Ky Thuat Chieu Sang Do Thi

TRNG I HC KIN TRC NNG
Khoa K thut h tng th v Qun l xy dng

Nguyn Mnh H
BI GING
K THUT CHIU SNG TH
Nng thng 02-2009
Bi ging K thut chiu sng th
LI CM N
Bi ging K thut chiu sng th c bin son lm ti liu ging dy chnh thc cho
ngnh K thut h tng th, Trng i hc kin trc Nng. Trong qu trnh bin son,
tc gi nhn c s ng h, ng vin cng nh kin ng gp v s gip ca cc t
chc, c nhn sau y:
- Cc thy gio, c gio trong Khoa K thut h tng th v Qun l xy dng.
- Phng Qun l in, S Cng Thng thnh ph Nng.
- Cng ty Qun l vn hnh in chiu sng cng cng Nng
- Cng ty Schrder Vit Nam.
- Gia nh v bn b ng nghip.
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n s gip qu bu .
Do bin son ln u vi thi gian, kinh nghim c hn, chc chn tp bi ging ny cn
c nhiu thiu st, tc gi rt mong nhn c cc kin ng gp ca cc ng nghip, sinh
vin v bn c quan tm n lnh vc chiu sng tin ti bin son thnh gio trnh hon
chnh phc v cng tc ging dy, hc tp cng nh cng tc ca sinh vin sau khi ra trng.
Cc kin dng gp xin gi v a ch:
Vn phng Khoa K thut h tng th v Qun l xy dng
Tng 4, Trng i hc Kin trc Nng
S 566 Ni Thnh, qun Hi Chu, thnh ph Nng.
Email : nmhbg@yahoo.com
Tc gi
Nguyn Mnh H - Trng i hc Kin trc Nng
MC LC
PHN M U.................................................................................................................................... 5
LCH S CHIU SNG NHN TO V VAI TR CA N ......................................................... 5
CHNG 1............................................................................................................................................ 7
KHI NIM C BN V CC I LNG O NH SNG ....................................................... 7
1.1. Bn cht ca nh sng ................................................................................................................. 7
1. Bn cht sng - ht ca nh sng: .............................................................................................. 7
2. Ngun sng t nhin v quang ph lin tc ............................................................................... 7
3. Ngun sng nhn to v quang ph vch:.................................................................................. 8
1.2. Mt s hin tng pht sng v phm vi ng dng trong chiu sng nhn to: ......................... 9
1. Hin tung pht sng do nung nng:.......................................................................................... 9
2. Hin tung pht sng do phng in:......................................................................................... 9
3. Hin tng pht sng hunh quang.......................................................................................... 11
4. Hin tng pht sng ln quang............................................................................................... 11
5. Hin tng pht sng th cp:.................................................................................................. 12
1.3. Cc i lng c bn o nh sng............................................................................................. 12
1. Gc khi (cn gi l gc c, gc nhn) .................................................................................. 12
2. Thng lng nng lng ca bc x nh sng nhn thy......................................................... 14
3. Quang thng ............................................................................................................................. 15
4. Quang hiu ............................................................................................................................... 16
5. Cng sng.......................................................................................................................... 16
6. ri........................................................................................................................................ 17
7. sng (cn gi l trng): ................................................................................................. 18
8. chi ..................................................................................................................................... 19
9. Nhit mu: ........................................................................................................................... 19
10. hon mu (cn gi l ch s th hin mu):...................................................................... 20
1.4. Cc nh lut quang hc v ng dng trong k thut chiu sng :............................................ 21
1. S phn x:............................................................................................................................... 21
2. S truyn x : ........................................................................................................................... 22
3. S khc x:............................................................................................................................... 23
4. S che chn: ............................................................................................................................. 24
5. S hp th: ............................................................................................................................... 24
6. nh lut Lambert v s khuych tn u :.............................................................................. 25
CHNG 2.......................................................................................................................................... 27
MT NGI V S CM TH NH SNG................................................................................. 27
2.1 Cu to mt ngi ...................................................................................................................... 27
1. Hin tng th gic:.................................................................................................................. 27
2. Hin tng iu tit ca mt: ................................................................................................... 27
3. Vng mc: ................................................................................................................................ 27
4. Khi nim con mt quc t: .................................................................................................. 27
2.2 S gii m hnh nh:................................................................................................................... 28
2.3 Qu trnh thch nghi : ................................................................................................................. 28
2.4 Cm gic chiu su ca vt cn nhn: ........................................................................................ 28
2.5 Cc cn v cc vin ca mt :.................................................................................................... 29
2.6. Trng nhn (th trng) ca mt : ........................................................................................... 29
2.7 tng phn :.......................................................................................................................... 29
2.8 Hin tng chi la:................................................................................................................... 30
1. Khi nim: ................................................................................................................................ 30
2. Gii thch hin tng chi la :................................................................................................ 30
3. Ch s hn ch chi la G (cn gi l ch s tin nghi) : ......................................................... 31
CHNG 3.......................................................................................................................................... 33
CC LOI NGUN SNG NHN TO THNG DNG .............................................................. 33
3.1 Bng n nung sng: .................................................................................................................. 33
1. Cu to ca bng n nung sng (hnh 3.1): ............................................................................ 33

2. Mt s loi bng n nung sng thng dng: .......................................................................... 34
3.2 Bng n hunh quang............................................................................................................... 35
1. c im cu to:..................................................................................................................... 35
2. Mt s bng n hunh quang thng dng .............................................................................. 37
3.3 Bng n phng in cung cao (HID) ................................................................................ 38
1. Cu to ca bng n phng in: ........................................................................................... 38
2. Mt s loi bng n phng in HID thng dng:................................................................. 39
3.4 n pht sng quang in (LED: Lighting Emitting Diode) ..................................................... 42
3.5 n cm ng (n khng in cc) ........................................................................................... 43
3.6 n Sulfua :................................................................................................................................ 43
CHNG 4.......................................................................................................................................... 45
CU TO CA B N CHIU SNG CNG CNG ................................................................. 45
4.1. Cu to chung ca mt b n chiu sng cng cng:.............................................................. 45
4.2. Cc b phn chnh ca b n chiu sng cng cng ............................................................... 46
1. Tm phn quang:...................................................................................................................... 46
2. Thit b mi n (tc te) v chn lu: ...................................................................................... 46
3. Knh bo v : ............................................................................................................................ 47
4. L ui n : .............................................................................................................................. 48
4.3. Cc thng s c hc ch yu ca b n chiu sng cng cng:.............................................. 48
1. kn (IP):............................................................................................................................... 49
2. Cp bo v c hc chng n (cn gi l chu va p ca knh n): ................................. 49
3. Din tch cn gi ...................................................................................................................... 50
4. Ch tiu lo ha knh bo v:.................................................................................................... 50
5. Trng lng:............................................................................................................................. 50
4.4. Cc thng s in ch yu ca b n chiu sng cng cng:.................................................. 50
1. Cp cch in : ......................................................................................................................... 51
2. dao ng in p: ............................................................................................................... 51
4.5. Cc thng s v quang hc ca b n chiu sng cng cng:................................................. 51
1. H s suy gim quang thng: ................................................................................................... 51
2. H s phn quang : ................................................................................................................... 52
3. ng cong trc quang : .......................................................................................................... 52
4. Hiu sut ca b n : .............................................................................................................. 54
5. Cp b n :.............................................................................................................................. 55
6. H s s dng ca b n: ....................................................................................................... 56
7. Gc bo v................................................................................................................................ 57
4.6. Phn loi cc b n chiu sng cng cng: ............................................................................. 58
CHNG 5.......................................................................................................................................... 59
THIT K H THNG CHIU SNG CNG CNG..................................................................... 59
5.1. S lc v lch s cc phng php, trnh t thit k:.............................................................. 59
5.2. Cc tiu chun chiu sng ng giao thng v yu cu c bn : ............................................ 59
5.3. Cc nguyn tc c bn: ............................................................................................................. 59
1. Phng v v tr quan st ca ngi li xe:.............................................................................. 60
2. chi mt ng :................................................................................................................. 60
3. ng u ca chi mt ng: ...................................................................................... 61
4. Ch s chi la G ca b n: .................................................................................................. 62
5. Hiu qu dn hng ti cc v tr c bit................................................................................ 63
5.4. Phng php t s R trong thit k chiu sng :........................................................................ 63
1. Cc thng s hnh hc b tr n :............................................................................................ 63
2. Cc phng n b tr n ......................................................................................................... 65
3. Chn cng sut v loi b n : ............................................................................................... 67
5.5. Phng php chi im trong thit k chiu sng : ............................................................. 68
1. chi ca mt im trn mt ng :................................................................................... 68
2. Phn loi cc lp ph mt ng : ........................................................................................... 69
3. Tnh ton chi v ri im ............................................................................................. 70

5.6. Thit k chiu sng ti cc im c bit trn ng giao thng: ............................................ 72
1. Chiu sng ti im giao nhau ng mc: ............................................................................... 72
2. Chiu sng nt giao vi ng st : ......................................................................................... 74
3. Chiu sng ng cong ............................................................................................................ 74
4. Chiu sng bng binh............................................................................................................... 75
5. Chiu sng ng hm............................................................................................................. 76
5.7. Thit k chiu sng vi s tr gip ca my tnh: .................................................................... 78
5.8. S dng phn mm thit k chiu sng cng cng Ulysse 2.2 ................................................. 79
1. Khi ng................................................................................................................................. 79
2. Chn phng n b tr n....................................................................................................... 81
3. Chn n v cc thng s v n ............................................................................................. 82
4. Xem kt qu v lp bo co ..................................................................................................... 84
5.9. Mt s ni dung thit k khc ca h thng chiu sng ng giao thng .............................. 87
1 Thit k in :............................................................................................................................ 87
2 Thit k xy dng :.................................................................................................................... 89
3 Thit k kt cu ......................................................................................................................... 89
CHNG 6.......................................................................................................................................... 90
QUN L, VN HNH H THNG CHIU SNG CNG CNG.............................................. 90
6.1. Ni dung qun l, vn hnh : .................................................................................................... 90
6.2. C cu t chc v trang thit b vn hnh ................................................................................. 91
6.3. Vn tit kim in : .............................................................................................................. 91
6.4. Thc trng qun l vn hnh..................................................................................................... 92
6.5. T ng ho cng tc qun l, vn hnh h thng in chiu sng :........................................ 92
CHNG 7.......................................................................................................................................... 93
THIT K CHIU SNG CNG TRNH CNG CNG TRONG TH ................................... 93
7.1. Chiu sng cng vin, vn hoa ............................................................................................... 93
1. Cc nguyn tc chung .............................................................................................................. 93
2. Ch tiu k thut v chiu sng : .............................................................................................. 93
7.2. Chiu sng cng trnh th thao ngoi tri - nhng nguyn tc chung : .................................... 95
CHNG 8.......................................................................................................................................... 98
MT S VN CN NGHIN CU CA CHIU SNG TH .......................................... 98
8.1. nhim nh sng...................................................................................................................... 98
8.2. Quy hoch chiu sng ............................................................................................................... 99
PH LC........................................................................................................................................... 101
1. Bng gi tr v biu thc hm V():........................................................................................... 101
2. Cng sut v quang thng cc loi n phng in thng dng ................................................ 101
3. Bng phn loi cc lp ph mt ng :.................................................................................... 102
TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................................................. 106
PHN BI TP................................................................................................................................. 107
PHN M U
LCH S CHIU SNG NHN TO V VAI TR CA N
T thi k s khai con ngi bit to ra nh sng t la, tuy nhin lc con ngi
dng la vi t cch l ngun nhit ch khng phi l ngun sng. Tri qua mt thi k di
ca lch s, con ngi mi pht minh ra loi n thp sng bng cht kh. Sau khi nh ho
hc ngi o K.Auer pht minh ra n mng sng ch to bng cht chu c nhit cc
cao cho nh sng trng khi t chy trong ngn la cht kh th n mng sng tr nn ph
bin khp cc thnh ph ln trn th gii, n ni tng nh khng th cn loi n no c
th thay th c.
Tuy nhin cui th k 19 ngi ta bt u nhn thy u im khi thp sng bng in.
Cho n nay ngi ta vn cha bit chnh xc ai l ngi u tin ch to ra chic n in
u tin. Tuy nhin i n chic bng n hon thin nh ngy nay chc chn phi c s
cng hin ca nhiu nh khoa hc, trong ngi c cng ln nht v l ngi ng k
bn quyn pht minh u tin v bng n dy tc vo nm 1878 l Thomas Edison - mt nh
pht minh ni ting ca M. ghi nhn cng lao v s n lc ca ng trong vic em nh
sng n cho nhn loi m ngy nay ngi ta tng nh ng nh l cha ca mi loi
bng n in dng si t.
m 24/12/1879 Edison mi hng trm ngi thuc mi thnh phn trong x hi
thnh ph New York ti d ba tic ti nh ng nhm qung co sn phm n in do ng
ch to ln u tin. Ti ba tic ny ng cho thp sng hng lot bng n tt c khu nh
, xng my, phng th nghim v sn vn. Kt qu ba tic gip ng nhn c s ti
tr ca chnh quyn cho n thp sng thnh ph. Cui cng, n 5 h sng ngy 04/9/1882
hng trm ngn n trn cc ph ng lot bt sng lm c mt gc thnh ph NewYork trn
ngp nh sng in, nh du thi khc lch s nh sng in chinh phc bng m. y
cng c xem l thi im ra i ca ngnh chiu sng th.
Ti Vit Nam trc y, chiu sng th c xy dng trn c s li n chiu sng
cng cng c xy dng t thi Php thuc, ch yu dng bng n si tc. n nm 1975,
nhng ngn n cao p u tin c lp t ti khu vc qung trng Ba nh v lng Ch
tch H Ch Minh. Ngoi chiu sng ng ph, cc loi chiu sng khc ca th nh chiu
sng cng vin, vn hoa, chiu sng cnh quan cc cng trnh kin trc vn ho, lch s, th
thao, chiu sng tng i... hu nh cha c g.
Hi ngh chiu sng th ln th nht (4/1992) l mt mc khi u cho s pht trin
ca ngnh chiu sng th Vit Nam. Thc trng chiu sng th lc by gi vn cn rt
km, lc hu so vi cc th trong khu vc. Sau Hi ngh chiu sng th ton quc ln
th hai (12/1995) t chc ti Nng, cng vi s pht trin vt bc ca nn kinh t, lnh
vc chiu sng th nc ta thc s hnh thnh v pht trin. Hin nay chng ta c
Hi chiu sng th Vit nam.
Vai tr ca chiu sng th:
Ti cc nc pht trin, in nng dng cho chiu sng chim t 8 n 13% tng in
nng tiu th. H thng chiu sng th bao gm nhiu thnh phn khc nhau, trong c
th k n chiu sng phc v giao thng, chiu sng cc c quan chc nng ca th...
Chiu sng ng ph to ra s sng ng, hp dn v trng l cho cc th v m,
gp phn nng cao cht lng cuc sng cho ngi dn th, thc y s pht trin thng
mi v du lch. c bit, h thng chiu sng trang tr cn to ra khng kh l hi, s khc
bit v cnh quan ca cc th trong cc dp l tt v cc ngy k nim ln hoc trong thi
im din ra cc hot ng chnh tr, vn ha x hi cng nh s kin quc t.
Trong iu kin thiu ht v in nng ca nc ta, c nhng lc, nhng ni chiu
sng qung co b coi l ph phim, lng ph v khng hiu qu. iu ny xut pht t gc
tiu th nng lng m cha nhn thc tng qut vai tr ca chiu sng th. Do cn c
s nh gi chnh xc v khch quan v hiu qu m chiu sng em li khng ch v mt
kinh t, m cn c trn cc bnh din vn ha - x hi. Khng ch nhn nhn nhng hiu qu
trc tip trc mt, c th tnh c bng tin m cn c hiu qu gin tip v lu di m
chiu sng em li trong vic qung b, thc y s pht trin ca thng mi, du lch v dch
v. Ch c nh vy, h thng chiu sng th mi c th pht trin v duy tr mt cch bn
vng, ng mt vai tr ngy mt xng ng trong cc cng trnh h tng k thut th.
lm c vic chng ta phi y mnh vic nghin cu, ng dng, pht trin l
thuyt v chiu sng th ngy cng hon thin nhm xy dng th Vit Nam va mang
phong cch hin i va gi gn c nt truyn thng.
CHNG 1
KHI NIM C BN V CC I LNG O NH SNG
1.1. Bn cht ca nh sng
1. Bn cht sng - ht ca nh sng:
+ nh sng nhn thy, tia cc tm, tia X, sng radio, sng truyn hnh,tt c u l
nhng dng nng lng in t c truyn trong khng gian di dng sng, cng ging
nh cc bc x in t khc c c trng bi bc sng , tn s , hoc chu k T vi =
1/T hoc c = ..
+ C th chia bc sng thnh cc phm vi sau, ta nhn thy nh sng nhn thy ch l di
hp t 380nm-780nm:
T 3000 m n 1000 m
Sng di (LW = long wave)
T 1000 m n 100 m
Sng trung (MW = medium wave)
T 100 m n 10 m
Sng ngn (SW = Short wave)
T 10 m n 0,5 m
Sng v tuyn (FM)
T 0,5 m n 1,0 mm
Sng raa
T1000 m n 0,78 m
Sng hng ngoi
T 780 nm n 380 nm
nh sng nhn thy
T 380 nm n 10 nm
Tia cc tm (tia t ngoi, UV)
0
0
Tia X
T 100 A n 0,01 A
0
0
Tia , tia v tr
T 0,01 A n 0,001 A
-6
-9
0
( 1 m = 10 m; 1 nm = 10 m; 1 A = 10-10 m)
+ Theo thuyt lng t, nh sng cn mang bn cht ht (photon), c nng lng E = h=
hc / ; trong h l hng s Plank = 6,626176 10-34Js
Ti sao cc vt th pht ra nh sng ? Ta phi dng thuyt lng t gii thch nh sau:
+ Mt photon b bin mt khi n va vo v y mt in t vng ngoi ln trng thi kch
thch cc qu o xa nhn hn s hp thu nng lng nh sng ca vt cht.
+ Mt photon c sinh ra khi in t t trng thi kch thch chuyn sang mt qu o
khc gn nhn hn v ti i mt nng lng m nguyn t b mt di dng tia sng m bc
sng t l nghch vi nng lng c truyn i s pht ra nng lng nh sng ca vt
cht.
+ Nh vy cn c vo bc sng ta c th phn bit c sng nh sng v cc dng
nng lng khc trn quang ph in t.
2. Ngun sng t nhin v quang ph lin tc
+ nh sng nhn thy khc vi cc dng bc x in t khc kh nng lm kch hot
vng mc ca mt ngi.
+ Vng nh sng nhn thy c bc sng dao ng t 380nm-780nm
+ Th nghim chng minh: di ph ca nh sng mt tri l di quang ph lin tc c
bc sng thay i t 380nm 780nm nh hnh sau:
+ nh sng mt tri c coi l ngun sng chun nh gi cht lng ca ngun sng
nhn to.
Lng knh
nh
sng
mt tri
Tia sng n
sc u ra
lng knh
Ph nh sng
Hnh 1.1_ Th nghim quang ph lin tc

+ nh sng mt tri c rt nhiu cng dng khc ngoi chiu sng : sinh ra vitamin D khi
tm nng bui sng, dit vi khun (do c mt lng rt b tia cc tm), pht in, thu nhit,
sy kh,
+ Hin nay ngi ta ang nghin cu thit b dn nh sng t nhin vo trong cc to nh
nhm gim tin in cng nh c li cho sc kho.
3. Ngun sng nhn to v quang ph vch:
Khe hp
Vt en
Lng knh
Ngun sng
nhn to
(n chiu
sng)
Hnh 1.2_Th
nghim quang
ph vch
+ nh sng nhn to c quang ph t qung (quang ph vch). Hnh 1.2 l kt qu th

nghim xc nh quang ph ca mt s ngun sng nhn to sau khi i qua lng knh:
+ Ni chung nh sng nhn to khng tt bng nh sng mt tri (xt di gc chiu
sng). V mt tm - sinh l, tri qua hng triu nm tin ha, h thn kinh ca con ngi
thch nghi hon ton vi nh sng ban ngy nn vi bt k ngun sng no khng phi l nh
sng mt tri u khng tt i vi mt. c m ca con ngi lun lun hng n vic to
ra cc ngun sng ging nh ban ngy, do nh gi cht lng ca cc ngun sng
nhn to ngi ta thng ly nh sng ban ngy lm chun so snh.
nh sng n tuyp ta thng thy cng ch c mu xanh, tc l c quang ph vch mc
d ban m ta cm thy n kh d chu. Vi s tin b ca k thut, hin nay ngi ta c th
ch to cc ngun sng c kh nng pht ra cc bc x c quang ph lin tc gn vi nh
sng trng nh n xenon, song gi thnh rt t nn ch yu dng cho cc loi xe hi t
tin.
1.2. Mt s hin tng pht sng v phm vi ng dng trong chiu sng nhn to:
1. Hin tung pht sng do nung nng:
Bt k vt th no c nhit > 00K u bc x nng lng di dng sng in t, khi
c nung nng n nhit khong 10000K s pht ra bc x nh sng (cng l loi sng
in t). Nhit cng cao th cng nh sng tng ln v mu sc b ngoi cng tr nn
sng hn. Cc loi n in chiu sng thng dng dng in t nng si t (dy tc)
bng kim loi. Hin tng pht sng khi nung nng bng dng in c nh khoa hc Anh
Humphrey DaVy pht hin nm 1802. Sau nh pht minh ngi M Edison mi ch to ra
n si t u tin.
Hin tng pht x nh sng do nung nng c gii thch nh sau: Khi c in p t
vo hai u dy tc, cc in t cc lp ngoi ca nguyn t c gii phng khi nguyn
t v dch chuyn trong mng tinh th kim loi. Trong qu trnh di chuyn, in t lun lun
c va chm vi cc nguyn t, do ng nng ca in t truyn mt phn cho nguyn
t. Kt qu l cc nguyn t b kch thch v mt s in t lp trong nhy ra lp ngoi (nu
lp cha y). in t ny c xu hng tr v v tr trng gn ht nhn hn (v tr n nh)
v nu iu xy ra th in t s mt mt lng nng lng E (th nng) ng thi gii
phng mt photon c bc sng = c.h/E (c th l nh sng nhn thy hoc khng nhn
thy).
Nng lng bc x c th bao gm quang nng, nhit nng v bc x hng ngoi,...
ng dng hin tng ny ch to cc loi n si t nh n si t chn khng
(trong dn dng 50W-75W), n si t halogen (cn gi l n halogen-Vonfram).
2. Hin tung pht sng do phng in:
Hin tng ny do nh khoa hc Anh Edward Townsend pht hin u tin.
Hin tng phng in trong cht kh l qu trnh din ra rt phc tp, ph thuc vo p
sut kh, cng sut ngun in v dng in trng. Tuy nhin c th m t tm tt thng qua
th nghim sau y: cho ng phng in thy tinh cha hi kim loi hoc mt kh tr no
p sut thp, bn trong c t 2 in cc v c ni vi ngun 1 chiu thng qua bin tr
iu chnh c:
+ Khi in p tng ln th dng in tng theo (on AB). Nguyn nhn c dng in l
do cc ion t do tn ti trong cht kh.

+ n im B (im xy ra phng in) th dng in tng rt nhanh cn in p gim
xung n im M (im duy tr phng in). Nguyn nhn dng in tng l do hin tng
ion ha cht kh lm cho s in t tng ln nhanh.
+ n im D (bng cch gim R) s xy ra hin tng phng in h quang. Nguyn
nhn l do in cc b t nng qu mc lm pht x in t bng hiu ng nhit-ion.
Cn lu l nu p sut cao s xy ra hin tng phng in tia la ch khng phi
phng in ta sng v p sut cao, hin tng phng in khng t duy tr c.
Khi ng dng hin tng ny vo n in chiu sng, ngi ta ch cho n lm vic
trong khong B-D vi im lm vic M c xc lp nh in tr R gi l chn lu. in
p ti im B c gi l in p phng in hay in p mi. Khi phng in, cc nguyn t
kh b kch thch ln mc nng lng cao hn, sau tr v trng thi ban u th pht ra
phton gy nn hin tng pht sng hng t cc m sang cc dng. nh sng pht ra
thng n sc v mang mu c trng ca kh trong ng thy tinh. Ngoi nh sng nhn
thy, ty vo cht kh m cn c cc tia hng ngoi hay t ngoi. Nu c pht tia t ngoi th
ng phng in phi lm bng thy tinh c c tnh cn tia t ngoi (thy tinh natri cacbonat),
trnh hy dit sinh vt sng, tia hng ngoi khng nguy him v n ch c tc dng nhit.
u(V)
i
Katot
E
Hi
kim
loi
u
300 E
R=30k
R=300
D
200
Anot
100
E
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
1 logi
Hnh 1.3_ Th nghim phng in trong cht kh

i vi ngun in xoay chiu hnh sin th chiu dng in duy tr trong ng thy tinh
lin tc thay i theo tn s ngun in. C dng in v in p trong ng phng in khng
cn l hnh sin na nn n c xem l mt phn t phi tuyn. Mc d mt ngi khng cm
nhn c nhng nh sng do n to ra l nh sng nhp nhy lin tc.
B
M
M
Hnh 1.4_ Phng in trong cht kh

vi ngun in hnh sin
10
Nng lng bc x gm quang nng, nhit nng, bc x hng ngoi, bc x t ngoi c

t l thay i theo p sut v loi kh s dng.
ng dng hin tng ny ch to cc loi n hi phng in Natri p sut thp, Natri
p sut cao, n halogen kim loi (hi thy ngn cao p),
3. Hin tng pht sng hunh quang
Hin tng hunh quang c bit n vo gia th k 19 bi nh khoa hc ngi Anh
George G. Stoke. Khi cho nh sng t ngoi (khng nhn thy) chiu vo cht pht hunh
quang th mt phn nng lng ca n bin i thnh nhit, phn cn li bin i thnh nh
sng c bc sng di hn nm trong di quang ph nhn thy c. (inh lut Stoke)
Gii thch theo thuyt lng t nh trong hnh 1.5: mt photon bc x t ngoi (hnh bn
tri) va chm vi mt electron ca mt nguyn t cht hunh quang, kch thch v a
electron ny ln mc nng lng cao hn. Sau , electron ny ri xung mc nng lng
thp hn v pht ra nh sng di dng mt photon (hnh bn phi) trong vng nh sng nhn
thy c.
Tia t
ngoi
in t trng
thi c bn
in t b
kch thch
Mc nng
lng thp
Mc nng
lng cao
Ht nhn
Photon pht x
(nh sng nhn thy)
Hnh 1.5_ Gii thch hin tng pht sng hunh quang
ng dng hin tng ny ngi ta ch to ra n hunh quang gm bng thu tinh khng
cho tia t ngoi xuyn qua, trong cha cht thu ngn p sut thp. Khi phng in, cc
in t pht x t in cc kch thch nguyn t thu ngn v to ra tia t ngoi (bc sng
253,7nm), cc tia t ngoi p vo thnh ng (c qut bt hunh quang) lm n pht sng.
Nhn chung hiu sut pht sng ca n hunh quang kh cao. Cht hunh quang c rt
nhiu loi nhng thng dng cht halophosphat canxi 3Ca(PO4)2.CaF2 qut vo bn trong
thnh ng phng in mt lp mng.
Nng lng bc x t hin tng phng in ngoi tia t ngoi c th cn c tia hng
ngoi, nhng theo nh lut Stokes ta khng th bin i tia hng ngoi v min nh sng
nhn thy (bc sng ngn hn).
Cc loi n hunh quang hin nay gm T12-T10-T8-T5, compact, ngha ca cc k
hiu ny c cp cc chng sau.
4. Hin tng pht sng ln quang
11
Ln quang l mt dng pht quang, trong cc phn t ca cht ln quang hp th nh

sng, chuyn ha nng lng ca cc photon thnh nng lng ca cc electron sang trng
thi lng t c mc nng lng cao nhng kh bn vng. Sau electron chm chp ri v
trng thi lng t mc nng lng thp hn v gii phng mt phn nng lng tr li
di dng cc photon.
Ln quang khc vi hunh quang ch vic electron tr v trng thi c km theo nh ra
photon rt chm chp. Trong hunh quang, s ri v trng thi c ca electron gn nh tc
thi khin photon c gii phng ngay. Do vy cc cht ln quang hot ng nh nhng b
lu tr nh sng: thu nhn nh sng v chm chp nh ra nh sng sau .
S d c s tr v trng thi c chm chp ca cc electron l do mt trong s cc trng
thi kch thch kh bn nn vic chuyn ha t trng thi ny v trng thi c bn b cm bi
mt s quy tc lng t. Vic xy ra s tr v trng thi c bn ch c th c thc hin khi
dao ng nhit y electron sang trng thi khng bn gn , t n ri v trng thi c
bn. iu ny khin hin tng ln quang ph thuc vo nhit : nhit cng lnh th trng
thi kch thch cng c bo tn lu hn.
a s cc cht ln quang c thi gian tn ti ca trng thi kch thch ch vo c miligiy,
c mt s cht c th ln ti vi pht hoc thm ch vi gi. Trong thc t ta thy con om
m pht sng c l nh cht ln quang.
Cht d quang l cht c cha cc nguyn t pht sng ln quang.
Hin tng ln quang khng c ng dng trong k thut chiu sng v hiu qu thp v
trng thi pht sng khng bn. N ch dng trong ch to cc chi cho tr em,
5. Hin tng pht sng th cp:
Ni cch khc y khng phi l ngun sng thc s nh cc hin tng nu trn.
Khi mt vt c chiu sng th bn thn n cng c th phn x mt phn nh sng gi l
pht sng th cp. Ch c vt en tuyt i mi hp th ton b nh sng.
Da vo hin tng ny ta c th gii thch mu sc ca cc vt trong t nhin: S th
hin mu ca vt l do nh sng phn x to thnh (v d vt mu phn x tia mu , cc
mu khc th n hp th). Trc y c rt nhiu l thuyt mu sc khc nhau xut hin ch
yu s dng trong ngnh dt nhum. Vi s ra i ca thuyt lng t, hin nay ngi ta
xy dng hon chnh thuyt mu hin i da vo bn cht sng ht ca nh sng
Mt vt th bt k tip nhn nh sng chiu vo s xy ra cc hin tng : phn x, xuyn
qua, hp th. Mi hin tng ny li c nhng tnh cht ring, v d phn x li c cc loi
phn x u, phn x khuych tn,. Cc hin tng ny c nghin cu ch to cc b
phn ca n (c bit l tm phn quang) nhm iu khin s phn b nh sng ca ngun
sng hiu qu nht. Vn ny s xt trong cc phn sau.
1.3. Cc i lng c bn o nh sng
1. Gc khi (cn gi l gc c, gc nhn)
- Khi nim:
Xt mt ng cong kn bt k (L). T mt im O trong khng gian ta v cc ng
thng ti mi im trn ng cong (L) gi l cc ng sinh. Khi phn khng gian gii
hn bi cc ng sinh ny c gi l gc khi nhn ng cong (L) t nh O.
12
o ca gc khi l din tch phn mt cu c bn knh r = 1, tm ti im O b ct bi

gc khi trn.
- K hiu gc khi : (Ch ci Hy Lp, c l
mega).
- n v : Sr (steradian)
O
r =1
Steradian l gc khi m di gc ngi quan st
ng tm O ca mt qu cu R=1m th nhn thy din
tch S=1m2 trn mt cu.
- ngha: Gc khi l gc trong khng gian, c
trng cho gc nhn (tc l t mt im no nhn vt
=S
th di mt gc khi). Trong k thut chiu sng, gc
khi biu th cho khng gian m ngun sng bc x nng
(L)
lng ca n.
- V d tnh ton mt s gc khi:
Hnh 1.6_ nh ngha gc khi
+ Cho qu cu tm O bn knh R, mt hnh nn c
nh ti O ct mt cu vi mt din tch S th ln ca
gc khi l : =
S
.
R2
+ Cho 2 hnh cu bn knh R v kR ng tm O. Gi s mt gc khi chn hnh cu R

vi din tch S1=2R2(1-cos) v hnh cu kR vi din tch S2= 2k2R2(1-cos). Khi gc
khi l:
S1
S
k 2R2
= 2 = 2 (1 cos ) =
2 (1 cos ) = 2 2
2
R
(kR )
(kR )
S1
S2=k2S
S = Din
tch trn
mt cu
Hnh 1.7a
kR
Hnh 1.7b
+ Cho mt cu tm O, bn knh R. Gc khi chn bi hnh nn nh ti O, gc nh 2,

din tch mt cu b chn l S. Ta c gc khi:
2Rh 2R( R R cos )
S
= 2 =
=
= 2 (1 cos )
2
2
R
Ta thy gc khi l i lng khng ph thuc bn knh R.

