng 2. Hy xc nh b dy ca bn mng. Ngoi nh sng trn cn nh sng
n sc no khi phn x cng cho cng cc i. ................................................... 101
Bi 2: Trn b mt ca mt quang c lm bng thy tinh c chit sut n = 1,7 ngi ta ph
mt lp trong sut c chit sut n1 = 1,7 . Hy xc nh b dy ti thiu ca lp trong
sut nh sng c bc sng 550nm khng b phn x. Coi nh sng chiu vung gc.102
Bi 3: Mt cu ca thu knh phng li tip xc vi bn thy tinh. Bn knh cong ca thu
knh l R = 100cm. Chiu chm sng n sc c bc sng = 0,5m ti vung gc
vi bn thy tnh sao cho vn Newton xut hin mt trn mt cong ca thu knh. Cho
bit chit sut ca vt liu lm thu knh l n 1 = 1,5 v chit sut ca thy tinh l n3 =
1,7. ................................................................................................................................. 103
a) Hy xc nh bn knh ca vn ti th 5. ................................................................... 103
b) Khng gian gia thu knh v bn cha y sulphua cacbon c chit sut n 2 = 1,63.
Hy xc nh bn knh ca vn ti th 5. ....................................................................... 103
Bi 4: Hai tm thy tinh di 120 mm c mt u chm nhau cn u kia cch nhau 48 m
to thnh nm khng kh. Chiu chm nh sng n sc c bc sng = 0,48 m
xung vung gc vi mt di ca nm. Hy xc nh: .............................................. 104
a) Khong vn. ................................................................................................................ 104
b) S vn giao thoa quan st c. ................................................................................. 104
Bi 6: Mt ngun sng im pht nh sng n sc bc sng = 0,5m c t trn
trc vung gc i qua tm ca l trn truyn sng, bn knh r = 1 mm, cch l trn mt
khong a = 1m. Hy xc nh khong cch b t mn n im quan st i vi im
l trn cha ng 3 i Fresnel. .............................................................................. 107
Hong Vn Trng 0974.971.149
5

