H THNG THNG TIN QUN L

Management Information System MIS

TS. QUANG VINH

Email: dqvinh@live.com
H Ni - 2013

Tnh cp thit
Cng ngh thng tin ngy cng c ng dng rng ri vo
tt c cc ngnh kinh t x hi ni chung v ngnh Xut
bn - Pht hnh ni ring
Mn hc TIN HC QUN L i vi sinh vin ngnh
Xut bn - Pht hnh l mt yu cu cp thit
Mc ch
Khi nim v H thng thng tin IS (HTTT), H thng
thng tin qun l MIS, phn loi HTTT, phng php pht
trin HTTT
H qun tr c s d liu DBMS, cc thnh phn c bn v
cc chc nng chnh ca HQTCSDL, m hnh d liu quan
h, phng php thit k CSDL
2

Qun l trong t chc vn ha thng tin

Khi nim qun l l qu trnh t chc cc ngun lc

nhm t ti mt mc tiu no ca mt t chc, trong
bao gm qu trnh lp k hoch, iu hnh, lnh o
v gim st, vi nhiu cp v phm vi qun l khc
nhau ph thuc vo mc tiu, thi gian, tnh phc tp
ca cc quan h kinh t - x hi v vn ha trong qun l
(Nhp mn qun l vn ha thng tin Qu Ford)
3

Qun l trong t chc vn ha thng tin

Cp qun l:
- Cp iu hnh
- Cp qun tr
- Cp chin lc

Cp qun l
ca mt t chc vn ha thng tin
Qun l cp cao
(Lp k hoch chin lc)
Qun l cp trung
(Cc k hoch iu hnh)

Qun l cp thp
(Cc k hoch hng ngy)

nh ngha 1 (Phan nh Diu, Quch Tun Ngc [24]):

H thng l mt tp hp cc thnh phn c lin h vi nhau,
hot ng hng ti mc ch chung theo cch tip nhn
cc yu t vo, sinh ra cc yu t ra trong mt qu trnh x l
c t chc

H thng c 3 thnh phn c bn tng tc vi nhau:

+ Yu t vo (u vo)
+ X l, ch bin
+ Yu t ra (u ra)

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KHI NIM D LIU THNG TIN TRI THC

D liu (Data) l vt liu th to ra thng tin, cn

thng tin l d liu c thu thp v x l chuyn
thnh dng c ngha. Ni cch khc, d liu l ngun
gc, l vt mang thng tin, l vt liu sn xut ra
thng tin.
D liu c th l:
- Tn hiu vt l (physical signal): tn hiu in, tn hiu
sng in t, tn hiu nh sng, tn hiu m thanh,
nhit , p sut, ...
- Cc s liu (number) l d liu bng s m ta quen
vi tn gi s liu. l cc s liu trong cc biu
bng tnh ton, thng k, ti chnh ...
- Cc k hiu (symbol) nh cc ch vit (character) v
cc k hiu khc trn tre, na, , trn bia, trn vch
ni ... ca ngi xa.

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- Vn bn, ch vit (text, character): sch bo, truyn,

thng bo, thng t, cng vn ...
- m thanh(sound): ting ni, m nhc, ting n
- Hnh nh (image): phim nh, tivi, camera, tranh v ...
- ha (graphic) ...
Thng tin (INFORMATION) l mt khi nim tru tng
m t tt c nhng g em li hiu bit, nhn thc cho
con ngi v i tng mnh quan tm
- Thng tin tn ti khch quan. Thng tin c th to ra,
pht sinh, truyn i, lu tr, chn lc. Thng tin cng
c th b mo m, sai lch do nhiu hay do ngi
xuyn tc
Tri thc (Knowledge) bao gm cc s kin v lut dn,
l mt dng c bit ca d liu
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Phn loi tri thc

Kh nng chuyn giao tri thc
(transferability of knowledge)

Tri thc hin (explicit knowledge)

- Tri thc v s vt:(know-what)
- Tri thc v nguyn nhn hay tri thc gii thch:(knowwhy)

Tri thc n (tacit knowledge)

- Tri thc v cch lm(know-how)
- Tri thc v ngi bit (know-who)

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Tri thc hin

m t bng vn bn, hnh v, m thanh, c th truyn
b nhanh chng

Tri thc n
- phong ph, a dng; ch c th din t trc tip bng
hnh ng v thao tc ca chnh ngi s hu n, v d
nh cc ngh nhn, cc th c tay ngh cao v.v. . .
- tn ti trong b no ca ch nhn, khng th truyn
i xa c, ch c th truyn cho ngi n hc bng
kiu bt chc hoc "cm tay ch vic

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10

SO SNH HAI LOI TRI THC

TRI THC N

TRI THC HIN

Tip cn l thuyt
Cch gii quyt vn
Ti liu
C s d liu
C s tri thc

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Nhn thc
Nim tin
Quan nim
Trc gic
M hnh
K thut
Ngn ngh (craft)
B quyt (know-how)
11

R.R Nelson v P.Romer (1996)

Phn cng (hardware): Tt c cc vt th vt cht khng phi

con ngi

Phn mm (software): Kin thc c in ch ho (codified)

v lu tr bn ngoi no ngi.

