Nguyn l heuristic trong vic gii quyt mt s bi ton

Phn ny m rng khi nim heuristic cho mt s bi ton tm kim khc. Cc thut ton tm
kim UCS, tm kim tt nht v A* thc hin chin lc vt cn trn khng gian tm kim
tm li gii. Chin lc ny bo m tm c ng i (ti u) nhng phi duyt nhiu
trng thi, c bit khi bi ton c su li gii ln. Cc bi ton di y p dng cc
chin lc tm kim heuristic (c gng a ra li gii tt ti mi bc thc hin) v khng
quay lui. Do cc thut ton ny khng phi vt cn khng gian tm kim v ch ra c
nhng li gii tt.

1.1 Bi ton ngi du lch (Traveling Saleman Problem - TSP):

1.1.1 Pht biu bi ton
Cho N thnh ph trong hai thnh ph bt k u c ng ni vi. Hy xc nh l trnh
cho ngi du lch, xut pht t thnh ph th nht, i qua tt c cc thnh ph cn li, tr v
thnh ph xut pht sao cho tng chi ph l nh nht.
Hnh bn tri di y l th biu din mt v d ca bi ton ngi du lch vi N = 5.
Hnh bn phi biu din bi ton di dng ma trn k. Trong ma trn k, a[i, j] cho bit
chi ph i t thnh ph i n thnh ph j.

1
6

5 4 3
2 3

1 3 5
1 5 3
3 5 1
5
6

3
4

1
2

6
4
2

2
2

Li gii tt nht ca bi ton t c bng cch so snh tt c cc trng hp ng i

c th c. S trng hp c th c chnh l mt sp xp hon v ca N thnh ph hay ni
cch khc khng gian tm kim ca bi ton c kch thc N! li gii. Vic tm kim trn
khng gian trng thi l khng kh thi do s trng hp l khng l (v d, N=25 th N! =
25! 1025 trng thi). p dng nguyn l heuristic, ta c th t c nhng thut ton n
gin vi li gii tt nh sau.
1.1.2 Thut ton GTS1 (Greedy Traveling Saleman)
Thut ton GTS1 c gng t c li gii tt nht mi bc thc hin bng cch chn
ng i c chi ph thp nht ti thnh ph hin ti v tip tc i. Thut ton gm cc bc
sau:
[Khi u] TOUR = {}, COST = 0; v = 1.
[Chn l trnh]:
Lp cho n khi chn N nh
Vi mi bc lp: Chn (v,w) l cnh c chi ph nh nht tnh t v n cc nh cha
s dng w.
1

Gn TOUR = TOUR + {(v,w)}, COST = COST + C(v,w).

S dng nh w cho bc k tip: v = w.
[Hon thnh]: Gn TOUR = TOUR + {(v,1)}, COST = COST + C(v,1).
p dng GTS 1 vi v d trn:
[Khi u]:
-

Chn w = ___: TOUR =

Chn w = ___:

Chn w = ___:

Chn w = ___:

[Hon thnh]:
Chu trnh:
1.1.3 Thut ton GTS2
Thut ton GTS1 r rng khng bo m tm c l trnh tt nht. Nu khng b rng buc
bi nh xut pht, GTS2 la chn P (P<<N) nh bt u khc nhau v p dng GTS1 ln
tng nh xut pht. Kt qu tt nht trong P chu trnh l li gii cui cng ca bi ton.
Quay tr li v d trn, gi s ta chn P= 3 nh xut pht khc nhau, kt qu thc hin ca
thut ton l:
Chn xut pht l ___:
Chu trnh:
Chn xut pht l ___:
Chu trnh:
Chn xut pht l ___:
Chu trnh:
Vy li gii tt nht ca bi ton l _____ vi chu trnh:

1.2 Bi ton phn cng cng vic

1.2.1 Biu din
Trong bi ton phn cng cng vic, ta c:
N my: M1, M2, , MN ging nhau.
M cng vic: V1, V2, , VM c lp vi nhau. Cng vic Vi cn thc hin trong Ti gi
mi c th hon thnh.
Yu cu: Hy lp k hoch phn phi cc cng vic vo tng my sao cho thi gian cn
hon tt M cng vic l nh nht.
Li gii ca bi ton theo Nguyn l sp th t: Sp xp cc cng vic theo th t gim
dn v thi gian v ln lt phn cng cng vic cho cc my rnh.
2

Xt v d: Cho 3 my M1, M2, M3 v 6 cng vic vi thi gian thc hin tng ng: T1 =
2, T2 = 5, T3 = 8, T4 = 1, T5 = 5, T6 = 1. Hy b tr cng vic vo cc my sao cho thi gian
thc hin l thp nht.
Th t cc cng vic sp xp theo thi gian
Cng vic
Thi gian
Phn cng:
M1
M2
M3

1.3 Bi ton tho mn rng buc Thut ton t mu

1.3.1 Pht biu
Trong bi ton tho mn rng buc, ta cn xc nh cc gn gi tr cho mt tp nh sao cho
vic gn gi tr ny tho mn mt iu kin cho trc. Mt v d tiu biu l bi ton t mu:
cho bn cc quc gia trong mt khu vc, xc nh cch t mu cho cc quc gia sao cho
hai quc gia lng ging c t bng hai mu khc nhau v tng s mu t l thp nht.
Hnh l th biu din cc nc lng ging ca Vit Nam.

1.3.2 Thut ton t mu

Hai thut ton t mu bao gm: thut ton heuristic da trn rng buc (nh no c nhiu
rng buc nht bc cao nht s c t trc) v thut ton t mu theo gi tr (tham lam).

Thut ton t mu trn th da vo s bc (rng buc)

m bc cc nh v Lp li cc bc sau cho n khi bc ca tt c cc nh bng 0 v
cc nh c t mu:
Bc 1: T mu i cho nh c bc ln nht
Bc 2: H bc.
+ Bc ca nh c t mu i th: Bc = 0
+ Bc ca nh c lin h vi nh c t mu i th: Bc= Bc -1
Bc 3: Cm t mu i cho cc nh va b h bc.
Vi v d t mu cho cc nc trn, cc bc thc hin ca thut ton nh sau:
Xc nh bc ca cc nh
TQ

VN

LAO MIA THAI CAM PHI MAL BRU SING

T mu:
TQ
nh

VN

LAO MIA THAI CAM PHI MAL BRU SING INDO

nh

INDO

Bc

Bc
Mu
Bc
Mu
Bc
Mu
Bc
Mu
Bc
Mu

Thut ton t mu greedy

Dng mu th nht t cho mt nh bt k v tt c cc nh khc c th t c. Sau
dng mu th hai tip tc t cho cc nh cn li theo cng nguyn tc cho n
khi tt c cc nh ca th c t mu.
TQ

VN

LAO

MIA THAI CAM

i=1
i=2
i=3
i=4

PHI

MAL BRU SING INDO