Cp nht 12/03/2014
Bi 7: Chiu chm nh sng n sc bc sng = 0,44 m ti vung gc vi khe hp b
rng a. Trn mn quan st t cch khe hp 1m ngi ta o c khong cch t cc
tiu nhiu x th 2 n cc i chnh gia l 50cm. Hy xc nh: ............................. 107
a) Gc nhiu x ng vi cc tiu th 2. ......................................................................... 107
b) B rng a ca khe hp. ............................................................................................... 107
Bi 8: Trong mt th nghim nhiu x ca sng phng qua mt khe hp di v hn, b rng
khe l a = 1200nm, khong cch t mn n khe hp l 1m, nh sng c bc sng
600nm. Ly chnh gia mn lm gc, hy xc nh v tr gc v v tr trn mn ca cc
i ph v cc tiu th nht (v pha gc m) trong cc trng hp khi chm sng ti:109
a) Vung gc vi khe hp. .............................................................................................. 109
b) To vi php tuyn ca khe hp mt gc 30o. ........................................................... 109
Bi 9: Chiu chm sng n sc song song bc sng = 0,55 m ti hai khe hp ging
nhau c b rng a = 0,25mm; khong cch hai khe l d = 1,55mm. Mn quan st cch
mt phng cha hai khe on D = 1m........................................................................... 110
a) Xc nh khong cch gia cc cc i giao thoa. ..................................................... 110
b) C bao nhiu vn sng quan st c trong cc i trung tm ca bao hnh nhiu x.
........................................................................................................................................ 110
Bi 10: Chiu mt chm sng n sc bc sng 600nm ti vung gc vi mt cch t c
hng s (chu k) l d = 1900nm v s khe l N = 104. Sau cch t t mt thu knh hi
t, mn quan st t mt phng tiu din ca thu knh. Hy xc nh: .................... 112
a) V tr v b rng gc ca vch quang ph bc 2. ....................................................... 112
b) Trn mn quan st c bao nhiu vch quang ph. ................................................. 112
Bi 11: Chiu chm nh sng pht ra t ngun Natri ti vung gc vi cch t c cc
thng s nh sau: hng s d = 1900 nm v s khe N = 104. Natri c hai nh sng n
sc bc sng 589 nm v 589,59 nm. Hy xc nh:.................................................... 114
a) Khong cch gc gia hai vch quang ph bc 2 ca hai nh sng trn. ................... 114
b) Cch t c phn bit c hai vch quang ph bc 1 ca hai nh sng trn khng. Ti
sao? ................................................................................................................................. 114
Bi 12: Chiu chm nh sng t nhin c cng Io ti h gm knh phn tch A v knh
phn cc P. Hy xc nh gc gia hai quang trc ca hai knh P v A nh sng i
qua h I = Io/8. B qua hin tng hp th nh sng khi qua hai knh. ........................ 115
Bi 13: Mt ngi thng thng nhy cm nht i vi nh sng c bc sng = 550
nm. Hy xc nh nhit ca mt hc en tuyt i mt ngi nhn r nht nh
sng do n pht ra. ........................................................................................................ 115
Bi 14: Ph bc x ca mt tri cc i bc sng max = 480 nm. Coi b mt ca mt
tri nh vt en tuyt i. Hy xc nh nhit b mt v nng sut bc x ton phn
ca mt tri. Cho h s Stefan Boltzmann = 5,67.10-8 W/m2K4. H s dch chuyn
Wien b = 2898 m.K..................................................................................................... 116
Bi 15: Mt ngun sng im cng sut 3W pht nh sng n sc bc sng 589 nm. Hy
xc nh s photon i qua tit din 1cm2 theo phng vung gc vi phng truyn,
cch ngun 1,75 m. ....................................................................................................... 116
Bi 16: Mt photon nng lng 150 keV tn x n hi trn electron t do ng yn di
gc tn x 90o. Cho bc sng Compton = 2,42.10-12 m, h = 6,625.10-34 J.s, c = 3.108
m/s. Hy xc nh:......................................................................................................... 117
a) Nng lng photon tn x. ......................................................................................... 117
b) ng nng v vn tc ca electron Compton (sau tn x). ........................................ 117
Bi 17: Mt photon nng lng 58 keV tn x n hi trn electron t do ng yn, sau tn
x bc sng photon tng ln 25%. Hy xc nh: ....................................................... 118
a) Gc tn x. .................................................................................................................. 118
b) Bc sng v nng lng photon tn x. ................................................................... 118
Hong Vn Trng 0974.971.149
6

Cp nht 12/03/2014
Cho h = 6,625.10-34 J.s, c = 3.108 m/s, k = 2,43.10-12 m v ly 1eV = 1,6.10-19J. .......... 118
MT S THI V KIM TRA ........................................................................................ 120
1. thi cui k h nm 2013 ........................................................................................... 120
2. thi cui k II nm hc 2012 2013 ......................................................................... 122
3. thi cui k h nm 2012 ........................................................................................... 124
4. thi cui k I nm hc 2013 2014 ........................................................................... 126

Hong Vn Trng 0974.971.149

7

Cp nht 12/03/2014

PHN I: IN HC
A. L THUYT
1. in trng
a. in tch
- L mt trong nhng thuc tnh vt l c bn ca vt cht.
- nh lut bo ton in tch: Trong mt h c lp, in tch c bo ton.
- in tch nguyn t: L in tch nh nht c bit trong t nhin. ln:
e = 1,6.10-19 C (in tch ca electrn)
- Phn loi vt cht theo tnh cht dn in:
+ Vt dn in: l vt cht m cc in tch c th chuyn ng t do trong ton
b th tch ca vt.
+ Vt cch in: l vt cht trong cc in tch khng th chuyn ng t do.
+ Vt bn dn: l vt cht ch dn in c mt iu kin xc nh.
b. nh lut Coulomb
- Th hin mi quan h tng tc gia hai in tch im ng yn.
- Ni dung:
Lc tng tc gia hai in tch im c phng nm trn ng thng ni hai
in tch, c chiu l lc ht nu hai in tch tri du v l lc y nu hai in tch
cng du, c ln t l thun vi tch ln ca hai in tch v t l nghch vi
bnh phng khong cch gia chng.
- Biu thc:

F k

q1q 2 r
.
r2 r

(I.1)

