Mt ti lu ngn gn v

L thuyt Phm tr v
Hm t
A short way to
Theory of Categories and Functors
Author:

DongPhD

DongPhD Problems Book

Series

o`.1
All rights reserved.

c 2009 by

wWw.VnMath.CoM

MC LC
Li ta

1 Phm tr

1.1
1.2
1.3

Khi nim v phm tr . . . . . . . . . . .

Cc vt v cc cu x c bit . . . . . . .
Phm tr khp, cng tnh, abel . . . . . .

2
4
14

2 Hm t

17

Ti liu tham kho

28

2.1
2.2
2.3

Khi nim hm t . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Php bin i t nhin . . . . . . . . . . .
Hm t khp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17
19
20

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Li ta
L thuyt phm tr v hm t l mn hc mi vi phn
ng chng ta. Vic tm mt quyn bi tp v n qu l
kh khn.  phc v cho nhu cu n tp ca mnh, ti
bin son tp ti liu ngn gn ny. Gp nht ni ny vi
tng, ni kia vi lun c ti  lm cng vic ca mt
con bm ling vn hoa - vn hoa x l - m khng
mong kt tinh mt c mt th mt no lnh ngt. May
chng, ch c th trnh c s chong ngp ban u khi
tip cn vi tay kim khch v cng tru tng ny.
Rt mong c s ch gio ca cc c gi v nhng
sai lm khng trnh khi trong ti liu ny.
Nc mun sng khng  cho ti ra tai  nghe nhng
li cao lun.
Hu, Ma ng, nm inh Hi
DongPhD

Of

first editon. Thanks for nothing.

is the second version.
Ask not me why
This

www.vnmath.com

1 Phm tr
Chaque vrit que je trouvois tant une rgle qui me
servoit aprs en trouver d'autres [Each problem
that I solved became a rule which served afterwards
to solve other problems]. (Ren Descartes, Discours
de la Mthode)

1.1 Khi nim v phm tr

Bi tp 1.1.

1. 1 l phm tr vi mt vt ? v mt mi tn id?;
2. 0 l phm tr rng khng c vt v mi tn no.
3. G r khng l phm tr con y ca phm tr S
4. Ab l phm tr con y ca G r.
Li gii.
3. Trong phm tr G r ta c [Z2 , Z2 ] = {0, id}. Tuy nhin
trong phm tr S , [Z2 , Z2 ] = {0, id, e} vi e(0) =
1, e(1) = 1
4. R v khi nim cu x1 trong Ab v G r l nh nhau.

Bi tp 1.2. Cho mt h (Ai )iI cc vt trong mt phm

tr C , chng minh rng CS , CP l phm tr.

1 Mt

s sch gi l mi tn(arrow)

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1. Ob(CS ) = {(i : Ai X)I |X Ob(C)},

[(i : Ai X)I , (i : Ai Y )I ]CS = { : X
Y [X, Y ]C |
i = i , i I}
hp thnh cc cu x trong CS chnh l tch cc cu
x trong C .

2. Ob(CP ) = {(i : X Ai)I |X Ob(C)},

[(i : X Ai )I , (i : Y Ai )I ]CP = { : X
Y [X, Y ]C |
i = i , i I}
hp thnh cc cu x trong CP chnh l tch cc cu
x trong C .

Li gii.
Ta c [(i : Ai X)I , (i : Ai Y )I ]CS [X, Y ]C
nn n l mt tp hp.
1(i :Ai X)I = 1X
V php hp thnh cc cu x trong CS chnh l tch
cc cu x trong C nn 1(i :Ai X)I = 1X l duy nht
v php hp thnh c tnh kt hp.

Bi tp 1.3. Cho A, B l cc vt trong mt phm tr C ,

chng minh rng OvB , U nA l phm tr.

1. Ob(OvB ) = {(X B)|X Ob(C)},

[X B, Y B]Ov = { : X Y
B

}
3

[X, Y ]C | =

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2. Ob(U nA) = {(A Y )|Y Ob(C)},

[A Y, A X]U n = { : X Y
A

[X, Y ]C | =

Li gii.