Trng hp ti nh O nhn ton b mt cu (=1800) ta c gc khi ln nht = 4 (Sr)
+ Tnh gc khi chn din tch dS b tu t im O: khi ta coi dS l mt phng. Trn
dS ta ly im M l trng tm ca dS, sau v mt cu tm O bn knh R=OM th gc khi
13
nhn din tch dS t O l :

dS.cos
d =
R2
Trong l gc hp bi vect php tuyn ca mt dS v OM, cn dS.cos l hnh

chiu ca dS ln phng OM. Do dS b tu nn dS.cos c xem l din tch m gc khi
chn mt cu.
Hnh 1.7c
M
Hnh 1.7d
dS
2. Thng lng nng lng ca bc x nh sng nhn thy

Nng lng in cung cp cho ngun sng khng phi bin i hon ton thnh nh sng
m bin i thnh nhiu dng nng lng khc nhau nh ha nng, bc x nhit, bc x in
t. Cc bc x nh sng ch l mt phn ca bc x in t do ngun pht ra. Di gc k
thut chiu sng ta ch quan tm n nng lng bc x nh sng nhn thy m thi, do
ngi ta a ra khi nim thng lng nng lng ca bc x nh sng nhn thy, l phn
nng lng bc x thnh nh sng ca ngun sng trong mt giy theo mi hng c xc
nh theo cc cng thc:
2
Ph nh sng lin tc :
W ( ).d
vi 380nm 1, 2 780nm
780 nm
Ph nh sng ban ngy (loi ph lin tc):
W ( ).d
380 nm
Ph nh sng ri rc (quang ph vch):
P ( )
i =1
Trong :
W() l phn b ph nng lng ca ngun sng (W/nm).

P(i) l mc nng lng ca tia n sc th i pht ra t ngun sng (W).
i l bc sng ca tia n sc th i tho mn 380nm i 780nm
n v o ca thng lng l (W).
14
3. Quang thng
- Khi nim:
Thng lng nng lng ca nh sng nhn thy l mt khi nim c ngha quan trng
v mt vt l. Tuy nhin trong k thut chiu sng
th khi nim ny t c quan tm.
1
2
1,0
Tht vy, gi s c hai tia sng n sc mu 0,9
(=700nm) v mu vng (=577nm) c cng 0,8
mc nng lng tc ng n mt ngi th kt 0,7
0,6
qu nhn c l mt ngi cm nhn tia mu 0,5
tt hn mu vng. iu ny c th gii thch l do 0,4
s khc x qua mt (vai tr l thu knh hi t) 0,3
khc nhau: cc tia sng c b b lch nhiu v 0,2
0,1
hi t trc vng mc, cc tia c ln th li hi 0,0
400
450 500
550
600
650 700 nm
t sau vng mc, ch c tia =555nm (vng) l hi
t ngay trn vng mc. Trn c s ny ngi ta
xy dng ng cong hiu qu nh sng V()
Hnh 1.8
ca mt ngi (hnh 1.8). ng cong 1 ng vi
th gic ban ngy v ng cong 2 ng vi th gic ban m. Biu thc gn ng ca ng
cong V() c cho trong ph lc cui sch, ng thi trong ph lc cng c bng gi tr
ca hm V().
Nh vy r rng thng lng nng lng khng th dng trong k thut chiu sng phc
v con ngi, do ngi ta phi a vo mt i lng mi trong ngoi W() cn phi
k n ng cong V(), i lng ny gi l quang thng v c xc nh nh sau:
n
Ngun sng pht quang ph vch (n chiu sng): = 683. P(i ).V (i )
i =1
Ngun sng n sc : = 683.P().V() vi =const

2
Ngun sng c quang ph lin tc = 683 W ( ).V ( ).d

1
780 nm
nh sng ban ngy = 683
W ( ).V ( ).d
380 nm
Trong cc cng thc trn :

n l tng s tia sng n sc do ngun pht ra
P(i) l mc nng lng ca tia n sc th i (W).
W() l phn b ph nng lng ca cc tia sng lin tc (W/nm)
i l bc sng ca tia n sc th i (nm).
683 lm/W l hng s vt l xut pht t nh ngha n v cng sng (Cadela),
biu th s chuyn i n v nng lng sang n v cm nhn th gic. Gi tr 683 c
a vo to ra gi tr tng ng vi nh ngha c ca cadela.
1 v 2 l gii hn bc sng (cn di v trn) ca quang ph lin tc.
- ngha: V bn cht, quang thng cng chnh l nng lng nhng y n v tnh
khng phi bng Ot m bng Lumen. y l i lng rt quan trng dng cho tnh ton
chiu sng, th hin phn nng lng m ngun sng bc x thnh nh sng ra ton b khng
gian xung quanh. thy r s khc nhau gia Ot v Lumen ta c s so snh sau:
15
Gi s c mt ngun sng cng sut 1W bin i ton b cng sut ny thnh nh sng
nhn thy. Nu nh sng n pht ra l mt tia n sc =555nm (mu vng) s cho quang
thng 683 lm nhng nu nh sng pht ra l quang ph lin tc vi nng lng phn b u
th quang thng khong 179 lm (xem ph lc 1).
- K hiu: (k hiu ch ci Hy Lp, c l phi)
- n v: Lm (Lumen). Lumen l quang thng do ngun sng pht ra trong mt gc khi
bng 1 Sr.
- V d gi tr quang thng mt s ngun sng thng dng:
+ Xt mt ngun sng im c cng sng I khng i theo mi phng th quang
4
thng l : = Id = 4I
0
+ Thit b dng o quang thng gi l Lumen k.

+ Quang thng do mt tri gi xung tri t l 145.1017lm.
4. Quang hiu
- nh ngha: Quang hiu l t s gia quang thng do ngun sng pht ra v cng sut
in m ngun sng tiu th.
- ngha: Trong k thut chiu sng ngi ta khng dng khi nim hiu sut theo ngha
thng thng (tnh theo t l %) m s dng khi nim quang hiu. Quang hiu th hin y
kh nng bin i nng lng m ngun sng tiu th thnh quang nng.
Mt s ti liu gi khi nim ny l hiu sut ca ngun sng. Tuy nhin, nu ta s dng
khi nim hiu sut th s lin tng n t l % (gi tr 1) gia cc i lng cng n v
o. Tri ngc hon ton vi quan nim v hiu sut, quang hiu li c gi tr ln hn 1 rt
nhiu v l t s ca 2 n v o khc nhau (lm/W) do vic dng khi nim hiu sut l
khng hp l.
- K hiu: (Ch ci Hy Lp, c l ta)
- n v: lm/W (lumen/Ot)
- V d: Quang hiu mt s ngun sng thng dng (theo ti liu Schrder nm 2006)
Ngun sng
Cng sut (W)
Quang thng (Lm) Quang hiu (Lm/W)
Bng n dy tc
100
1500
15
Bng hunh quang
36
2600
80
Bng compact
20
1200
60
Bng cao p thy ngn
250
13000
52
Bng cao p MetalHalide
250
20000
80
Bng cao p Sodium
250
27000
108
5. Cng sng
- Khi nim:
+ Xt trng hp mt ngun sng im t ti O v ta quan st theo phng Ox. Gi d
16
l quang thng pht ra trong gc khi d ln cn phng Ox. Cng sng ca ngun theo
phng Ox c nh ngha l : I =
d
d
+ Cng sng I ca ngun ph thuc vo

phng quan st. Trong trng hp c bit, nu I
x
khng thay i theo phng (ngun ng hng), ta
c quang thng pht ra trong ton khng gian l:
d
d
I
= 4 I .
- ngha : Cng sng l i lng quang hc O
Hnh 1.9
c bn, cc i lng quang hc khc u l i
lng dn sut xc nh qua cng sng.
- K hiu : I (Vit tt ca ting Anh l Intensity : cng )
- n v :
+ Cd (cadela). Cadela c ngha l ngn nn, y l mt trong 7 n v o lng c bn
(m, kg, s, A, K, mol, cd)
+ nh ngha Cd (t thng 10-1979): Cadenla l cng sng theo mt phng cho
ca ngun pht bc x n sc c tn s 540.1012Hz (=555mm) v cng nng lng
theo phng ny l 1/683 W/Sr
- V d :
+ n si t 40W/220V c I= 35 Cd (theo mi hng)
+ Ngn nn c I=0,8 Cd (theo mi hng).
+ Theo nh ngha vi ngun sng n sc =555nm th 1W=683lm. Nu ngun sng
n sc c 555nm th 1W=683.V(). V d : ngun sng n sc c =650nm th
1W=683.0,2=136,6 lm.
6. ri
- Khi nim: Gi thit mt S c ri sng bi mt ngun sng. ri ti mt im no
trn mt S l t s E =
d
, trong d l quang thng ton phn do ngun gi n din
dS
tch vi phn dS ln cn im cho.

Nu mt S c chiu sng u vi tng quang thng gi n S l th ri ti mi
im trn mt S l E =
- K hiu : E
O
d
I
n
d
dS
dScos
S
Hnh 1.10_nh ngha ri
dS
Hnh 1.11
- n v: Lux hay Lx (c l luych)

Lux l n v o chiu sng ca mt b mt. chiu sng duy tr trung bnh l cc
mc lux trung bnh o c ti cc im khc nhau ca mt khu vc xc nh. Mt lux bng
17
mt lumen trn mi mt vung.

- ngha: Th hin lng quang thng chiu n 1 n v din tch ca mt b mt c
chiu sng, ni cch khc n chnh l mt phn b quang thng trn b mt chiu sng.
- nh lut t l nghch bnh phng :
Xt mt ngun sng im O, bc x ti mt nguyn t hnh trn dS c tm M cch O mt
khong r. Cng sng ca ngun theo phng OM l I (hnh 1.11). Do dS kh nh nn
xem l mt phng, do ta gi n l php tuyn ca dS v l gc gia ( n , OM). Ta c cng

thc ri:
d I .d I .dS . cos
I
E=
=
=
E
=
. cos
2
2
dS
dS
r .dS
r
Cng thc ny cho thy ri trn b mt no ph thuc vo khong cch r v

nghing ca mt so vi phng quan st v n c s dng ch yu trong cc tnh ton
chiu sng. y chnh l cng thc ca nh lut t l nghch bnh phng.
- Mt s gi tr ri thng gp:
* Tra nng khng my 100.000 lux
* m trng trn khng my 0,25 lux
* Ban m vi h thng chiu sng cng cng 10-30 lux
* Nh bnh thng ban m: 159-300lux
* Phng lm vic: 400-600lux.
7. sng (cn gi l trng):
d
- Khi nim: Cho mt mt pht sng S c kch thc

gii hn (c th l b mt ca ngun sng hoc b mt
vt phn x nh sng,). sng ti mt im no
d
trn mt S l t s R =
, trong d l quang thng
dS
dS
do phn t dS (ln cn im cho) pht ra theo mi Hnh 1.12_nh ngha sng

hng.
Mt pht sng u l mt c trng nh nhau mi im ca mt
- c im v ngha:
+ trng c trng cho s pht sng theo mi phng ca vt pht sng (bao gm
ngun sng v nh sng phn x ca vt c chiu sng).
+ Xt v cng thc tnh v th nguyn th trng ging ri nhng ri xt b
mt vt c chiu sng bi ngun sng khc cn trng xt b mt ca vt m bn thn n
pht sng. n v ca ri l Lux cng khc n v trng l Lm/m2.
+ Ngun sng y cn hiu theo ngha rng hn l "mt pht sng" bao gm ngun pht
ra nh sng v ngun nh sng phn x ca vt c chiu sng.
+ ri E trn b mt c chiu sng khng ph thuc vo h s phn x b mt nhng
trng ca b mt c chiu sng th ph thuc vo h s phn x b mt.
- K hiu: R
- n v: Lm/m2 l trng ca mt ngun sng hnh cu c din tch mt ngoi 1m2 pht
ra quang thng 1 Lumen phn b u theo mi phng.
18
8. chi
- Khi nim:
+ Hai bng n si t hnh trn cng sut 40W
th c cng quang thng. Mt bng thy tinh trong,
O
mt bng thy tinh m th bng thy tinh trong s gy
dScos
chi mt hn. iu ny c gii thch l: vi bng
thu tinh m, tia sng bc x t ngun khi p vo b
mt thu tinh m (v bng n), n b tn x theo
n
nhiu hng v cng sng theo mt hng nht
nh gim i so vi cng ca tia ti do t chi
hn --> chi ph thuc vo cng sng.
dI
Mt khc vi n pha xe my nu nhn trc din
ta thy chi mt nhng nu nhn nghing mt gc no
dS M
th s bt chi mt hn --> chi ph thuc vo
phng quan st, c c trng bng din tch biu
Hnh 1.13_nh ngha chi
kin ca mt pht sng theo phng quan st.
T nhng nhn xt trn ta thy cn thit phi a
ra khi nim chi ph thuc vo cng sng ca ngun v din tch biu kin ca mt
pht sng.
+ Mt ngi t ti im O quan st b mt pht sng dS theo phng OM. B mt dS
nghing mt gc so vi phng OM. Gi dI l cng sng pht ra bi dS theo phng
OM th ta c nh ngha chi l L =
dI
.
dS . cos
- ngha:
+ Th hin mt phn b cng sng pht ra t mt n v din tch ca b mt
theo mt hng xc nh n mt ngi quan st.
+ chi ph thuc vo tnh cht phn quang ca b mt v hng quan st (khng ph
thuc vo khong cch t mt n im quan st).
+ Nhn chung mi vt th c chiu sng t nhiu u phn x nh sng (ng vai tr
nh ngun sng th cp) nn cng c th gy ra chi mt ngi. V d ban m nh sng ht
ln t mt ng nha c chiu sng cng c th lm chi mt ngi li xe.
+ chi ng vai tr rt quan trng khi thit k chiu sng, l c s khi nim v tri
gic v tin nghi nhn.
+ chi trung bnh ca mt ng l tiu chun u tin nh gi cht lng ca
chiu sng ng ph.
- K hiu: L
- n v: Cd/m2. 1 Cd/m2 l chi ca mt mt phng pht sng u c din tch 1 m2
v c cng sng 1 Cd theo phng vung gc vi ngun .
- V d v chi mt s b mt:
+ B mt n hunh quang: 5.000-15.000cd/m2
+ B mt ng nha chiu sng vi ri 30lux c chi khong 2cd/m2
+ Mt tri mi mc : khong 5.106 Cd/m2
+ Mt tri gia tra : khong 1,5 2.109 Cd/m2
9. Nhit mu:
Nhit mu ca mt ngun sng c th hin theo thang Kelvin (K) l biu hin mu
sc ca nh sng do n pht ra. Tng tng mt thanh st khi ngui c mu en, khi nung
19
u n khi n rc ln nh sng da cam, tip tc nung n s c mu vng, v tip tc nung

cho n khi n tr nn nng trng. Ti bt k thi im no trong qu trnh nung, chng ta
c th o c nhit ca thanh thp theo Kelvin (0C + 273) v gn gi tr vi mu
c to ra.
Nhit
mu (0K)
7000
6000
Vng mi
trng
tin nghi
5000
4000
3000
ri (Lux)
2000
50
100
200
300 400 500
1000
1500 2000
Hnh 1.14_ Biu Kruithof
i vi n si t, nhit mu chnh l nhit bn thn n. i vi n hunh

quang, n phng in (ni chung l cc loi n khng dng si t) th nhit mu ch l
tng trng bng cch so snh vi nhit tng ng ca vt en tuyt i b nung nng.
Khi ni n nhit mu ca n l ngi ta c ngay cm gic l ngun sng m,
trung tnh hay l mt. Ni chung, nhit cng thp th ngun cng m, v ngc li.
d hnh dung iu ny ta xt mt s gi tr nhit mu sau y:
25000K - 30000K
Lc mt tri ln, n si t
0
0
nh sng ban ngy quang my
4500 K - 5000 K
0
0
nh sng khi tri nhiu my (nh sng lnh)
6000 K - 10.000 K
Khi thit k chiu sng cn phi chn nhit mu ca ngun sng ph hp vi c im
tm-sinh l ngi, l vi ri thp th chn ngun sng c nhit mu thp v ngc
li vi yu cu ri cao th chn cc ngun sng "lnh" c nhit mu cao. c im sinh
l ny c Kruithof chng minh. Qua cc cng trnh nghin cu ca mnh, ng xy
dng c biu Kruithof lm tiu chun u tin la chn ngun sng ca bt k n
thit k chiu sng no (tt nhin sau cn c cc tiu chun khc).
Trong biu Kruithof, vng gch cho gi l vng mi trng nh sng tin nghi. Vi
mt ri E (lux) cho trc, ngi thit k chiu sng phi chn ngun sng c nhit mu
nm trong min gch cho m bo khng nh hng n tm-sinh l ca con ngi, nu
khng m bo iu kin ny s gy ra hin tng " nhim nh sng", c th gy tn hi n
sc khe.
10. hon mu (cn gi l ch s th hin mu):
Cng mt vt nhng nu c chiu sng bng cc ngun sng n sc khc nhau th mt
s cm nhn mu ca vt khc nhau, tuy nhin bn cht mu sc ca vt th khng h thay
i. V d mt t giy bnh thng mu , nu t trong bng ti n c th c mu xm, tuy
nhin ta vn ni l t giy mu .
Nh vy cht lng nh sng pht ra ca ngun sng cn phi c nh gi qua cht
lng nhn mu, tc l kh nng phn bit mu sc ca vt t trong nh sng . nh gi
20
s nh hng nh sng (do ngun pht ra) n mu sc ca vt, ngi ta dng ch s hon
mu hay cn gi l ch s th hin mu ca ngun sng, k hiu CRI (Color Rendering
Index). Nguyn nhn s th hin mu ca vt b bin i l do s pht x ph nh sng khc
nhau gia ngun sng v vt c chiu sng.
Ch s CRI ca ngun sng thay i theo thang chia t 0 n 100. Gi tr CRI=0 ng vi
ngun nh sng n sc khi lm bin i mu ca vt mnh nht, CRI=100 ng vi nh sng
mt tri khi mu ca vt c th hin thc cht nht. Ni chung ch s CRI cng cao th cht
lng ngun sng c chn cng tt. d p dng trong k thut chiu sng, ngi ta chia
CRI thnh 4 thang cp sau:
Bng phm vi ng dng ca cc nhm hon mu
Nhm
hon mu
Ch s hon
mu CRI
1A
CRI > 90
1B
80 < CRI < 90
60 < CRI < 80
40 < CRI < 60
20 < CRI < 40
Cht lng
Cht lng nhn mu v phm vi ng dng
nhn mu
Cng vic cn s hon mu chnh xc, v d
Cao
vic kim tra in mu, nhum mu, xng v
Cng vic cn nh gi mu chnh xc hoc
Cao
cn c s hon mu tt v l do th hin, v d
chiu sng trng by
Trung bnh Cng vic cn s phn bit mu tng i
Cng vic cn phn bit mu sc nhng ch
Thp
chp nhn biu hin s sai lch mu sc t
Thp
Cng vic khng cn phn bit mu sc
i vi chiu sng nh dn thng t quan tm n CRI, nhng gia nh c mc sng cao

mi ch n tiu chun ny v tt nhin khi mi trng sng s tin nghi hn km theo
chi ph u t tng ln.
i vi chiu sng ng ph ch c mc ch m bo an ton giao thng l chnh hn
na chi ph u t ban u kh ln nn gn nh khng quan tm n ch s CRI.
Cui cng cn lu : chng ta rt d b nhm ln gia nhit mu v hon mu, do
y cn nhc li: nhit mu biu th mu sc ca ngun sng - l ni nh sng pht ra,
cn hon mu biu th chnh xc mu ca ngun khi chiu ln vt th.
1.4. Cc nh lut quang hc v ng dng trong k thut chiu sng :
1. S phn x:
a) S phn x u:
- Hin tng ny tun theo nh lut quang hnh nghin cu trong gio trnh Vt l i
cng: Gc ti ca tia sng chiu ln b mt phn x bng gc phn x. S phn x u c
c trng bng h s phn x u px =
pxd
i
< 1, trong px, i ln lt l quang thng
phn x u v quang thng ri ti din tch b mt ang xt.

21
- ng dng :
S phn x u l trng hp phn x l tng, xy ra trn cc vt liu rt mn, nhn
tuyt i. Hin tng ny c dng trong nghin cu ch to tm phn quang ( iu khin
phn b nh sng theo mun) hoc tnh ton chi b mt cc vt liu mn, phng c phn
x u.
n
n
i
u
i=r
In
I
Khuych tn u
I = In.cos
In I
Ir
Khuych tn hn hp
I = In.cos v i = r
Phn tn
Hnh 1.15_ Cc hin tng phn x
b) S phn x khuych tn
- Hin tng ny khng tun theo nh lut quang hnh. c im l khi c tia sng chiu
n b mt phn x khuych tn, cc tia sng phn b phn x i theo nhiu hng khc
nhau. u mt cc vect cng sng phn x nm trn mt mt cong no . S phn x
khuych tn c c trng bng h s phn x khuych tn pxkt=
pxkt
i
< 1, trong pxkt,
i ln lt l quang thng khuych tn v quang thng ri ti din tch b mt ang xt.

Trong thc t, trn b mt cc vt liu lun xy ra ng thi hai hin tng phn x u v
phn x khuych tn do ngi ta nh ngha h s phn x hn hp px = px + pxkt =
pxd + pxkt
i
<1.
- Phn loi :
+ Phn x khuych tn u: u mt cc vect cng sng phn x nm trn mt mt
cu tip xc vi mt phn x v c tm nm trn ng vung gc vi mt phn x. Hin
tng ny tun theo nh lut Lambert v c nghin cu ng dng trong k thut chiu
sng (s trnh by phn di).
+ Phn x khuych tn kiu hn hp: cc vect cng sng phn x l hn hp ca
hin tng phn x u v phn x khuych tn u.
+ Phn x khuych tn kiu phn tn: u mt cc vect cng sng phn x nm trn
mt mt cong c hnh dng bt k.
- ng dng : Trng hp phn x khuych tn l loi phn x hay gp trong thc t, c
nghin cu tnh ton chi mt ng, mt sn (ng nha, ng btng, tng xy,
b mt vt liu xy dng, sn nh,).
2. S truyn x :
a) S truyn x u:
- Hin tng ny tun theo nh lut quang hnh nghin cu trong gio trnh Vt l i
cng. Ch lu tia sng ra khi vt liu dng tm ng nht th song song vi tia ti. S
22
truyn x u c c trng bng h s truyn x u tx =
txd
< 1, trong tx, i ln
i
lt l quang thng truyn x u v quang thng ri ti din tch b mt ang xt.

- ng dng : Nghin cu ch to knh bo v phng cho b n, ch to bng n bng
thu tinh trong sut (bng n si t, ng phng in,).
b) S truyn x khuych tn:
- Hin tng ny khng tun theo nh lut quang hnh. c im l khi c tia sng chiu
n b mt truyn x khuych tn, cc tia sng phn b truyn i theo nhiu hng khc
nhau. u mt cc vect cng sng truyn x nm trn mt mt cong no . S truyn
x khuych tn c c trng bng h s truyn x khuych tn txkt =
txkt
< 1, trong
i
txkt, i ln lt l quang thng truyn x khuych tn v quang thng ri ti din tch b mt

ang xt. Trong thc t, trn b mt cc vt liu lun xy ra ng thi hai hin tng truyn
x u v truyn x khuych tn do ngi ta nh ngha h s truyn x hn hp tx = tx
+ txkt <1
- Phn loi :
+ Truyn x khuych tn u: u mt cc vect cng sng truyn x nm trn mt
mt cu tip xc vi mt truyn x v c tm nm trn ng vung gc vi mt truyn x.
Hin tng ny tun theo nh lut Lambert v s c nghin cu ng dng trong k thut
chiu sng (s trnh by phn di).
+ Truyn x khuych tn kiu hn hp: cc vect cng sng truyn x l hn hp ca
hin tng truyn x u v truyn x khuych tn u.
+ Truyn x khuych tn kiu phn tn: u mt cc vect cng sng truyn x nm
trn mt mt cong c hnh dng bt k.
i
r
u
i=r
n In
Khuych tn u
I = In.cos
n In
Ir
Phn tn
Khuych tn hn hp
I = In.cos v i = r
Hnh 1.16_Cc hin tng truyn x
- ng dng : Hin tng truyn x khuych tn c nghin cu ch to knh bo v

n truyn nh sng kiu khuych tn (knh m, knh c cc ht trng nh,) nhm gim
chi cho ngi quan st, nghin cu ch to bng n m (n tuyp, n sn m,)
3. S khc x:
23
Khc x l hin tng thay i hng ca cc tia sng lin tip qua cc tit din lng
knh.
Trong k thut chiu sng, a s knh bo v cc b n c dng phng, tuy nhin knh bo v
ca mt s b n li c ch to dng rng ca ( mt trong) nhm mc ch phn tn nh
sng gim chi. Thng thng gc nh ca rng ca c nghin cu rt k khc
x nh sng theo mc ch cho trc. Nu gc nh bng 900 th ta gi l b n hnh t
ong.
Gi i1 l gc gia php tuyn mt trong v tia ti (gi s tia ti vung gc vi mt ngoi)
i4 l gc gia php tuyn mt ngoi vi tia ra khi knh n.
n l chit sut vt liu lm knh.
Tia ti
l gc nh.
Mt trong
i1
Knh n
Mt ngoi
i4
Tia l
Hnh 1.17_ Hin tng khc x
cos 2
Ta c quan h gia gc ti v gc ca tia ra l sin i4 = n.cos + arcsin
2
n
vi n=1,6 (thu tinh), khi : =300 th i4=800

=900 th i4=300
=1500 th i4=090
Nh vy gc nh s cho php iu chnh hng ca tia sng
4. S che chn:
B phn che chp ca mt b n chiu sng thng ch to bng cc vt liu mu en
hoc vt liu m nhm ngn cn mt ngi nhn trc tip gy ra la mt, n cn c tc dng
chng hi m v cc vt l bn ngoi xm nhp vo bn trong n. Phm vi che chn c
c trng bng gc gia ng thng ng i qua tm ngun sng v phng m mt ngi
bt u nhn khng b la mt (hoc khng nhn thy ngun sng).
5. S hp th:
Khi nh sng chiu vo bt k vt liu no cng b hp th mt phn nng lng. Mc
hp th t hay nhiu ph thuc vo mt s yu t nh: loi vt liu, bc sng ca tia sng
(mu) v gc chiu ca tia sng vo vt liu.
c trng cho s hp th nh sng ca vt liu ngi ta a ra khi nim h s hp th
24
, l t s gia quang thng m vt th hp th h v quang thng ri ti vt liu s.

=
h
s
i vi mt loi vt liu c th th h s hp th cng khng phi l hng s m cn ph

thuc vo bc sng chiu vo vt liu. H s hp th ca mt s vt liu khi tia ti l nh
sng trng c cho trong bng sau:
Vt liu
Bng pha l trong
Bng thu tinh sng
Bng thu tinh vng nht
Bng ht mn xanh nht
Bng thu tinh nhm
Bng nha sng
Bng thu tinh mu sa
Bng thu tinh m
Bng thu tinh vng
Bng thu tinh vng m
H s hp th (%)
5-12
10-20
15-20
15-25
15-30
20-40
15-40
20-30
40-60
30-60
- ng dng: hin tng hp th c nghin cu ch to cc loi vt liu c h s hp

th t nht trong n chiu sng, c bit l cc vt liu che chn (v n), vt liu truyn x
(knh bo v n),
6. nh lut Lambert v s khuych tn u :
Cng
phn x
Tia
ti
Tia
ti
S: Mt truyn x
S: Mt phn x
Cng
truyn x
Hnh 1.18_ Hin tng phn x v truyn x khuych tn u
nh lut Lambert l nh lut v s phn x khuych tn u v s truyn khuych tn

u. y l trng hp c bit ca hin tng khuych tn nhng li thng gp trong k
thut chiu sng (v d b mt cc bng n sn m, b mt n tuyp, mt nn bng gch
men,).
Gi thit nh sng tia ti p vo b mt S c xy ra ng thi hin tng phn x
khuych tn u v s truyn khuych tn u (gi s b qua hin tng hp th, phn x
u, s truyn u d chng lun lun tn ti). Hai hin tng ny u tun theo nh lut
Lambert.
25
a) Trng hp phn x khuych tn u :

Xy ra khi mt S lm t vt liu mn nh t giy, sn m, vt liu xy dng dng bt,
Gi thit mt S c h s phn x <1 nhn c ri E t ngun sng. Cc vect
cng sng phn x u nm trong mt mt cu pha trn v tip xc vi mt S. Do phn
x u nn chi L ca S khng ph thuc vo phng quan st. Quan st theo phng
bt k th cng sng l I = LS.cos v khi cho thay i ton khng gian th u mt
vect I nm trn mt cu ng knh Imax = LS.
Mt S nhn c quang thng ES t ngun sng v n phn x khuych tn lng quang
thng ES chnh l ngun sng th cp to ra chi L=const. Ta cn lp quan h gia ri
E vi chi L ca mt S.
Hnh
i cu
Rsin
R.d
LS
LScos
S: Mt phn x
Hnh 1.19_ nh lut Lambert v phn x khuych tn u
Xt na bn cu bt k c bn knh R. Xt cc gc khi chn bi hnh nn c gc nh

ln lt l 2 v 2(+d) (xem hnh v). Ta d dng xc nh cc tham s hnh hc trn hnh
v l R.sin v R.d. Din tch xung quanh ca hnh i cu l 2.R.sin.R.d (gi thit d
v cng b th ta xem gn ng l hnh ch nht c cao Rd v chiu di 2Rsin). T
y ta tnh gc khi chn bi khng gian gia 2 hnh nn (ng vi gc nh d) l :
2 . R. sin .Rd
= 2 sin .d
d =
2
R
Quang thng d do mt S pht ra trong gc khi d l : d = I .d = LS . cos .d trong

I l cng sng theo phng .
Vy ES =
/2
d = LS sin 2 .d
Ban cau
E = L
(Cng thc nh lut Lambert)
b) Trng hp truyn khuych tn u :

Xy ra khi mt S lm t vt liu trong m nh giy nilon m, thy tinh m,
Bng cch tng t ta c biu thc
.E = L
Trong l h s truyn
26
CHNG 2
MT NGI V S CM TH NH SNG
2.1 Cu to mt ngi
Mt ngi l mt i tng c bit trn c th ngi. Di gc nhn ca th ca th n l
"ca s tm hn", di gc ca sinh hc th n l mt b phn ca c th c cu trc phc
tp, di gc vt l n l mt thu knh hi t,.... Ni chung, ty vo mc ch nghin cu
m mt c mt vai tr ring.
Trong bi ging ny mt ngi c nghin cu di gc ca ca k thut chiu sng,
tc l xt n s cm th nh sng v thu nhn hnh nh vi vai tr nh mt thu knh hi t.
Hnh 2.1_ Cu to mt ngi

1. Hin tng th gic:
Mt ngi thc ra khng nhn. Mt ngi ng vi tr l cng c thu cc n tng quang
hc thnh cc tn hiu c ngun gc in cho php b no ti to li hnh nh v gi l
hin tng th gic. C hai loi hin tng th gic l th gic ban ngy v th gic hong hn.
Th gic ban ngy lin quan n s kch thch cc t bo hu sc (t bo hnh nn) cn th
gic hong hn lin quan n s kch thch cc t bo v sc (t bo hnh que).
2. Hin tng iu tit ca mt:
Gic mc v nht l thy tinh th c th iu tit tp trung hnh nh ln vng mc cho
d vt c quan st xa hay gn.
3. Vng mc:
L ni tp trung hng triu t bo hnh que v hnh nn rt nhy vi nh sng. Khi b nh
sng kch thch n gi nhng xung in theo t bo thn kinh th gic ln no gii m hnh
nh, gip chung ta nhn thy vt.
4. Khi nim con mt quc t:
27
Vic thu cc n tng th gic ca con mt lun bin i theo quy lut khng tuyn tnh
v bin thin theo thi gian. iu ny lin quan n tui tc, sc khe ca mi ngi v
khuyt tt ca mt. Do CIE nh ngha con mt quc t l con mt i vi ngi quan
st quy chiu trung bnh di 30 tui.
2.2 S gii m hnh nh:
- Khi nim: t tiu nh sng i t vt mun nhn, mt s co hoc gin c mt thay
i tiu c v hnh dng ca h thu knh : thu tinh th + gic mc. Hnh nh qua thu knh
hai mt li s b o chiu v tp trung trn vng mc. Thng qua t bo thn kinh th gic,
nh sng kch thch trn vng mc c truyn ln no (trung khu thn kinh th gic nm
sau gy) v ti y hnh nh c chuyn i v o chiu tr li ghi nhn hnh nh tht
ca vt mun nhn. Hin tng ny gi l s gii m hnh nh. S gii m hnh nh thc hin
c l nh vng mc c cc t bo thn kinh th gic rt nhy vi nh sng l t bo hnh
nn v t bo hnh que.
- T bo hnh nn: C khong 7 triu t bo, chim
T bo
vng gia vng mc (vng h) v c kch thch bng
T bo
hnh nn
cc mc chiu sng cao (cn gi l th gic ban ngy).
hnh que
Chng gip no phn bit v lm ni ln cc chi tit tinh
t trong hnh nh, ngoi ra chng con truyn cc tri gic
Nhn
mu. T bo hnh nn gm ba loi t bo cm nhn khc
t bo
nhau v mu sc gi l ba sc t quang hnh nn. Ba loi
t bo ny nhy cm cc i vi cc bc sng (R),
xanh lc (G), xanh lam (B). Khi mt mu bt k no
truyn n vng mc s kch thch 3 loi t bo ny vi
mc khc nhau, sau truyn thng tin v no ti
to mu sc ca vt.
- T bo hnh que: C khong 120 triu t bo, bao
ph phn cn li ca vng mc, c ln ln mt t t bo
hnh nn v c kch thch bng mc chiu sng thp
Hnh 2.2
(gi l th gic ban m). Chng chu trch nhim v mt
hnh nh tng th trn din rng nhng khng i vo chi tit, ngoi ra chng cn truyn cc
tri gic en trng nn hu ch cho vic nhn vo ban m.
S vn ng ca hai loi t bo ny khng c ranh gii r rt, chng lm vic nhiu hay t
ty vo mc chiu sng, nht l trong min trung gian gia th gic ban ngy v th gic ban
m.
2.3 Qu trnh thch nghi :
L qu trnh th gic ban m hot ng. Vo ban m, khi ang trong phng c nh
sng bc ra ngoi tri ti, t bo hnh que (th gic ban m) khng th t ngay mc
hot ng ti a ca n m cn c thi gian quen dn gi l qu trnh thch nghi. Ngc li
nu ta chuyn t ni ti sang ni sng th t bo hnh nn (th gic ngy) cng cn c thi
gian thch nghi nhng thi gian ny nhanh hn nhiu so vi qu trnh thch nghi ca th gic
ban m. Nu mc chuyn th gic qu t ngt cng c th lm tn hi n vng mc.
2.4 Cm gic chiu su ca vt cn nhn:
28
Con ngi c hai mt khc nhau nn no thu c hai hnh nh hi khc nhau v tin
hnh gii m khin cho ta cm nhn c chiu su ca vt cn nhn. Nu ta nhn bng mt
mt th cm gic chiu su vn cn nhng gim hn. Trung bnh hai con mt cch nhau 6 cm
nn vi khong cch nhn > 450 m th nh hin trn vng mc ca hai mt trng nhau nn ta
khng cm nhn c chiu su vt cn nhn.
2.5 Cc cn v cc vin ca mt :
Khi quan st vt th thu tinh th t ng iu chnh cong ca n, ging nh thay i
tiu c thu knh hi t, do nh thu c ri ngay trn vng mc gip mt nhn r vt cho
d n xa hay gn. Cng nhn xa thu tinh th cng dt v tri li, cng nhn gn th thu tinh
th cng trn.
Tuy nhin cng cn nhn thy kh nng iu chnh ca mt c gii hn. Cc cn l
khong cch nh nht m nh ca vt cn nhn nm ngay trn vng mc. Nu nhn gn hn
im cc cn th nh khng r, mt phi iu tit nn gy mi mt v lu ngy c th gy ra
tt khc x. Cc cn ca mt chun c khong 20-25cm do khi c sch nn xa hn
im cc cn trnh mi mt.
Cc vin ca mt ngi bng v cng.
2.6. Trng nhn (th trng) ca mt :
Trng nhn ca mt ngi bnh thng c CIE
tha nhn nh sau : mt ngi nhn thng th phm vi
nhn c gii hn nh sau:
- Nhn ngang : 1800
- Nhn ng: 1300
- Nhn trung tm: 20
Hnh 2.3_ Trng nhn
2.7 tng phn :

- Mt t giy trng t trn mt mt bn mu trng th rt kh nhn din t giy. Tri li
nu t t giy ny trn mt bn mu en th nhn din c mt cch r rng. y cng
mt t giy mu trng nn cng chi nhng c nhn din mt cch khc nhau l do
nhy ca mt vi s tng phn khc nhau, do ngi ta a ra nh ngha tng phn
C nh sau:
C=
L0 Lb
Lb
Trong :
L0 l chi ca vt cn nhn
Lb l chi ca nn t vt cn nhn (ch b vit tt ca background : mt nn).
C trong Ting Anh l Constrast (ngha l tng phn). Gi tr C ngoi ph thuc
29
chi ca nn cn ph thuc vo kch thc ca vt: vt cng ln th tng phn cng cao.
Theo thng k vi a s mi ngi th mt ch c th phn bit c vt c chi L0 t
trn nn c chi Lb khi C 0,1. Tuy nhin thc t th mu sc v kch thc vt cng nh
hng n kh nng phn bit ca mt nn khi thit k chiu sng phi cn c vo iu kin
mi trng tnh ton mc chiu sng va .
- Ngng tng phn Cth : L gi tr sao cho khi CCth th vt c nhn thy cn C<Cth
th vt khng c nhn thy.
Cth c xy dng bng cch cho L0 = const v cho trc kch thc ca vt (gc nhn) ta
s xy dng c mt h c tnh C th =
C ( Lb )
. K hiu th l ch vit tt ca t threshold
Lb
trong Ting Anh c ngha l ngng hay gii hn.