Trong :
F l lc tng tc gia hai in tch im, c n v N.
q1, q2 c n v C.
r l khong cch gia hai in tch im, c n v m. Vct r c hng
t in tch gy nn tc dng n in tch b tc dng.
k l hng s tnh in,0 l hng s in:

C2
1
; k
0 8,85.1012
8,99.109
2
4 0
Nm
- Lc Coulomb tun theo nguyn l chng cht: F
Hong Vn Trng 0974.971.149
8

F
i 1

Nm2
2
C

Cp nht 12/03/2014

c. in trng
- Khi nim: in trng l mi trng vt cht tn ti xung quanh in tch v
tc dng lc in ln in tch khc t trong n.
- Vct cng in trng: Cng in trng ti mt im l mt i
lng vct, c o bng lc tc dng ca in trng ln mt n v in tch
dng ti im .

F
q0

r
4 0r r

.
2

N

C

(I.2)

+ Hng ca E trng vi hng ca lc tc dng F ln q0

E hng ra ngoi in tch im nu q > 0.

E hng vo trong in tch im nu q < 0.

+ ln:

F
q0

q
4 0 r 2

Vc t r hng t in tch q n im cn kho st in trng.

d. ng sc in trng
- ng sc in trng l ng m tip tuyn ti mi im ca n trng vi
phng ca vct cng in trng ti im . Chiu ca ng sc l chiu ca
vct cng in trng E .
- Quy c: S ng sc i qua mt n v din tch t vung gc vi ng
sc th bng ln ca vct cng in trng E .
- Tp hp cc ng sc in trng gi l in ph.
Tnh cht:
+ S ng sc i qua mt n v din tch vung gc vi chng th t l vi
ln ca vect cng in trng ti .
+ Hai ng sc bt k khng th ct nhau.
+ ng sc b gin on ti ni c in tch. Cc ng sc i ra t in tch
dng v i vo in tch m.
+ Cc ng sc n vung gc vi b mt ca vt dn trong iu kin tnh in.
e. Nguyn l chng cht in trng
- Cng in trng do h cc in tch im gy ra ti mt im bng tng
vct cng in trng do tng in tch im gy ra ti im .

E
i 1

N

C

(I.3)

Hong Vn Trng 0974.971.149

9

Cp nht 12/03/2014

2. nh l Ostrogradski Gauss (O G)
a. Thng lng in trng
Ni dung: Thng lng in trng gi qua yu t din tch dS l tch v hng
gia E v dS .

E.dS E.dS.cos

Trong :
+ l gc gia E v dS .
+ dS l vct php tuyn ca yu t din tch dS.
+ ln ca vct dS bng ln din tch ca yu t dS.
- Thng lng in trng gi qua mt kn S l:

E.dS

(I.4)

Trong trng hp ny, dS l hng ca php tuyn ngoi ca mt S ti yu t dS.

b. nh l O G
Thit lp mi quan h gia in tch v in trng.
- Ni dung: Thng lng in trng gi qua mt kn S bng tng i s cc in
tch cha trong mt kn chia cho hng s in 0.
- Biu thc:

E.dS
S

0
i 1

qi

(I.5)

- Dng vi phn ca nh l (nu in tch phn b lin tc trong th tch ca vt):

div E (x, y, z)

(x, y, z)
0

( l mt in tch khi ti im c ta (x, y, z))

3. in th
a. Cng ca lc tnh in
- Cng cn thit a in tch th q0 t M n N l:

A MN

q0 Edl

qq0 1 1

4 0 rM rN

(I.6)

rM v rN ln lt l khong cch t in tch q ti M v N.

- Cng ny khng ph thuc vo dng ng cong dch chuyn m ch ph thuc
vo v tr im u v im cui.
Hong Vn Trng 0974.971.149
10

Cp nht 12/03/2014

- Nu c n in tch th cng dch chuyn s l:

qi q 0 1
1

ri N
i 1 4 0 ri M
n

A MN

(I.7)

b. Tnh cht th ca trng tnh in

- Nu mt mi trng c cng dch chuyn in tch trn mt ng cong khp
kn bng 0 th mi trng c tnh cht th.