Ch vic kim tra cc tin  nh Bi tp 1.2.

1.2 Cc vt v cc cu x c bit
Bi tp 1.4. Chng minh rng

a. Nu , l n x v xc nh th cng n
x.
b. Nu th n x (nhng khng nht thit n
x).
c. Nu l ton x (n x) trong phm tr C th []
khng ton x (n x) trong phm tr thng ca C .

Li gii.

a. Gi s c f , g sao cho f

= g . V l n x
nn f = g , do l n x nn f = g . Vy n
x.

b. Gi s c f , g sao cho f = g. Suy ra f = g

do l n x nn f = g . Vy l n x.
khng nht thit n x.
Trong phm tr cc tp hp, xt cc cu x

N Z N
n 7 n
z 7 |z|
4

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R rng = idN l n x. Tuy nhin khng l

n x v |z1 | = |z2 | khng suy ra c z1 = z2 .

c. Xt phm tr v nhm nhn N. Ta xt mt quan h

tng ng trn M or(N):

a, b M or(N), a b a v b cng chia ht cho 2
hay u khng chia ht cho 2.
Khi  M or(N) c chia thnh hai lp:[0], [1].
Ta c phm tr thng N:

Ob(N) = {N}, M or(N) = {[0], [1]}

Hp thnh[a], [b]:

[a][b] = [ab] =

[1]

nu a v b u l

[0]

cc trng hp cn li

Ta c 2 l ton x (n x) trong N. Nhng [2] khng

ton x (n x) trong N.

Bi tp 1.5.

1. Ton x cha chc l ton nh.

2. n x cha chc l n nh.
Li gii.
1. Xt phm tr M on cc na nhm c n v(Monoid)
cc cu x l cc ng cu ca chng.
ng cu bao hm j : N Z l mt ton x nhng
khng ton nh. Tht vy, gi s rng g1 and g2 l
hai cu x phn bit t Z ti mt monoid M no
5

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. Lc  c n Z sao cho g1 (n) 6= g2 (n), do 

g1 (n) 6= g2 (n). Hoc n hoc n
/ N, g1 j 6= g2 j .
Vy j l ton x.
2. Trong phm tr Div cc nhm abel chia c v cc
cu x l cc ng cu nhm gia chng. Xt ng
cu thng q : Q Q/Z. R rng n khng l n
nh; tuy nhin, n l mt n x trong phm tr ny.
Tht vy, nu qf = qg trong  f , g : G Q, G
l nhm abel chia c no . Lc  qh = 0 vi
h = f g (y l mt phm tr cng tnh2 ). Suy ra
h(x) l mt s hu t nu x G. Nu h(x) 6= 0, chng
hn,


1
x
=
h
2008h(x)
2008
th

x
qh
2008h(x)


6= 0

mu thun vi qh = 0, vy h(x) = 0 v q l n x.

Bi tp 1.6. Chng minh rng cc mnh  sau tng

ng:
a. A l vt khng.
b. O A l ton x.
c. A O l n x.
d. 1A l cu x khng.
2 xem

[1]

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Li gii.

Ta ch chng minh a b v a d.

1. (a = b). Gi s A l vt khng. Nu c f , g : A
X sao cho f.0OA = g.0OA th f = g v [A, X] c duy
nht mt phn t. Vy O A l ton x.
2. (b = a). Gi s O A l ton x. c Ta s chng
minh O A l ng x. Tht vy,

0AO /

0OA /

Ta c 0OA .0AO = 0AA [A, A] v 1AA [A, A].

Mt khc 0AA 0OA = 1AA 0OA = 0OA , do 0OA l
ton x nn 0AA = 1AA .
Ta cng c 0AO .0OA = 0OO = 1OO .
Vy a b.
3. (a = d). R.
4. (d = a). Gi s 1A l cu x khng. A l vt tn
cng v 0XA [X, A] v nu f [X, A] th 1A f =
0XA = 1A 0XA , do  f = 0XA v 1A l ng x.
Vy a d.