+ Blackwel a ra khi nim nhn r l t s C/Cth .
2.8 Hin tng chi la:
1. Khi nim:
- Hin tng chi la l s suy gim kh nng nhn hay lm mt hon ton kh nng nhn,
do ngi ta chia thnh hai loi chi la:
+ S suy gim kh nng nhn (gi l chi la do nhiu). y l trng hp thng xy ra
trong cc h thng chiu sng cng cng, v d :
* Vo ban m khi ta i ngc chiu t ang bt n chiu sng ta rt kh quan st
ngi i pha trc do suy gim kh nng nhn
* i trong ng ph thit k chiu sng khng ng quy cch, khi ta nhn mt ng th
nh sng n cng c th gy chi la.
Hin tung ny nh hng rt ln n ngi v phng tin giao thng, c th dn n
mt an ton.
+ Mt hn cm gic nhn (gi l chi la do mt tin nghi nhn) Trng hp ny ch xy
ra khi c mt vt no c chi qu cao nm trong trng nhn ca mt lm cho mt b
mt cm gic nhn hon ton. V d trong mt nh my thp m km (sau khi m c mu
trng), rt nhiu sn phm thp m km ngoi tri nng bui tra, khi ngi cng nhn
khng th no chn la c mt thanh thp xc nh trong bi sn phm. Nu ngi cng
nhn c nhn tm kim trong bi sn phm thp m km th mt c th b au nhc.
- chi nh nht mt nhn thy l L=10-3Cd/m2 v chi bt u gy la mt l
5000Cd/m2.
2. Gii thch hin tng chi la :
+ Trng hp chi la do nhiu :
Gi s mt vt trong iu kin nh sng bnh thng c chi la C1 =
L0 Lb
. Khi xut
Lb
hin mt ngun sng gy chi (do nhiu) th vt cn nhn c chi tng ln l L0+LV,
chi ca nn tng ln Lb+Lv do tng phn l :
C2 =
( L0 + Lv ) ( Lb + Lv ) L0 Lb L0 Lb
=
<
Lb + Lv
Lb + Lv
Lb
30
Ta thy C2 < C1 nn tng pphn gim v do nhn r cng gim xung theo.
+ Trng hp chi la mt tin nghi :
Tng ng vi Lv rt ln do C2 0 nn cm gic nhn mt hn.
+ C th gii thch hin tng chi lo do nhiu bng hnh nh nh sau (hnh 2.4) :
Khi ta nhn vo vt th nh ca n hin ln vng mc. nh sng t ngun gy chi la (ta
khng nhn nn n khng i qua vng mc v c khuch tn ra xung quanh, mt phn tc
ng vo vng mc gy ra chi la). Nu ngun sng gy chi la st vt cn nhn th nh
sng gy chi la tc ng trc tip ln vng mc gy chi la mnh hn.
nh sng gy
chi la
nh vt
Ngun sng
gy chi la
nh sng hu ch
(t vt cn nhn)
Vt cn nhn
Mt ngi
Hnh 2.4_ Hin tng chi lo do nhiu

3. Ch s hn ch chi la G (cn gi l ch s tin nghi) :
S chi la do n chiu sng gy ra l mt trong cc nguyn nhn nguy him cho ngi
li xe nn c coi l tiu chun th 3 nh gi cht lng ca h thng chiu sng
ng ph.
nh gi nh hng ca s chi la ngi ta a ra khi nim ch s hn ch chi
lo G (vit tt ca t Ting Anh: Glare Index) xc nh theo cng thc thc nghim sau:
G = ISL + 0,97.lg (L tb ) + 4, 41.lg(h) 1, 46.lg(P)
Trong :
ISL (Index of Specific Luminance) l ch s ring ca cha n do nh ch to cung
cp. Cng c th tnh gn ng theo cng thc sau:
ISL=13,84-3,31.lg(I80)+1,3.lg(I80/I88)0,5-0,08.lg(I80/I88)+1,29.lg(F)
Gi tr ISL thng nm trong khong 36
F: Din tch pht sng ca b n nhn t gc quan st 760.
Ltb: chi trung bnh ca mt ng.
h: cao treo n
P: S n c trn 1 km chiu di ng
c th hnh dung nh hng ca h s G n mt ngi ta xem xt mt s gi tr ca
G: theo bng sau:
31
G=1
Chi la qu mc chu ng
G=4
Chi la mc chu ng c
G=9
Khng cm thy chi la
Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam TCXDVN259:2001 quy nh: hn ch chi la, khi
thit k chiu sng ng phi phi chn b n c ch s hn ch chi la G 4. Tuy nhin
h s ny ch c ngha khi cao treo n >5m v s n ln nn trong tiu chun cng
quy nh ch xt n h s chi la khi 5m<h<20m v 20<p<100.
32
CHNG 3
CC LOI NGUN SNG NHN TO THNG DNG
Trong phn ny ta ln lt nghin cu cu to ca cc loi ngun sng nhn to thng
dng - tri tim ca b n chiu sng. y ta ch nu s b cu to, nguyn l hot ng,
cc c im chnh di gc ng dng m khng i su gii thch phn tch cc hin tng
quang hc nh: phn tch qu trnh gi ha, s bin i quang thng theo in p, hin tng
m, hin tng en 2 u ng phng in, Cc vn ny cn phi tm c cc ti liu
chuyn su hoc tham kho ti liu ca cc nh ch to.
3.1 Bng n nung sng:
Kh tr
V bng n
Gin nng lng
nh sng
(10%)
Dy tc
u dy in
Gi
ng x
ui n
Tht thot nhit

v i lu (20%)
Bc x hng ngoi
(70%)
Hnh 3.1_Cu to v gin nng lng ca bng n si t

1. Cu to ca bng n nung sng (hnh 3.1):
a) Dy tc (si t):
Hnh 3.2_Cc loi dy tc

+ Ch to t vt liu chu nhit (thng l vonfram, tungsten, chu c nhit rt
cao, c khi n 36500K).
+ Khi b nung nng, si t ch yu pht x cc tia trong vng hng ngoi (1000 m n
0,78 m ) khng nhn thy c. Dng in chy qua dy tc lm nng n, qu trnh ny lm
cho in tr dy tc tng ln v n li cng b t nng cho n khi nhit to ra cn bng vi
nhit tn ra khng kh.
33
+ Nhit cng cao th ph nh sng cng chuyn v vng nhn thy v mu sc nh sng
cng trng hn. Tuy nhin nhit cao s lm bay hi kim loi lm dy tc nn ngi ta
thng bm kh tr (Nit, Argon, Kripton) vo bng n lm chm qu trnh bay hi
nhng ng thi cng lm tng tn tht do cc cht kh ny dn nhit.
+ Khi kim loi bay hi s ngng ng trn b mt bng lm n b m i.
+ V cu to, dy tc c nhiu loi nh
b) V bng n:
+ Ch to bng thy tinh c pha ch.
+ p sut kh tr bm vo bng rt thp trnh tn nhit ra ngoi mi trng.
+ gim chi, mt trong bng n c ph lp bt m.
c) ui n:
Nhim v ui n l ni tip xc ngun in cung cp cho si t.
+ ui gi B15 hoc B22
+ ui xoy E14, E27, E40
d) c im:
- u im:
+ Ni trc tip vo li in m khng cn thit b ph no.
+ Kch thc nh
+ S dng n gin, bt sng ngay
+ Ch s hon mu tt, xp x bng 100
+ Gi thnh r
+ To mu sc m p, khng nhp nhy.
- Nhc im:
+ Hiu qu pht sng rt thp do nng lng nhit tn ra mi trng ln.
+ Quang thng, tui th ca n ph thuc mnh vo in p ngun.
+ Hin nay khng khuyn khch s dng trong dn dng v cng nghip nhng vn dng
trong chiu sng s c, chiu sn an ton v n lm vic c vi in p thp.
2. Mt s loi bng n nung sng thng dng:
a) Bng n nung sng kiu chn khng hoc p sut kh tr:
Bng n nung sng hot ng nh mt vt en, pht ra cc bc x c la chn vng
nh sng nhn thy. Bng n c th l chn khng hoc np kh tr. Sau mt thi gian s
dng, bng n thng b ti i l do dy tc kim loi (vonfam) b bay hi ngng li trn b
mt bng.
Nu bng ht chn khng th nhit ta ra khng kh gim xung, do hiu sut ngun
34
sng cao hn. Tuy nhin ch chn khng, khi b nung nng ln nhit rt cao kim loi
lm dy tc s b bay hi nhanh, do loi bng ny ch ch to cng sut 75W.
lm chm qu trnh bay hi kim loi ngi ta thng cho thm kh tr (nit, argon,
kripton) vo trong bng nn cng sut c th tng trn 75W nhng i li nhit ta ra mi
trng s ln hn. i vi nhng loi n thng dng, hn hp kh Agon-Nit vi t l 9/1
c s dng nhiu do gi thnh thp. Kripton hoc Xenon kh t (do cng ngh tinh ch
chng rt phc tp) nn ch c s dng trong nhng ng dng c bit nh n chu k
hoc khi c yu cu hiu sut rt cao.
b) Bng n nung sng dng kh halogen:
n nung sng dng kh halogen l mt loi n nung sng c dy tc bng vonfam
ging nh n si t bnh thng, tuy nhin bng n c bm y bng kh halogen (Iod
hoc Brom). Nguyn t vonfam bay hi t dy tc nng v di chuyn v pha thnh ca bng
n. Cc nguyn t vonfam, oxy v halogen kt hp vi nhau ti thnh bng to nn phn
t vonfam oxyhalogen. Nhit thnh bng gi cho cc phn t vonfam oxyhalogen
dng hi. Cc phn t ny di chuyn v pha dy tc nng ni nhit cao hn tch chng ra
khi nhau. Nguyn t vonfam li ng li trn vng mt hn ca dy tc nn bng n khng
b m.
Nh c hi halogen nn nhit t nng n cho php cao hn, do nh sng pht ra
trng hn (nhit mu c th t 29000K), hiu sut ca n cng cao hn so vi n bm
kh tr hoc chn khng.
Hnh 3.3_ Bng n si t dng kh halogen

c im: Gn hn, tui th di hn, sng trng hn, gi cao hn, nhiu tia hng ngoi
hn, nhiu tia cc tm hn.
3.2 Bng n hunh quang
1. c im cu to:
n hunh quang cng l mt loi n phng in, tuy nhin bn cht v nguyn l pht
sng hon ton khc vi n phng in nn di gc chiu sng n c xem xt vi t
cch l mt chng loi n ring. n hunh quang c hiu sut ln hn n si t t 3 n
5 ln v c tui th ln hn t 10 n 20 ln.
Trc khi pht minh ra bng n hunh quang ngi ta nhn thy : dng in chy qua
cht kh hoc kim loi bay hi c th gy ra bc x in t ti nhng bc sng nht nh tu
theo thnh phn cu to ho hc v p sut cht kh. Ngoi ra theo nh lut Stoke, khi cho
nh sng t ngoi chiu vo cht pht hunh quang th mt phn nng lng ca n bin i
thnh nhit, phn cn li bin i thnh nh sng c bc sng di hn nm trong di nh
sng nhn thy c. ng dng hai hin tng ny ngi ta ch to n hunh quang.
35
Catot trng
bari cacbonat
Kh argon v
hi thu ngn
u cc
in
Git thu ngn

ngng ng
ng x kh
khi ch to
Lp bt
hunh quang
Hnh 3.4_ Cu to bng n hunh quang

Pha bn trong thnh thy tinh ca bng n ngi ta trng mt lp cht bt hunh
quang, ngoi ra ngi ta cn nh vi git thu ngn (khong 12mg) v bm kh tr (thng l
kh argon) vo trong ng vi t l thch hp sao cho hin tng ion ho d xy ra. Khi bt
n, thu ngn ho hi trc do c in p hai u cc, tip sau l hin tng ion ho cht
kh sinh ra tia t ngoi. Tia t ngoi p vo bt hunh quang v pht ra nh sng nhn
thy.
Do n hunh quang pht ra tia t ngoi, nu lt ra ngoi s gy nguy him cho s sng
nn v bng n c ch to t thy tinh natri cacbonat c tc dng ngn cn tia t ngoi
khng cho n pht x ra ngoi.
21% nh sng
nhn thy
Gin nng lng
54,2% nhit
nng v i lu
24,8% bc x
hng ngoi
Hnh 3.5_ S ni in v gin nng lng bng n hunh quang

Bng n hunh quang khi ni vi ngun in th bn thn n khng th t pht sng m
phi c b phn khi ng bao gm chn lu (cn gi l ballast) v tc-te (b ngt mch).
Da vo bin php khi ng ngi ta chia thnh hai loi : n hunh quang catot nng v
catot ngui. Loi catt nng th trc khi pht x electron n phi c nung nng cn loi
36
catot ngui th khng cn nung nng nhng in p t vo n phi ln. Catt l nhng
dy tc Vonfam c m bari cacbonat d dng pht x in t. Khi nung nng lp pht x
ny khng c nng qu, nu khng tui th ca n s gim xung.
Chn lu l mt cun dy in cm bng st t, khi n khi ng n lm nhim v cung
cp nng lng v to ra in p mi rt ln nhng khi n lm vic bnh thng th n c
vai tr xc lp im lm vic ca n.
Tc-te thc cht l mt cng tc kiu rle nhit, khi khi ng n ng mch cho dng
in chy qua t nng catot ng thi tch lu nng lng t trng cho chn lu. Khi mi
n, n m ra lm dng in b gin on v nng lng trong chn lu gii phng di dng
xung in p u=Ldi/dt kh ln lm catot pht x electron. V nguyn l th tc m ca tcte cng b th in p xung to ra cng ln v cng gip n d khi ng.
Chn lu st t bn thn n cng tiu hao nng lng lm cho hiu sut tng ca c b
n hunh quang gim xung. Ngoi ra tc-te kiu rle nhit c c tnh khi ng khng tt
(v c qun tnh nhit) nn cht lng ca n cng gim v nht l khi in p thp c th
khng mi uc n. Chn lu st t cn gy ra ting n do c rung ln nn khng thch
hp cho mi trng vn phng lm vic. khc phc nhng hn ch ny hin nay ngi ta
ch to ra b phn khi ng bng in t (cn gi l chn lu in t). Nguyn l ca chn
lu in t l to ra xung in p c tn s rt cao (khong 20 kHz hoc ln hn) nh m
in p mi c to ra rt ln, thi gian ngt mch rt b nn c th khi ng ngay c khi
in p li in thp.
Cng cn lu thm l loi bng n hunh quang cn c mt s tn gi khc nh n
tuyp, n neon,.. tuy nhin tn gi n neon l tn gi sai v thng thng n khng cha
kh neon.
2. Mt s bng n hunh quang thng dng
a) Bng n hunh quang thng (T12)
y l loi bng n hunh quang c dng ph bin trong dn dng v cng nghip v
n nay n vn chim s lng ln. Tuy nhin trong tng lai ngi ta s thay th bng cc
loi n tit kim in hn.
K hiu T12 c xc nh theo ng knh ng l 12/8 inch 38mm
Chiu di v cng sut ch to c tiu chun ha nh sau:
2,4 m - 110W
1,5 m 65 W
1,2 m 40 W
0,6 m 20 W
b) Bng n hunh quang tit kim in T10-T8-T5:
Ba loi n ny khc nhau v ng knh : t 10/8 inch vi n T10 n 5/8 inch vi n
T5 (cng chnh l k hiu ca n). Ngy nay ngi ta ch c bng T2 nhng cha
c s dng ph bin lm.
Hiu sut ca cc loi n ny cng khc nhau. n T5 & T8 cho hiu sut cao hn 5%
so vi n T12 v hai loi ny c a chung lp t nhiu hn trong cc h thng chiu
sng dn dng v cng nghip.
37
Trn th trng hin nay xut hin loi T10, T8 ch yu v gi thnh cng cao hn so vi
bng T12.
c) Bng n hunh quang compact:
Loi n hunh quang compact xut hin gn y m ra mt th trng hon ton mi
ca ngun sng hunh quang. y thc cht l n hunh quang T3 (3/8 inch). Nhng chic
n ny cho php thit k b n nh hn nhiu, c th cnh tranh vi loi n nung nng v
n hunh quang thng. Vi mt s loi bng n compact tt c th chuyn c 90%
nng lng thnh nh sng v ch 10% tn hao nhit v pht tia hng ngoi.
Nhiu ngi cho rng nh sng t n compact yu hn so vi hunh quang thng, l
do l n compact pht x nh sng c phn tn ln hn do c nhiu tng xon.
V cu to n c rt nhiu hnh dng khc nhau, thng l hnh trn hoc vung v li
c xon thnh nhiu tng. Sn phm bn trn th trng c b iu khin gn lin (CFG)
hoc iu khin tch ri (CFN). Tng lai cc loi n ny s c s dng rng ri v nh
nc cng c chnh sch tr gi vi n ny. Nh chn lu in t nn hin tng nhp nhy
khng cn.
Hnh 3.6_ Cc loi bng n hunh quang compact

3.3 Bng n phng in cung cao (HID)
Loi n ny lm vic da trn hin tng phng in h quang nn c gi chung l
n phng in cng cao (hay n HID = Hingh Intentsity Discharge).
1. Cu to ca bng n phng in:
a) ng phng in:
ng phng in l ni xy ra hin tng h quang in, c ch to bng cht trong
sut hoc trong m v c dng hnh tr. Ngi ta bm vo ng phng in hi thu ngn,
mui kim loi, hay cc loi kh khc to ra hin tng phng in h quang trong cht kh.
Phng in h quang bao gi cng to ra nhit lng ln nn ng phng in phi c lm
bng vt liu chu nhit rt cao. ng phng in v mt s chi tit khc c t trong mt v
thu tinh gi l v bng n.
Khi n ang lm vic, hin tng phng in h quang ang din ra nu c mt s s c
(hng chn lu, in p thay i t ngt,) u c th gy n ng phng in v to ra cc
mnh v nh c nhit khong 10000C ph hu v bng n v gy nguy him cho ngi i
38
ng, hu hoi ti sn hay ho hon. Do khi ch to b n ny ngi ta phi bao bc n

bng vt liu chu c va p v c khng gian ln c th gi li ton b cc mnh v
vng ra.
b) V bng n:
V bng n thng lm bng thu tinh hoc cc loi vt liu khc nhau nhng chc
nng ca v bng n phi bao gm :
- Ngn khng cho khng kh xm nhp lm oxit ho cc chi tit kim loi trong bng n.
- n nh nhit lm vic ca n ( h quang khng b t on).
- Ngn khng cho tia t ngoi lt ra ngoi lm hu hoi s sng, c bit l n hi thu
ngn to ra kh nhiu tia t ngoi.
V bng n thng c dng hnh ellip, c th c dng hnh cu hoc hnh tr.
c) Chn lu :
Ging nh n hunh quang, n HID cng i hi chn lu mi v n nh im lm
vic.
d) ui n :
Ch yu l kiu ui xoy, mt s khc c kiu ui gi.
e) c im :
n HID c nh sng pht ra kh n nh, khng ph thuc nhit mi trng xung
quanh nn rt thch hp cho chiu sng ng ph, qung trng, cng vin,
2. Mt s loi bng n phng in HID thng dng:
Khi c phng in ta sng, ty vo loi hi kim loi trong ng m nh sng pht ra c
mu sc khc nhau. Bc x nh sng pht ra l n sc mang c trng ca kim loi (v d
natri c mu vng, thu ngn mu vng - xanh dng,). Trong thc t ngi ta ch s dng
hai loi hi kim loi l hi thy ngn v hi natri (sodium l tn gi khc ca nguyn t natri,
tuy nhin tn gi ny li c dng rt ph bin trong k thut chiu sng).
a) n hi thy ngn p sut cao (HPM: High Pressure Mercury)
n hi thy ngn l kiu n HID c pht minh sm nht trong cc loi n HID.
n thu ngn pht ra nh sng phn ln nh s kch thch nguyn t thu ngn. Khi ng
phng in h quang nng n s pht ng thi hai loi tia l t ngoi v nh sng nhn
thy cc vch vng xanh l cy xanh dng v mt t vch - cam. Nhit mu
khong 3000-70000K, ch s hon mu rt thp khong 15-25. Ngi ta thng ph mt lp
39
hunh quang bn ngoi v bng n, nh ci thin c ch s hon mu ln 40-55.

Quang hiu ca n cng rt thp, ch 30-65 lm/W.
Khe co
gin
Bt hunh
quang
ng phng
in
in cc
khi ng
Gin nng lng
in cc
chnh
V bng
n
in cc
chnh
15%
hng ngoi
Khung
20%
t ngoi
15% nh
sng
nhn thy
50% nhit
v i lu
Gi
ui n
Hnh 3.7_Cu to n HID thu ngn v gin nng lng

C l vn quan trng nht lin quan n n hi thy ngn l lm sao thay th chng
bng nhng loi n HID hoc hunh quang c hiu sut v hon mu tt hn. Nhng
chic n thu ngn ni chung c hiu sut thp nht trong h n HID, quang thng gim
nhanh sau khi a vo s dng.
nh sng do n pht ra trng lnh,
khi sng m hay ma th hiu qu
Khe co
Np
chiu sng gim kh nhiu, ngoi ra hi
gin
Khung
thy ngn rt c, nh sng pht ra c
nhiu tia t ngoi nguy him nn hin
nay t c dng trong cc d n mi, n
V bng
ch cn nhng ni lp t trc y.
ng phng
in
b) n Metal Halide (cn gi l n

Halogen kim loi):
in cc
u dy
n Metal Halide v c bn ging

n hi thu ngn nhng ngi ta cho
thm vo ng phng in mui it ca
cc kim loi nh indi, thali, natri. V it
thuc nhm halogen nn n ny c tn
gi l halogen kim loi (Metal Halide).
nh sng pht ra nh s kch thch
ca hn hp hi kim loi gm thu ngn
v mui halogen kim loi. nh sng c
Khung
Gi
ui n
Hnh 3.8_Cu to n Metal Halide

40
nhit mu khong 4000-60000K v ch s hon mu t 60-93. Quang hiu ca n t 75125lm/W. nh sng pht ra c mu trng lnh nn khng cn thit phi ph mt lp bt
hunh quang ln v bng n. Ph mu nh sng lin tc hn v pht nhiu vch hn so vi
n thu ngn
Tuy nhin n ny c nhc im lm gi thnh t, mu sc ca n thay i theo thi
gian s dng
c) n hi Natri p sut cao (HPS: High Pressure Sodium)
nh sng pht ra nh s kch thch hi natri trong iu kin p sut cao. Cu to ca n
v c bn ging n hi thu ngn. ng phng h quang thng c ch to t gm xit
nhm c th chu c nhit ln n 13000C v nu ch to bng thu tinh th natri s tc
dng ho hc vi thu tinh lm hng ng phng in. Ngoi hi natri, trong ng phng cn
c mt t kh xenon d to ra hin tng phng in (mi ng) hoc cho thm hi thu
ngn gim dng in v in p phng in. n hi natri cao p khng c cc in cc
khi ng, chn lu m ch c tc-te in t cao p.
Quang hiu kh cao t 120lm/W nhng ch s th hin mu rt km (CRI=20), tui th
t 10.000 gi. Khi phng in h quang trong iu kin p sut cao th natri bc x nh sng
mu vng - trng vi nhit mu 2000-25000K. Khi phn tch ph mu th n c cc vch
vng - xanh l cy - cam v mt t vch - xanh dng.
n hi Natri cao p (HPS) c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng chiu sng ngoi
tri v chiu sng cng nghip, c bit l chiu sng ng ph. Khng nn s dng cho ni
c knh ru phong v lm cho c cy c mu a vng. Hiu sut cao l c im u vit hn
ca loi n ny so vi n halogen kim loi v nhng chiu sng ng ph khng i hi
hon mu cao.
Gi
dn in
ng
phng
in
V
bng
n
nh
sng
30%
in cc
Thu ngn
v mui it
kim loi
in cc
Hng
ngoi
20%
T
ngoi
0,5%
Nhit v
i lu
50%
Hnh 3.9_Cu to v gin nng

lng ca n sodium p sut cao
41
d) n hi Natri p sut thp (LPS: Low Pressure Sodium)

n c dng ng tr, i khi hnh ch U, bn trong c hi natri vi p sut thp khong
10 mmHg. Ngoi ra d to ra phng in (mi ng) ngi ta cn np mt t kh xenon.
Mc in p t 18-180 V. Bnh thng hi natri trng thi ngng t, phi sau vi pht bt
n hi natri mi bc ln v pht 2 vch nh sng mu vng - da cam rt nhy cm vi mt
ngi (bc sng 555nm). n c quang hiu cao nht trong cc loi n phng in, c th
t 190lm/W.
Phn tch ph mu ta thy nh sng gn nh n sc, ch s th hin mu CRI gn bng 0
do LPS thng dng cho nhng ni khng cn cht lng mu tt (nh cu thang) v hn
ch s dng cho chiu sng an ninh hoc chiu sng ng ph.
-3
e) n phng in xenon:
y l loi n phng in cao p nhng bn trong np kh xenon tinh khit. Khi phng
in, cc nguyn t kh xenon b kch thch ln mc nng lng cao hn, sau tr v trng
thi ban u s nh ra photon.
n xenon cho nh sng trng xanh gn ging ban ngy nn rt tt. Tuy nhin gi thnh
rt t khng th dng vo chiu sng cng cng m ch dng cho xe hi cao cp. Gi thnh
t l do cng ngh tinh ch cht xenon tinh khit rt t v nu xenon khng tinh khit th
khi xy ra phng in s pht n.
u im : tui th cao, cng sng cao hn, tit kim nng lng do khng phi t
nng dy tc
3.4 n pht sng quang in (LED: Lighting Emitting Diode)
Cu to c bn ca n LED l hai lp bn dn p v n tip xc nhau. Ty cht liu ca p
v n, LED c th pht ra nh sng c mu khc nhau, t xanh l cy, , n trng... Do tiu
hao nhit rt t, LED hu nh khng nung nng mi trng xung quanh v khc vi cc loi
bng n khc, nh sng LED khng gy chi, mi mt, khng pht ra tia cc tm. Bng vic
ghp nhiu LED nh bng ht vi nhau, c th to mt mi trng nh sng rc r trong
mt khng gian rng ln, thm ch c th nhit m 300C. Tuy vy, gi thnh LED hin
vn cn cao nn Vit Nam n dng cho qung co l ch yu. Cn cc nc khc s
dng cho khu du lch, vui chi gii tr, hng nm tit kim c rt nhiu tin in.
V nguyn l: nh sng c to ra khi dng in chy qua nhng cht rn nht nh
nh cht bn dn hoc photpho. n LED l loi n mi nht b sung vo danh sch cc
ngun sng s dng nng lng hiu qu. Mc d n LED pht ra nh sng di quang ph
rt hp (gn nh n sc), chng ta vn c th to ra "nh sng trng bng cch dng n
LED xanh c ph photpho hay dng di LED mu -xanh da tri-xanh l cy ho nh
sng. n LED c tui th t 40.000 n 100.000 gi ty thuc vo mu sc. n LED
c s dng trong nhiu ng dng chiu sng, bao gm bin bo li thot, n tn hiu giao
thng v nhiu ng dng trang tr khc. Mc d cn mi m, cng ngh n LED ang pht
trin nhanh v ha hn trong tng lai. Ti n tn hiu giao thng, mt th trng th mnh
ca LED, tn hiu n bao gm 196 n LED ch tiu th 10W trong khi n nng sng s
tiu th 150W. Kh nng tit kim nng lng c tnh khong t 82% n 93%.
Ngoi ra n LED phi hp vi pin mt tri c th to ra h thng chiu sng thn thin
vi mi trng, khng tiu th in, tit kim ti nguyn quc gia, gp phn gim pht thi
42
kh nh knh. Tuy nhin y l cng ngh mi, gi thnh u t rt cao nn cn c thi gian
thng mi ho.
Hnh 3.10_ Chiu sng bng n

LED s dng nng lng mt tri
3.5 n cm ng (n khng in cc)

Lm vic da trn hin tng cm ng in t, khng c in cc, khng c dy tc.
Tui th 60.000 gi, quang hiu c th t 90lm/W. Thng dng trong nhng ng dng c
bit quan trng nh n bo khng Bng cm ng c dng cho nhng loi n treo
nhng ni rt cao, kh thay, chng hn trn cc thp ln, hi ng, cu treo...
Nguyn l pht sng: T in sn sinh ra t trng, sau t trng sn sinh ra dng in
cm ng, ng dng nguyn l dao ng ngu hp a sng in cao tn vo trong bng n
chn khng, di tc dng ca bt hunh quang v kh tr to ra hin tng pht sng.
3.6 n Sulfua :
n ny cng khng c in cc, nh sng pht ra do bc x ca cc nguyn t sulfua
trong mi trng kh argon b kch thch bng vi sng. n c quang hiu rt cao, c
100lm/W v bc x rt t tia hng ngoi cng nh t ngoi. Nhit mu c th ln ti
60000K gn vi nh sng ban ngy v ch s hon mu CRI=80. Khi phn tch ph mu n
sulfua ngi ta thy n gn trng vi ph mu ca nh sng ban ngy nn y l loi n l
tng chiu sng trong nh v mang li cm gic d chu.
Loi n
Si t
Si t-Halogen
Bng thng s k thut ca cc loi n thng dng

(Theo s liu do hng Schrder cung cp nm 2006)
Cng sut (W)
Tui th
Cht lng mu
Lm/W
T
n
(gi)
TK Hon mu
15
200
10
1.000
3000
100
50 2.000
20
2.000
3000
100
Kch
thc
Nh
Nh
Gi
thnh
t
t
43
Hunh quang
Cao p thy ngn
Cao p Metal Halide
Cao p Metal Halide
Thp p Sodium
Cao p Sodium
Cm ng
8
50
35
250
18
35
55
58
1.000
150
400
131
1.000
180
LED
0,07
1,2
90
55
85
85
200
120
70
15.000 Thay i
85
12.000
3800
45
8.000
4000
85
12.000
4000
65
15.000
1800
20.000
2000
25-85
60.000 3-4000
80
10.00010
15
Nhiu loi Nhiu loi
0.000
Di
Ln
Nh
Nh
Di
Nh
Ln
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
Nh
Bng tm tt phm vi s dng ph bin ca cc loi n