F.dl

E.dl

q0 E.dl 0

(I.8)

- Gi tr E.dl gi l lu s ca vct cng in trng. Lu s ca vct

cng in trng dc theo ng cong kn th bng 0.

rot E 0
in trng tnh l mt trng th. dng tng qut th in trng khng phi
l trng th v ngoi in trng tnh n cn bao gm in xoy do t trng bin
thin sinh ra (thuyt trng in t ca Maxwell). Trong trng hp ny th:

rot E

B
t

c. Th nng ca mt in tch trong in trng

- Th nng ca mt in tch q0 ti mt im trong in trng l mt gi tr
bng cng ca lc tnh in dch chuyn in tch t im ang xt ra xa v
cng.
- Th nng ca mt in tch im q0 trong in trng do q gy ra:

qq 0
4 0 r

(I.9)

- Nu h c n in tch th:

Wi

i 1

qiq0

4 r
i 1

(I.10)

0 i

d. in th - Hiu in th
- in th ti mt im c tnh bng cng ca lc tnh in dch chuyn
mt n v in tch dng t im ra xa v cng.
- in th ti mt im cch in tch q mt khong r, in tch th q0 l:

E.dl

W
q0

q
4 0 r

Hong Vn Trng 0974.971.149

11

(I.11)

Cp nht 12/03/2014

- Nu c nhiu in tch qi th:

Vi

1
4 0

i 1

qi

r
i 1

(I.12)

- Do cng dch chuyn in tch q0 t M n N:

AMN q0 (VM VN )
- Hiu in th:
Hiu in th gia hai im M v N trong in trng l mt i lng v tr s
bng cng ca lc tnh in dch chuyn mt n v in tch dng t M n N.

A MN
q0

U MN

VM VN

(I.13)

VM A M

V 0
e. Mt ng th
- Mt ng th l tp hp nhng im c cng mt in th.
- Mt ng th ca in trng do in tch im gy ra l cc mt cu c tm
nm ti ni c in tch.
- Tnh cht:
+ Cc mt ng th khng ct nhau.
+ Cng ca lc tnh in dch chuyn mt in tch trn mt ng th bng 0.
+ Vct cng in trng ti mi im trn mt ng th th vung gc vi
mt ng th ti im .
g. Mi lin h gia in th v cng in trng
- Tnh in th t cng in trng:

VM

E.dl

(I.14)

Trong dl l vi phn ca yu t chiu di theo ng dch chuyn.

- Tnh cng in trng t in th:
Vc t cng in trng ti mt im bt k trong in trng bng v
ngc du vi gradient ca in th ti im .

E grad V

Ex = Vx

(I.15)
Ey = Vy

Ez = Vz

Hong Vn Trng 0974.971.149

12

Cp nht 12/03/2014

4. Nng lng in trng

a. Nng lng tnh in ca vt dn
- Tnh cht ca vt dn:
+ Vct cng in trng Ei ti mi im bn trong vt dn bng 0.
+ Thnh phn tip tuyn Et ca vct cng in trng ti mi im trn b
mt vt dn bng 0.
+ in trng E ch cn li thnh phn vung gc: E En
+ Mt vt dn l mt mt ng th. Vt dn cn bng tnh in l mt khi ng
th.
+ Mt vt dn khc nm trong mt vt dn rng s khng b nh hng ca in
trng ngoi.
+ S phn b in tch trn b mt vt dn ch ph thuc vo hnh dng ca vt
dn . in tch q ch phn b trn b mt ca vt dn.
- Nng lng ca vt dn tch in;

1
1 q2
W
qV
2
2C

1
CV2
2

(I.16)

Trong C l in dung ca vt dn. in dung ca vt dn bng s in tch

cn truyn cho vt dn in th ca n tng ln 1V.
+ Nu vt dn l mt cu bn knh R th: C 4 0R
+ T in phng: C
+ T in tr: C

0S
d

(S din tch mt mt t, d khong cch)

2 0l
R (l chiu di t tr; R1, R2 bn knh trong v ngoi)
ln 2
R1

+ T in cu: C

0S
(S din tch mt mt cu, d khong cch gia hai
d

bn t)
b. Nng lng ca t in
- T in l mt h gm hai vt dn c t rt gn nhau. Cc vt dn to nn t
c gi l cc bn t.
- in dung ca t:

q
U

(I.17)

Hong Vn Trng 0974.971.149

13

Cp nht 12/03/2014

Trong , q l in tch trn mt bn t v U l hiu in th gia hai bn t.