Phn t (wetware): Tri thc lu tr trong my tnh t ca

no ngi, gm nim tin, k nng, ti nng, ch ...

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THP THNG TIN

TRI THC C TRI NGHIM (WISDOM)

TRI THC

Mc
x l
thng tin

THNG TIN

D LIU

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13

nh ngha H thng thng tin HTTT

nh ngha

nh ngha 2 (Phan nh Diu, Quch Tun Ngc, [24]):

HTTT l h thng tip nhn cc ngun d liu nh cc yu
t vo v x l chng thnh cc sn phm thng tin l cc
yu t ra

nh ngha 3 (Laudon [14]):

HTTT l tp hp cc thnh phn c t chc thu thp,
x l, lu tr, phn phi v biu din thng tin tr gip vic
ra quyt nh v kim sot trong mt t chc

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H thng thng tin c mt ngha quan trng trong qu

trnh phn tch v nh gi hot ng ca mt t chc
vn ha thng tin. Khng c thng tin, nh qun l s
khng c c s nh gi mi trng v a ra cc gii
php qun l
(Nhp mn Qun l Vn ha thng tin Qu Ford )

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15

Hnh 1.3 - Cc thnh phn ca HTTT

(Kroenke D., Hatch R. [12])
Cu ni
Cu ni
Ngun lc

Cng c

Phn cng

Phn mm

Thnh phn sn c

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D liu

Th tc

Con ngi

Thnh phn thit lp

16

nh ngha 4 (Keen P.G.W.):

H thng thng tin qun l MIS (Management Information
System) l s pht trin v s dng HTTT c hiu qu trong
mt t chc. Mt HTTT c coi l hiu qu nu tr gip
hon thnh c cc mc tiu ca con ngi v t chc s
dng n [49]
VAI TR CA HTTT
Trong bt k mt t chc, xc nh 3 h thng:

H thng iu khin: c nhim v ra cc quyt nh

H thng thc hin: hot ng nhm thc hin cc

quyt nh xc nh bi h thng iu khin

H thng thng tin: thc hin s lin h gia h thng

trn, m bo cho t chc hot ng t c cc mc
tiu t ra
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Nhim v ca HTTT
Thu thp thng tin: phn tch, chn lc v ghi nhn thng tin
cn thit v c ch cho qun l
X l thng tin: thc hin tnh ton, cp nht, lu tr d liu
Truyn thng tin: thc hin truyn thng thng tin sao cho
m bo thi gian v bo mt

c trng ca HTTT: 4
- HTTT phi c thit k, t chc trong ng cnh chung ca
kinh t x hi. HTTT phc v nhiu lnh vc hot ng khc
nhau, phc v nhim v chung ca mt t chc
- HTTT t c mc tiu l ra cc quyt nh. Vic xy
dng HTTT nhm mc ch cui cng l h tr ra quyt nh.
quyt nh ng n, cn phi cung cp cho ngi ra
quyt nh thng tin cn thit
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- HTTT phi da trn cc k thut tin tin v x l thng tin, bao

gm cc phn mm.ng dng, cc thit b CNTT. Mt trong nhng
kin thc cn thit nht l tri thc v c s d liu v cc h qun tr
c s d liu DBMS
- HTTT c kin trc mm do, c kh nng pht trin c

HIU QU CA HTTT
Mt HTTT c coi l c hiu qu nu gp phn nng cao cht lng
hot ng qun l tng th
Tnh hiu qu ca mt HTTT c th hin trn cc mt sau y:
- t c cc mc tiu thit k ra ca t chc
- Chi ph vn hnh l chp nhn c
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- Tin cy, p ng c cc chun mc ca mt HTTT hin

hnh
- Sn phm c gi tr xc ng
- D hc v d s dng
- Mm do, c th kim tra, m rng ng dng v pht trin
tip c

PHN LOI HTTT theo chc nng nghip v

1. H THNG X L GIAO DCH TPS
(Transaction Processing System)
- L mt HTTT nghip v
- phc v cho hot ng ca t chc mc vn hnh
- Cung cp nhiu d liu nht cho cc h thng khc trong
t chc
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c trng ca TPS:
- Khi lng cng vic giao dch nhiu
- Cc quy trnh x l giao dch r rng

Cht ch, c th m t chi tit

t ngoi l

TPS khng linh hot, khng th iu tit c vic x l

d liu hay nhu cu thng tin khi cha c xy dng
trc trong h thng

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H THNG THNG TIN QUN L MIS

(Management Information System)
- Tr gip cc hot ng qun l ca t chc nh lp k
hoch, kim tra thc hin, tng hp v lm bo co, ra
quyt nh qun l trn c s cc quy trnh th tc cho
trc

2.