Loi n
ng dng c trng
Si t
Gia nh, khch sn, chiu sng chung, chiu sng khn cp.
Hunh quang
Vn phng, ca hng, bnh vin, gia nh
Hunh quang compact
Khch sn, ca hng, gia nh, vn phng
Thy ngn cao p HPM

Metal halide MH
Chiu sng chung trong nh my, ga ra, xe, chiu sng

bng n pha
Trng by, chiu sng bng n pha, khu trin lm sn
vn ng, cng vin, vn hoa, khu vc xy dng, sn th
thao, pht truyn hnh mu
Hi Natri cao p HPS
Chiu sng chung trong nh my, kho hng, ng ph
Hi Natri h p LPS
Lng ng, ng hm, knh, n ng, cu thang c

yu cu khng cao v th hin mu.
44
CHNG 4
CU TO CA B N CHIU SNG CNG CNG
Trong chng trc chng ta nghin cu v ngun sng l ni pht ra nh sng. Tuy
nhin ch c mi ngun sng th khng th ng dng c trong chiu sng cng cng cng
nh cc mc ch chiu sng khc. Do vy ngi ta cn phi s dng cc b phn khc nh
b linh kin in mi cho n lm vic, b phn phn quang iu khin nh sng n
ng i tng cn chiu sng, knh bo v chng m, chng sng m, chng n, ni
chung l b n c y ba thnh phn : in - c - quang hc.
Cc b phn ni trn khi lp rp hon chnh gi l b n hoc cho n (theo Quyt
nh s 13/2008/Q-BCT ca B Cng Thng) . C th ni ngun sng chnh l tri tim ca
b n. Do nhng u im ni tri ca n phng in khi s dng cho chiu sng ng
giao thng, chiu sng cc khu vc cng cng trong th m hin nay n phng in HID
l ngun sng c s dng ch yu. Trong chng ny ta s nghin cu v cc thnh phn
c bn cu to nn b n phng in HID..
4.1. Cu to chung ca mt b n chiu sng cng cng:
10
Mt trc mt b n
1
2
7
3
6
1. u dy in vo n
2. Tm lp linh kin in c th tho ri
3. L lp cn n
4. L ui n lp ngun sng (iu chnh c)
5. Rong cao su lm kn
4
6. Knh bo v (thy tinh hoc nha)
7. Bn l bng thp khng g
8. Tm phn quang m nhm bng phng php ha hi.
9. V n c 2 ngn (linh kin in v quang hc)
10. Np bo v ngn in
Hnh 4.1_ Cu to b n chiu sng cng cng

45
V hnh dng, mi hng ch to n c mt kiu dng khc nhau tuy nhin u c cc b

phn c bn nh trn. Mi b n u c th lp c nhiu loi ngun sng khc nhau v
tng thch vi nhiu cng sut khc nhau. iu ny cho php chuyn bit ho trong sn
xut : b n ca hng ny c th lp ngun sng ca hng kia, do n cng cho php thay
th d dng.
4.2. Cc b phn chnh ca b n chiu sng cng cng
1. Tm phn quang:
Cc loi n chiu sng cng cng thng c tm phn quang phn b li nh sng
ca ngun sng bng cch ng dng nh lut phn x u. Nhim v ca n l iu khin
nh sng pht ra ph hp vi mc ch s dng.
Tm phn quang c th c lm bng gng hoc c m mu trng (m nhm hoc
bc), mc ch chnh l tng h s phn x u r. H s ny c th t 0,85 (i vi gng)
n 0,93 (trng bc). Trong thc t, tm phn quang thng m bng nhm tinh cht theo
phng php bay hi, va gim c gi thnh so vi m bc m vn m bo h s r kh
cao. Theo quy nh trong tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN5828-1994 i vi n ng ph th
h s phn quang ban u phi 0,8.
Cht lng tm phn quang c nh gi qua dy v ng nht ca lp m phn
quang. c im ca n l rt d b ph hu nn khi lau chi phi dng thi bng khng kh
kh p sut nh hay dng cn lau nh. Theo quy nh, khi s dng n tit kim nng lng
th h s phn x phi c suy gim <10% so vi ban u sau 6000 gi s dng.
Hnh dng tm phn quang ph thuc vo yu cu phn b nh sng. Thng thng tm
phn quang c dng paraboloit trn xoay v ngun sng t tiu im th cc tia sng phn
x s song song nhau. Mt s b n c tm phn quang dng elipxoit trn xoay c ngun
sng t mt tiu im th cc tia sng phn x s hi t v tiu im th 2 to thnh
ngun sng im. Ngoi ra cn c loi tm phn quang hai mi, gm hai na paraboloit trn
xoay ghp li, s lm tng ng k hiu sut ca b n so vi loi mt mi.
Paraboloit
F1
F2
Elipxoit
Tm phn quang hai mi
Hnh 4.2_ Cc loi tm phn quang

2. Thit b mi n (tc te) v chn lu:
a) Thit b mi n :
Cc n phng in cn phi c thit b mi to in p ban u ln to ra hin
tng phn in (hin tng mi). Sau khi xy ra phng in ban u, dng in tng ln,
46
in p gim xung v hin tng phng in tip tc duy tr in p ca li in.

Thit b mi thng dng loi rle nhit, hin nay vn cn dng ph bin nhng dn dn
s b thay th bi thit b mi in t. Nhc im l mau hng, to in p mi khng ln,
c ting ng khi lm vic, kh mi n (v yu cu in p ngun phi ln),...
Hin nay bt u s dng thit b mi in t thay th c b mi v chn lu kiu in
cm c gi chung l chn lu in t. c im l to ra xung dng in rt hp c tn s
cao (trn 20kHz), do to in p mi ln, khng nhp nhy, in p ngun thp vn mi
c. Nh khng c chn lu st t nn tn hao nhit gim xung lm tng ng k hiu sut
ca b n.
B mi
B mi kiu rle nhit

Tm lng kim
e2
e1
ng phng in
Chn lu
Ngun
Hnh 4.3_Thit b mi n
b) Chn lu:
Chn lu c nhim v chnh l cung cp in p ln mi n khi khi ng n, ngoi
ra khi n lm vic bnh thng n lm nhim v n nh im lm vic, trnh s dao ng
in p li nh hng n s pht sng ca n. C cc loi chn lu sau y :
- Chn lu in tr: Lm gim hiu sut ca n do tiu th nng lng, hiu qu mi
n khng cao.
- Chn lu in cm: Khng tiu th nng lng cho vic mi n nh in tr nhng n
li tiu hao nng lng di dng nhit v t tr, ngoi ra do tiu th nhiu cng sut phn
khng nn lm h s cng sut cos thp.
- Chn lu in cm - t in: Tc dng nh chn lu in cm nhng c thm t in
ni tip tng h s cng sut cos.
- Chn lu in t: bin i tn s 50Hz thnh tn s cao (khong 20 kHz). Khng tiu
hao nng lng, loi tr c hin tng nhp nhy, kch thc nh gn nhng gi thnh cao
hn cc loi chn lu ni trn.
Nhn chung trong cc b n chiu sng cng cng, b phn mi n v chn lu thng
c lp t trong ngn ring gi l ngn linh kin in. Ngn ny khng yu cu kn cao
nh ngn quang hc nhng yu cu phi d tho lp sa cha, thay th linh kin khi cn
thit.
3. Knh bo v :
Knh bo v b n l np chp bo v b phn quang hc nhng yu cu phi m bo
cho nh sng truyn qua c. S d phi bo v b phn quang hc v b phn ny c cc
47
thnh phn rt quan trng ca b n nh tm phn quang v ngun sng c ch to chnh

xc cao, rt tinh xo v d b tc ng ca mi trng (nht l tm phn quang c m bng
nhm tinh cht) lm cht lng ca b n gim xung. bo v cc b phn ny ngi ta
phi dng knh bo v, tuy nhin phi m bo truyn nh sng tt nht nn thng lm bng
thy tinh, bng nha hoc vt liu composit trong sut
hoc trong m. Khi chn vt liu cng nh chiu dy
knh bo v phi tnh ton gim s phn x bin
gia khng kh v knh. Theo TCVN5828-1994 v
13/2008/Q-BCT th knh bo v phi c h s truyn
qua ban u 0,85. V mt cu to, knh bo v c th
dng phng hoc dng rnh kha (rnh kha lm cho
hiu sut b n cao hn)
Ngoi ra knh bo v cn c chc nng chng n v
ch lm vic ca n l phng in h quang vi
nhit cao. Khi ng phng in b n cc mnh v
ca n vng ra c nhit c 10000C c th nguy him
cho ngi i ng, hu hoi ti sn, thm ch ho
Hnh 4.4_Knh bo v rng kha
hon. Knh bo v phi c chu va p v khng
gian gi li cc mnh v ny.
Khi thit k chiu sng chn b n cn phi ch n c tnh cng nh vt liu ch to
knh n. V n l mi trng truyn nh sng nn c th c mt lng tia t ngoi xuyn
qua, ngoi ra n li chu tc ng trc tip ca mi trng (m trong th th mi trng
thng nhim) nn n rt nhanh b lo ho hoc b m i. Theo quy nh, khi s dng n
tit kim nng lng th h s truyn qua phi c suy gim < 5% so vi ban u sau 6000
gi s dng.
4. L ui n :
ui n l b phn nm trn ngun sng dng nh v vo v tr l ui n nm trn b
n. ui n v l ui n c tiu chun ho thng nht trn ton th gii c th lp ln
ca cc hng khc nhau. ui n thng c
hai loi :
- Loi ui gi (cn gi l ui ngnh
tr) : khng c ren xoy nhng c 2 tai i
xng nhau gi vo l ui n nm trn
b n. Loi ny thng thy trong loi
n dy tc dng trong dn dng. K hiu
ui gi c 2 loi l B15 v B22 ty vo
ng knh ui n
ui gi B
ui xoy E
- ui xoy: hnh tr c ren xoy. K
Hnh 4.5_ Cc loi ui n
hiu c 3 loi: E14, E27 v E40 ty vo
ng knh ui n. Ch E vit tt ca
Edison l tn nh pht minh ra bng n in u tin.
Trong cc b n chiu sng cng cng ch dng 2 loi ui n trn. Tuy nhin trong dn
dng v cng nghip cn c rt nhiu kiu ui n khc nhau nh : ui n kiu cm, ui 1
chn, ui 2 chn, ui kiu ren,
4.3. Cc thng s c hc ch yu ca b n chiu sng cng cng:
48
1. kn (IP):
Mt b n thng c ngn linh kin v ngn quang hc ring bit (c mt s loi ch c
1 ngn chung cho c linh kin in v ngn quang hc). Yu cu v kn ca cc ngn cha
thit b l mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng ca b n, c bit l khi i qua vng nhim
nh vng ven bin, nh my ha cht,hay vng c sng m. kn c k hiu theo
tiu chun quc t l IPxy, trong x v y l cc con s c ngha sau :
Gi tr
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-
X
ngha : chng vt th l xm nhp
Khng c bo v
Vt c ng knh 50mm
Vt c ng knh 12,5mm
Vt c ng knh 2,5mm
Vt c ng knh 1,0mm
Chng c bi
Hon ton kn
-----
Y
ngha : Chng nc xm nhp
Gi tr
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Khng c bo v
Nc ri thng ng
Nc ri nghing 150
Nc phun ht nh li ti
Phun nc dng ma
Phun nc dng tia
Phun nc p lc
Ngm chm tm thi
Ngm chm lu di
Theo TCXDVN259 :2001, i vi mi trng nhim trung bnh th chn n c kn

IP44 nhng i vi mi trng nhim nng (nh sng mui, n mn, ven bin, trong khu
cng nghip) th chn n kn ngn quang hc IP54, ngn linh kin in l IP43. Ring vi
loi n tit kim nng lng phi c IP66 theo quy nh ti Quyt nh s 13/2008/Q-BCT.
Nu cc thng s ny khng c kim tra v nghim thu cht ch s gy hu qu ln v sau
mt thi gian khi bi xm nhp lm m bng n, hi nc (thng c cht ha hc) xm
nhp s ng li lu di trong knh n lm suy gim quang thng nghim trng. Ngoi ra lp
m ca tm phn quang c th b g, bong trc lm gim hiu sut pht sng.
Theo quan st t thc t, hin nay cc ch s ny hon ton b th lng trong qu trnh xy
dng cc cng trnh chiu sng cng cng nn cht lng h thng chiu sng gim r rt
mc d thi gian a vo vn hnh ngn hn tui th ghi trong l lch ca n rt nhiu.
Do s lng cc tuyn ng th pht trin rt nhanh nn theo l h thng chiu sng
cng tng ln, khi chng ng lot gim cht lng th tr thnh mt gnh nng cho ngn
sch.
y cng cn lu mt im : ch s IP khng ch dng trong thit b chiu sng m l
ch s quc t dng chung cho mi ngnh k thut c cc b phn cn o lng kn.
2. Cp bo v c hc chng n (cn gi l chu va p ca knh n):
K hiu l IKO v c phn loi theo bng sau:
M IKO
IKO0
IKO1
Cp bo v
Khng bo v
0,15J
M IKO
IKO6
IKO7
Cp bo v
1J
2J
49
IKO2
IKO3
IKO4
IKO5
0,2J
0,35J
0,5J
0,7J
IKO8
IKO9
IKO10
5J
10J
20J
Ch s IKO biu th kh nng bo v c hc chng n ca b n. Trong qu trnh vn

hnh, bng n c th pht n v knh n phi chu c sc cng ph t s pht n ny.
Nu khng bn th cc mnh v ca ng phng in h quang vng ra (c nhit trn
10000C) c th lm nguy him n ngi i ng thm ch gy ho hon, c bit l hi
thu ngn thot ra ngoi s rt nguy him v n l mt cht c c tnh rt cao.
Tuy nhin ch s ny trong thc t cn c nhn nhn di mt gc khc l
chu va p ca knh n t cc lc tc ng bn ngoi. Ni chung, nu xt theo gc ny
th ch tiu IKO khng quan trng lm v cc b n thng lp trn cao, t c kh nng chu
va p mnh. Trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng ch c mi lc tc dng ca gi ln knh
n v theo tnh ton lc ny nh hn rt nhiu so vi kh nng chu lc ca knh. Thng
thng vi n chiu sng cng cng c cp bo v chng n l IKO8.
3. Din tch cn gi
y l ch tiu kh quan trng nu ni lp t n thng xuyn c gi bo. V mt kh
ng hc th din tch cn gi cng b cng tt gim bt lc tc dng ca gi n kt cu
c hc ca n v ct n. Nh m kch thc ca ct v mng nh hn, dng ct thanh
mnh hn, thm m hn.
4. Ch tiu lo ha knh bo v:
Ch tiu ny thng rt kh xc nh, tuy nhin khi thit k phi a vo yu cu c th
nh ch to la chn vt liu ph hp. Thc t cc knh bo v sau mt thi gian vn hnh
thng b m cho d lau chi vn khng ht. Tnh trng ny l do knh b lo ha, vt liu
lm knh b bin cht di tc ng ca nhit ta ra, tia cc tm do n pht ra v mi trng
khng kh b nhim. Knh b lo ha thng l loi knh lm bng nha, nu lm bng thy
tinh th khng xy ra hin tng ny nhng knh thy tinh lm cho trng lng b n tng.
Gn y c loi knh chu lc bng composit c tnh nng nh knh thy tinh nhng nh, bn.
Cn phn bit vi trng hp knh n b m do bi bm bn sau mt thi gian di vn
hnh m khng uc duy tu bo dng. Trng hp ny c th khc phc c nhng trch
nhim thuc v n v qun l vn hnh cng trnh chiu sng.
5. Trng lng:
y cng l mt ch tiu cn quan tm v xu hng hin nay ngi ta cng ngy cng
chung cc loi n c trng lng b. Nh m ct chiu sng, cn n c kch thc nh
hn, thanh mnh hn ph hp vi m quan th. Trong lng trung bnh hin nay ca cc
b n chiu sng cng cng khong 3-8 kg tu vo cng sut v nh ch to.
4.4. Cc thng s in ch yu ca b n chiu sng cng cng:
50
1. Cp cch in :
Cp bo v
O
I
II
III
c im
Khng bo v
Ni t cc b phn dn in
Cch in gp i hoc tng cng
in p ngun di 50V
Ti v tr lp t n m ngi s dng khng th tip xc c th dng cp O, nu ngi

s dng c th tip xc c vi b n th phi dng cp I. Trng hp c yu cu an ton
cao mi dng cp II. Nu c yu cu an ton tuyt i th phi dng cp III, khi do in p
thp (<50V) nn d c tip xc vn khng gy nguy him.
Theo tiu chun Vit Nam, cc b n thng c cp cch in I hoc II.
2. dao ng in p:
Ch tiu ny c ngha ln v mt kinh t khi thit k chiu sng nhng li cha c
khai thc ng mc. Thng thng cc b n c nh ch to m bo mc dao ng in
p 10% Um m vn lm vic bnh thng nh khi in p Um (tc quang thng khng
i). Trong khi quy phm trang b in thng yu cu in p im xa nht l 5%Um v
ngi thit k thng ch quan tm n gi tr ny ca quy phm. Nu tnh theo quy phm th
phi chn c dy in c tit din ln trong khi tnh theo 10% Um th ch cn chn dy in
vi tit din nh hn.
Nh vy trong qu trnh thit k cn tn dng yu t dao ng in p ca b n
10%Um chn dy dn cho hp l, trnh ch quan da theo quy nh 5%Um ca li
cung cp in lm cho sut u t tng ln mt cch lng ph..
4.5. Cc thng s v quang hc ca b n chiu sng cng cng:
Cc thng s c bn v quang hc ca ngun sng c nu trong phn cc loi ngun
sng v cc i lng c bn o nh sng. y ch b sung mt s thng s quang hc ca
b n. Cc b phn ny c nhim v m bo s phn b hp l theo khng gian ca nh
sng, m bo chiu sng ng mc ch, c kh nng hn ch chi la,... khng phi l ni
pht ra nh sng
1. H s suy gim quang thng:
Sau mt thi gian vn hnh quang thng ca n s b gim. nh gi s suy gim
ngi ta a ra khi nim suy gim quang thng V=V1 nm/Vban u l t s gia quang
thng ca b n sau 1 nm s dng vi quang thng ban u ca n. m bo cht
lng chiu sng, khi thit k phi tnh n h s ny.
Hin tng suy gim quang thng do nhiu nguyn nhn nhng trong thit k chiu sng
ngi ta ch xt n 2 nguyn nhn ch yu sau :
51
+ S gi ho ca bn thn b n theo thi gian s dng: Hin tng ny c c trng

bng h s V1 v c th c nh ch to cung cp. Tuy nhin nu nh ch to khng cho th
V1 c th xc nh theo bng sau :
H s V1
Thi gian
s dng thc
t ca n
Sodium cao p
3000 h
6000 h
9000 h
0,95
0,90
0,85
n ng
hunh quang
0,90
0,85
0,80
Bng
hunh quang
0,85
0,80
0,75
Sodium
thp p
0,85
0,8
+ S bm bn ca cc ht bi trong khng kh : Hin tng ny c trng bng h s V2

v c xc nh theo iu kin mi trng ni lp t n nh bng sau :
H s V2
Kiu b n
Loi mi trng
Khng c chp
C chp
B nhim
Khng nhim
0,65
0,90
0,70
0,95
Nh vy ta tnh c V = V1.V2 = quang thng sau 1 nm/quang thng ban u.

2. H s phn quang :
Tnh cht phn x ca cc b n thng l phn x khuych tn hn hp vi gi tr < 1.
Theo quy nh ca TCVN5828-1994 i vi n ng ph th h s phn quang phi 0,8
v sau 6000 gi s dng th h s phn quang phi cn 90% so vi ban u.
3. ng cong trc quang :
Ta bit rng mt b n chiu sng pht x cng sng ra khng gian xung quanh n.
Ly tm n lm gc to cc th u mt cc vect cng sng s vch nn mt mt
cong xung quanh gc to . Nu ta dng mt mt phng ct qua trc thng ng i qua tm
n th ng cong giao gia mt cong cng sng v mt phng ny c gi l ng
cong trc quang. Tp hp cc ng cong trc quang trn nhiu mt phng ct xoay quanh
trc n th to thnh h ng cong trc quang (hnh 4.6). Theo quy nh ca U ban k
thut chiu sng quc t CIE th ng cong trc quang phi c lp nn bi ngun sng
1000lm t ti tm ca b n.
Trong a l ta bit: xc nh mt im no trn mt cu ta phi xc nh qua 2
to (gc kinh tuyn , gc v tuyn ). ng dng vo trong k thut chiu sng, xc
nh cng sng ti mt im no ta phi dng 3 to (I, , ) do mt cong ny khng
trn xoay nn c thm thnh phn th ba l I. C mt s im khc vi qu a cu th hin
qua cch xy dng to nh sau : Ly tm n lm tm, vch cc ng trn ng tm ng
vi gi tr cng sng bng nhau (trn hnh 4.6 l cc gi tr t 90-270cd). Tip tc vch
cc ng thng t tm ra ng vi cc gc kinh tuyn (trn hnh 4.7 l 00-900). Gc v tuyn
52
c th hin bng cch ghi gi tr gc bn cnh ng cong trc quang tng ng vi gc

v tuyn.
Mt phng
kinh tuyn
Gc v
tuyn
ng kinh
tuyn
n 2 trc i xng
n 1 trc i xng
Hnh 4.6_ Cch xy dng ng cong trc quang

i vi b n khng i xng th hnh dng ng cong trc quang ph thuc vo v tr
mt phng ct so vi kinh tuyn gc, tc ph thuc vo gc v tuyn . Kinh tuyn gc ng
vi =0 quy c l phng vung gc vi trc n. Khi c mi gi tr ca ta li c mt
ng cong trc quang khc nhau. Vi loi n ny nh ch to thng cho 3 ng cong
trc quang c bn : mt ng cong dc trc n v hai na ng cong c Imax. c trng
cho loi n ny c : n tuyp, n ng ph,
V d trn hnh 4.7 l h ng cong trc quang ca b n chiu sng ng ph in
hnh gm 4 ng cong trc quang : mt ng theo phng vung gc trc n (=00 v
=1800 cng mt phng), mt ng theo phng trc n (=900 v =2700 cng mt
phng), hai na ng c Imax (=150 v
=900/2700
=1650 khc mt phng). Thc ra cho
Cd/1000lm
=00/1800
chnh xc cn ct nhiu mt phng hn
270 225 180 135 90
na, khi tuy cc ng cong trc quang 900
khc nhau nhng tt c chng u c 2
750
im c nh l tm n v im c =00. I
max
Ni chung vi n ng ph ch cn 3
600
Imax
ng trc quang c bn l ta c th hnh
=150/1650
450
dung s phn b cng sng trong
300
khng gian.
150
00
i vi b n i xng th mi mt
ct theo ng kinh tuyn u cho cng
Hnh 4.7_ H ng cong trc quang
dng ng cong trc quang nn ch cn 1
ca n chiu sng ng ph
mt ct l ta bit c phn b cng
sng trong khng gian nn gc v tuyn khng cn thit. c trng cho loi n ny c :
n si t, n compact, b n dng ngun sng im,
Cn c vo ng cong trc quang, b n c th c phn thnh 7 loi khc nhau. Tuy
nhin vi h thng chiu sng ng ph n c phn thnh 3 loi c bn l loi phn b
nh sng hp, phn b nh sng rng v phn b nh sng bn rng. B n phn b nh sng
hp l b n c cc gi tr Imax nm trong khong t 00-650, loi nh sng bn rng c cc gi
tr Imax nm trong khong t 00-750, cn loi nh sng rng c cc gi tr Imax nm trong
khong t 0-trn 750 (trong Imax l tp hp cc vect cng sng cc i trn mi mt
53
phng kinh tuyn ca b n). Theo TCXDVN259 :2001 h thng chiu sng ng phi
dng n nh sng bn rng hn ch chi lo, ring cc loi ng nh, tc phng tin
thp th c th dng n nh sng rng.
Bt k loi n chiu sng ng ph no trc khi a vo s dng u phi c l lch
km theo, trong bt buc phi c ng cong trc quang do nh ch to cung cp, n c
xem nh chng minh th chng nhn cht lng ca b n. Vic xy dng ng cong
trc quang l cng vic phc tp, i hi nh sn xut phi c cc thit b o c k thut cao
v th hin trnh cng nh nng lc ca nh sn xut.
ng cong trc quang ca b n c thit lp vi ngun sng c quang thng 1000lm
nn xc nh cng sng ca b n ny khi s dng ngun sng c quang thng bt k
ta phi quy i theo cng thc I ( ) = I (1000) .
1000
4. Hiu sut ca b n :
Hiu sut b n l t s gia quang thng pht ra ca b n v quang thng ca ngun
sng. Gi tr hiu sut ny thng dao ng trong khong t 0,5-0,9 do vt liu ch to ch
to b n thng hp th mt lng quang thng nht nh ca ngun sng. Theo quy nh
ti Quyt nh s 13/2008/Q-BCT th n chiu sng ng
ph phi c hiu sut 0,7 mi c gi l n tit kim nng
lng.
F2
Hiu sut c th do nh ch to xc nh hoc c th tnh 6
O
ton theo ng cong trc quang nh di y.
6
F1
a) Tnh hiu sut ca b n chiu sng im :
6
6
S dng phng php tch phn s trn ng cong trc

0
quang s tnh c hiu sut kh chnh xc. V d trn hnh
Hnh 4.8_ Xc nh
4.8 ta chia ton b khng gian xung quanh n thnh 2 vng
hiu sut ca b n
ng vi 2 na bn cu trn v di. Vi na bn cu di ta li
ln lt chia khng gian thnh cc hnh nn c gc khi /6,
2/6, 6/6 (Sr).
Tip theo ta tnh quang thng F1 pht ra bi b n 1000lm trong vng bn cu di theo
phng php sau : Xt hnh nn th nht ng vi gc khi /6 c gc kinh tuyn =16,60, tra
ng cong trc quang ng vi ta tm c I tng ng. Tip tc xt gc khi /6 nm
gia hnh nn th nht v th 2 (tc hiu gc khi 2/6 -/6) c c gc kinh tuyn =290 ta
cng tra ng cong trc quang c I, qu trnh c tip tc nh vy cho n khi ht na
bn cu di v qu trnh c tm tt nh bng sau :
Vng khng gian
Bn cu di
Gc kinh tuyn (0)

16,6
29
37,5
44,9
51,3
57,2
Cng sng
Quang thng
I1
I2
I3
I4
I5
I6
54
Bn cu trn
I7
I8
I9
I10
I11
I12
I13
I14
I15
I16
I17
I18
I19
I20
I21
62,7
68
73
78
82,8
87,6
93,2
99,6
106,1
112,9
120
127,7
136,2
146,4
160,8
F1' =
F2' =
12
I
6
k =1
2
9
21
k =13
Thc ra ta cng chia nh khng gian th kt qu cng chnh xc, nhng vi php chia
thnh cc gc khi /6 ni trn c chnh xc dng trong chiu sng ng ph.
i vi vng bn cu trn, do cng sng b nn khng gian c chia thnh cc gc
khi ln hn l 2/9 m sai s vn cho php v qu trnh tnh ton hon ton tng t nh
bn cu di v xc nh c quang thng F2. Cc b n chiu sng ng ph c cho
phn x nh sng tt th c th ly gn ng F2 0
Nh vy hiu sut ca b n l : =
F1' + F2'
1000
b) Tnh hiu sut ca b n chiu sng bt k :

Trng hp ngun sng khng i xng, v d n ng, th rt kh xc nh chnh xc
hiu sut t ng cong trc quang. Thng thng nh ch to cho gi tr hiu sut trong l
lch ca n. Vi loi n ny nu nh ch to khng cung cp gi tr hiu sut th c th xc
nh gn ng bng cch v ng cong trc quang trung bnh t 2 ng cong trc quang c
bn ca b n (2 ng cong trc quang qua 2 trc i xng), sau tnh ton hiu sut trn
ng cong trc quang trung bnh nh i vi ngun sng im.
5. Cp b n :
Hiu sut ca b n cng cao th chng t b n s dng tt quang thng ca bng n.
Tuy nhin khng nn lm dng h s ny v i vi b n ngoi hiu sut ta cn phi quan
tm n s phn b nh sng c ng mc ch khng. Chng hn nu b n s dng tt
quang thng vi hiu sut cao nhng phn b nh sng khng ng mc ch (quang thng
tp trung ch yu ln va h chng hn) th l mt b n khng c cht lng.
Nh vy nh gi cht lng b n ch cn c vo hiu sut l cha m phi xt n
s phn b nh sng na. c ch s nh gi tng hp, U ban k thut chiu sng quc t
(CIE) chia b n thnh nhiu cp khc nhau cn c vo t l gia quang thng chiu trc
tip xung di v quang thng chiu gin tip ln pha trn. Cp b n c ngha rt ln
55
trong chiu sng ngh thut, trang tr, cng trnh kin trc, khch sn, nh ht, vn ny
cn tm hiu thm trong ti liu chuyn ngnh.
Vi n chiu sng ng ph do quang thng ch chiu trc tip xung di nn cp ca
b n khng c ngha quan trng nn khi thit k ta cng ch quan tm n hiu sut l .
6. H s s dng ca b n:
Xt mt din tch S c chiu sng bi mt b n c quang thng tng pht ra l , gi
S l quang thng do n chiu n mt S (quang thng hu ch). Nh vy lng quang
thng -S khng chiu n mt S nn phn quang thng ny l quang thng v ch.
Trn c s ny ngi ta a ra h s s dng K ca b n v c nh ngha bng t s
gia quang thng hu ch vi tng quang thng do n pht ra K= S/.
Quang thng tng
Quang thng tng
Quang thng
hu ch S
l2
Quang thng
hu ch S
Va h
Lng ng
Va h
Lng ng
l2
l1
l
l
l1
a)
b)
Hnh 4.9_nh hng ca s b tr n n h s s dng

i vi h thng chiu sng ng ph th lng ng chnh l din tch hu ch S cn
chiu sng, do tu vo cch b tr n m h s s dng s khc nhau mc d cng mt
loi n. V d trn hnh 4.9 hnh chiu ca n c th di lng ng hoc trn va h,
khi h s s dng trong 2 trng hp ny s khc nhau.
n
70%
60%
k1
50%
40%
30%
k2
20%
10%
l2
h 3
l1
5 h
Hnh 4.10_ng cong h s s dng k1 v k2 ca b n chiu sng ng
56
tnh ton h s s dng mt cch tng qut ta xt cc gc nh din to bi cc mt

phng sau :
+ Mt phng thng ng i qua tm n v song song vi ng, k hiu
+ Hai mt phng song song vi ng, i qua tm n v cha cc chm tia sng ct l
ng, k hiu 1 v 2.
Gc nh din (, 1) gi l gc nh din trc v (, 2) gi l gc nh din sau. Nhn vo
hnh v ta thy h s s dng ca n ph thuc vo ln ca cc gc nh din ny, tc ph
thuc vo t s l1/h v l2/h. Do vy nh ch to thng cho trc cc ng cong k1 = f(l1/h)
v k2 = f(l2/h) tng ng gi l cc h s s dng trc v h s s dng sau (hnh 4.10).
Tu vo cch b tr n m h s s dng tng hp k s khc nhau. V d hnh 4.11a
(hnh chiu n nm di lng ng) ta c k = k1A + k2A nhng hnh 4.11b (hnh chiu n
nm trn va h) ta c k = k1 A- k1B.
Ngoi ra cn c rt nhiu hnh thc b tr n khc nhau nh b tr 2 bn ng, b tr 2
n trn di phn cch, b tr sole, m mi mt cch u c phng php xc nh h s s
dng ring bit (xem thm phn cui tp bi ging ny).
K1A
K1A
K1
K1
k
K2
K2
K2A
Va h
K1B
k=k1A - k1B
k=k1A + k2A
Va h
Lng ng
Lng ng
a)
b)
Hnh 4.11_ Xc nh h s s dng tng hp
Trong thc t thit k nu nh ch to khng cho cc ng cong h s s dng th

TCXDVN259 :2001 cho php tnh gn ng vi gi thit hai ng cong k1 v k2 i xng
nhau v gi tr ca chng c tra theo bng sau :
l/h
Bng n
Sodium p sut thp
Bng n m
Bng n trong
H s k1 v k2
0.5
1,5
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,25
0,25
0,40
0,30
0,40
0,45
Cc gi tr khng c trong bng th dng phng php ni suy tuyn tnh xc nh.
7. Gc bo v
Gc bo v ca b n l gc hp bi ng thng nm ngang i qua tim bng n v
ng thng ni tim n n mp ming m ca cho n.
Gi R l bn knh cho n, r l bn knh bng n v h l chiu cao tnh t ming m
57
ca cho n n tim bng th n ta c cng thc tnh

gc bo v :
tg =
h
R+r
Gc bo v cng vi chiu cao treo n l hai

thng s c nh hng ti hin tng chi lo, do
trong quy nh ca nh nc ng vi mi gi tr ca
c mt cao treo n nht nh.
Tim n
h
Hnh 4.12 Gc bo v ca b n
4.6. Phn loi cc b n chiu sng cng cng:

B n ni chung c nhiu phng php phn loi tu vo mc ch nghin cu. Vi b
n trong nh, cch phn loi ph bin l cn c vo phng php phn b quang thng ca
ngun sng, tc l so snh t l gia quang thng chiu ln pha trn v quang thng chiu
xung pha di phn thnh 5 loi c bn : chiu trc tip (>90% quang thng xung
di); bn trc tip (60-90% quang thng xung di); hn hp (40-60% quang thng xung
di); bn gin tip (60-90% quang thng ln trn); gin tip (> 90% quang thng ln trn).
Vi n chiu sng cng cng do chi ca b n l mt trong nhng tiu ch nh
gi cht lng ca h thng chiu sng, do ngi ta cn c vo phng ca Imax trn
ung cong trc quang lm cn c phn loi nh sau :
+ B n chiu sng hp : l b n c cc gi tr Imax nm trong khong 0-650. S phn
b nh sng ca b n ny c kh nng hn ch chi lo rt tt nhng n li lm gim
ng u.ca ri trn mt ng nn t c dng. B n ny cn c tn gi khc l b
n kiu chp su.
+ B n chiu sng bn rng : l b n c cc gi tr Imax nm trong khong 0-750. S
phn b nh sng ca b n ny cng c kh nng hn ch chi lo, m bo ng
u.ca ri trn mt ng nn n c dng ph bin. Tiu chun TCXDVN259 :2001
cng quy nh i vi dng giao thng th phi dng loi n ny. B n ny cn c tn
gi khc l b n kiu chp va.
+ B n chiu sng rng : l b n c Imax nm trong khong 0-trn 750. S phn b
nh sng ca b n ny gy ra chi lo cho ngi li xe nhng kh nng m bo ng
u.ca ri trn mt ng tt. Phm vi s dng l cc ung i b, ng dn c, ng
c t phng tin qua li,. B n ny cn c tn gi khc l b n kiu chp rng.
Lu {Imax} l tp hp cc vect cng sng cc i trn mi mt phng kinh tuyn
ca b n.
58
CHNG 5
THIT K H THNG CHIU SNG CNG CNG
5.1. S lc v lch s cc phng php, trnh t thit k:
Thit k h thng chiu sng cng cng thc cht l mt chuyn ngnh hp ca chiu
sng nhn to ngoi nh. Tri qua thi gian, cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh,
cc phng php v ni dung thit k c nhng bin i nht nh. Cc thit b chiu sng
ngy cng hin i, phng php tnh ton v thit k ngy cng hon thin v chnh xc, yu
cu v cht lng chiu sng ngy cng cao hn.
Trc y khi mi pht minh ra n in th h thng chiu sng ch nhm mc ch l
y li bng ti, chnh v vy phng php tht k lc ch n gin da trn tiu ch ri
ca ngun sng xung mt ng.
Khoa hc - k thut ngy cng pht trin, ng ph ngy cng cht lng, tc lu
thng ca phng tin cng ln, cuc sng ngy cng hi h, tt c nhng vn nu trn
u t ra thch thc i vi thit k chiu sng bng phng php ri v n khng cn
m bo an ton giao thng. y chnh l tin CIE a ra phng php t s R vo nm
1965. Phng php ny c xt ti chi trung bnh, h s phn x ca mt ung, tng
phn ca nh sng trong trng quan st, l nhng tc nhn nh hng n ngi li xe.
Phng php t s R m bo cho ngi li xe c tri gic nhn ti u.
Tuy nhin khi khoa hc - k thut ngy cng pht trin, nht l cng ngh thng tin i
hi vic thit k chiu sng phi c chnh xc cao. Nh s tr gip ca my tnh ngi ta
c th tnh ton chi theo tng im mc d khi lng tnh ton rt ln. Trn c s ny
CIE li tip tc cng b mt phng php mi l phng php chi im vo nm 1975.
Ni chung vi h thng chiu sng ng th phng php t s R cho php ngi tht k
c phng n b tr ban u h thng chiu sng v kt qu nhn c cng kh chnh xc.
Do vy phng php t s R c dng thit k s b nhm xc nh quang thng, cng
sut, s lng v cch b tr n..., sau phi dng phng php chi im kim tra gii
php thit k thit lp c t yu cu khng.
Trong chng ny ta ch nghin cu phng php chiu sng ng giao thng cn chiu
sng cc cng trnh cng cng khc cn tham kho cc tiu chun do Nh nc ban hnh
hoc cc ti liu chuyn .
5.2. Cc tiu chun chiu sng ng giao thng v yu cu c bn :
- TCXDVN 259 :2001 : Tiu chun thit k chiu sng nhn to ng, ng ph v
qung trng th
- TCVN 4400 :1887 : K thut chiu sng - thut ng v nh ngha.
- TCVN 5828 :1994 : n chiu sng ng ph - Yu cu k thut.
5.3. Cc nguyn tc c bn:
Nh trnh by trn, chiu sng ng giao thng c mc tiu chnh l m bo an
ton giao thng, tc l m bo cho ngi li xe phi c tri gic nhn nhanh nht v chnh xc
nht x l kp thi cc tnh hung trn ng. Qua nghin cu ngi ta rt ra kt lun tri
gic nhn nhanh v chnh xc ph thuc vo cc yu t sau y :
59
1. Phng v v tr quan st ca ngi li xe:

Con mt ngi li xe thng cao hn mt ng 1,5m nn khi xe ang chy tm nhn
ca ngi li xe nm trong khong t 60-170m trc mt ngi li xe vi gc quan st t
0,50-1,50 (hnh 5.1).
0,50
170m
1,50
1,5m
60m
Hnh 5.1_Phm vi quan st ca ngi li xe

Mi tnh ton, o c hay kim tra cc ch s quang hc u phi thc hin trong phm vi
tm nhn ca ngi li xe nh trn.
2. chi mt ng :
Khi li xe vi tc cao ngi li xe cn quan st r v chnh xc mt ng pha trc
x l vi thi gian ch tnh bng giy. i lng quang hc tc ng trc tip ln mt
ngi li xe khng phi l ri m l chi mt ng theo phng quan st tm xa
khong 100m. Ngi li xe quan st c nhng g m nh sng t mt ng phn chiu
trc tip n mt.
chi c nh hng n kh nng phn bit chng ngi vt trn ng v khi c
chiu sng, mt ng tr thnh ngun sng th cp, do chi ca n phi t yu cu
mi phn bit chng ngi vt c chnh xc ngi li xe kp x l.
Nh vy chc chn chi mt ng phi l i lng dng nh gi cht lng h
thng chiu sng ng giao thng v c xem l tiu chun th nht.
chi trung bnh ca mt ng ph thuc vo mt giao thng, tc phng tin,
loi th, tc ph thuc vo cp ng do Nh nc quy nh ( Vit Nam do B Giao
thng vn ti quy nh), ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo cch b tr n, cao treo n,
Trn c s cp ng giao thng, TCXDVN259 :2001 quy nh cp chiu sng tng
ng vi cp ng nh bng sau :
60
Loi
ng
ng
ph
th
Cp ng
ph
Chc nng ca ng
ng cao
tc
Xe chy tc cao, lin h gia cc khu th loi 1, gia

cc khu th v cc im dn c trong h thng chm th
(tc xe l 120km/h)
Giao thng lin tc gia cc khu nh , khu cng nghip v
cc khu trung tm cng cng ni vi ung cao tc trong
phm vi th (tc xe 100 km/h).
ng ph
chnh cp 1
ng ph
chnh cp 2
Giao thng c iu khin lin h trong phm vi th gia cc

khu nh , khu cng nghip v trung tm cng cng ni vi
ng ph chnh cp 1 (tc xe 80km/h).
ng
cp
khu
vc
ng khu
vc
ng vn
ti
ng
ni b
ng khu
nh
Lin h trong gi hn ca nh ni vi ung ph chnh cp

th (tc xe 80km/h).
Vn chuyn hng ho cng nghip v vt liu xy dng ngoi
khu dn dng, gia cc khu cng nghip v kho tng bn bi
(tc xe 80km/h).
Lin h gia cc tiu khu, nhm nh vi ng khu vc,
khng c giao thng cng cng (tc xe 60km/h).
Qung
trng
Cp
chiu
sng
A
ng khu Chuyn ch hng ho cng nghp v vt liu xy dng trong

cng nghip gii hn khu cng nghip, kho tng ni ra ung vn ti v
v kho hng cc ng khc (tc d 60km/h)
Qung trung chnh thnh ph, qung trung giao thng,

qung trng trc cu, qung trng truc ga, qung trng
u mi cc cng trnh giao thng
Qung trng trc cc cng trnh cng cng v trc cc

khu tp trung cng cng
Sau khi phn cp chiu sng i vi tng cp ng b, TCXDVN259 :2001 quy nh

chi trung bnh v ri trung bnh trn mt ng khng c nh hn gi tr quy nh nh
bng sau :
Cp
chiu
sng
A
Lu lng xe ln nht trong thi

gian c chiu sng
(xe/gi)
T 3000 tr ln
T 1000 n di 3000
T 500 n di 1000
Di 500
T 2000 tr ln
T 1000 n di 2000
T 500 n di 1000
T 200 n di 500
Di 200
Trn 500
Di 500
chi trung bnh

trn mt ung
( cd/m2)
1.6
1.2
1.0
0.8
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.4
ri trung bnh
trn mt ng
( lux)
Khng quy nh
Khng quy nh
12
8
3. ng u ca chi mt ng:
61
Mt ng, mt sn c chiu sng ni chung khng phi l mt mt phn x khuch

tn u m l phn x khuch tn hn hp ngha l chi quan st theo cc hng khc
nhau khng bng nhau. Nh vy khi thit k chiu sng ng ph phi xem xt ng u
ca chi ti nhiu im trn mt ng theo c phng dc v phng ngang trong tm
nhn ca ngi li xe.
Tr n
v/2
Ln ng s 1
Ln ng s 2
Hnh 5.2_ chi thc t ca

mt ng
35m
im tnh ton
thuc li
Hnh 5.3_ li tnh ton

gim bt khi lng tnh ton, ngi ta khng xem xt ht mi im trn mt ng
m ch xem xt cc im thuc li tnh ton c quy nh nh sau: theo phng dc
ng, gia 2 ct n lin k khong cch li (3-5)m, cn theo phng ngang thng
chn ti thiu 2 im trn ln xe chy m bo khong cch 2 im theo phng ngang bng
1/2 b rng ln ng.
ng u ca chi c nh gi qua 2 ch tiu :
+ ng u chung U 0 =
Lmin
40%
Ltb
Vi Lmin, Ltb ln lt l chi cc tiu, chi trung bnh trong li tnh ton. Ltb ly
gi tr trung bnh cng chi ca tt c cc im thuc li tnh ton.
Lmin(i )
70%
L
max (i )
+ ng u dc U l = Min
Lmin(i), Lmax(i) ln lt l chi cc tiu, chi cc i trn trc dc th i ca li

tnh ton.
Cc gi tr ng u ni trn theo quy nh ca TCXDVN 259-2001 m bo tri
gic nhn chnh xc. Nu cc gi tr trn khng m bo th ngi li xe s cm nhn c
nh ca 2 bn ng thp thong do cc di nh sng dc ng c hiu ng bc thang, iu
lm cho ngi li xe b mi mt. V l do ny m ng u ca chi c xem l
tiu chun th hai nh gi cht lng ca mt h thng chiu sng ng giao thng.
4. Ch s chi la G ca b n:
i vi ngi li xe, chi lo gy ra s mt mi, c th lm mt c tri gic nhn. Trong
chng trc chng ta nghin cu v ch s chi lo G. i vi ng giao thng, G
khng ph thuc vo qu trnh chuyn ng ca xe m ch ph thuc vo b n
Theo TCXDVN259 :2001 th ng giao thng phi dng b n c G 4 cn theo tiu
chun CIE th G 5. Nu hai bn ng c nh sng ph (v d nh sng qung co, nh sng
62
nh dn,) th n c tc dng lm gim nh hng ca s chi lo ca n ng ti ngi

li xe. Khi thit k h thng chiu sng ng cn lu c im ny c th gim gi tr
ca G.
Ch s chi lo G c xem l tiu chun th ba nh gi cht lng ca h thng
chiu sng ng giao thng.
5. Hiu qu dn hng ti cc v tr c bit
Cc v tr c bit nh ng cong, trm thu ph, ch giao nhau, ch r, u phi thit
k c tnh cht dn hng cho ngi li xe chun b trc.
Ti im kt thc tuyn ng phi to nn vng m c chi gim dn bng cch
gim cng sut n hay tt bt 1 pha cc ng b tr n hai bn.
5.4. Phng php t s R trong thit k chiu sng :
Phng php t s R v bn cht cng tnh ton da trn ri nhng c xt ti chi
ca mt ng thng qua t s R :
R=
ri trung bnh Etb (lux)

chi trung bnh Ltb(cd/m2)
Nu tun th cc phng php b tr nh trnh by phn di, bng thc nghim ngi
ta nhn thy R l hng s i vi mi loi ng nh bng sau :
R=
Loi cho n
B tng
Etb
Ltb
Lp ph mt ng nha
Sch
Bn
Sng
Trung bnh
Ti
H
ng
Cho kiu chp su
11
14
14
19
25
18
Cho kiu bn rng
10
10
14
18
13
Nh vy vi mi loi ng ta bit ch s R c trng ca n, ng thi cn c vo tiu

chun chi trung bnh quy nh trong tiu chun TCXDVN259 :2001 cho mi cp ng
ta suy ra c ri trung bnh Etb v qu trnh tnh ton thit k chiu sng u xut pht t
Etb ny, do ta c th ni bn cht ca n l phng php ri.
Phng php t s R c coi l phng php thit k s b, sau khi hon thnh phi
kim tra gii php thit k ny bng phng php chi im. Tuy nhin nu khng yu cu
chnh xc cao th phng php t s R coi nh l gii php thit k hon chnh.
u im ca phng php ny l cho php tnh ton mt cch tng i chnh xc m
khng cn phi c s liu ca n v b n chiu sng. Ch sau khi tnh ra quang thng ta
mi tra catologue chn n v b n.
1. Cc thng s hnh hc b tr n :
63
Cc thng s hnh hc lin quan n vic phn b nh sng, khi b tr n phi tun th
cc quy tc trong TCXDVN259 :2001 mi m bo gi tr R l hng s vi tng loi ng
c th.
h : Chiu cao treo n
l : Chiu rng lng ng
e : Khong cch gia 2 ct n lin tip
s : vn cn n (khong cch hnh chiu n n chn ct)
thc t thng dng s = 1,2 ; 1,5 ; 2,4 ; 3m
a : Khong cch hnh chiu ca n n mp ng
: Gc nghing ca cn n
a
l
Hnh 5.4_Cc thng s b tr n

- Gc nghing ca cn n : khong 50-150 l tt nht. Khi thit k khng nn m rng
ln hn 150 v lm tng khong cch ti im cn chiu sng nn ri gim v lm tng
s chi lo cho ngi li xe. Lu l gc chiu ca b n khng hon ton ng ngha vi
gc nghing cn n v cu to v tr lp bng n trong b n cho php iu chnh c gc
chiu, tuy nhin phm vi iu chnh kh hp.
- Khong cch ct v chiu cao treo n: m bo ng u dc trc U1 khi s
dng cc loi cho n khc nhau th khong cch ct (e) v chiu cao treo n (h) phi m
bo iu kin sau :
Loi cho n
Phng php b tr n
Cho kiu rng

(0- trn 750)
Cho kiu bn rng
(00-750)
Cho kiu hp
(0-650)
- Mt bn, hai bn i xng, trn di phn cch

- Hai bn so le
- Hai bn so le
- Hai bn so le
e
Max
h
4,0
3,7
3,5
3,2
3,0
2,7
Ghi ch
Hn ch
dng
64
Qua qu trnh thit k, ng dng thc t cng nh nghin cu thc nghim ngi ta
a ra c cao treo n thng thng i vi cc loi ng nh sau (bng ny ch
tham kho, khng bt buc p dng) :
cao treo n
thng thng
5 6,5 (m)
8 -10 (m)
10-12 (m)
12 15 (m)
Phm vi ng dng
Khu dn c, cc ng ph
Cc ng ng dn
Cc ng ng dn
ng cao tc, ng c
di phn cch gia
B rng lng
ng
3-5m
5,5m-7,5m
10,5m
15m
Ngoi ra i vi ng c cp chiu sng C v D th TCXDVN259 :2001 cn quy nh

cao treo n ti thiu bt buc phi p dng nh sau :
TT
Tnh cht
n
n nm tn
x nh sng
n phn b
nh sng bn
rng
n phn b
nh sng
rng
Tng quang thng ln

nht ca cc bng n
c treo ln 1 ct (lm)
cao treo n thp nht (m)

Bng n nung sng
Bng n phng in
T 6000 tr len
3.0
3.0
Di 6000
4.0
4.0
Di 5000
6.5
7.0
T 5000 n 10000
7.0
7.5
Trn 10000 n 20000
7.5
8.0
Trn 20000 n 30000
9.0
Trn 30000 n 40000
10.0
Trn 40000
11.5
Di 5000
7.0
7.5
T 5000 n 10000
8.0
8.5
Trn 10000 n 20000
9.0
9.5
Trn 20000 n 30000
10.5
Trn 30000 n 40000
11.5
Trn 40000
13.5
Cn c vo cc yu cu trn ngi ta xut cc phng n b tr n nh sau :

2. Cc phng n b tr n
a) Lp mt bn :
Phng n ny s dng khi b rng lng ng hp (l 7,5m) hoc mt pha c hng cy
hoc ng un cong dn hng. H s ng u ca ri m bo khi l h.
65
Hnh 5.5_B tr n mt bn ng
b) Lp hai bn so le
p dng khi ng ph c nhiu cy xanh.
Nhc im : tnh dn hng thp, ng u dc trc ca ri khng cao, chi ph
xy dng ln. H s ng u ca ri m bo khi 1,5h l h hay l h 2/3l
Hnh 5.6_B tr n hai bn ng

kiu so le
c. Lp hai bn i din
p dng khi lng ng rt rng hoc khi cn phi t n ln rt cao. ng u ca
ri m bo khi l > 1,5h.
u im l dn hng tt, thun li cho trang tr chiu sng, kt hp chiu sng va h.
Nhc im : chi ph lp t cao.
Hnh 5.7_B tr n hai bn ng

kiu i din
66
d) Lp t trn di phn cch trung tm

p dng khi trc ng nhiu cy, chiu rng di phn cch 1,5 m v nh hn 6m.
u im : dn hng tt, h s s dng cao, chi ph xy dng thp.
Nhc im phn b nh sng khng u, hn ch chiu sng va h.
iu kin m bo ri ng u l l h, trong l l b rng di phn cch
Mt s quc gia (Php, cc nc Bc u) ngi ta li s dng kiu n lp trn dy treo.
Trn di phn cch ngi ta lp nhng ct c b tr rt xa nhau, lp dy cp trn cc ct
ny treo n dc di phn cch.
Hnh 5.8_B tr n trn di phn cch trung tm

3. Chn cng sut v loi b n :
Trong phn trc cp, vi cc ng c hot ng vn chuyn ch yu chn b n
phn b nh sng bn rng, cn cc ng i b th c th chn b n phn b nh sng
rng
Nh ni cc chng trc, bc u tin khi thit k h thng chiu sng l chn
nhit mu ca ngun sng theo biu kruitchof, sau mi tnh ton quang thng
chn b n ph hp.
Xt din tch mt ng hai bn 1 n chiu sng theo chiu dc trc ng, mi bn
c di l e/2. Gi thit b n chiu sng ng giao thng ch pht quang thng ca n
n din tch ny. Nh vy quang thng ban u khi lp t do 1 n pht ra l :
=
Etb .l.e R.Ltb .l.e

=
V .k
V .k
Trong :
l l chiu rng lng ng
e l khong cch 2 n lin k
k l h s s dng, tra theo ng cong ca nh ch to cho hoc tinh gn ng theo
tiu chun TCXDVN259 :2001.
V l h s suy gim quang thng ca b n sau 1 nm s dng
Trn c s quang thng tnh ton ta chn cng sut n c quang thng gn nht theo
catolgue ca cc nh ch to.
Tip theo kim tra ch s chi lo, nu m bo yu cu th gii php b tr n l hp l,
ngc li ta phi b tr li n.
Tip tc kim tra chi theo phng php chi im (trnh by phn sau)..
67
5.5. Phng php chi im trong thit k chiu sng :
Hnh 5.9_ Xc nh chi 1 im

trn mt ng do 1 n gy ra
Phng php t s R mi tnh n ri trung bnh trn mt ng, cha xt n chi

tng im trong tm nhn ca ngi li xe. chi ny phi tho mn tiu chun v ng
u chung v ng u dc trc ng. Do vy phng php t s R ch yu dng thit
k s b nhm b tr n ban u.
khc phc nhc im, ng thi kim tra gii php thit k thc hin theo phng
php t s R ngi ta phi s dng n phng php chi im v phi c s tr gip ca
my tnh v khi lng tnh ton ln.
1. chi ca mt im trn mt ng :
Lp ph mt ng ni chung khng c tnh cht phn x khuych tn u (tun theo
nh lut Lambert) m c tnh cht phn x hn hp, tc l chi nhn theo cc hng khc
nhau th khc nhau.
Xt im P trn mt ng trong tm quan st ca ngi li xe c chiu sng bi 1 n
nh trn hnh 5.9. H s phn x ti im ny ph thuc cc yu t sau y :
- Gc nhn ca ngi li xe .
- Gc lch khi quan st .
- Gc tia sng ti im P l (tc l gc kinh tuyn ca b n).
Cng thc nh lut Lambert cho phn x khuych tn u l L = E nhng mt ng
khng tun theo nh lut ny nn mi quan h gia chi L v i ri E phi l L=qE,

trong q = q(,,).
Tm nhn ca ngi li xe 60-170m tng ng vi gc quan st =1,40-0,50, do c th
coi tm quan st trung bnh 10=const, nh vy q = q(,).
68
Theo nh lut t l nghch bnh phng ta c ri ti im P l

E=
I
I
I
cos =
cos = 2 cos3
2
2
d
h
h
cos
Do chi ti im P do 1 n gy ra l :
L = q ( , ) .E = q ( , )
I
I
cos3 = R ( , ) 2
2
h
h
H s R ( , ) = q ( , ) cos3 gi l h s chi quy i c xc nh bng thc

nghim. Gi tr ny ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cc lp ph mt ng v c lp thnh
bng (xem phn ph lc) s dng. Sau y ta xem xt tnh cht quang hc ca cc lp ph
mt ng khc nhau.
2. Phn loi cc lp ph mt ng :
Tnh cht phn x nh sng ca mt ng ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh :
- Cht kt dnh (nha ng, btng, btng atphal,)
- Cp phi mt ng (t l vt liu cu thnh)
- Kch thc ht v mu ca cc loi vt liu
- Cng ngh thi cng lp ph (th cng, tri thm, )
- S mi mn ca xe c i trn ng, bi ph mt ng.
- Cc iu kin kh hu (nhit , m khng kh trn mt ng, )
T nhng lit k trn ta thy nu xt v mt quang hc, mt ng ph thuc vo rt
nhiu yu t c tnh dao ng ln, iu ni ln mc phc tp khi cn tnh ton chnh
xc chi mt ng. Do CIE thng nht a ra 4 loi lp ph mt ng tiu chun k
hiu R1R4 da trn hai ch tiu l nhn r Q0 v cc h s s dng S1, S2. Di y trnh
by v cc h s ny tham kho cn gi tr ca R1R4 c lp thnh bng nn khi thit
k ta ch vic tra bng s dng.
a) H s nhn r Q0 :
Q0 l gi tr trung bnh ca h s chi :
Q0 =
q.d
d
Ly tch phn bn cu trn vi mi im tnh ton trn ton b li.
Q0 c trng cho kh nng phn x trung bnh ca mt ng, c gi tr t 0,05 (mt

ng ti) n 0,11 (mt ng sng).
b) Cc h s s dng S1, S2 :
S1 l t s gia h s chi R ti im cch hnh chiu ca n bng 2 ln chiu cao v
ti im hnh chiu ca n : S1 =
R ( 0, 2 )
. Nh vy S1 cng ln th mt ng cng sng.
R ( 0, 0 )
69
S2 =
Q0
ch l h s trung gian xc nh gi tr S1.
R ( 0, 0 )
R(0,0) ng vi im P l hnh chiu ca n.

R(0,2) ng vi im P nm trn ng vung gc vi trc ng, i qua tr n v cch
hnh chiu n 2 ln chiu cao.
Trong c 2 trng hp trn. hng quan st nm trn phng vn cn n.
c) Cc lp ph mt ng:
Cn c trn cc ch tiu Q0. S1, S2, bng thc nghim CIE phn cp cc lp ph mt
ng nh sau :
Cp
R1
R2
R3
R4
S1
< 0,45
0,45 0,85
0,85 1,35
> 1,35
S1 in hnh
0,25
0,58
1,11
1,55
Q0 in hnh
0,10
0,07
0,07
0,08
M t cu to cc lp ph mt ng :
- R1 :
+ ng c bitum <15% vt liu nhn to mu sng hoc 30% rt sng.
+ Cc vin si a s mu trng hoc 100% m rt sng
+ ng btng ximng
- R2 :
+ ng c bitum t 10-15% m trng nhn to, nhiu ht kch thc <10mm.
+ Nha ng ang trng thi cn mi sau khi thi cng.
- R3 : Bitum ngui c ht <10mm vi kt cu chc
- R4 : ng nha sau nhiu thng s dng
3. Tnh ton chi v ri im
- Mng li tnh ton : l mt li hnh ch nht nm gia hai ct lin k dc theo trc
ng, cnh u tin ca hnh ch nht nm ngang hng vi ct n th nht (hnh 5.10).
Nu b tr hai bn so le th hai ct lin k c tnh c cc ct hai bn. Mt li c xc nh
nh sau : theo phng trc ng, bt u t ct gn vi v tr quan st nht (trn hnh 5.10 l
ct n s 3) ly b rng li khong 3-5m, theo phng ngang ng ly b rng li
bng 1/3 b rng ca mi ln ng.
Trong TCXDVN259 :2001 c hng dn cch chia mng li theo chiu dc nh sau :
+ Khi e 18m th ly 3 im vi khong cch li e/3.
+ Khi 18 < e 36m th ly 6 im vi khong cch li e/6.
+ Khi 36 < e 54m th ly 6 im vi khong cch li e/9.
Quy nh ny xc nh rng ti a ca li, do mun chnh xc hn ta cn chia
li cng nh cng tt. Mi mng li tnh ton c th c 1 ct n nm trong mng li nu
php chia e cho b rng li khng phi l s nguyn (v d 31m/5m = 6 im cn d 1)
70
hoc 2 ct n nu chia e cho b rng li l s nguyn (v d 35m/5m = 7 im)

- V tr quan st : theo phng trc ng v tr quan st cch ct n u tin 60m
(trong tm nhn ca li xe), theo phng ngang ng v tr quan st cch mp ng 1/4 b
rng ton b lng ng (c th nm pha bn tri hoc bn phi ng). Ti v tr quan st
ngi li xe nhn ton b cc im trong mng li.
ri ti im P do n 3 gy ra xc nh theo cng thc E3 =
I3
cos3 .
2
h
chi ti im P do n 3 gy ra xc nh theo cng thc L3 = R ( , )
I 3 ( , )
h2
Trong R c tra theo bng tu vo loi ng, h l cao treo n bit. Ring gi
tr I3 do nh ch to cung cp di dng bng tra hoc tnh t ng cong trc quang. Gi tr
ca I3 l hm s hai bin s I3(, ), trong l gc kinh tuyn cn l gc v tuyn (
nghin cu trong chng trc).
n 1
n 2
n 3
Ln s 1
Ln s 2
2
7
4
9
3
8
5
10
13
14
19
6
11
12
18
23
17
16
22
15
21
20
26
25
31
Ln s 3
24
30
29
35
28
34
27
33
32
36
60m
l/4
V tr
quan st
Hnh 5.10_ li tnh ton chi v v tr quan st

ri (hoc chi) tnh ton ti bt k im no thuc mt li bng tng ri (hoc
chi) do tt c cc n nm trong mng li ri n cng vi tng ri (hoc chi)
ca tt c cc n trc v sau mng li c nh hng n im ny (lu nu b tr n
hai bn ng th phi xt c hai hng n). xem xt n no nm bn ngoi mng li
nh hng n im ang tnh ton ta phi xc nh ri (hoc chi) do n chiu
n, nu gi tr ny rt b khng nh hng n kt qu tnh ton th ta khng xt nh hng
ca n.
V d trn hnh 5.10 ta xt im 8 c n 3 nm trong mng li, gi thit cc n 1, 2, 4
71
c nh hng n im 8, ngoi ra cc n cn li khng nh hng. Nh vy ta c chi

tng l L8 = L8(n1) + L8(n2) + L8(n3) + L8(n4) v ri tng l E8 = E8(n1) + E8(n2) +
E8(n3) + E8(n4).
Qua v d trn ta thy khi lng tnh ton chi v ri ti tt c cc im ca li
l kh ln, nu tnh bng tay mt rt nhiu thi gian v cng sc nhng nh s tr gip ca
my tnh nn tr ngi ny khng cn quan tm.
5.6. Thit k chiu sng ti cc im c bit trn ng giao thng:
Cc im c bit khng c l thuyt chung p dng khi b tr chiu sng. Vic b tr
n ph thuc vo iu kin a hnh thc t v m quan chung khu vc. Nhiu khi y l
nhng cng trnh i hi m quan cao, hoc l ni xung t ca nhiu cng trnh h tng (nt
giao) nn khng th b tr tu tin. Nhiu khi gii php chiu sng hp l nhng v tr t n
li chng ln vi cng trnh khc th cng khng th p dng. Cc tiu chun nc ngoi quy
nh chi tit hn tiu chun Vit Nam i vi chiu sng cho cc im c bit. Trong phn
ny ch nu nhng nguyn tc b tr n di gc chiu sng, khng xt n cc yu t
khc (cng trnh ngm, giao vi cng trnh khc,).
1. Chiu sng ti im giao nhau ng mc:
Din tch nt
giao cn
chiu sng
ng chnh
Li i b
ng chnh
Din tch nt giao cn

chiu sng
im cui
ca ln
ung
Li i b
ng ph
Hnh 5.11_Phm vi thit k chiu sng im giao ng mc

im giao ng mc l ni xung t giao thng, l ni gp nhau ca nhiu lung giao thng
v. c bit ti nt giao nu b tr li i b bng ngang ng th giao thng ti nt cng

phc tp.
Khi thit k chiu sng im giao vn phi cn c vo ri yu cu v tnh ton theo
phng php chi im. Tuy nhin khi tnh ton ri v chi phi k n tt c cc
n b tr xung quanh nt giao.
Chiu sng im giao c vai tr rt quan trng, yu cu phi c gii php thch hp.
Ngoi ri v chi mt ng, gii php thit k phi to c bng (ca ngi v
phng tin giao thng ct ngang) v pha xe t ang i n im giao nhm gip ngi
li xe quan st r. Tuy nhin kh nng nhn r cn ph thuc vo mu qun o ca ngi i
72
ng v mu ca phng tin giao thng.

tng kh nng nhn thy vt chuyn ng ct ngang qua im giao, b n chiu sng
im giao nn t pha bn phi ca mi ln ng v gc xa nht theo hng lu thng
ca ln ng . Khi bng ca vt chuyn ng ct ngang c ngi li xe quan st r
nht. Trn c s nhn xt ny ngi ta xut cc phng n b tr n nh hnh 5.12 v
5.13, trong n t mu m l n chiu sng nt giao, n khng t m l n chiu
sng theo tuyn.
ung ph
ng ph
ng chnh
Bng bn knh vng

cung (khong 9-15m)
ng chnh
b) Din tch nt giao b

a) Din tch nt giao ln
Hnh 5.12_Cc gii php b tr n ti nt giao ng ba
ng ph
ng chnh
ng chnh
ng chnh
b) Hai ng chnh giao nhau,

mi ng c 4 ln ng
a) ng chnh v ng
ph u c 2 ln ung
Hnh 5.13_Cc gii php b tr n ti nt giao ng t
Gi tr thng thng v ri v ng u chung ti nt giao

Phn loi
ng chnh
ng chnh
ri trung bnh ti b mt
ng theo mt ngi v
phng tin ct ngang ung
Cao
34,0
3,4
Trung bnh
26,0
2,6
Thp
18,0
1,8
ng u
chung ca ri
(Etb/Emin)
3,0
73
ng chnh
ng khu vc
ng chnh
ng a phng
ng khu vc
ng khu vc
ng khu vc
ng a phng
ng a phng
ng a phng
29,0
2,9
26,0
2,6
24,0
2,4
21,0
2,1
18,0
1,8
22,0
2,2
20,0
2,0
18
1,8
16,0
1,6
14,0
1,4
15,0
1,5
13,0
1,3
12,0
1,2
10,0
1,0
8,0
0,8
3,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
6,0
2. Chiu sng nt giao vi ng st :

V tr lp n phi tun th quy nh v hnh lang an ton ng st. Thng thng v tr lp t
n cch thanh ray gn nht khong 30m.
Khu vc
chiu sng
Yu cu ri
Etb
(lux)
Nt giao
vi ng st
Yu cu chi
Etb/Emin
Emax/Etb
Ltb
(cd/m2)
Ltb/ Lmin
4,0
0,3
0,6
3,5
9,0
30m
Lmax/Lmin
6,0
Lmax/Ltb
0,3
Hnh lang ng st
30m
n chiu sng
Ct tn hiu
ng st
Hnh 5.14_Chiu sng nt giao ng st