- Ghp t:
n
1
1

+ Ghp ni tip:
C i1 Ci

+ Ghp song song: C

i 1

- Nng lng ca t tch in:

1
1 q2
W
qU
2
2C

1
CU2
2

(I.18)

c. Nng lng v mt nng lng in trng

- Nng lng in trng:

1
0E2 .V
2

(I.19)

Trong , V l th tch phn khng gian c in trng.

- Mt nng lng in trng:

W
1

0E2
V
2

(I.20)

5. Dng in
a. Dng in. Mt dng in
- Dng in: l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc ht mang in tch cng loi.
- Cng dng in l lng in tch chuyn qua trong mt n v thi gian.

dq
dt

(A)

- Chiu ca dng in c quy c l chiu chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in

tch dng.
- Vct mt dng in:
Vct mt dng in ti mi im c ln bng cng dng dI chuyn
qua yu t mt dS t vung gc vi hng chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in ti
chia cho dS:

dI
dS

(A/m2)

(I.21)

Hong Vn Trng 0974.971.149

14

Cp nht 12/03/2014

+ Chiu ca vct j trng vi chiu dng in, dI ch chiu dng in.

- Do , cng dng qua mt mt c tit din S l:

j.dS

(I.22)

b. Phng trnh lin tc

Mt kn S nm trong mi trng c dng in chy qua th:

j.dS

div j

dq
dt

div j dV

dV

t
V

(I.23)

- i vi dng dng th:

div j 0
c. Lc l
Lc l c c trng bng cng m n thc hin c a mt n v in
tch dng i c theo mch in.

A
q

(I.24)

6. T trng
a. nh lut Ampere v tng tc t gia hai yu t dng c bn
- Yu t dng c bn: l mt on v cng ngn ca dy dn c dng chy qua
(k hiu l Idl ) trong dl c chiu trng vi chiu dng in.
- nh lut Ampere: lc t do yu t dng I1 dl1 tc dng ln yu t
dng I 2 dl 2 cng t trong chn khng l mt i lng vct dF12 c:
+ Phng vung gc vi mt phng cha yu t I 2 dl 2 v php tuyn n ( n c
chiu sao cho dl1 , r , n to thnh mt tam din thun).
+ C chiu sao cho dl 2 , n , dF12 to thnh mt tam din thun.
+ ln:

dF12

I 2dl2 sin 2 .I1dl1 sin1

r2

Hong Vn Trng 0974.971.149

15

1 I1dl1; r
Trong :
2 I 2dl 2 ; n
Tng qut:

dF12

Cp nht 12/03/2014

; k l h s t l: k

0 I 2 dl2 [I1 dl1 r ]

.
4
r3

0
4
(I.25)

b. T trng
- nh ngha: T trng l mi trng vt cht tn ti xung quanh in tch
chuyn ng v tc dng lc t ln in tch khc chuyn ng trong n.
- Cm ng t do mt in tch q chuyn ng vi vn tc v l:

0 q[v r]
.
4
r3

(I.26)

Trong , r l khong cch t q n im cn xc nh cm ng t.

c. nh lut Biot Savart Laplace
Vct cm ng t dB do yu t dng Idl gy ra ti im P, cch yu t dng
mt khong r l mt i lng vct c:
+ Gc ti P.
+ Phng vung gc vi mt phng cha phn t dng in Idl v P.
+ Chiu sao cho dl , r , dB to thnh mt tam din thun.
+ ln:

dB

0 Idl sin
.
4
r2

vi Idl, r

0 [Idl r ]
.
4
r3

(I.27)

Tng qut:

dB

d. Lc tc dng ca t trng ln dng in

- Lc Ampere: lc t tc dng ln dng in I bng lc tc dng ln cc ht e
chuyn ng c hng trong dy dn.
- nh lut Ampere v lc tc dng ln yu t dng Idl :

dF

I[dl B]

(I.28)

Vy lc tc dng ln c dng in l:

Hong Vn Trng 0974.971.149

16