MIS s dng d liu t TPS v to ra cc bo co nh

k hay theo yu cu

MIS t c kh nng phn tch thng tin

c trng ca MIS:
- H tr chc nng x l d liu trong giao dch v lu
tr

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- S dng CSDL thng nht, c nhiu chc nng x l d

liu
- Cung cp y thng tin ngi qun l truy cp d
liu
- Thch ng c vi nhng thay i ca quy trnh x l
thng tin
- m bo ton vn d liu v an ton d liu

So vi TPS, MIS mm do hn, c nhiu chc nng x l d

liu hn
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3.

H TR GIP QUYT NH DSS

(Decision Support System)

- L h c s dng mc qun l ca t chc

- C nhim v tng hp cc d liu v tin hnh phn
tch bng m hnh tr gip cho cc nh qun l ra
quyt nh c quy trnh r rng (bn cu trc) hay
hon ton khng c quy trnh bit trc (khng c
cu trc)

Qu trnh ra quyt nh thng gm 3 giai on: xc

nh vn , xy dng v nh gi cc gii php khc
nhau v la chn mt gii php ti u, thch hp

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- DSS phi s dng nhiu loi d liu khc nhau nn cc

CSDL phi c t chc v lin kt tt
- DSS c nhiu phng php x l c t chc sao cho
c th s dng linh hot
- DSS thng c xy dng cho mi t chc c th
mi t hiu qu cao

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H CHUYN GIA ES
(Expert System)
- L mt h tr gip quyt nh mc chuyn su
- Ngoi nhng kin thc, kinh nghim ca cc chuyn
gia v cc lut suy din, ES cn c th trang b cc thit
b cm nhn thu cc thng tin t nhng ngun khc
nhau
- C th x l v da vo cc lut suy din a ra
cc quyt nh rt hu ch v thit thc
4.

S khc bit c bn ca ES vi DSS l ES yu cu nhng

thng tin xc nh a vo ra quyt nh c cht
lng cao trong mt lnh vc hp
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5.

H TR GIP IU HNH ESS

(Execution Support System)
ESS c s dng mc qun l chin lc ca t
chc
-

- ESS c thit k hng s tr gip cho cc quyt

nh khng cu trc bng vic lm ra cc th phn
tch trc quan v cc giao dch rt thun tin vi
mi trng
- ESS c thit k cung cp hay trch lc cc
thng tin a dng ly t mi trng hay cc h MIS,
DSS,
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c trng ca ESS:
- Phc v nhu cu thng tin iu hnh
- m bo giao din NSD thn thin tin cho vic
iu hnh ca ngi lnh o
- S dng cc m hnh quyt nh iu hnh ca c nhn
- m bo theo di v iu khin hiu qu v theo th i
gian
- Truy cp thng tin nhanh
- Trch lc thng tin
So vi cc HTTT khc, ESS c phm vi ng d ng r ng ri
hn, khng iu hnh cc vn chi tit m t p trung vo
cc vn quan trng
ESS c s dng cho ngi lnh o ca t chc

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28

H THNG THNG TIN TCH HP IIS

(Integrated Information System)

6.

Mt HTTT ca t chc thng gm vi loi HTTT cng

c khai thc nhm p ng c mc tiu ca t chc

V vy, cn phi tch hp nhiu HTTT khc loi m

bo hot ng hiu qu ca t chc

Vic tch hp nhiu HTTT trong mt t chc c th ti n

hnh theo hai cch: xy dng mt HTTT tch hp tng th
hoc tch hp cc HTTT c bng cch ghp n i chng
nh cc cu ni

Vic s dng IIS tng th thng a t chc n mt

h thng tp trung, mt s phi hp v kim tra cht
ch
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Tuy nhin, to sc v qun l v s quan liu trong

hot ng v kh thay i

Khi s tp trung ca mt HTTT t n bo ha,

nhiu t chc bt u cho cc b phn ca mnh tip
tc pht trin nhng h con vi cc c th ring

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Hnh 1.4 - Mi quan h gia cc loi HTTT (Laudon [14])

H tr gip
iu hnh ESS

H thng
thng tin
qun l MIS

H chuyn gia
ES

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H tr gip
quyt nh DSS

H thng x
l giao dch
TPS
31

Phng php pht trin HTTT

L do t chc cn pht trin HTTT

1.