3. Chiu sng ng cong
Thc t chng minh : nhng on ng cong nu b tr tr n pha va h c bn
knh cong ln hn th kh nng nhn thy v dn hng tt hn cho ngi li xe. Ngoi ra ti
ch cong cng cn phi b tr cc n vi mt dy hn so vi ng thng tng hiu
qu dn hng. TCXDVN 259 :2001 quy nh nu ng cong c bn knh >1000m th coi
nh ng thng.
74
Hiu qu dn hng trn on ng cong
Hnh 5.15_B tr n trn on ng cong
4. Chiu sng bng binh

Khi thit k chiu sng bng binh vn phi cn c vo ri yu cu v tnh ton theo
phng php chi im. Tuy nhin khi tnh ton ri v chi phi k n tt c cc
n b tr xoay quanh bng binh.
Bng binh vi ct n cao trung tm
Bng binh vi cc n t xung quanh

Hnh 5.16_ Cc phng n b tr chiu sng bng binh
75
5. Chiu sng ng hm
Chiu sng ng hm c c im rt c bit l phi chiu sng lin tc c ngy ln
m. Trc khi vo hm ngi li xe thch nghi vi nh sng t nhin nn khi vo hm vi
nh sng nhn to chc chn nhiu chi tit trong ng hm ngi li xe khng nhn thy
c, hoc c thy th nhn r cng rt km. Vi ng hm di th khi lu thng trong
hm mt ngi li xe li lm quen vi nh sng nhn to nn khi ra khi hm cng cn to
vng m trnh s thay i mi trng t ngt.
CIE quy nh chi tit v thit k chiu sng ng hm v chia chiu di ca hm thnh 5
on c yu cu chiu sng vi chi khc nhau:
L
Lvo
Vng
m
vo
Lthot
Lngng
Vng
ngng
Lqu
Lgia
Vng
qu
Vng
gia
Vng
thot
Hnh 5.17_Biu chi yu cu trn 5 on ng hm

a) Vng m khi vo hm :
Ngi li xe quan st c hnh dng ca hm. Ti vng m khng gian b thay i t
ngt, tm nhn b hn ch (c bit khi hm cong). Chiu di vng m vo hm khng phi
l mt i lng c nh m ph thuc vo tc xe m bo thi gian ngi li xe
phn ng khi xut hin mi nguy him bt ng v dng xe kp thi.
Bu tri
Vng ph cn
Hnh nn c
gc nh 200
Mt ng
Hnh 5.18_Xc nh chi vng m vo hm
76
chi vng m Lvo l chi trung bnh tm ca hm khi ngi li xe quan st

di gc nhn 200. Gi tr chi Lvo phi gm cc thnh phn chi do mt ng trung
tm ca hm, chi bu tri, chi vng ph cn nh hnh di (chi tit tnh ton xem
tiu chun CIE88).
Vo ban m do nh sng t nhin bn ngoi ca hm khng cn nn cn phi gim mc
chiu sng u vng m ph hp vi chiu sng bn ngoi hm.
b) Vng ngng
Sau khi qua vng m, n vng ngng th ri gim nhanh, c khi n 40% so vi
ri ngoi hm do vng ny hon ton nm trong khu vc khng cn nh sng t nhin chiu
n (hon ton l bng m).
Hnh 5.19_ ng hm vng ngng

c) Vng qu :
Mc chiu sng vng ny c thit k gim dn sao cho cui vng qu mc chiu
sng bng vi vng gia ca hm. Chiu di vng ny ph thuc vo vn tc xe.
Hnh 5.20_ ng hm vng qu

d) Vng gia
y l phn di nht ca hm vi mc chiu sng c thit k ph hp vi mt giao
thng v tc phng tin theo bng sau :
77
Khong cch an ton

dng xe (m)
60
100
160
< 100 xe/gi

1
2
5
Mt giao thng
100 < xe/gi < 1000
2
4
10
> 1000 xe/gi

3
6
15
e) Vng m khi ra khi hm

Do thch nghi vi mc chiu sng thp trong ng hm nn trc khi ra khi hm
phi to ri v chi tng ln. Do kh nng ca mt ngi thch nghi rt nhanh khi t
vng ti ra vng sng nn vng ny ri c thit k tng kh nhanh v chiu di ngn
hn so vi vng m vo hm. Mc tng ri ph thuc vo cc yu t sau :
- Khi xe gn n ca hm phi nhn c nhng chic xe hi nh i sau xe ti. Nu mc
tng qu t ngt th ngi li xe c th khng nhn thy.
- Nhng xe theo sau ca dng xe lu thng ra khi hm phi thy gng chiu hu ca xe
i trc. Nu xut hin nh sng t nhin qu t ngt ca hm th c th li xe sau khng
nhn thy gng chiu hu ca xe trc.
Vo ban m do nh sng t nhin bn ngoi ca hm khng c nn cn phi gim mc
chiu sng cui vng m ph hp vi chiu sng bn ngoi hm.
Lu :
- i vi ng hm di >200m lun phi thit k phng n chiu sng d phng khi b
s c, trong phi s dng n nung sng hoc n phng in khi ng nhanh.
- ng hm ngn (ng b chui qua ng st, hm chui ng b di <25m,) th
khng cn chiu sng ng hm.
5.7. Thit k chiu sng vi s tr gip ca my tnh:
Nh tr gip ca my tnh v s pht trin cng ngh thng tin nn vic tnh ton chiu
sng c lp trnh thnh cc phn mm chuyn nghip.
C rt nhiu phn mm, a s min ph v n thng gn vi thit b do tng hng ch
to. Mi phn mm u c th vin vi hng ngn thit b chiu sng do hng ch to vi
y cc thng s quang hc, c kh, in, v cc ng cong cho sn (ng cong trc
quang, ng cong h s s dng,) nn rt thun li v tit kim thi gian, cng sc cho
ngi thit k. Ni chung cc phn mm ca hng ny khng th s dng th vin ca hng
khc nhng n vn cho php ngi thit k nhp bng tay cc thng s n chiu sng ca
hng khc. Gn y trc s pht trin a dng ca cc thit b chiu sng, mt s phn mm
m rng cho php s dng th vin d liu v n chiu sng ca hng khc.
i vi thit k chiu sng ng giao thng th kt qu, phng php tnh ton, giao
din ca tt c cc phn mm c bn ging nhau, m bo chnh xc v kh thn thin vi
ngui dng, do vy vic dng phn mm no hon ton da vo s thch ch quan ca mi
ngi. Nu xt di gc chiu sng kin trc th Dialux t ra u th hn v n c kh nng
cho hnh nh phi cnh kt qu chiu sng rt sinh ng vi mu sc nh sng v s phn
chiu gn vi thc t.
Cc phn mm thng dng hin nay c Ulysse (hng Schrder), Claculux (hng Philips),
Dialux (DIAL GmbH - c), RoadStar (IUT Bethume),
Trnh t thit k mt h thng chiu sng trn cc phn mm nh sau :
78
- Nhp thng s : Chiu cao t n; chiu rng ng, khong cch ct; vn v gc
nghing cn n; cch b tr n; Tiu chun quang hc lp ph mt ng; Thng s quang
hc ca b n.
- Xc nh li tnh ton ri v chi.
- Xc nh v tr ngi quan st.
- Xut kt qu gm : chi, ri cc im cn tnh; chi v ri trung bnh; Tr
s ng u chung v ng u dc trc.
- Kim tra kt qu, nu khng m bo yu cu th quay li bc nhp thng s iu
chnh li cc thng s b tr n v qu trnh tnh ton lp li nh trn.
5.8. S dng phn mm thit k chiu sng cng cng Ulysse 2.2
Ulysse (phin bn Turbo Light) l phn mm thit k chiu sng ca tp on Schrder,
c xy dng t s hp tc gia tp on vi cng ty Urbis Lighting (Anh) - mt thnh vin
ca tp on Schrder.
Phn mm thit k chiu sng Ulysse c th tnh ton chiu sng ng giao thng theo
tiu chun quc t CIE 140, tiu chun chu u CEN hoc tiu chun Anh BS. Ulysse bao
gm 3 phn ring bit:
Solution Finder: y l thnh phn tm gii php chiu sng ti u cho mt tuyn ng
giao thng. T nhng thng s c nhp vo, cc gii hn theo tiu chun, cc yu cu cn
t c, chng trnh s cho ra nhng gii php chn la.
Quick Light: y l thnh phn tnh ton chiu sng ng giao thng. S liu u vo
l thng s v kch thc con ng, v phng n lp t. Chng trnh s tnh ton cho kt
qu di dng cc s liu v ri, chi, ng u,. Quick Light l phn chnh ca
Ulysse.
Super Light: y l thnh phn dng thit k chiu sng cho din tch lm vic nh:
sn bi, nh xng, nt giao thng, sn vn ng, sn th thao Trong thit k chiu sng
ng giao thng Super Light c dng tnh ton chiu sng ti vng xoay, l ng,
Trong tp bi ging ny ch gii thiu nhng thao tc c bn thit k chiu sng ng
giao thng bng Ulyse 2.2 Quick Light, cn hng dn s dng chi tit phn mm ny xem
thm cc ti liu khc, c bit l Users Guide km theo phn mm (di 207 trang).
1. Khi ng
- Khi ng Ulysse t biu tng Ulysse
Programs Ulysse 2 - Ulysse v.2.2.
trn mn hnh Desktop hoc t Start -
- Vo menu File New Project hoc kch vo biu tng

trn thanh cng c m
mt d n chiu sng mi.
Lc ny ca s New project ca s xut hin. thit k chiu sng giao thng, chn
biu tng Quick Light C.I.E 140 thit k chiu sng giao thng theo tiu chun C.I.E-140
(Hnh 5.21).
Khi ta s vo ca s thit k ca Ulysse nh hnh 5.22
79
Hnh 5.21_Khi ng mt d n chiu sng mi
Thanh menu
Thanh cng c
xem lt
Ca s thit k
Thanh trng thi

thng s
Hnh 5.22_Ca s thit k ca Ulysse
80
2. Chn phng n b tr n.
Sau khi chn Quick Light C.I.E140, ca s Assistant s xut hin nh hnh 5.23
Hnh 5.23
, bn tri
- Chn lu thng bn phi
- Chn phng n b tr n:
, ng mt chiu
hay hai chiu
+ B tr n, bn tri ng
+ B tr n bn phi ng
+ B tr i xng hai bn ng
+ B tr so le bt u t bn phi ng
+ B tr so le bt u t bn tri ng
+ B tr 2 n i xng ti di phn cch gia ng
+ B tr i xng hai bn l loi ng c di phn cch gia
+ B tr n i xng gia v c hai bn l
+ Phn b tu
Sau khi chn phng n b tr n, hnh dng con ng v phng n b tr n s xut
hin nh hnh 5.24
81
Hnh 5.24
- Ti ca s ny, nhp cc thng s hnh hc b tr n nh sau:
+ Inclination: Gc nghig cn n (0)
+ Height: cao lp t ca b n so vi mt ng (m).
+ Overhang: vn ca n ra ng so vi l (m).
+ Setback: li ca ct n so vi l (m)
+ Spacing: khong cch gia hai tr lin tip (m).
+ Rtable: loi lp ph mt ng, thng chn R3007 (lp ph R3, h s Q0=0,07)
+ Lanes: S ln ng.
+ Lane width: Chiu rng ca mi ln ng.
+ Road width: chiu rng ng (t ng tnh khi nhp s ln v chiu rng mi ln)
+ Calculation: chn cc i lng cn tnh ton ( chi, ri, tng phn,).
3. Chn n v cc thng s v n
trn
Sau khi nhp cc thng s hnh hc b tr n, kch chut vo biu tng
Luminaire chn loi n. Ca s Matrix selection s xut hin cho vic chn n nh hnh
5.25 v gm c 3 th (tab) chn la nh sau:
a) Th Luminaire Database:
- Ti trn cng bn tri, chn:
+ All : tt cc cc loi n
+ Public Lighting: Ch chn n chiu sng cng cng
+ Deco Lighting: n trang tr
82
+ Projectors: n pha
+ Tunnel: n chiu sng ng hm
+ Industrial: n chiu sng trong cng nghip
+ Special use: n c bit
- Global MF: h s bo tr n (Maintenance Factor). Khi c chn, gi tr MF nhp vo
c nh hng ti tt c cc n c chn.
- User LMF: nhp h s bo tr cho n c chn (Luminaire Maintenance Factor, trong
Luminaire l n).
- User MF: nhp h s bo tr cho ring tng n
- Matrix number: M s tp tin d liu v b n. N cho php bm chn theo loi n
hin th, hoc c th nhp m hiu n th ton b thng tin v n s c hin th.
- Ct Luminaire: ti y lit k tn cc loi n c trong c s d liu. Chn loi no th
kch chut vo tn .
Hnh 5.25
- Protector: hin th hoc cho php chn loi knh bo v.
- Reflector: chn loi cho phn quang.
- Source-W-Flux-LDF: chn thng s ca bng n (loi ngun sng - cng sut W quang thng - h s suy gim quang thng). Trong LDF vit tt ca Lumen Depreciation
Factor.
- Setting-LMF-MF : chn v tr bng nh v trong b n, h s bo tr ca n, h s bo
tr MF.
- Pollution category : Chn mc nhim ca mi trng : thng chn high v ng
ph l mi trng nhim cao. Ngoi ra c th chn trung bnh (medium) hay thp (low).
- Cleaning cycle: chn chu k v sinh b n.
- Nt Show s c cc la chn sau:
+ Polar Dagram: Hin th h ng cong trc quang ca b n.
+ K Curve Diagram: Hin th ng cong h s s dng ca b n
+ Catologue: Hin th catologue ca b n di dng file pdf
83
b) Th Lamp Database:
Th ny dng iu chnh quang thng (Flux) v h s suy gim quang thng (LDF)
ca bng n t bn phm (Hnh 5.26). S d phi iu chnh v theo tin b ca khoa hc - k
thut th quang thng cc n ngy cng tng. Cng sut bng n khng iu chnh c v
c chun ho.
Hnh 5.26
c) Th Luminaire file:
Th ny dng nhpvo 1 tp tin d liu n ca cc nh sn xut khc (Hnh 5.27)
Hnh 5.27
Trong ca s ny c th chn phn m rng ca tp tin mun m. Chn ng dn n
ni tp tin, nhp quang thng ca loi bng nh s dng, chn h s duy tr MF, m t v
b n sau kch vo Select kt thc vic chn tp tin d liu n.
Sau khi hon tt vic chn n phi bm nt Apply trong ca s Assistan cc thng s
n chn la c hiu lc. Bm nt OK kt thc, Cancel hu b.
4. Xem kt qu v lp bo co
84
Kt qu tnh ton bng Ulysse gm 2 h thng: 1 h thng kt qu gn vi v tr quan st

Y=l/4 v 1 h thng kt qu gn vi v tr quan st Y=3.l/4. Cc gi tr chung nh U0, Ul trong
bo co thng gn vi v tr quan st nn c 2 gi tr (khc nhau cht t). Tuy nhin nu cn
ly gi tr chung cho con ng th theo nguyn tc chn gi tr b nht trong 2 gi tr .
Sau khi kt thc vic chn n, Ulysse s tr v mn hnh thit k ca n (gi l mn
hnh CAD) nh hnh 5.28. Hnh dng, kch thc, s ln ca con ng v h thng li
im c th hin trn mn hnh CAD.
xem lt
Hnh 5.28
trn thanh cng c xem kt qu. Bm vo cc mc trong xem
Bm nt
lt xem chi tit kt qu di dng cc bng s theo to li im (hnh 5.29)
To im
quan st
Kt qu tnh chi trnh by di

dng bng s trong to li im
Hnh 5.29
85
Nu cn xem kt qu di dng li im trn mn hnh ho CAD ca Ulyse th bm

nt
. (hnh 5.30)
Hnh 5.30
Khi kt qu khng t yu cu th phi thit k li cch b tr n bng cch bm nt
ri bm nt
trn thanh cng c quay li vic thit k b tr n.
trn thanh cng c trnh by

Sau khi c kt qu t yu cu th bm nt
kt qu tnh ton. Ulysse s trnh by kt qu dng bo co in c trn giy. Ca s bn
tri c cc mc ngi thit k nh du chn: khi mc no c chn, bo co s hin
gi tr tnh ton tng ng, nu khng chn th trong bo co khng c thng s ca mc .
Mn hnh Ulysse ch hin 1 trang kt qu, mun xem trang khc th bm nt
mun xem ton b cc trang bo co th bm nt
trn thanh cng c (hnh 5.31).
Hnh 5.31
86
5.9. Mt s ni dung thit k khc ca h thng chiu sng ng giao thng

H thng chiu sng l mt thnh phn ca h thng h tng th, phn quan trng nht
ca n chnh l b phn quang hc (bng n, b n, quang thng,). Tuy nhin h
thng chiu sng lm vic c th phi c rt nhiu thnh phn khc cu to thnh h thng
chiu sng hon chnh gm in, c kh, xy dng, Nhng phn ny c cp chi tit
hn trong cc gio trnh chuyn ngnh, y ch cp mang tnh cht khi qut lm c s
c hng tip cn khi thit k chiu sng.
1 Thit k in :
a) c im ph ti chiu sng :
Ph ti chiu sng l loi ph ti phn b u dc theo ng dy in chiu sng, do
khi thit k phi lu xc nh v tr ph ti tng ng tnh ton. Cng sut tiu th, h
s cng sut cos u nh nhau tt c cc n v ni chung khng thay i trong sut qu
trnh lm vic. H s cng sut rt cao nn khng cn phi tnh ton t thit b b. Cc n
u lm vic cng lc nn h s ng thi bng 1. Ngoi ra vic tnh chn dy dn ch yu
theo iu kin tn tht in p cho php m khng cn c vo mt ng dng in kinh t hay
iu kin pht nng v ng dy chiu sng thng di, dng in b.
Ni dung phn ny c trnh by chi tit trong gio trnh Mng in.
b) Ngun cung cp in :
Ngun in cp cho h thng chiu sng cng cng thng ly t my bin p chuyn
dng (ch cp cho mi h thng chiu sng, khng dng cho ph ti khc). Cng sut thng
khong 30-50kVA/1 tuyn ng. Nu ng qu di, vt qu bn knh cp in th ngi
ta phn on h thng chiu sng mi on c cp ngun t 1 my bin p ring.
Ngun cp lun lun l 3 pha 4 dy (c 1 dy trung tnh) vi in p 380V/220V cho
php iu khin ng/ct linh hot theo tng pha tu vo mt lu thng trn ng.
c) Li in chiu sng :
Li in chiu sng l li in chuyn dng, ch cp cho mt loi ph ti l n chiu
sng. Dy dn in c th l cp ngm hoc cp treo.
A
B
C
N
Hnh 5.32_ S phn b n trn 3 pha ca ngun in
87
Dng cp ngm m bo c m quan th nhng chi ph xy dng rt ln, do n

ch p dng cho cc ng ln (>15m) hoc ng quan trng (nh ng du lch, khu
chung c cao cp,).
Dng cp treo th ngc li : chi ph xy dng thp nhng m quan th b nh hng.
treo cp trn khng ngi ta phi s dng si thp 8-10 cng ngang gia 2 ct n v
treo dy dn in dc theo si cp ny. Cp treo thng dng cp vn xon hoc cp bc
PVC, bc XLPE.
m bo ph ti phn b u nhm chn c nhiu ch bt/tt n hp l phi
tun theo s phn b n nh hnh 5.32.
d) H thng iu khin chiu sng :
H thng iu khin n c cc nhim v sau :
- Chn c ch bt/tt n hp l
- Gim in nng tiu th
- Duy tr h thng chiu sng m bo an ton giao thng, an ninh trt t.
3 pha, 380/220V-50Hz
N A
B
C
:
n Cng tc
Cu ch
3 rle thi gian
M1
M2
M3
Auto
Chuyn mch
ON
Bng
tay
RT
RT
RN1
K1
RN2
K2
RN3
K3
OFF
K1
K2
K3
RN1
RN2 RN3
Rle nhit
M1
RT
M2
RT
M3
RT
n cc
n chiu sng
Hnh 5.33_ S mch iu khin

ng/ct n dng 3 rle thi gian
Theo quan nim c in (hin nay vn ang p dng) th iu khin chiu sng ch yu l
ng/ct cc n. Ton b h thng iu khin c lp trong 1 t chiu sng chung. Nh h
thng iu khin m ta c th chn cc ch vn hnh sau y :
+ Ch 1 (17h00-22h00) : Bt ht cc n do lu lng giao thng ln
+ Ch 2 (22h00-00h00) : 2 n bt, 1 n tt xen k nhau. V d pha A,B ng cn
pha C ct. Trng hp ny p dng khi mt giao thng gim.
+ Ch 3 (00h00-04h00) 1 n bt, 2 n tt xen k nhau. V d pha A ng cn pha B,
88
C ct. Trng hp ny p dng khi mt giao thng thp.

+ Ch 4 (04h00-17h00) : tt ht tt c cc n, khi ct ton b cc pha A, B, C.
Ngy nay nh khoa hc cng ngh pht trin, quan nim v iu khin chiu sng c
thay i : iu khin ngoi vic ng/ct n cn cho php gim quang thng nh gim in
p t vo n. Ngoi ra nu trang b h thng t ng iu khin kiu trung tm th ton b
s liu cng nh trng thi ca h thng chiu sng u truyn v trung tm phn tch,
gim st, lu gi s liu nhm chn c ch vn hnh ti u.
2 Thit k xy dng :
- Ct: i vi tuyn ng quan trng m cc cng trnh h tng k thut u i ngm th
ngi ta lp cc loi ct n bng thp dng bt gic cn hoc trn cn, c m km chng
r. Ct thp c kch thc gn, nh, d lp t, m bo m quan nhng gi thnh t. Cc
tuyn ng khng quan trng, cho php dy in i ni th ngi ta thng dng ct btng
ly tm kt hp va lp t h thng chiu sng va lp chung vi h thng cp in cho
dn c, do phng n ny gim ng k chi ph u t.
- Mng lp ct thng dng mng khi bng btng c ti ch, mc btng M150
hoc M200.
3 Thit k kt cu
- Cn n dng lp n, thng ch to t thp ng 60 v c un cong vi bn
knh thch hp. Khi thit k ngi ta tnh ton rt k vn cn n, gc nghing cn n v
cc thng s ny nh hng rt ln n thng s quang hc ca h thng chiu sng.
Cn n bng
thp ng
Cn n bng
thp ng
Cn n bng
thp ng
X kp
cn n
X kp
cn n
Chp
u ct
Ct
btng
Cn n kiu chp
Ct
n
Ct
n
Cn n ch L
Cn n ch S
Hnh 5.34_Mt s loi cn n ph bin

- X kp cn n : thng bng thp L, dng kp cn n vo ct.
- Cc vt liu khc nh tng- cng cp treo, cc loi kp dy, mc treo,
- gang trang tr: thng t gc ct, mu en hoc xanh c hoa vn trang tr kh p.
S d ngi ta lm t gang v n khng b r. Gi thnh gang rt t (>10 triu ng) nn
ch p dng cho cc tuyn ng quan trng.
89
CHNG 6
QUN L, VN HNH H THNG CHIU SNG CNG CNG
6.1. Ni dung qun l, vn hnh :
H thng chiu sng cng cng c nhim v quan trng nht l m bo an ton giao
thng, gi gn an ninh trt t. Do vy cng tc qun l, vn hnh h thng chiu sng c vai
tr rt quan trng trong vic m bo s lm vic tin cy ca h thng. Ngay khi a vo s
dng, h thng chiu sng i din vi nguy c xung cp do s tc ng ca mi trng,
kh hu thi tit v do bn thn h thng chiu sng gy ra.
Cng tc qun l, vn hnh h thng in chiu sng cng cng c xc nh l loi
hnh dch v cng ch, do Nh nc qun l thng qua cc cng ty in chiu sng cng cng.
Thng thng UBND cp tnh ban hnh quy nh v qun l, vn hnh h thng in chiu
sng cng cng trong cc th thuc tnh.
Ton b chi ph cho cng tc qun l, vn hnh do ngn sch Nh nc cp m khng thu
bt k khon ph no. Thc ra cng tc ny rt kh x hi ha v li nhun rt thp, kh
xc nh c i tng th hng. Mt khc trong mt s trng hp h thng chiu sng
cng cng cn gy nh hng vi cc gia nh 2 bn ng. Ch c ngi v phng tin
tham gia giao thng mi l i tng th hng dch v ny, trong khi cc i tng ny
khng th xc nh chnh xc nn khng c cch no thu ph th hng dch v chiu
sng.
T nhng phn tch nu trn ta thy Nh nc phi nm quyn qun l i vi h thng
chiu sng cng cng l iu ng nhin. Trong tng lai Nh nc nn khon chi ph qun
l cho cc cng ty in chiu sng, tuy nhin vic ny i hi phi c nghin cu y v
c ch, chnh sch, ch , nh mc,... trc khi p dng
Nhng ni dung ch yu ca cng tc qun l, vn hnh :
- Qun l, vn hnh hng ngy v t xut (ng/ct, iu chnh thi gian, tun tra gim
st, kim tra quang thng, phi hp vi c quan khc, bo dng, bo tr, sa cha, m bo
an ton in).
- Lp k hoch duy tu, sa cha h thng chiu sng cng cng;
- Nghin cu, ci tin, p dng tin b khoa hc trong chiu sng cng cng.
- Tip nhn, nghim thu li in chiu sng mi xy dng.
- Tip nhn, qun l, bo qun, sa cha, thay th cc vt t, thit b thu hi.
- Bo co nh k cc c quan qun l, c quan cp trn.
- Kim tra, x l cc hnh vi vi phm i vi h thng chiu sng cng cng.
- Phi hp vi n v in lc bo m in nng cho hot ng ca mng li in
chiu sng cng cng.
Mt s khu th cao cp c Nh nc cho php u t kinh doanh th h thng
in chiu sng khng mang tnh cht dch v cng ch m thuc thm quyn qun l, vn
hnh ca nh u t khu th (v d khu th Ph M Hng thnh ph H Ch Minh).
Trng hp ny h thng in chiu sng l mt thnh phn ca kt cu h tng nhm mc
ch kinh doanh nn ngi dn trong khu th phi chu ph dch v. V mang tnh cht kinh
doanh nn cht lng chiu sng rt cao, kt cu c tnh thm m v c quy hoch mt
cch bi bn, c th mi khu ph trong khu th c mt phong cch chiu sng c trng v
mu sc, hnh dng cng nh cch th hin,
90
6.2. C cu t chc v trang thit b vn hnh

Vi khi lng qun l rt ln v ni dung qun l nhiu, kinh ph ch yu da vo ngn
sch Nh nc, bin ch t (khong t 100-150 ngi) nn cng vic cc cng ty in chiu
sng thng qu ti. Ngoi cng tc qun l, vn hnh cc h thng chiu sng cng cng,
cc cng ty in chiu sng th cn c giao qun l c h thng tn hiu giao thng, h
thng n chiu sng trang tr trong th nn khi lng cng vic cng tng ln kh nhiu.
Ti cc th ln thng c cng ty qun l vn
hnh in chiu sng cng cng, cc th nh th c
trung tm qun l v u do nh nc thnh lp. Di
cng ty c cc i vn hnh, sa cha v ti cc i li
phn chia cho tng thnh vin trong i qun l c th
tng tuyn ng.
Trang thit b qun l, vn hnh c nhiu chng
loi nhng hai thit b quan trng nht l xe thang v xe
nng. y l cc loi xe chuyn dng, gi thnh cc xe
Hnh 6.1_ Xe nng
ny kh t, nht l cc loi xe c thang vn cao. Ti
cc n v vn hnh, ch yu trang b xe thang v xe
nng di 18 mt. i vi cc ct n cao trn 20 mt thng phi thu cc xe chuyn dng.
Ngoi cc thit b c kh v xy dng, cc n v cn trang b cc loi my o quang hc
nh my o quang thng, ri,
Cc khu th cao cp mang tnh cht kinh doanh th vic qun l thuc cng ty khai thc
dch v v y khng cp n h thng chiu sng ny.
6.3. Vn tit kim in :
Theo thng k, in nng dnh cho chiu sng thng chim 20% ca ton b h thng
in v ng tic l Vit Nam th in chiu sng li hot ng ng vo gi cao im khi
ph ti ca h thng in t nh. Do vn tit kim in nng ca h thng chiu sng
c ngha rt ln v mt kinh t - k thut, khng ch l mi quan tm ca cc n v chuyn
ngnh m l ca ton x hi.
Bin php n gin nht tit kim in l t thi gian ng ct h thng chiu sng
mt cch hp l. Tuy nhin vn ny cn nghin cu mt cch thu o v nu ng sm
th lng ph tin in, nu ng mun th lm tng nguy c tai nn giao thng. Nh vy vic
tnh ton thi im ng ct l bi ton a ch tiu i hi cn b qun l phi c trnh v
c trch nhim cao, i khi phi i km vi quyn li (thng qua hnh thc khen thng). Ta
bit rng ti cc th ln vi hng ngn tuyn ng th ch cn tt n sm, m mun mt
vi pht cng c th tit kim c hng trm triu ng mi thng cho ngn sch.
Ngoi bin php t chc nh trn cn p dng cc bin php k thut sau :
- Ci to li in nhm gim tn hao cng sut truyn ti.
- S dng n v cc linh kin c hiu sut cao.
- Thay th bng n si t bng cc bng hunh quang compact, sodium p sut cao.
- S dng b n c phn b quang thng hp l.
- Thay th chn lu st t bng chn lu in t.
- Bo dng nh k h thng chiu sng
91
6.4. Thc trng qun l vn hnh

Cc th Vit Nam hin nay c tc pht trin rt nhanh, ko theo l hng ngn
tuyn ng cng vi h thng chiu sng cng cng c xy dng mi mi nm. C th
nh gi mt cch khch quan l vic qun l h thng chiu sng hin nay khng tt, khng
c k hoch v t c quan tm. iu ny c rt nhiu nguyn nhn, trong c th k ra
mt vi nguyn nhn ch yu nh : i ng nhn vin t, cha c k s chuyn ngnh v
chiu sng, khi lng cng vic nhiu, ngn sch cp cn hn ch, cha xy dng c c
ch khon, nhn thc ca cc cp lnh o i vi h thng chiu sng cho rng n khng
quan trng,
H thng chiu sng c c im l kinh ph bo tr v sa cha ln li hon ton da vo
ngn sch nn d b t chi khi xin kinh ph v tc ng ca n ti i sng ngi dn th
rt kh nh lng.
Khu tip nhn li in chiu sng mi xy dng cng gn nh bung lng, rt t khi o
kim tra cc ch s quang hc, c kh v in. Trong giai on vn hnh cng cha thng
xuyn o kim c k hoch bo tr mt cch hp l.
Mt thc trng ng bun hin nay l tnh trng u t km cht lng cho h thng
chiu sng, c bit l cht lng n chiu sng gn nh b th ni, k s v lnh vc ny
khng c, kin thc v chiu sng c rt t trng i hc trang b m nu c cng rt s si;
cc loi n gi, n nhi trn lan nn s l gnh nng cho ngn sch khi chng xung cp
qu nhanh v ng lot. Khi cht lng chiu sng th s gim l iu kh trnh khi.
6.5. T ng ho cng tc qun l, vn hnh h thng in chiu sng :
Hin nay a s cc th Vit Nam u thc hin phng thc qun l vn hnh th
cng, ch c mi thao tc ng/m n l c t ng bng rle thi gian nhng cng phi
c ci t bng tay. c mt s th ln nghin cu s dng phng n iu khin t
xa, tuy hiu qu kh ln nhng v nhiu l do m n nay n vn cha c trin khai i tr
(chng hn nh chi ph u t ban u ln, kh gii quyt vic lm cho s lao ng di
d,...). H thng t ng iu khin t xa cn c chc nng gim st v lu tr cc s liu
vn hnh, d bo v pht hin s c sm, xc nh v tr n b s c, ci t thi gian
ng/ct. Ton b thng tin v h thng u s dng ng truyn ca ngnh bu in nn
tit kim c vn u t.
Khi c h thng ny th ton b cc tn hiu v tnh trng ca h thng chiu sng ca
mi tuyn ng u c thu thp v t in chiu sng chung. Ti t in ny cc tn hiu
c m ho theo giao thc ring v truyn thng tin v trung tm iu hnh, sau c
gii m v a vo cc phn mm chuyn dng iu khin, phn tch, lu tr. Cc tn hiu
iu khin t trung tm gi n cc t in iu khin din ra theo quy trnh ngc li.
y l mt ti c tnh thi s ang c nghin cu, cn tham kho thm trong cc ti
liu chuyn mn.
92
CHNG 7
THIT K CHIU SNG CNG TRNH CNG CNG TRONG TH
Ngoi h thng chiu sng ng giao thng, trong th cn c cc loi cng trnh cng
cng khc cn chiu sng nh cng vin, vn hoa, tng i, sn bng , sn qun vt.
Mc tiu ca cc h thng chiu sng ny rt a dng v c yu cu rt cao v cht lng v
thm m, c bit i h chnh xc cao v cc ch s quang hc.
y l mt lnh vc rt ln, trong khun kh tp bi ging ny khng th trnh by ht
c. Khi thit k cc h thng chiu sng ny phi tun th b tiu chun xy dng Vit
Nam TCXDVN333 :2005 do B Xy dng ban hnh.
Trong chng ny chng ti xin trch ni dung ca TCXDVN333 :2005 i vi 2 loi
cng trnh th quan trng l cng vin, vn hoa v cng trnh th thao sinh vin c c
s tip cn cc ti liu chuyn mn su hn. Phn trnh by di y cng ch l ni dung
tng qut mang tnh nguyn tc, chi tit c th cn tham kho thm trong tiu chun 333.
7.1. Chiu sng cng vin, vn hoa
1. Cc nguyn tc chung
- Trong thit k chiu sng cng vin, vn hoa ngoi vic m bo mc chiu sng
theo tiu chun quy nh cn cn phi c bit quan tm n yu t trang tr, thm m.
- Kiu dng thit b chiu sng (n, ct n, cn n) cn c phong cch ng nht v
ph hp vi cnh quan mi trng kin trc trong khu vc.
- Tu theo hnh thc v quy m ca mi cng vin, vn hoa m h thng chiu sng c
th bao gm ton b hoc mt s trong nhng thnh phn sau y :
+ Chiu sng chung khu vc cng ra vo yu cu m bo mc chiu sng quy nh
+ Chiu sng sn t chc cc hot ng ngoi tri yu cu m bo mc chiu sng
quy nh.
+ Chiu sng ng i do ngoi yu cu m bo mc chiu sng quy nh, thit k
b tr n phi m bo tnh dn hng to cho ngi i b c cm nhn r rng v hnh dng
v hng ca con ng.
+ Chiu sng thm c, bn hoa, mt nc.
+ Chiu sng to phng trang tr : s dng cc n pha chiu sng tn l cy.
+ Chiu sng to cc im nhn kin trc nh i phun nc, cc cm tiu cnh cy
xanh, non b..
2. Ch tiu k thut v chiu sng :
- ri ngang trung bnh trong cc cng vin, vun hoa khng c nh hn tr s quy
nh trong bng sau :
93
Cc ch s quang hc tiu chun chiu sng cng vin, vn hoa
TT
i tng chiu sng

Cng vin, vn hoa khu vc trung tm th ln,
c lng ngi qua li cao, kh nng xy ra ti phm
hnh s mc cao
- Cng vo chnh
- Cng vo ph
- ng trc chnh
- ng nhnh, ng do c nhiu cy xanh
- Sn t chc cc hot ng ngoi tri
Cng vin, vn hoa khu vc ngoi thnh th

ln, lu lng ngi qua li trung bnh, kh nng xy
ra ti phm hnh s mc trung bnh
- Cng vo chnh
- Cng vo ph
- ng trc chnh
Cng vin, vn hoa khu vc th nh, lu lng

ngi qua li thp, kh nng xy ra ti phm hnh s
mc thp
- Cng vo chnh
- Cng vo ph
- ng trc chnh
En(tb) (lux)
Cng vin
Vn hoa
20
10
10
5
10
Khng
Khng
7
3
10
10
7
5
3
7
Khng
Khng
3
2
7
7
5
5
2
5
Khng
Khng
3
1
5
- T s gia gi tr ri ngang ln nht v ri ngang trung bnh cc i tng chiu

sng khng c vt qu 3:1 khi ri trung bnh tiu chun trn 6 lux ; 5:1 khi ri trung
bnh tiu chun t 4 lux n 6 lux ; 10:1 khi ri trung bnh tiu chun di 4 lux.
- Thit b chiu sng c s dng cn phi c kh nng hn ch chi lo tt. V tr, cao
t n v gc chiu cn tnh ton khng gy cm gic chi lo cho ngi s dng
Chng loi n s dng trong chiu sng cng vin, vn hoa bt buc phait tun theo bng
sau:
94
Chng loi n s dng cho chiu sng cng vin vn hoa :

Chng loi n
n
n
nm
ng
TT
i tng v mc ch
chiu sng
n
pha
n
chm
1
2
Cng ra vo
Sn t chc cc hot
ng ngoi tri
ng i do
Cnh quan, thm c,
bn hoa, mt nc
Chiu sng to phng
trang tr
im nhn kin trc
C
C
C
C
C
C
Khng
Khng
C
C
C
C
3
4
5
6
C
C
n
chiu
im
C
Khng
n pha
chiu
nc
Khng
Khng
C
C
C
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
- Ngun sng c chn nn c thnh phn quang ph ph hp vi mi trng c nhiu

cy xanh, gam mu nh sng trng lnh to cm gic mt m, th gin. Chng loi v cng
sut bng n s dng trong chiu sng cng vin, vn hoa c quy nh trong bng sau :
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
i tng v mc
ch chiu sng
Cng ra vo
Sn t chc cc hot
ng ngoi tri
ng i do
Cnh quan, thm c,
bn hoa, mt nc
Chiu sng to phng
trang tr
im nhn kin trc
Metal
halide
70 - 400
70 - 400
Cng sut bng n (W)

Cao p
Hunh quang
Halogen
Compact
thu ngn
Cao p
Natri
80 - 250
80 - 250
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
70 - 250
70 - 400
70 - 150
70 - 250
80 - 125
80 - 125
15 - 40
15 - 40
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
70 - 400
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
70 - 400
80 - 125
15 - 40
80 - 300
70 - 250
7.2. Chiu sng cng trnh th thao ngoi tri - nhng nguyn tc chung :
- Trc khi tin hnh thit k h thng chiu sng cho cc sn th thao ngoi tri cn
nghin cu, kho st cc c im sau :
+ Hnh dng, kt cu, kch thc cng trnh ; kch thc khu vc cn chiu sng ; vt
liu, mu sc, tnh cht phn x ca mt sn, khn i, cc v tr c kh nng b tr lp t n
chiu sng.
+ Mc ch s dng : cn phn bit r cc sn phc v cho thi u v cc sn phc v cho
mc ch luyn tp, cc sn thi u bnh thng v sn thi u c truyn hnh mu.
95
+ c im khng gian xung quanh cng trnh : nghin cu xem cng trnh th thao c
nm trong khu dn c, cnh ng giao thng, ng st, sn bay, hay khng.
+ c im v kh hu : Vn tc gi ti a, m khng kh, sng m, kh hu bin,
+ Ngun cp in cho h thng chiu sng: s dng trm bin p hin c hay phi xy
mi trm bin p chuyn dng cho chiu sng, dung lng ngun cp, ngun in 3 pha, cp
in p,
- Trong qu trnh thit k chiu sng cho sn th thao ngoi tri cn m bo cc yu cu
sau y:
+ ri trung bnh v ng u ca ri trn mt sn p ng tiu chun.
+ Hn ch ti a s chi lo gy ra bi cc thit b chiu sng lm nh hng n kh
nng quan st ca vn ng vin v khn gi.
+ Cn xem xt n hin tng nhp nhy khi dng n phng in tn s 50 Hz, c
bit l cc mn thi u i hi chnh xc, tc .
+ La chn ngun sng phi da trn c s sau :
* Nhit mu ca ngun sng.
* Ch s hon mu CRI.
* Quang hiu ca n (lm/W).
* Tui th trung bnh v h s suy gim quang thng.
+ Cc yu cu khc khi thit k :
* Chn nguyn vt liu, thit b, bin php thi cng ph hp vi c th ca cng trnh
th thao.
* m bo kh nng vn hnh, bo dng thun tin.
* D phng cho m rng sau ny.
* Tnh an ton
* Tnh thm m
* Hiu qu kinh t
- H thng iu khin chiu sng nn tp trung ti mt ch v c th iu khin theo
nhm sn hoc theo tng sn. H thng iu khin phi p ng 4 ch khc nhau nh sau :
+ Ch luyn tp, gii tr.
+ Ch thi u giao hu.
+ Ch thi u chnh thc.
+ Ch thi u c truyn hnh.
- Chiu sng sn thi u ln hoc c s lng kh gi ng nh bng , khu th thao a
nng cn c ngun in d phng hot ng t ng khi mt in li hoc xy ra s c.
- Cc thit b chiu sng s c phi dng n nung sng hoc n phng in khi ng
nhanh. Khi s c xy ra ri ngang trung bnh trn mt sn v khn i ti thiu phi 5 lux.
- Cc cng trnh th thao quy m ln hoc c ngha quan trng v kinh t - chnh tr - x
hi phi c h thng chiu sng bo v xung quanh cng trnh vi ri ngang trung bnh ti
thiu 2 lux.
- Tu vo cao t n m chng loi v cng sut c chn ph hp hn ch hin
tng chi lo cho vn ng vin v khn gi. Yu cu ny phi tun th bng sau
96
22
Cao t n ti thiu (m)

2000W
17
1000W
15
12
2000W
11
1500W
10
1000W
1000W
9
8
400W
400W
400W
250W
250W
500W
300W
125W
200W
60W
Si t
halogen
Cao p
thu ngn
250W
150W
150W
70W
70W
Chng loi
bng n
Cao p
sodium
Metal
Halide
97
CHNG 8
MT S VN CN NGHIN CU CA CHIU SNG TH
H thng chiu sng ni chung v chiu sng th ni ring l mt b phn khng th
tch ri ca kt cu h tng k thut, c vai tr quan trng i vi i sng th. Quy m
ca n ngy cng ln, vn u t ngy cng tng, nh hng ca n n c dn th ngy
cng nhiu nhng ngc li n cha c u t nghin cu mt cch bi bn. Xt c v mt
l thuyt cng nh thc tin cha c cng trnh nghin cu no v chiu sng vi t cch l
mt ngnh khoa hc c lp, iu th hin rt r qua chng trnh o to cc trng i
hc, cao ng l cha c trng no o to chuyn su v lnh vc ny. Bn cnh nhiu
vn mi ny sinh cha c nghin cu thu o (v d vn nhim nh sng, vn
quy hoch, tc ng n sc kho,).
T nhng l do trn y, chng ti mnh dn a vo tp bi ging ny nhm gi m cho
sinh vin nhng vn mi phc v cho vic nghin cu chuyn su khi c iu kin hoc d
dng cho vic tip cn vi cc ti liu ca nc ngoi. Vi kinh nghim cn nhiu hn ch,
kin thc phn ny chc chn vt ngoi tm hiu bit ca tc gi nn ch trnh by nhng g
theo kinh nghim v ti liu thu thp c, rt mong cc nh k thut nghin cu hon
thin v mt l thuyt.
8.1. nhim nh sng
Hin nay khp ni trn th gii, n bt k th no ta u nhn thy ban m rc r
nh n tng chng nh lm tha mn c nguyn ngn nm ca con ngi l xa i bng
m. Tuy nhin, khi cuc sng vt cht v tinh thn tr nn y , c dn th dn dn
nhn ra nhng nng mt tri do h thng chiu sng th gy ra i vi h - l vn
nim nh sng.
Rt kh c th nh ngha th no l nhim nh sng. C th xp n thuc loi
nhim mi trng khng kh nhng cha c nghin cu no y v vn ny, ngay c c
quan qun l Nh nc cng khng qun l c nhim nh sng.
Nhng tc hi ca nhim nh sng m ta rt d nhn bit l: lng ph tin bc, lng ph
ti nguyn nng lng, pht thi kh gy hiu ng nh knh (nh my in cung cp cho h
thng chiu sng), thi nhit ra mi trng xung quanh. Tuy nhin tc ng ca n n sc
khe con ngi th cn phi c thm thi gian nghin cu. Mt s ti liu cn khng nh
nhim nh sng gy ra m trng, s mt ng, chim di c ban m mt hng, cn trng c
ch b cht,
Tuy nhin c th nhn nh ban u l: bt k ngun sng nhn to no c kh nng nh
hng bt li cho con ngi, cho h sinh thi hoc mi trng sng th u l ngun gy
nhim nh sng. Theo mt s nghin cu gn y, c th phn loi nhim nh sng thnh
cc loi sau.
nh sng xm nhp (light trepass):
Loi nhim ny xy ra khi nh sng xm nhp vo a phn ca mt ngi khc m
ngi khng h mong mun, v d nh chiu sng qua hng ro nh hng xm, nh sng
n ng chiu vo nh dn. Hu qu c th gy mt ng hoc hn ch tm nhn trong m,
v lu di s nh hng n sc khe.
Lm dng nh sng qu mc (over-illumination):
Loi nhim ny xy ra do s dng qu mc nh sng cn thit cho mt mc ch c th.
98
Ngi ta tnh rng ch ring nc M vic lm dng nh sng lm lng ph nng lng in
tng ng vi 2 triu thng du mi ngy.
nh sng chi (glare):
nh sng chi l hu qu ca s i lp gia vng sng v vng ti trong tm nhn. nh
sng chi chiu thng vo mt ngi i ng v li xe c th gy mt tm nhn trong m
n tn 1 gi sau . iu ny cn khin cho mt ngi cm thy kh khn trong vic nhn
dng nhng s vt trong tm nhn ca h. nh sng chi l vn c bit nghim trng i
vi an ton giao thng, v iu ny thng xy ra bt ng c th khin ngi i ng v li
xe gp tai nn.
nh sng ln xn (clutter):
nh sng ln xn m ch nhiu lung sng cng lc hng vo mt ngi. Cc lung
sng c th gy ln xn, mt tp trung v c th dn ti tai nn. Loi ny hay xy ra trn cc
ng ph m h thng n thit k km hoc c qu nhiu bng qung co rc r chim
vng khng gian ln dc ng giao thng.
nh sng chim dng bu tri (sky glow).
nh sng chim dng bu tri thng xy ra cc khu vc ng dn c, c bit l trung
tm th ln. nh sng t qu nhiu ngun khc nhau, bao gm c nhng ni lm dng nh
sng v c th do dng cc b n km cht lng, c phn chiu ln bu tri m.
nh sng nhim chim dng bu tri
nh sng nhim xm nhp nh
8.2. Quy hoch chiu sng

Hin nay, c nc c tt c 729 th vi dn s khong 24 triu ngi. Tt c th ca
Vit Nam u c in chiu sng vi mc khc nhau. Ti cc th ln c ti 95 - 100%
tuyn ng chnh c chiu sng, t l ny gim dn theo cp th. Tc pht trin ca
h thng chiu sng th vn gia tng hng nm, trong mc tng bnh qun cao nht l
20% mi nm.
Tuy nhin, chiu sng th Vit Nam vn tn ti nhiu bt cp v hn ch m biu
hin c th nht l c rt t th lp quy hoch pht trin chiu sng th, cht lng chiu
sng vn cha p ng c yu cu, ngun sng v thit b chiu sng tiu tn nhiu in
nng, iu ny c nhiu nguyn nhn, trong c bn l cha c quy nh hay hng dn
99
v quy hoch chiu sng, cha t ra c tiu ch cho mt n quy hoch chiu sng, kinh
ph dnh cho lp quy hoch chiu sng khng c, s phi hp gia cc c quan qun l h
tng k thut th cha tt,
Theo cc chuyn gia, vic thiu quy hoch ng b gia chiu sng cng cng v cc
cng trnh h tng th khc cn dn n tnh trng xy dng chng cho, ln xn, khng
p ng c cc yu cu chung v k thut m cn gy mt m quan th.
T nhng bt cp trn y cn thit phi t ra vn quy hoch chiu sng th v
trong iu kin hin nay tt nht nn lng ghp vi cc n quy hoch xy dng th.
Theo , vic thm nh, ph duyt quy hoch chiu sng th c tin hnh ng thi vi
vic thm nh, ph duyt n quy hoch xy dng th. Vn lng ghp ny c thc
hin kh tt ti cc khu th cao cp, h thng chiu sng mang tnh cht dch v kinh
doanh ch khng phi dch v cng ch.
Thc ra hin nay trong cc n quy hoch xy dng cc th vn c mt phn
cp n h thng chiu sng th nhng rt s si, cha cht ch, thng ch chim
khong 1 trang giy A4 trong ton b n dy hng ngn trang. Trong ngi ta ch quy
nh cao treo n, loi n, dy dn in, cn cc ch s quang hc gn nh khng c.
Trn th gii, Php l nc thc hin quy hoch tng th u tin v nh sng, trong
h t ra tiu ch quy hoch tng th bao gm :
+ Ci thin cm nhn v bu khng kh, hnh nh thnh ph vo bui ti.
+ Nhn mnh c im cc khu chc nng trong thnh ph.
+ Lm ni bt c trng ring ca thnh ph bng cch lm ni r cc cng trnh im
nhn.
+ Li cun s thu ht ca mi ngi vo mt i tng kin trc no do thng ph
chn.
100
PH LC
1. Bng gi tr v biu thc hm V():
Bc
sng
(nm)
Bc
sng
(nm)
v()
Bc
sng
(nm)
v()
v()
Bc
sng
(nm)
v()
380
0,00004
490
0,208
580
0,87
680
0,017
400
0,0004
500
0,323
590
0,757
690
0,008
410
0,001
510
0,503
600
0,631
700
0,0041
420
0,004
520
0,71
610
0,503
710
0,002
430
0,012
530
0,862
620
0,381
720
0,00105
440
0,023
540
0,954
630
0,265
740
0,00025
450
0,038
550
0,995
640
0,175
760
0,00006
460
0,06
555
650
0,107
780
0,000015
470
0,091
560
0,995
660
0,061
480
0,139
570
0,952
670
0,032
- Biu thc gn ng ca hm V() c lp cn c trn bng gi tr cho trn ch l

gn ng, dng tham kho.
= 2130, 625.10 40.e f ( ) ( 490 nm; 621nm )
v ( ) = vi f ( ) = 3008, 486.10 4 2682, 776.10 7 2

= 1, 914762.10 2. 2 + 0, 2141226. 58,8586 (490 nm < < 621 nm )
2. Cng sut v quang thng cc loi n phng in thng dng
Loi
bng n
Cao p
thu ngn
Cao p Sodium
bu c m
Cng
sut (W)
80
125
250
400
7000
1000
70
150
250
400
1000
Quang
thng (lm)
3.800
6.300
13.000
22.000
40.000
58.000
5.600
14.000
25.000
47.000
120.000
Loi
bng n
Cao p
Sodium
hnh tr
trong
Cao p
Metal
Halide
Cng
sut (W)
150
250
400
1000
250
400
1000
Quang
thng (lm)
14.500
27.000
48.000
130.000
20.000
32.000
80.000
101
3. Bng phn loi cc lp ph mt ng :

Gi tr ca R1 104 = q (, ) cos3 104
0
tg
0,0
0,25
0,5
0,75
1,0
1,25
1,5
1,75
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
6,5
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,0
9,5
10,0
10,5
11,0
11,5
12,0
655
619
539
431
341
269
224
189
12
121
94
81
71
53
57
51
47
43
40
37
35
33
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
655
619
539
431
341
269
224
189
162
121
94
80
69
59
52
47
42
38
34
31
28
25
23
22
20
18
16
15
14
655
619
539
431
341
269
224
171
157
117
86
66
55
40
36
31
25
22
18
15
14
12
10
9
8,2
7,2
6,6
6,1
5,6
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180

655
619
539
431
341
260
215
153
135
95
66
46
32
24
19
13
12
10
8,1
6,9
5,7
4,8
4,1
3,7
3,2
3,0
2,7
2,4
2,2
655
610
539
431
323
151
198
139
117
79
49
33
23
17
14
11
8,5
6,7
5,6
4,7
4,0
3,6
3,2
2,8
2,4
2,2
1,9
1,7
1,6
655
610
539
431
323
242
180
139
108
66
41
28
20
14
12
9,0
7,2
5,8
4,8
4,0
3,6
3,1
2,8
2,5
2,2
1,9
1,7
655
610
521
431
305
224
171
130
99
60
38
25
18
13
10
8,1
6,5
5,2
4,4
3,8
3,2
2,9
655
610
521
431
296
207
162
121
94
57
36
23
16
12
9,0
7,8
6,3
5,0
4,2
655
610
521
431
287
198
153
117
90
54
34
22
15
12
9,0
7,7
6,2
655
610
521
431
287
189
148
112
85
52
33
22
14
11
8,8
7,7
655
610
521
395
278
189
144
108
85
51
32
21
14
11
8,7
655
610
503
396
269
180
180
103
83
50
31
21
14
11
8,7
655
610
503
371
269
180
180
99
84
51
31
22
15
12
9,0
655
601
503
371
269
180
180
99
84
52
33
22
17
13
10
655
601
503
371
269
180
180
103
86
54
39
24
19
14
11
655
601
503
371
269
180
180
108
90
58
40
27
20
14
13
655
601
503
371
269
180
189
112
94
61
40
29
22
16
14
655
601
503
286
278
198
198
121
99
65
43
31
23
17
15
655
601
503
395
278
207
207
130
103
69
47
34
25
19
16
655
601
503
395
278
234
224
139
111
75
51
38
27
21
16
Q0 = 0,10
S1 = 0,25
S2 =1,53
102
Gi tr ca R2 104 = q (, ) cos3 104
0
tg
0,0
0,25
0,5
0,75
1,0
1,25
1,5
1,75
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
6,5
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,0
9,5
10,0
10,5
11,0
11,5
12,0
390
411
411
379
335
303
271
249
227
195
160
146
132
118
106
96
87
78
71
67
63
58
55
52
49
47
44
42
41
390
411
411
379
335
303
271
238
216
190
155
131
113
95
81
69
58
50
43
38
33
28
25
23
21
18
16
14
13
390
411
411
379
335
292
260
227
195
146
115
87
67
50
38
29
22
17
14
12
10
8,7
7,4
6,2
5,6
5,0
4,4
4,0
3,6
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60
75
90 105 120 135 150 165 180
390
411
411
368
335
271
227
195
152
110
67
41
27
20
14
11
8,0
6,1
4,9
4,1
3,4
2,9
2,5
2,2
1,9
1,7
1,6
1,5
1,4
390
357
281
206
152
103
76
54
41
26
17
11
7,9
5,8
4,8
390
357
281
206
152
106
80
58
45
28
17
11
8,7
6,3
5,2
390
411
403
357
292
238
179
152
117
74
43
25
15
12
8,2
6,3
5,0
3,8
3,1
2,6
2,2
1,9
1,7
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,1
1,1
390
411
403
246
291
206
152
124
95
58
33
18
12
8,9
6,3
5,1
3,9
3,1
2,5
2,1
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,2
1,1
390
411
384
326
260
184
141
106
80
48
26
15
10
7,4
5,4
4,4
3,5
2,8
2,3
1,9
1,7
1,5
390
411
379
303
238
152
119
91
67
40
21
13
9,4
6,6
5,0
4,1
3,4
2,7
2,2
390
411
370
281
216
130
108
78
61
35
18
12
8,7
6,3
4,8
3,9
3,2
390
411
346
260
195
119
93
67
52
30
17
11
8,2
6,1
4,7
3,8
390
379
325
238
173
108
80
61
45
27
16
11
7,9
5,7
4,5
390
368
303
216
152
100
76
52
40
24
16
11
7,6
5,6
4,4
390
346
271
206
152
108
84
63
49
30
18
12
9,6
7,1
6,2
390
346
271
206
152
108
87
67
52
33
21
14
11
8,4
7,4
390
346
271
206
141
114
89
69
54
35
22
15
12
10
8,5
390
335
260
206
141
114
91
71
56
38
24
17
13
12
9,5
390
335
260
206
141
119
93
73
57
40
26
18
15
13
10
390
335
260
206
141
119
95
74
58
41
27
21
17
14
11
Q0 = 0,07
S1 = 0,58
S2 =1,80
103
Gi tr ca R3 104 = q (, ) cos3 104
0
tg
0,0
0,25
0,5
0,75
1,0
1,25
1,5
1,75
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
6,5
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,0
9,5
10,0
10,5
11,0
11,5
12,0
294
326
344
357
362
357
353
339
326
289
253
217
190
163
145
127
113
104
95
87
73
78
73
69
65
62
59
56
53
294
326
344
353
362
357
348
335
321
280
235
194
163
136
109
94
77
68
60
53
47
42
38
34
32
29
26
24
22
294
321
339
353
352
348
326
303
280
222
163
122
90
73
60
47
36
30
24
21
17
15
12
9,9
9,0
8,0
7,1
6,5
5,6
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60
75
90 105 120 135 150 165 180
294 294 294

321 317 312
339 328 326
339 321 303
326 276 249
298 244 208
267 217 176
231 172 127
190 136 100
127 86 65
85 53 38
60 35 25
43 26 20
31 20 15
24 16 12
18 14 9,9
15 11,0 9,0
11 8,3 6,4
8,5 6,5 5,2
7,1 5,3 4,4
6,1 4,4 3,6
5,2 3,7 3,1
4,3 3,2 2,4
3,8 3,5 2,2
3,3 2,4 2,0
3,0 2,1 1,9
2,6 1,9 1,8
2,4 1,8
2,1 1,8
294
271
235
158
104
73
60
45
34
22
15
9,0
7,0
4,8
3,2
294
262
217
149
100
70
57
44
34
23
14
9,0
7,1
4,9
3,3
294
308
317
285
226
176
145
104
82
54
31
22
16
12
9,0
7,7
8,0
5,1
4,3
3,6
3,1
2,6
294
308
308
267
204
154
117
89
71
44
25
19
14
9,9
8,2
6,9
6,5
4,3
3,4
294
303
298
244
181
136
100
79
62
38
23
16
12
9,0
7,7
6,1
5,1
294
298
289
222
158
118
86
70
54
34
20
15
9,9
8,3
6,8
5,7
294
294
276
204
140
104
78
62
48
25
18
13
9,0
7,7
6,1
294
280
262
176
118
83
72
51
39
23
15
9,9
7,4
5,4
4,3
294
258
204
149
100
71
58
45
34
24
15
9,9
7,5
5,4
3,7
294
253
199
149
100
74
60
46
35
24
15
11
8,3
6,1
4,3
294
249
199
145
100
77
60
45
36
24
16
11
8,7
7,0
5,2
294
244
199
136
100
77
60
45
36
24
16
12
9,0
7,7
6,5
294
240
194
136
100
77
61
46
37
24
17
12
9,0
8,3
8,9
294
240
194
140
100
78
62
47
38
25
17
13
9,9
8,5
7,1
Q0 = 0,07
S1 = 1,11
S2 =2,38
104
Gi tr ca R4 104 = q (, ) cos3 104
0
tg
0,0
0,25
0,5
0,75
1,0
1,25
1,5
1,75
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
6,5
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,0
9,5
10,0
10,5
11,0
11,5
12,0
264
297
330
376
396
403
409
409
409
396
370
343
317
297
277
257
244
231
218
205
193
184
174
169
164
158
153
149
145
264
317
343
383
396
409
396
396
383
356
304
271
238
211
185
161
140
122
106
94
82
74
66
59
53
49
45
41
37
264
317
343
370
396
370
356
343
317
254
211
165
132
106
79
59
46
37
32
26
22
19
16
13
12
11
9,5
8,4
7,7
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180

264
317
343
350
330
310
284
251
224
152
95
63
45
33
24
19
13
11
9,0
7,5
6,3
5,3
4,6
4,1
3,7
3,3
3,0
2,5
2,5
264
317
330
330
290
251
218
178
178
100
63
40
24
17
13
9,9
7,7
5,9
5,0
4,4
3,7
3,2
2,8
2,5
2,2
2,1
2,0
1,7
1,7
264
310
310
304
251
211
172
139
139
73
44
26
16
11
8,3
7,1
5,7
4,6
3,8
3,3
2,9
2,5
2,1
2,0
1,7
1,7
1,7
264
304
297
277
218
178
139
108
108
55
30
19
13
9,2
7,0
5,7
4,8
3,7
3,2
2,8
2,4
2,1
264
290
284
251
198
152
115
88
88
45
25
15
11
7,9
6,3
5,0
4,1
3,2
2,6
264
284
277
231
185
132
100
75
75
37
21
13
9,6
7,3
5,7
4,5
3,8
264
277
264
211
165
115
88
66
66
32
17
12
9,0
6,6
5,1
4,2
264
271
251
198
145
103
79
59
59
28
16
11
8,4
6,3
5,0
264
244
218
165
112
77
61
44
44
21
13
9,8
7,5
6,1
5,0
264
231
198
139
96
66
50
37
37
20
12
9,1
7,4
6,1
5,1
264
224
185
132
86
65
50
37
37
20
12
8,8
7,4
6,2
5,4
264
224
178
132
86
65
50
37
37
20
13
8,8
7,5
6,5
5,5
264
218
172
125
86
63
50
38
38
21
13
9,4
7,9
6,7
5,8
264
218
172
125
86
65
52
40
40
22
15
11
8,6
7,1
6,1
264
211
165
125
87
66
55
41
41
24
16
12
9,4
7,7
6,3
264
211
165
119
87
67
55
42
42
25
17
13
11
8,7
6,9
264
211
165
119
87
68
55
45
45
26
19
15
12
9,6
7,7
Q0 = 0,08
S1 = 1,58
S2 =3,03
105
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. K thut chiu sng - chiu sng tin nghi v hiu qu nng lng, ng Vn o, L
Vn Doanh, Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut, 2008.
2. Quang hc kin trc - Chiu sng t nhin v chiu sng nhn to, Vit H, Nguyn
Ngc Gi, Nh xut bn xy dng, 2007.
3. Vt l cng ngh - i sng, L Nguyn Long, Nguyn Khc Mo, Nh xut bn
Gio dc, 2003.
4. Handbook of electrical design details, Neil Sclater, John E.Traister, The McGraw-Hill
Companies, 2003.
5. Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam TCXDVN259 :2001 tiu chun thit k chiu sng
nhn to ng, ng ph, qung trng th.
6. Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam TCXDVN333 :2005 tiu chun thit k chiu sng
nhn to bn ngoi cc cng trnh cng cng v k thut h tng th.
7. Gio trnh k thut nhum - in bng, TS Phm Thnh Qun, Trng i hc Bch
khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh.
8. n tt nghip ca cc sinh vin Trng i hc Kin trc thnh ph H Ch Minh.
9. Trang web s dng nng lng hiu qu :http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org
106
PHN BI TP
Bi 1 : Mt bng n trn si t cng sut 75W pht quang thng =600lm. Tnh
cng sng do bng n ny pht ra.
Li gii : Ngun sng ny coi nh ngun sng im. Ngoi ra do c dng hnh trn nn
quang thng pht ra c coi nh phn b u khp ra khng gian xung quanh v do
cng sng theo mi phng u bng nhau. Theo nh ngha ta c cng sng theo
mt phng l : I =
600
=
= 47, 75 Cd .
4
Bi 2 : Cho bit bn knh tri t r = 6300km, mt tri l R = 695.000km, khong cch

t tri t n mt tri l d = 150.000.000km.
a) Tnh gc khi t mt tri nhn ton b tri t v t tri t nhn ton b mt tri.
b) Gi thit nh sng mt tri gy ra ri u E=116.000 lux ti mi im trn mt
t. Hy tnh quang thng do mt tri gi n mt t.
c) Mt nng lng bc x mt tri gi n tri t trung bnh l 1kW/m2. Gi thit
kh quyn tri t gi li 29% dng nng lng ca mt tri trc khi n tri t. Hy tnh
tng cng sut bc x ca mt tri.
d) Tnh cng sng v chi ca mt tri i vi ngi quan st trn mt t.
Li gii :
a)
Mt tri
d
Tri t
Do d>>r v d>>R nn khi xt gc khi m mt tri nhn thy tri t th ta coi nh mt
tri l mt im v ngc li nu xt gc khi t tri t nhn.ton b mt tri th coi tri t
l 1 im. Khi din tch nhn thy tri t t mt tri l r2 v din tch nhn thy mt tri
t tri t l R2. Ta c :
r2
Gc khi nhn tri t S = 2 = 5,55.109 Sr
d
Gc khi nhn mt tri E =
R2
d
= 67,5.106 Sr
b) Din tch biu kin ca tri t b chn bi gc khi S l S = r2 = 1,25.1014 m2

Quang thng do mt tri gi n tri t l = E.S =116.103. 1,25.1014 =145.1017lm
c) Cng sut bc x ca mt tri gi n tri t l :
W1 =1kW/m2.1,25.1014 =1,25.1014 kW
Cng sut bc x mt tri pht ra trong gc khi S l :
107
W2 = W1.
100
100
= 1,25.1014.
= 1,76.1014 kW
(100 29)
(100 29)
Tng cng sut bc x do mt tri pht ra ton b khng gian (gc khi 4) l :
4
4.
= 1,76.1014.
= 4.1023 kW
W = W2.
9
S
5,55.10
d) Cng sng ca mt tri chiu xung tri t theo nh ngha l :

1, 45.1019
= 2, 61.1027 Cd
I= =
9
5,55.10
chi i vi ngi quan st trn mt t :

I
2, 61.1027
=
= 1, 72.109 Cd / m 2
L=
2
2
6
R . ( 695.10 )
Ta nhn thy chi kh ln nn khng th nhn mt tri trc tip bng mt. Tuy nhin
vo bui sng v chiu khi mt tri ng th nhn c trc tip bng mt. iu ny khng
phi l do mt tri suy gim chi m do tia sng b khc x xin gc khi vo bu kh
quyn ca tri t.
Bi 3 : Mt bng n trn c quang thng 1380lm to tia nh nhau theo mi hng.
n ny c treo gia bn c sch cao 1,3 m so vi mt
bn.
I
a) Tnh khong cch t gia bn n quyn sch ri
ti im l 50 lux.
d
h
b) Gi s trang sch phn x khuych tn u vi h s
n
phn x bng 0,7. Tnh chi ca trang sch.
c) Gi thit bng n c t tm qu cu nha m c

ng knh 0,3m. B mt qu cu m truyn x khuych tn u
M
L
vi h s truyn x tx = 0,8. Xc nh chi ca b mt qu
cu m.
Li gii :
a) Bng n trn c coi nh ngun sng im nn cng to tia theo mt phng
bt k l:
I=
1380
=
= 110Cd
4
4
ri trn quyn sng l :

I
I
E = 2 cos = 2 cos3 Cos =
d
h
Eh 2 3 50.1,32
=
= 0, 438
I
110
ML = h.tg = 1,3.0,438 = 0,57m

E 0, 7.50
=
= 11,1Cd / m 2
c) Quang thng thot ra khi mt cu l Emc = tx . E = 0,8.1380 = 1104 lm
b) Theo nh lut Lambert ta c L =
Cung sng do mt cu ta ra theo phng bt k l I =

chi qu cu L =
1104
=
= 88Cd
4
4
I
88
=
1245Cd / m 2
2
2
r .0,15
108
Bi 4 : Mt bng n tuyp di l = 1,2m pht ra cng sng I = 300Cd theo phng

vung gc vi trc n. B mt n ng khuych tn u v c ng knh 38mm.
a) Tnh chi ca b mt bng n.
b) Xt mt b mt c chiu sng t ti im O cch trc n mt khong h=2,4m v
cch u bng n khong cch x1 = 0,8m. Gi thit php tuyn ca b mt ny vung gc
vi trc n.
- Tnh ri vi phn dE im O do mt nuyn t vi phn dr ca n ng gy ra.
- Tnh ri ton phn do n ng gy ra
Li gii :
a) Din tch biu kin (ca ngi quan st) b mt n ng l :
S = l.d = 1,2.0,038 = 0,0456m2
chi b mt n l : L =
I
300
=
= 6579Cd / m 2
S 0, 0456
x
dx
x1
dI
h
dI
2
1
b) Do b mt ng truyn x khuych tn u nn theo nh lut Lambert chi ti mi

im trn b mt n l hng s L = const, do chi ca nguyn t pht sng dx bng
chi ca c n, tc l: L = const =
dI I
dI
I
I .dx
. Cng theo nh lut
=
=
= dI =
dS S
dx.d l.d
l
Lambert, u mt cc vect cng sng to ra t nguyn t dx nm trn ng trn ng

knh dI vung gc vi trc n.
Khong cch t O n dx l
h
nn theo nh lut t l nghch bnh phng ta c
cos
ri dE do dx to ra ti im O l :
dI '.cos dI .cos .cos .cos 2 I .dx.cos 4
dE =
=
=
2
2
2
h
cos
l.h
ri tng do ton b n gy ra ti im O l :
2
0,69
I .cos 4 h
I .cos 2
I sin 2
E = dE =
d =
d = +
2
2
4 0,32
l.h cos
lh 2
0,32 l.h
1
Den
0,69
Trong :
0,8
x1
= arctg
= 0,32
2, 4
h
0,8 + 1, 2
x1 + l
2 = arctg
= arctg
= 0, 69
2, 4
h
1 = arctg
109
Nh vy :
E=
300 0, 69 0,32 sin ( 2.0, 69 ) sin ( 2.0,32 )

+
= 29,3 lux
1, 2.2, 4
2
4
Bi 5 : Mt n chiu sng ng ph dng hnh cu

c cng sng phn b u I = 200Cd. n c t cao
6m so vi mt t.
Tm ri ti v tr nhn thng ng cch mt t 1,5m
(ngi i ng) v cch ni t n 15 m theo chiu ngang.
Li gii :
I
d
6m
Hng nhn
6 1,5
0
= 16, 7
15
= arctg
Theo nh lut t l nghch bnh phng ta c :

Icos 2000.cos16, 70
E=
=
= 7,34lux
2
2
2
15m
M
A
1,5m
L
6 + 15
Bi 6 : Mt n trn phng bn knh 15cm lp trn trn trong phng lm vic. Ngi ta
o c chi trn mt n l L = 40.000Cd/m2. Mt quyn sch t trn mt bn im P
cch trc n 3m v cch trn nh 2m.
Tnh cng sng ca n hng n P v ri ti v tr t sch..
Li gii :
15cm
I
d
2m
3m
Din tch b mt n l S = R2 = 3,14.0,152 = 0,07065cm2.

3
2
Gc gia php tuyn c mt bn v phng P l = arctg = 56,30

Din tch biu kin ca mt n i vi ngi quan st ti P l :
S = S.cos = 0,07065.cos56,30 = 0,0392 cm2.
Theo nh ngha chi L =
I
I = LS = 40000.0, 0392 = 1568Cd
S
Theo nh lut t l nghch bnh phung ta c :

Icos 1568.0,555
=
= 66,94 lux
E=
2
2
2
d
2 +3
Bi 7 : Mt n chiu sng chiu xung im Q to nn chi trung bnh theo hng

n im P l 465.000Cd/m2. Cho bit ng knh n chiu 2r = 12cm. V tr cc im P v
Q xc nh nh trn hnh v.
110
Tm ri ti im P.
Li gii :
7,2m
4,8m
4,8m
4,8 + 4,8
4,8
0
arctg
= 19, 4
7,
2
7,
2
= arctg
Din tch mt n chiu l S = r 2 = .62 = 113,1cm 2 . Din tch ny hng v im Q.

Din tch biu kin mt n nhn t im P l SP = S.cos = 106,7cm2.
Cng sng theo hng im P l I = L.SP =465000.0,01067 = 4962 Cd
ri ti P tun theo nh lut t l nghch bnh phng :
Icos 4962.cos33, 7 0
=
= 55,1 lux
E=
2
2
2
d
7, 2 + 4,8
4,8
= 33, 7 0
7, 2
Trong = arctg
Bi 8 : Mt l ly nh sng t nhin trn trn nh c bn knh R=1m c chi bu tri

trung bnh l L=1000Cd/m2. Khong cch t l ly sng n sn nh h=5m.
a) Xc nh ri nguyn t dE do din tch dS gy ra nhn t P di gc khi d.
b) Tm ri ngang E im P do l ly sng to nn.
c) So snh vi kt qu khi coi l ly sng l ngun im ti O
d) Tnh ri khi R (c bu tri)
Li gii :
R
r
dr
I
IN
h
P
111
a) Xt nguyn t hnh vnh khn tm O, bn knh r, b rng dr c din tch l dS

=2r.dr. Nguyn t ny pht cng sng I v im P.
Din tch biu kin ca dS nhn t P l SP = dS.cos
Cng sng theo phng t dS n im P l I = L.SP = L.dS.cos
ri do dS gy ra ti P tun theo nh lut t l nghch bnh phng :
I cos L.dS .cos 2
dE =
d2
d2
Hnh vnh khn c nhn t P di gc khi d l :

dS P dScos
d =
d2
d2
T 2 biu thc trn ta xc lp quan h gia dE v d l :

L.dS .cos 2 L.dS .cos
=
dE =
cos = L.cos .d
2
2
d
b) Tnh ri ton phn E :

R
R
R
L.dS .cos 2
L.cos 2 .2 r.dr
r.dr
1
2
2
=
=
=
E=
2
Lh
2
Lh
0
0 r 2 + h2 2
2
2
d2
d2
2 ( r + h ) 0
(S )
(
)
h2
R2
12
=
=
= 120,8 lux
E = L 1 2
L
1000
2
R 2 + h2
12 + 52
R +h
Trong cos 2 =
h2
v d 2 = h 2 + r 2 cn tch phn c tra bng.
2
2
h +r
c) Nu l ly sng l ngun im ti O th cng sng theo hng OP l I=LR2. Khi

theo nh lut t l nghc bnh phng ta c :
I LR 2 .1000.12
E= 2 =
=
= 125, 7 lux
2
2
h
sai s khi coi l ly sng l ngun sng im :

E % =
R2
R2
L
2
R2 + h2
h2 = R
R2
h2
L 2 2
R +h
Gi s sai s khng vt qu 1% th ta phi c E % =
R2
1
h
<
> 10
2
h
R
100
d) Khi kch thc l ly sng rt ln (c bu tri th) :
R2
E = Lim L 2
= L = .1000 = 3141, 6 lux
R
R + h2
Bi 9 : Gii bi trn vi trng hp l ly sng hnh ch nht kch thc a b.

Li gii : (sinh vin t lm)
Bi 10 : Tnh quang thng ca mt ngun sng c cng sut bc x P(W) pht ra tia
n sc c bc sng . Cho v d.
Li gii :
112
Theo nh ngha quang thng ta c : = 683.P.V()

Trong 683 (lm/W) l mt hng s vt l c xc nh t nh ngha Cadela, biu th
s chuyn i n v nng lng sang n v cm nhn th gic.
V d : mt ngun sng bc x ton b cng sut 1W pht tia n sc c =555nm th
= 683.1.1=683 lm. Cn lu cng sut bc x P nh hn cng sut m ngun sng tiu th.
Bi 11 : Tnh quang thng ca mt ngun sng c tng cng sut bc x P(W) pht ra
mt s lng hu hn tia n sc c bc sng i, trong bc sng i c cng sut bc x
l P(i). Cho v d.
Li gii :
n
Theo nh ngha quang thng ta c = 683. P(i ).V (i ) , Trong :

i =1
n l tng s tia sng n sc do ngun pht ra

P(i) l mc nng lng ca tia n sc c bc sng i, n v W
v(i) c tra theo bng (nu gi tr khng c trong bng th cho php ni suy).
Trng hp c bit nu nng lng ngun sng phn b u th :
P(1)=P(2)==P(i)=P(n)=const =
P n
P
nn ta c = 683. . V ( i )
n i =1
n
- V d 1 : cng sut bc x thnh nh sng ca n l 1W, n pht 38 tia n sc c

bc sng nh bng ph lc 1 vi nng lng phn b u th:
38
38
i =1
i =1
= 683. P (i )V (i ) = 683.
1
1
.V (i ) = .683.11, 685 = 210 lm
38
38
So snh vi trng hp ngun 1W pht tia n sc 555nm tnh trn ta thy quang
thng tng trng hp ny b hn nhiu trong khi cng sut ngun bc x u bng nhau.
- V d 2 : cng sut bc x thnh nh sng ca ngun l 1W, n pht 20 tia n sc,
trong 10 tia n sc c bc sng ging 10 tia u tin trong bng ph lc 1 v 10 tia n
sc c bc sng ging 10 tia cui cng trong bng ph lc 1. Gi thit nng lng phn b
u cho mi tia th:
10
38
1
1
1
= .683. V (i ) + .683. V (i ) = .683(0,3684 + 0,1255) = 34 lm
10
10
10
i =1
i = 29
Ta thy quang thng c gi tr rt thp v cc tia c bc sng nm gn st bin ca

vng nh sng nhn thy.
- V d 3 : Mt n phng in pht ra ph nh sng gm 4 tia n sc vi cc s liu
cho trong bng sau :
i(nm)
404,7
435,8
546,1
578,0
Trong :
Pi(W)
26,0
20,8
2,6
15,2
V(i)
0,0008
0,018
0,979
0,886
i l bc sng ca tia n sc th i
Pi l mc nng lng ca tia n sc th i.
V(i) l s liu ly t ng cong hiu qu nh sng
Quang thng do n pht ra l :
113

4
= 683. P (i )V (i ) = 683. ( 26.0, 0008 + 20,8.0, 018 + 2, 6.0,979 + 15, 2.0,886 ) =

i =1
= 683.16, 4 = 11200 lm
Ta cng c th tnh phn cng sut in m n bin i thnh nh sng l :

4
Pnh sng = P(i ) = 26 + 20,8 + 2, 6 + 15, 2 = 64, 6W

i =1
Bi 12 : Tnh quang thng ca mt ngun sng pht quang ph nh sng lin tc

Li gii :
Trng hp ngun sng bc x quang ph lin tc cc nh sng nhn thy th phi dng
phung php tch phn tnh quang thng. Mun vy phi bit biu thc v(), nu khng
bit phi chia ng cong phn b ph lin tc W() thnh rt nhiu im ri rc tnh
ton.
2
= 683 W ( ).V ( ).d

1
780 nm
nh sng ban ngy c quang thng l: = 683
W ( ).V ( ).d
380 nm
Trng hp c bit : nu cng sut ngun sng l P c phn b u lin tc trn ton
b bc sng nhn thy th W() =
P
P
=
(W / nm) v ta c :
780 380 400
780 nm
= 683.
P
P
. V ( ).d 683.
.104, 6727 = 179.P
400 380 nm
400
Tch phn hm V() trong cng thc trn c tnh theo phng php din tch trong
phn mm Autocad.
Bi 13: Xc nh cng thc tnh h s s dng tng hp da theo cch b tr n v
ung cong h s s dng ca tng n nh cc hnh v di y.
Li gii :
K1B
B
K1B
K1A
K1B
h
K2A
K2A
K = (K1A + K2A) + (K1B K1B)
K2A
K2B
K = (K1B + K2B) + (k2A - K2A)
Bi 14 : Cho ng ph chnh c cp chiu sng A, lu lng xe ln nht ban m trn

3000 xe/gi. Chiu di ng 1600m, chiu rng l = 7,5m, lp ph mt ng nha trung
bnh. Ct n c vn s = 2,4m. Gi thit h s suy gim quang thng ca n V=0,8.
Yu cu lp t n 1 bn v s dng cho n kiu bn rng.
114
Hy a ra gii php chiu sng cho tuyn ng ny bng phng php t s R.

Li gii :
- Xc nh thng s hnh hc b tr theo TCXDVN259-2001 :
Tra bng chi yu cu ca TCXDVN259 :2001 vi ng cp A, lu lng
>3000xe/gi th Ltb = 1,6cd/m2.
* e/h 3,5 : iu kin treo cao n cc i
* l h : iu kin m bo ng u
* Theo kinh nghim h=8-10m
Nh vy ta c h l = 7,5m nn ta chn h=10m ph hp vi loi tr hin c trn th
trng. Do e 3,5h = 35m tc l emax =
s
35m. Nh vy s lng ct n cn ch to l
l/e+1 =1600/35 +1 47 ct.
K1A
K1
- Tnh ton h s s dng:
nng cao hiu qu s dng ca b
n, b tr ct n nm trn va h, cch mp
ng 0,3m, nh vy do s>0,3m nn hnh K2
chiu ca n nm trn mt ng nh hnh
K2A
k=k1A + k2A
bn. Khi k=k1A+k2A
V bi khng cho ng cong h s s
va h
lng
dng tra h s k1 v k2 nn ta tnh gn ng
theo cng thc trong TCXDVN259:2001 nh
sau :
l1 = lng (s-0,3) = 7,5-(2,4-0,3) = 5,4m
l2 = (s-0,3) = 2,4-0,3 = 2,1m
l1/h = 5,4/10 = 0,54
l2/h = 2,1/10 = 0,21
Ta chn n sodium p sut cao, v thu tinh m. Theo TCXDVN259 vi l/h = 0,5 th
k=0,2 v nu l/h= 1 th k =0,25 . Bng cch ni suy ta c :
( 0,54 0,5) = 0,204

(1 0,5)
( 0, 21 0,5) = 0,171
k2A = f(l2/h) = 0, 2 + ( 0, 25 0, 2 )
(1 0,5 )
k1A = f(l1/h) = 0, 2 + ( 0, 25 0, 2 )
Vy k = 0,204+0,171 = 0,375
- Chn n :
Tra bng vi mt ng nha trung bnh dng n bn rng c R = 14
Quang thng n l =
l.e.Ltb .R 7,5.35.1, 6.14

=
=19.600 lm
0,8.0,375
V .k
Tra ph lc 2 ta chn n cao p sodium bu c hnh tr c cng sut 150W, quang

thng 14.000lm. Nu chn n 250W c quang thng 25.000lm s rt lng ph, nu tng e
tng th e>emax li khng m bo dng u.
Khi chn n 150W ta thy 14.000lm <19.600lm khng t yu cu. Nh vy ta li
quay li t u tnh ton vi e gim xung e<emax, v d ly e=30m. Qu trnh tnh ton c
lp li cho n khi tnh ton = 14.000lm th dng li.
115
Lu mt iu l e khng th gim nh qu v e nh lm mt ct dy ln v m quan

th khng cn. Thng thng nu gim e<30m m quang thng vn ln hn 14.000lm
th bt buc ta phi chn n 250W-25.000lm.
Bi 15 : Gii bi ton trn nhng b tr n chiu sng hai bn ng kiu so le v lng
ng rng l=10m.
Li gii :
Tra bng chi yu cu ca TCXDVN259 :2001 vi ng cp A, lu lng
>3000xe/gi th Ltb = 1,6cd/m2.
* e/h 3,2 : iu kin treo cao n cc i
* l h 2/3l : iu kin m bo ng u
* Theo kinh nghim h=8-10m
s
Nh vy ta c 10m h 6,7m nn ta
K1A
K1
chn h=10m ph hp vi loi tr hin c
trn th trng. Do e 3,2h = 32m tc l
emax = 32m. Nh vy s lng ct n cn
ch to l l/e +1 =1600/32 + 1 51 ct.
Lu : Vi lng ng rng 7,5m ta K2
K2A
k=k1A + k2A
khng th b tr 2 bn v iu kin l h th
h =7,5m qu thp so vi lng ng.
va h
- Tnh ton h s s dng:
lng
nng cao hiu qu s dng ca b
n, b tr ct n nm trn va h, cch mp ng 0,3m, nh vy do s>0,3m nn hnh chiu
ca n nm trn mt ng nh hnh bn, khi k=k1A + k2A. Ta ch tnh h s s dng ca
1 n v 2 n so le, khng nh hng n nhau.
V bi khng cho ng cong h s s dng tra h s k1 v k2 nn ta tnh gn ng
theo cng thc trong TCXDVN259:2001 nh sau :
l1 = lng (s-0,3) = 10-(2,4-0,3) = 7,9m
l2 = (s-0,3) = 2,4-0,3 = 2,1m
l1/h = 7,9/10 = 0,79
l2/h = 2,1/10 = 0,21
Ta chn n sodium p sut cao, v thu tinh m. Theo TCXDVN259 vi l/h = 0,5 th
k=0,2 v nu l/h= 1 th k =0,25 . Bng cch ni suy ta c :
( 0, 79 0,5) = 0,229
(1 0,5)
( 0, 21 0,5) = 0,171
k2A = f(l2/h) = 0, 2 + ( 0, 25 0, 2 )
(1 0,5 )
k1A = f(l1/h) = 0, 2 + ( 0, 25 0, 2 )
Vy k = 0,229+0,171 = 0,4
- Chn n :
Quang thng n l =
l.e.Ltb .R 10.32.1, 6.14

=
=22.400 lm
0,8.0, 4
V .k
116

thng 25.000lm. Quang thng n c ln hn quang thng tnh ton cht t nhng chp nhn
c v nu chn n 150W-14.000lm gim e xung th mt ct rt dy, khng m
bo m quan th.
Bi 16 : Lng ng rng 14m, lp ph mt ng nha mu sng trung bnh. Cho bit
y l ph bun bn nn nh sng qung co v t trng by hng ho ri xung mt ng
to thnh vt sng gy hiu ng thp thong cho ngi li xe.
xo c cc vt sng, cn thit k h thng chiu sng ng vi chi trung
bnh Ltb=2,2cd/m2.
B tr trn va h cch mp ng 0,3m, vn cn n s=1,5m. B n s dng l
sodium p sut cao, kiu phn b nh sng bn rng, h s suy gim quang thng v=0,8 v
ng cong h s s dng nh hnh sau
0,5
n
K1
0,4
0,3
K2
0,2
0,1
l2
h
0,5
0,5
1,5
2,5
l1
3 h
Hy tnh a ra gii php chiu sng cho tuyn ng ny theo phng php t s R.
Li gii :
- Xc nh thng s hnh hc b tr theo
s
TCXDVN259-2001 :
K1A
K1
+ Theo iu kin m bo ng u
ta c h lng /1,5 = 14/1,5 =9,3m. ph
hp vi loi ct hin c trn th trng ta
chn h=8m.
+ Theo iu kin cao treo n cc K2
i ta c : emax = 3,5h =3.8=24m.
K2A
k=k1A + k2A
- Tnh ton h s s dng :
va h
Do 2 n b tr i xng nn hai cp
lng
ng cong h s s dng cng i xng
nhau. Do vy ta ch tnh h s s dng cho 1 n (v d hnh bn l n bn tri, k hiu kT),
cn h s s dng ca c 2 n l k = 2kT.
l1 = lng (s-0,3) = 14-(1,5-0,3) = 12,8m
l2 = (s-0,3) = 1,5-0,3 = 1,2m
117
l1/h = 12,8/8 = 1,6

l2/h = 1,2/8 = 0,15
Tra ng cong h s s dng cho ta c :k1 = 0,41 v k2 = 0,03.
Vy kT = 0,41 + 0,03 = 0,44 v k = 2kT = 2.0,44 = 0,88.
- Chn n :
Quang thng n l =
l.e.Ltb .R 14.24.2, 2.14

=
=14.700 lm
0,8.0,88
V .k

thng 14.000lm. Quang thng n b hn quang thng tnh ton cht t nhng phi chp nhn
v nu chn n 250W-25.000lm th lng ph ln trong khi khng th tng e ln c na
gim s n. Ta cng khng gim e na v e=24m kh dy trong khng gian th.
Thng thng vi bi ton ny ngi ta phi tm hng ch to n c cng sut 150W
nhng quang thng cao nht. Chng hn c th mt nh ch to no c n 150W14600lm th ta chn loi n ny l hp l nht.
Bi 17 : Tuyn ng di 690m, lp ph nha ng sng trung bnh, chi trung
bnh yu cu Ltb = 2cd/m2.
B tr n trn di phn cch vi cc kch thc nh hnh v bn di. Do ng i
i hi m quan nn yu cu cao treo n ti thiu h=10m. B n s dng l sodium p
sut cao, kiu phn b nh sng bn rng, h s suy gim quang thng v=0,8 v ng cong
h s s dng nh hnh sau.
0,5
n
K1
0,4
0,3
K2
0,2
0,1
l2
h
0,5
0,5
1,5
2,5
l1
3 h
Hy tnh a ra gii php chiu sng cho tuyn ng ny theo phng php t s R.
Li gii :
Do tnh cht i xng, ta ch xt 1 ng bn phi, kt qu tnh ton p dng c cho
ng bn tri.
+ Do bi t ra cho h = 10m nn theo iu kin cao treo n cc i ta c :
emax = 3,5h =3.10=35m.
+ S ct n cn lp t l : 690/35+1 = 21 n
118
B
K1B
h
K2A
K2A
K2B
1,5m
7m
2m
7m
- Tnh ton h s s dng :

Nhn vo hnh v trn ta c K = KB + KA = (K1B + K2B) + (K2A - K2A)
+ Vi n A ch c nhnh K2 nh hng n tuyn ng bn phi :
l2A = 7m + 2m/2 + 1,5m = 9,5m l2A/h = 9,5/10 = 0,95
Tra ng cong c K2A = 0,24
l2A/h = 2,5/10 = 0,25
l2A = 2m/2 + 1,5m = 2,5m
Tra ng cong c K2A = 0,1
Vy KA = 0,24 - 0,1 = 0,14
+ Vi n B c nhnh K2 v K1 u nh hng n tuyn ng bn phi :
l1B/h = 9,5/10 = 0,65
l1B = 7m (1,5m - 1m) = 6,5m
Tra ng cong c K1B = 0,21
lB/h = 2,5/10 = 0,05
l2B = (1,5m - 1m) = 0,5m
Tra ng cong c K2B = 0,02
Vy KB = 0,21 + 0,02 = 0,22
+ H s s dng tng K = 0,14 + 0,22 = 0,36
- Chn n :
Quang thng n l =
l.e.Ltb .R 7.35.2.14
=
=23.819 lm
0,8.0,36
V .k

thng 25.000lm.
Bi 18 : Cho s b tr n nh hnh v, trong lng ng rng l = 10,5m, chiu
cao treo n h = 10m, khong cch cc tr n e = 30 m, vn cn n s = 2,0m, ct n
b tr trn va h cch mp ng 0,3m.
Dng b n Sodium 250W-25.000lm. Cho bit cng sng theo ca b n phng
l I =600.cos2 khi b n ny lp ngun sng c quang thng 1000lm.
im quan st (k hiu P) cch mp ng (pha c lp n) l 2m v cch n B theo
chiu dc ng l 10m v pha ngi quan st. Cp chi ca lp ph mt ng l R4.
Hy tnh ri EP v chi LP ti im P i vi ngi quan st khi c hai n A, B
u bt sng, cc n khc khng nh hng n im P. Lu : n gin qu trnh tnh
ton, cho php chn gn ng gi tr R4.104 st nht t bng tra ng vi cp (, tg) tnh
ton c, khng cn tnh ton ni suy.
119
Li gii :
B
B
KD
S=2m
A
10m
C
A
h=10m
0,3m
N
2m
e=30m
G
l=10,5m
2,625m
60m
M
Mt
quan st
Gi hnh chiu ca n A ln mt ng l im N, hnh chiu n B ln mt ng l

im K. ng thng GD i qua im P song song vi trc ng, ng thng CQ i qua
im P v vung gc vi trc ng. Cn n c vn s = 2m, ct n lp trn va h cch
mp ng 0,3m nn n nh ra so vi mp ng l 2-0,3 = 1,7m.
V tr mt quan st theo quy c cch n A mt khong 60m theo chiu dc trc
ng, cch mp phi ca ng l/4 = 10,5/4 = 2,625m.
- Trc ht ta xt chi v ri do n A :
PN =
( e 10 )
+ 2 ( s 0,3) =
2
( 30 10 )
+ 2 ( 2 0,3) = 20,003m
2
PN
20, 003
0
= arctg
= 63,44
h
10
A = arctg
Cng sng do n A pht theo hng A n im P l :

120
I.A.P = 600.cos 2 ( 63, 440 ) .
25000
= 2998,9cd
1000
ri do n A gy ra ti im P l :
E A. P =
I . A. P
h
.cos3 =
2998,9
.cos3 ( 63, 440 ) = 2,68 lux
102
tnh chi ta cn tm R4, mun vy ta phi tnh A :
20
60 + 30 10
= 174,940
+ arctg
10,5 2 2, 625
2 ( 2 0,3)
A = NPC + MPQ = arctg
Vi A =174,940 v tgA = 2,00, tra bng R4 ly gi tr st nht ( bi khng yu cu

ni suy tm gi tr chnh xc) ta c R4 = 38.10-4.
Theo phng php chi im ta c :
LA. P = R4 .
I . A. P
h
= 38.104
2998,9
= 0,11 cd/m2.
2
10
- Xt chi v ri do n B :
PK = 102 + 2 ( s 0,3) = 102 + 2 ( 2 0,3) = 10,005m
2
PK
10, 005
0
= arctg
= 45,01
h
10
B = arctg
Cng sng do n B pht theo hng B n im P l :

I.B.P = 600.cos 2 ( 45, 010 ) .
25000
= 7497,4cd
1000
ri do n B gy ra ti im P l :
EB . P =
I . B. P
h
.cos3 =
7497, 4
.cos3 ( 45, 010 ) = 26,49 lux
2
10
tnh chi ta cn tm R4, mun vy ta phi tnh B :

2 ( 2 0,3)
10,5 2, 625 2
0
= 14, 65
arctg
30 10
10
B = GPM KPD = arctg
Vi B =14,650 v tgB = 1,00, tra bng R4 ly gi tr st nht ( bi khng yu cu ni

suy tm gi tr chnh xc) ta c R4 = 276.10-4.
Theo phng php chi im ta c :
LB. P = R4 .
I . B. P
h
= 276.104
7497, 4
= 2,07 cd/m2.
2
10
- Tnh tng chi v ri do hai n A v B gy ra ti im P :

LP = LA.P + LB.P = 0,11 + 2,07 = 2,18 cd/m2
EP = EAP + EB.P = 2,68 + 26,49 = 29,17 lux.
121
Bi 19 : Mt tuyn ng c b rng l = 10,5m gm c hai ln xe, chiu cao treo n

h=10m, khong cch cc tr n e = 30 m, vn cn n s = 2,0m, gc nghing cn n
50, ct n b tr trn va h cch mp ng 0,3m. Cp chi ca lp ph mt ng l R4.
Thit k s dng b n Sodium 250W-32.000lm loi Z2 ca hng Schrder, h s suy
gim quang thng l 0,89. Dng phn mm Ulysse V2.2 tnh ton c cc kt qu sau :
Y
GI TR CHI TNH TON TI CC IM (cd/m2)
n
9,625
7,875
Hng quan st 6,125
(dc trc ng) 4,375
2,625
X = l/4, Y= -60m 0,875
Y/X
1,09
1,72
2,27
2,33
2,22
1,80
1,500
1,11
1,84
2,22
2,07
1,84
1,53
4,500
1,14
1,95
2,26
2,07
1,78
1,52
7,500
1,19
2,01
2,25
2,01
1,70
1,51
10,500
1,28
2,07
2,27
1,97
1,72
1,46
13,500
1,33
2,02
2,15
1,93
1,66
1,42
16,500
1,35
1,95
2,04
1,95
1,79
1,52
19,500
1,39
1,93
2,22
2,21
2,05
1,58
22,500
1,27
1,74
2,03
2,14
1,98
1,57
25,500
1,19
1,73
2,06
2,33
2,22
1,76
28,500
Y
GI TR RI TNH TON TI CC IM (lux)
n
8,750
Trc dc ng 5,250
1,750
Y/X
35,4
59,9
65,3
1,500
29,2
45,4
48,9
4,500
22,5
35,9
40,2
7,500
16,1
25,0
31,6
10,500
13,4
21,1
26,7
13,500
13,4
21,1
26,7
16,500
16,1
25,0
31,6
19,500
22,5
35,9
40,2
22,500
29,2
45,4
48,9
25,500
n
35,4
59,9
65,3
28,500
Hy xc nh :
a) ri trung bnh Etb, ng u chung ca ri U0E
b) chi trung bnh Ltb, ng u chung ca chi U0L, ng u dc trc ca
chi Ul.
Li gii :
a) Cn c vo bng ri im tnh ton trn, ta xc nh cc gi tr sau :
n
30
E E
Etb =
i =1
Emin =
i =1
30
= 34,4 lux . Trong n = 30 l s im tnh ri trong bng
Min { Ei }i =130 = 13,4 lux
Suy ra ng u chung ca ri l :
Emin
13, 4
100% =
100% 39%
U0E =
34, 4
Etb
Theo TCXDVN259 :2001 th U0E 40% nn gi tr ny cha t, tuy nhin sai s rt b
nn vn chp nhn c.
122
b) Cn c vo bng chi im tnh ton trn, ta xc nh cc gi tr sau :

n
Li
Ltb =
i =1
Lmin =
60
L
i =1
60
= 1,81 cd/m2 . Trong n = 60 l s im tnh chi trong bng.
Min { Li }i =160 = 1,09 cd/m2.
ng u chung ca chi :
U0L =
Lmin
1, 09
.100% =
.100% 60%
Ltb
1,81
Tnh chi cc tiu, chi cc i, ng u dc trc trn tng di song song vi

trc ng c tm tt trong bng sau :
9,625
7,875
6,125
4,375
2,625
0,875
Y
1,09
1,72
2,03
1,93
1,66
1,42
LminY
1,39
2,07
2,27
2,33
2,22
1,80
LmaxY
77,91
83,23
89,51
82,75
74,53
78,78
UlY = LminY/LmaxY 100%
T bng ny ta tnh ng u dc trc:

Ul = Min{UlY} 75%.
Theo TCXDVN259 :2001 th Ul 70% nn gi tr ny t yu cu.
123

Ky Thuat Chieu Sang Do Thi

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TRNG I HC KIN TRC NNG

Khoa K thut h tng th v Qun l xy dng

Nng thng 02-2009

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

Nguyn Mnh H - Trng i hc Kin trc Nng

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

1. Cu to ca bng n nung sng (hnh 3.1): ............................................................................ 33

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

3. Tnh ton chi v ri im ............................................................................................. 70

Nguyn Mnh H - Trng i hc Kin trc Nng

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

Nguyn Mnh H - Trng i hc Kin trc Nng

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

Nguyn Mnh H - Trng i hc Kin trc Nng

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

Hnh 1.1_ Th nghim quang ph lin tc

Nguyn Mnh H - Trng i hc Kin trc Nng

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

+ nh sng nhn to c quang ph t qung (quang ph vch). Hnh 1.2 l kt qu th

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

do cc ion t do tn ti trong cht kh.

Hnh 1.3_ Th nghim phng in trong cht kh

Hnh 1.4_ Phng in trong cht kh

Nguyn Mnh H - Trng i hc Kin trc Nng

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

Nng lng bc x gm quang nng, nhit nng, bc x hng ngoi, bc x t ngoi c

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

Ln quang l mt dng pht quang, trong cc phn t ca cht ln quang hp th nh

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

o ca gc khi l din tch phn mt cu c bn knh r = 1, tm ti im O b ct bi

+ Cho 2 hnh cu bn knh R v kR ng tm O. Gi s mt gc khi chn hnh cu R

+ Cho mt cu tm O, bn knh R. Gc khi chn bi hnh nn nh ti O, gc nh 2,

Ta thy gc khi l i lng khng ph thuc bn knh R.

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

nhn din tch dS t O l :

Trong l gc hp bi vect php tuyn ca mt dS v OM, cn dS.cos l hnh

2. Thng lng nng lng ca bc x nh sng nhn thy

Ph nh sng ban ngy (loi ph lin tc):

Ph nh sng ri rc (quang ph vch):

W() l phn b ph nng lng ca ngun sng (W/nm).

Nguyn Mnh H - Trng i hc Kin trc Nng

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

Ngun sng n sc : = 683.P().V() vi =const

Ngun sng c quang ph lin tc = 683 W ( ).V ( ).d

nh sng ban ngy = 683

Trong cc cng thc trn :

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

+ Thit b dng o quang thng gi l Lumen k.

Cng sut (W)

Quang thng (Lm) Quang hiu (Lm/W)

Bng hunh quang

Bng cao p thy ngn

Bng cao p MetalHalide

Bng cao p Sodium

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

+ Cng sng I ca ngun ph thuc vo

tch vi phn dS ln cn im cho.

Hnh 1.10_nh ngha ri

- n v: Lux hay Lx (c l luych)

Bi ging K thut chiu sng th

mt lumen trn mi mt vung.

xem l mt phng, do ta gi n l php tuyn ca dS v l gc gia ( n , OM). Ta c cng