Bi tp 1.7. Cho C l mt phm tr v hnh vung sau

giao hon:

P
p2

p1

D2

/B


1
1

/B

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Ta xt phm tr P ull:
Vi 1 : B1 B , 2 : B2 B cho sn ca C
Ob(Pull) = {(p1 : P B1 , p2 : P B2 )|p1 , p2
M or(C), 1 p1 = 2 p2 } [(p1 , p2 ), (p01 , p02 )]P ull = { : P 0
P M or(C)| p01 = p1 , p02 = p2 };
hp thnh l hp thnh trong trong C ; 1(p1,p2) = 1C .
Hy tm vt tn cng trong phm tr P ull.

Li gii.
Gi s trong phm tr P ull tn ti nu cho cp 1 ,
2 l (P, p1 , p2 ) th (p1 , p2 ) chnh l vt tn cng cn
tm.
Nu phm tr P ull khng tn ti nu cho cp 1 , 2 .
Gi s (p1 , p2 ) l vt tn cng ca phm tr P ull th
(P, p1 , p2 ) l nu (v l).

Bi tp 1.8. Chng minh rng:

a. Nu l n x th Ker = 0, nhng ngc li th

cha chc;
b. Nu l n x th Ker() = Ker().
c. Nu u : K A l ht nhn ca : A B v
p : A K l i ht nhn ca u th u l ht nhn
ca p.

Li gii.
a. Ta c

XA
X
A B

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.0XA = 0.
Gi s c cu x u0 : K 0 A tha mn iu
kin u0 = 0. V l n x nn u0 = 0XA . Vi
= idX ta c 0XA . = u0 .
Vy Ker = 0.
Phn v d:
Xt phm tr R Smod cc na mun tri.
Xt 3 = {0, 1, a}, trong  a khc 0 v 1 vi
php ton cng c nh ngha nh sau:
+
0
1
a

0
0
1
a

1
1
1
1

a
a
1
a

3 l v nhm cng giao hon vi phn t n v

l 1.
Ta c N = {0, 1, 2, . . .} vi php cng v nhn
thng thng l na vnh.
Xt nh x
: N 3
3
(n, x) 7 nx = |x + x{z
+ . . . x}
n ln

Ta c m, n N, x, y 3

n(x + y) = (x + y) + . . . (x + y)
|

{z

n ln
=x
+ . . . x} + y + y + . . . y
| + x{z
|

n ln

{z

n ln
= nx + ny

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Tng t

(m + n)x = nx + mx
(mn)x = m(nx)
1x = x
Vy 3 l mt N na mun tri.
Xt
f : 3 3
0 7 0
1 7 1
a 7 1

f (0 + 1) = f (1) = 1 = 0 + 1 = f (0) + f (1)

Tng t

f (0 + a) = f (0) + f (a)
f (1 + a) = f (1) + f (a)
f (m1) = mf (1)
f (m0) = mf (0)
f (ma) = mf (a)
Vy f l Nng cu na m un tri.
Xt K = {x 3 |f (x) = 0} = {0} l vt khng
trong R Smod.
Xt
0K 0 K =

K 0 BB

BB g 0
BB
BB
g=0
/

10

f
3

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vi

g : K 3
0 7 0

Ta c f g = f.0K3 = 0K3 .
Vi mi g 0 : K 0 3 tha f g 0 = 0K 0 3 . Suy ra
g 0 = 0.
Khi  tn ti duy nht cu x

: K 0 K = {0}
x 7
0
sao cho g(x) = g(0) = 0 = g 0 (x), x K 0 .
Vy K = Kerf nhng f khng n nh, do 
khng n x3 .
b. Ta chng minh nu tn ti Ker() th Ker() cng
tn ti v Ker() = Ker() v ngc li .
(=)
ker

X A B C
Ta c ()ker = (ker) = 0XB = 0XC

K 0 AA

AA u0
AA
AA
ker
/A

Gi s c u0 : K 0 A sao cho u0 = 0K 0 C , v
l n x nn u0 = 0XB . M ker = 0XB nn tn
ti duy nht : K 0 K sao cho ker(). = u0 .
3 Phn

chng: khng kh  tm ra mt phn th d.