T chc gp phi nhng vn lm cn tr hoc

hn ch khng cho php t chc thc hin thnh
cng nhng mc tiu ca h
T chc cn to ra cc u th mi nng lc mi
c th vt qua nhng thch thc v nm
c c hi trong tng lai
Do yu cu t bn ngoi c lin quan n s pht
trin v hp tc ca t chc

2.

3.

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32

Qu trnh pht trin HTTT: 6 bc

1.

Lp k hoch d n

2.

Phn tch h thng

3.

Thit k h thng

4.

Lp trnh v kim th

5.

Ci t v chuyn i h thng

6.

Vn hnh v bo tr

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Bc 1: Lp k hoch d n
ngha:
- Quyt nh vic c xy dng HTTT hay khng?
- L mt yu cu bt buc tin hnh tip theo,
khng c d n th cng khng c xy dng HTTT
Mc tiu: a ra d n xy dng HTTT kh thi
Ni dung:
- Xc nh mc tiu;
- Xc nh cc yu t quyt nh thnh cng
- Phn tch phm vi, rng buc nh hng n thi gian
v ngun lc
- Xc nh cc vn c nh hng n mc tiu t
c
- Xc nh cc ngun lc: ti chnh, nhn lc, vt lc
- La chn cc gii php hp l t c mc tiu

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Yu cu:
- Lm r HTTT trong tng lai p ng nhu cu g?
- Cc ni dung trn c sc thuyt phc: ng, , tin
cy, kh thi ngi lnh o chp nhn v thng qua

Bc 2: Phn tch h thng

- Phn tch HTTT l vic s dng cc phng php v
cng c nhn thc v hiu bit c h thng, tm
cc gii php gii quyt cc vn phc tp ny sinh
trong h thng ang c nghin cu
ngha:
l giai on chnh, trng tm khi xy dng HTTT, i su
vo bn cht ca HTTT
Mc tiu: xc nh nhu cu thng tin

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Ni dung:
- Nghin cu hin trng: nm c tnh trng hot ng ca h
thng c
- Xy dng m hnh h thng: da vo kt qu iu tra xy
dng m hnh nghip v ca h thng, t lm r m hnh thng
tin v m hnh tc nghip ca h thng. y l cng vic quan
trng nht
- Phn tch tnh kh thi: c tm quan trng c bit, lin quan n
vic la chn gii php m thc cht l tm ra im cn bng gia
nhu cu v kh nng gii quyt vn . Phn tch tnh kh thi c
tin hnh trn 3 mt
+ Kh thi v k thut
+ Kh thi v kinh t
+ Kh thi hot ng
- Lp h s nhim v
Yu cu:
xc nh r v y cc chc nng ca h thng, cc kiu d
liu, cu trc d liu
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Bc 3: Thit k h thng
ngha: l bc chnh v a ra mt ph ng n t ng th
hay mt m hnh y v HTTT trong tng lai
Mc ch: t c cc c t v hnh thc v c u trc
HTTT, mi trng hot ng ca HTTT, nhm hi n th c
ha kt qu phn tch v a ra quyt nh ci t h
thng
Ni dung:
- Thit k logic: bao gm cc thnh ph n c a HTTT v lin
kt gia chng. Kt qu nhn c l cc m hnh d li u
v x l d liu
- Thit k vt l: l qu trnh chuy n m hnh logic thnh
thit k k thut ca HTTT: h thng thit b v cc ch c
nng ca NSD. Kt qu l to ra cc c t c th v
phn cng, phn mm, CSDL, th tc x l
Yu cu: m bo HTTT tha mn cc yu c u phn
tch
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Bc 4: Lp trnh v kim th
ngha: th hin kt qu phn tch v thit k. y
chnh l bc thi cng
Mc tiu: xy dng c phn mm p ng c cc
yu cu t ra
Ni dung:
- La chn phn mm h tng c s ca HTTT, bao
gm: h iu hnh, h qun tr c s d liu DBMS,
ngn ng lp trnh
- La chn cc phn mm ng gi
- Chuyn cc c t thit k thnh cc phn mm
- Kim tra v th nghim cc module chc nng, h
thng con v ton b HTTT
Yu cu:
- Chuyn mi kt qu phn tch v thit k HTTT trn
giy thnh phn mm chy c trn my tnh
- a ra sn phm ng n v hp l

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Bc 5: Ci t v chuyn i h thng
ngha:
thay i v nng cao cht lng hot ng ca t chc
Mc tiu:
chuyn i ton b hot ng ca t chc t c sang
mi, ngha l a HTTT mi vo s dng
Ni dung:
chuyn i d liu, o to v sp xp i ng cn b
lm vic trn HTTT mi
Yu cu:
HTTT mi hot ng tt v em li hiu qu cao hn
h thng c

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Bc 6: Vn hnh v bo tr
ngha:
duy tr hot ng ca HTTT
Mc tiu:
p ng cc mc tiu t ra ban u
Ni dung:
- xut nhng sa i, ci tin, b sung
- Tin hnh nhng sa i, b sung v phn cng,
phn mm
- Kim tra tnh p ng c cc yu cu t ra
- Bo tr HTTT
Yu cu:
HTTT lun sn sng hot ng khng ngng

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Hnh 1.5 - M hnh thc nc

ca qu trnh pht trin HTTT (Pressman [39])
Lp k hoch
d n
Phn tch
h thng
Thit k
h thng
Lp trnh v
kim th
Ci t v chuyn i
h thng
Vn hnh v
bo tr
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Vai tr ca ngi tham gia pht trin HTTT

Ngi qun l HTTT

Ngi phn tch h thng

Ngi lp trnh

Ngi s dng

Ngi qun l nghip v

Cc chuyn vin k thut

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H qun tr c s d liu DBMS

nh ngha c s d liu

nh ngha 5:
C s d liu CSDL l mt b su tp nhng d liu tc
nghip c lu tr li v c cc h ng dng ca mt
x nghip c th no s dng (C.J.Date [6])
X nghip ch l mt thut ng chung tin li ch
nhng hot ng thng mi, khoa hc, k thut hoc
cc hot ng khc c quy m ln
V d: trng i hc, cng ty, ngn hng, bnh vin,
c quan nh nc ...

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Chng
trnh ng
dng 1

C S D LIU HP NHT

Chng
trnh ng
dng 2

Chng
trnh ng
dng n

Cc h thng
chng trnh
ng dng
khai thc
c s d liu

Ngi s dng
NSD khai thc
c s d liu

Hnh - S tng qut v mt h c s d liu

D liu tc nghip l cc d liu v hot ng ca x

nghip c lu li. D liu tc nghip ca x nghip
c th bao gm:
+ D liu v sinh vin
+ D liu v k hoch o to
+ D liu v sn phm
+ D liu v cc ti khon
+ D liu v ngi bnh ...
c trng: 3
1. CSDL phi l mt tp hp cc thng tin mang tnh h
thng ch khng phi l cc thng tin ri rc, khng
c mi quan h vi nhau
2. Thng tin phi c cu trc
3. Tp hp thng tin phi c kh nng p ng cc nhu
cu khai thc ca nhiu NSD mt cch ng thi
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u im ni bt: 3
1.

Gim s trng lp thng tin xung mc thp nht v

do bo m c tnh nht qun v ton vn d liu

2.

m bo d liu c th c truy xut theo nhiu cch

khc nhau

3.

Kh nng chia s thng tin cho nhiu NSD v nhiu

ng dng khc nhau

4 bi ton:
1.

Tnh ch quyn ca d liu

2.

Tnh bo mt v quyn khai thc thng tin ca NSD

3.

Tranh chp d liu

4.

m bo d liu khi c s c

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H qun tr c s d liu DBMS

-

Ngn ng giao tip gia NSD v CSDL:

Ngn ng nh ngha d liu DDL (Data Definition

Language)

Ngn ng thao tc d liu DML (Data Manipulation

Language)

Ngn ng truy vn c cu trc SQL (Structured Query

Language)

Ngn ng iu khin d liu DCL (Data Control

Language)

T in d liu (Data Dictionary)

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C bin php bo mt tt khi c yu cu bo mt

C ch gii quyt vn tranh chp d liu

C c ch sao lu v phc hi d liu

Giao din tt, d s dng, d hiu cho nhng NSD

Bo m tnh c lp gia d liu v chng trnh

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Hnh 1.6 - S tng qut ca DBMS

Chng trnh
khai bo
cu trc

Ngn ng
nh ngha
d liu
DDL
T in
d liu

Chng
trnh ng
dng A

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CSDL

Ngn ng
thao tc
d liu
DML

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CC MC BIU DIN CSDL

Theo kin trc ANSI-PARC (Standard Planning and
Requirements Committee of the American National Standard
Institute), mt CSDL c 3 mc biu din:

mc trong (mc vt l - Physical)

mc quan nim (Conception / