Disproof of Bells Theorem

Joy Christian
Einstein Centre for Local-Realistic Physics, 15 Thackley End, Oxford OX2 6LB, United Kingdom

arXiv:1103.1879v2 [quant-ph] 15 Oct 2015

We illustrate an explicit counterexample to Bells theorem by constructing a pair of spin variables

in S 3 that exactly reproduces the EPR-Bohm correlation in a manifestly local-realistic manner.

We begin by defining the detections of spin bivectors L(s, k ) by the detector

(


+1
3
k
k
S A (a, ) := lim D(a) L(s, ) =
sa
1
(


1
and S 3 B(b, k ) := lim + L(s, k ) D(b) =
sb
+1

bivectors D(a) and D(b) {Ref. [1]}:

L(n, ) = D(n) D(n) = L(n, ).

(3)

if
if

k = + 1
k = 1

(1)

if
if

k = + 1
k = 1 ,

(2)

where the orientation of S 3 is assumed to be a random variable with 50/50 chance of being +1 or 1 at the moment
of the pair-creation, making the spinning bivector L(n, ) a random variable relative to the detector bivector D(n):
The expectation value of the simultaneous outcomes A (a, k ) = 1 and B(b, k ) = 1 is then worked out as follows:
"
#
n
1 X
k
k
E(a, b) = lim
A (a, ) B(b, ) within S 3 := the set of all unit (left-handed) quaternions
(4)
n1 n
k=1
"
#

n 




1 X
= lim
(conserving total spin = 0) (5)
lim D(a) L(s, k )
lim + L(s, k ) D(b)
sa
n1 n
sb
k=1
#
"
n


1 X
k
k
k
3
(6)
lim D(a) L(s, ) L(s, ) D(b) q(a, b; s, ) S
= lim
sa
n1 n
k=1 sb
"
#
n


1 X
k
k
k
k
k
k
= lim
(7)
lim L(a, ) L(s, ) L(s, ) L(b, )
sa
n1 n
k=1 sb
#
"
n


1 X
k
k
k
k
(8)
lim L(a, ) L(s, ) L(s, ) L(b, )
= lim
sa
n1 n
k=1 sb
"
#
n
1 X
k
k
= lim
L(a, ) L(b, )
{cf. Appendix B of Ref. [1]}.
(9)
n1 n
k=1

Here the integrand of (6) is necessarily a unit quaternion q(a, b; s, k ) S 3 since S 3 is closed under multiplication;
(7) follows upon using (3); (8) follows upon using 2 = +1; and (9) follows from the fact that all unit bivectors such
as L(s, ) square to 1. Using I := ex ey ez with I 2 = 1, the final sum can now be evaluated by recognizing
that the spins in the right and left oriented S 3 satisfy the following geometrical relations {cf. Appendix A of Ref. [1]}:
L(a, k = +1) L(b, k = +1) = ( + I a)( + I b)
k

(10)

and L(a, = 1) L(b, = 1) = ( + I b)( + I a).

k

(11)
k

In other words, when happens to be equal to +1, L(a, ) L(b, ) = ( + I a)( + I b), and when happens to
be equal to 1, L(a, k ) L(b, k ) = ( + I b)( + I a). Consequently, the above expectation value reduces at once to
1
1
1
(12)
E(a, b) = ( + I a)( + I b) + ( + I b)( + I a) = {ab + ba} = a b + 0 ,
2
2
2
because the orientation of S 3 is a fair coin. Here the last equality follows from the definition of the inner product.
References
[1] J. Christian, Macroscopic Observability of Spinorial Sign Changes: A Reply to Gill, arXiv:1501.03393; arXiv:1211.0784.