11

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Vy Ker() = Ker().
(=)4
c.

K 0 AA

~
u

AA u0
AA
AA
/A

@@
@@
@
@@


/ K

Ta c pu = 0 v p = cokeru.
Mt khc u = 0 nn theo tnh cht ca cokeru
tn ti cu x duy nht : K B sao cho
p = .
Gi s c u0 : K 0 A tha mn pu0 = 0. Lc
 pu0 = 0 = u0 . Do u = ker nn tn ti duy
nht cu x : K 0 K sao cho u = u0 .
Vy u l ht nhn ca p.

Bi tp 1.9. Ta gi tch th ca mt h cu x (i :

Bi B)iI ) ca phm tr C l tch ca h vt (i :

Bi B)iI ) trong phm tr OvB cc vt pha trn B .
Khi mi cu x i l n x th tch th ca h (i :
Bi B)iI ) cn c gi l giao ca h cc vt Bi , k
hiu T Bi.
iI

Hy chng t rng nu phm tr C c vt tn cng B th

4 r

12

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i) Phm tr OvB cc vt pha trn B trng vi phm tr

 cho.
ii) Tch ca h vt (Bi)iI trng vi tch th ca h (i :
Bi B)iI ).
Li gii.
i) Chng minh trong phm tr C c vt tn cng th
OvB C . Ta cn chng minh
11

1. Ob(C) Ob(OvB )
f

2. [X B, Y B] = [X, Y ]C
1. Ta c vi mi vt ca Ob(OvB ) tng ng 1 1
vi mi vt ca Ob(C).
11
(X B) Ob(OvB ) X Ob(C)
f

2. Ta c [X B, Y B]OvB , : X
Y : g = f .

[X, Y ]C . Suy ra [X B, Y B]
[X, Y ]C .
Ngc li, vi mi [X, Y ]C , : X Y . Khi
 g : X B [X, B].
Ta c f : X B [X, B] v do B l vt tn
f

cng nn g = f . Do  [X B, Y
f

B]OvB , tc l [X, Y ]C [X B, Y B]OvB .

f
g
Vy [X B, Y B] = [X, Y ]C .
pi

ii) Gi s (P, P Bi )iI l tch ca h vt (Bi )iI

pi
trong phm tr C . Ta s chng minh (P, P Bi )iI

13

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l tch th ca h (i : Bi B)iI .
Tht vy, ta c

i pi : P B,

j pj : P B

Do B l vt tn cng nn i pi = j pj , i, j I
Suy ra i pi Ob(OvB ).
i
X Ob(C), (X, X
Bi )iI ta c

i i : X B,

j j : X B

Do B l vt tn cng nn i i = j j , i, j I .
Suy ra i i Ob(OvB ).
Do P l tch nn tn ti duy nht cu x : X P
sao cho pi = i , i I .
Vy P l tch th ca h (i : Bi B)iI .

1.3 Phm tr khp, cng tnh, abel

Bi tp 1.10. Trong phm tr khp

1. Chng minh mi n x l ht nhn ca i ht nhn

ca n
2. Mt cu x l n x khi v ch khi Ker = 0.
Li gii.

Trong phm tr khp, ta c mi cu x :

A B tha = uv trong  u = ker(coker), v =
coker(ker).

14

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1. Gi s l n x. Ta chng minh = ker(coker).

V n x nn ker = 0XA . Ta c v = coker(ker) =
coker0XA = 1A . Vy = u1A = ker(coker).
2. ker = 0 = n x.
Tht vy, gi s c f, g : X A sao cho f = g
hay uvf = uvg . V u l n x nn vf = vg hay
coker(ker)f = coker(ker)g . Suy ra 1A f = 1A g ,
tc l f = g .

Bi tp 1.11. Trong phm tr cng tnh, chng minh

1. ton x Coker = 0.

2. Coequ(, ) = Coker( ).
Li gii.

Cho : A B , coker : B Y .

1. Ta chng minh Coker = 0 = ton x.

Gi s c f, g : B Y sao cho f = g th
f g = 0 hay (f g) = 0.

B BB

Coker

BB
BB
f g BB

Y
Lc  tn ti duy nht : B Y sao cho f g =
coker = 0. Vy f = g , tc l l ton x.
2. Gi s (C, h) = Coker( ) tn ti. 5
Ta chng minh Coequ(, ) = Coker( ). Ta c
5 Khi Coequ(, )

tn ti th ta chng minh tng t

15

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h( ) = h h = 0 nn h = h .
Nu c u : B Z sao chou = u hay u( ) = 0
th theo nh ngha ca i ht nhn c duy nht
: Y Z sao cho h = u.
A

B @@

@@
@
u @@


Vy Coequ(, ) = Coker( ).

16

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2 Hm t
If you can't solve a problem, then there is an easier
problem you can solve, find it.(George P
olya)

2.1 Khi nim hm t

Bi tp 2.1. Chng t cc tng ng sau y l hm t

hip bin
a. Tng ng
HA :

C
X

S
[A, X]C

X Y 7 H A (X)
f

[A,]=H A ()

H A (Y )
f

trong  C l mt phm tr tu v A l mt vt c
nh trong phm tr C .
b. Tng ng
A R : R Mod
Ab
X

X Y

7
A R X
1
7 A R X A R X

trong  A l mt R mun phi, R mod l phm

tr cc R mun tri.
c. Tng ng
HomR (A, ) : R Mod
Ab
X

X Y
17

7 HomR (A, X)

7 HomR (A, )

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trong  A l mt R mun phi, R mod l phm

tr cc R mun tri.
Li gii.

R rng cc tng ng

[A, X]C
H A ()

X Y 7 H A (X) H A (Y )
f
7 f
l cc nh x.
Ta c

H A (1X ) = 1H A (X) . Tht vy, vi mi [A, X]C th

H A (1X )() = 1X () =
v

1H A (X) () = .
Vi mi [A, X]C , f [X, Y ]C g [Y, Z]C th
H A (gf )() = (gf ) = gf
v

H A (g)H A (f )() = H A (g)(f ) = gf ,

suy ra H A (gf ) = H A (g)H A (f ).
Vy H A l mt hm t hip bin.

18

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2.2 Php bin i t nhin

Bi tp 2.2. Cho : A B l mt cu x ca M or(C),

ta xt cc hm t phn bin HA v HB . Vi X Ob(C),

ta xc nh nh x
H : H A (X) H B (X)
f
7
f

Chng t rng H l mt php bin i t nhin t hm

t HA ti hm t HB .
Li gii.

V HA v HB l hai hm t phn bin nn 

chng minh H l php bin i t nhin ta s chng
minh vi mi : X Y M or(C) ta c biu  sau
giao hon

HA (Y )
HA ()

H (Y )

HA (X) H

HB (Y )


/
(X)

HB ()

HB (X)

hay biu  sau giao hon

[Y, A]C
HA ()

H (Y )

[X, A]C H

/
(X)

[Y, B]C


HB ()

[X, B]C

Tht vy, vi mi f [Y, A] ta c

HB ()H (Y )(f ) = HB ()(f ) = f

v

H (X)HA ()(f ) = H (X)(f ) = f .

19

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Vy

HB ()H (Y ) = H (X)HA ().

2.3 Hm t khp
Bi tp 2.3. Nu F : C D l hm t cng tnh th

a. F (0) = 0
b. F () = F (), M or(C).
Li gii.

a. Ta c F (id0 + id0) = F (id0) + F (id0) = F (id0) = 0

= idF (0) = 0 = F (0) = 0

b. Ta c F ( ) = F (0) = F () + F () = 0,
F () = F ()

Bi tp 2.4. Mt hm t hip bin cng tnh F t phm

tr abel C vo phm tr abel D l khp phi nu v ch

nu n bin mi dy khp

X Y Z 0

thnh dy khp
F ()

F ()

F (X) F (Y ) F (Z) 0

Li gii.
20

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1. (=) Gi s F bin mi dy khp

X Y Z 0
thnh dy khp
F ()

F ()

F (X) F (Y ) F (Z) 0
Ta chng minh F khp phi.

Nu trong C c dy cu x X Y Z vi =
Coker th l ton x nn = Coker = Coim .
Suy ra Im = Ker . Do  dy

X Y Z 0
khp sinh ra dy khp
F ()

F ()

F (X) F (Y ) F (Z) 0
hay ImF () = KerF () v F () l ton x. Vy
CokerF () = CoimF () = F ().
2. (=) Gi s F khp phi, tc l nu trong C c dy

cu x X Y Z vi = Coker th dy
F ()

F ()

F (X) F (Y ) F (Z) 0
c CokerF () = F ().
Gi s

X Y Z 0
khp, tc l Im = Ker v l ton x. Do 
Coker = Coim = nn c dy
F ()

F ()

F (X) F (Y ) F (Z)
21

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vi

CokerF () = CoimF () = F ()
Suy ra ImF () = KerF () v F () l ton x.6

Bi tp 2.5. Chng t rng :

a. Cc hm t H A,
R Mod Ab
l khp tri.
b. Cc hm t

HB , HomR (A, ), HomR (, B) :

A R : R Mod Ab
R B : R Mod Ab

l khp phi
Li gii.

Ta ch xt H A v A R v k hiu C thay cho

R Mod.

a. Ta chng minh H A l khp tri.

H A l hm t hip bin.
H A l cng tnh. Tht vy, vi mi f, g [A, X]C
ta c
[A, ](f +g) = (f +g) = f +g = [A, ]f +[A, ]g
H A l khp tri, tc l nu trong C c dy cu x

X Y Z vi = Ker th trong Ab c
dy cu x
[A,]

[A,]

[A, X]C [A, Y ]C [A, Z]C

6 ???

Sai u

22

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vi F () = KerF ().

i) F () KerF ().

Ta c F ()F ()(f ) = f = 0 = F ()F () =

0 hay F () KerF ().

ii) KerF () F ().

Ly g KerF () ta c F ()(g) = 0 = g =
0. V = ker nn tn ti duy nht ng cu
: A X sao cho = g , tc l F ()() =
g . Vy KerF () F ().

b. Ta chng minh A R l khp phi.

A R v R B u l hm t hip bin7 .
A R l hm t cng tnh. Ta c X, Y
Ob(R-Mod) : , [X, Y ]R-Mod
A R ( + ) = A R + A R .
Tht vy, (a x) A R X ,
A R ( + )(a x) = 1A (a) [( + )(x)] =
a [(x) + (x)]
= a (x) + a (x) = (1A )(a x) + (1A
)(a x)
= (1A + 1A )(a x).

A R l khp phi. Gi s trong C c dy cu

x X Y Z vi = coker ta s chng
7 Vic

chng minh R B khp phi ta tin hnh tng t

23

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minh trong Ab c dy cu x
1

A R X A R Y A R Z
vi 1 = Coker(1 ).
Tht vy, v = Coker = Y /Im nn l ton
x, do  = Coim = Y /Ker . = im =
ker .

Vy dy X Y Z O khp, t  dy
1

A R X A R Y A R Z 0
khp8 .
Suy ra im(1 ) = ker(1 ) v 1 l ton
x nn
1 = coim(1 ) = A R Y /Ker(1 ) =
A R Y /Im(1 )
= Coker(1 )

NHN XT:

Ni chung R B , HomR (B, ) khng khp. Tht vy,

chn R = Z, B = Z2 .

Ta c dy sau khp:
j

0 2Z Z Z2 0,
trong  j(1) = 2, p(1) =
1. Tuy nhin, dy sau khng
khp
jid

pid

0 2Z Z Z2 Z Z Z2 Z2 Z Z2 0
1
8 X A 1
Y R A Z R A 0
R

24

cng khp

www.vnmath.com

v j id khng n nh. Tht vy,

jid(1 1) = j(1)id(1) = 2 1 = 121 = 1 0 = 0.

= j id l nh x khng. N khng n nh v
2Z Z Z2
= Z Z Z2
= Z2 6= 0.9
Ta c vi HomZ (Z2 , Z), 2(1) = (2 = 0.
= (1) = 0 hay = 0. = HomZ (Z2 , Z) = 0.
Nu dy khp
j

0 Z Z Z2 0,
trong  j(1) = 2, p(1) =
1 sinh ra dy khp
p?

j?

0 HomZ (Z2 , Z) HomZ (Z2 , Z)

HomZ (Z2 , Z2 ) 0
th dy sau khp

0 0 0 HomZ (Z2 , Z2 ) 0
Vy HomZ (Z2 , Z2 ) = 0 (v l).

Bi tp 2.6. Cho P l R mun phi t do10 , hm t

sau khp:

P R : R Mod
Ab
X
7
P R X

1
X Y 7 P R X P R X
9R M
= M R R
=M
R
10 P x nh cng ng

v 2Z
=Z

25

www.vnmath.com

V cc phm tr R Mod v Ab l cc phm

tr abel nn ta s chng minh P R bin dy khp ngn

Li gii.

0 X Y Z 0
thnh dy khp ngn
1

0 P R X P R Y P R Z 0
Ta bit P R l khp phi nn vic cn li l chng
minh P R f l n cu. V P t do nn P c c s (ei )I .
Khi  mi phn t ca P R X u c th vit duy nht
P
di dng
ei R xi trong  xi X v h (xi )I c gi
11
hu hn.
Gi s
X

(P R f )(

ei R xi ) =

ei R f (xi ) = 0 =

ei R 0

Do  f (xi ) = 0, i I . Mt khc f n cu nn xi =
0i I . Vy ker(P R f ) = 0 hay P R f l n cu.

Bi tp 2.7.

1. Nu P l mun x nh th hm t HomR(P, ) khp.

2. Cho Q l mun ni x th hm t HomR(, Q) khp.
Li gii.
1. HomR (P, ) l hm t hip bin khp tri nn 
f

chng minh dy khp ngn 0 A B C

0 sinh ra dy khp
f?

f?

0 HomR (P, A) HomR (P, B)

HomR (P, C) 0
11 Xem

li l thuyt m un

26

www.vnmath.com

ta ch cn chng minh g? l ton cu. Tht vy, v

dy trn khp nn g l ton cu.

/C

M P x nh nn vi mi : P C tn ti :
P B sao cho g = = g? .
2. HomR (, Q) l hm t phn bin khp tri. 12 . Yu
cu ca bi ton tng ng vi f ? l ton cu nu
f n cu ngha l HomR (A, Q) tn ti
HomR (B, Q) sao cho f ? () = f = . iu ny r
rng v Q l ni x.

12 Dy

khp A B C 0 cm sinh dy khp

f?

f?

0 HomR (C, Q) HomR (B, Q) HomR (A, Q)

27

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn Xun Tuyn, L Vn Thuyt,
hin i, NXB Gio dc, 2001.
[2] Barry Mitchell, L thuyt phm
1965 (Bn dch ting Vit)

C s i s

tr, Academic Press,

[3] Saunder MacLane, Categories for mathematician

working, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 5, SpringerVerlag.
[4] Barr, Michael Wells, Charles (2002), Toposes, Triples
and Theories, http://www.case.edu/artsci/math/wells/pub/pdf/ttt.pdf.
[5] Admek, Jir, Herrlich, Horst Strecker, George E.
(1990), Abstract and Concrete Categories, John
Wiley Sons, ISBN 0-471-60922-6, http://katmat.math.unibremen.de/acc/acc.pdf .
[6] Asperti, Andrea Longo, Giuseppe (1991), Categories, Types and Structures, MIT Press,
ftp://ftp.di.ens.fr/pub/users/longo/CategTypesStructures/book.pdf.

Sch l thy ca cc thy

Hu ht cc ti liu trn u c ti a ch
http://www.vnmath.com/2009/11/pham-tru-ham-tu.html

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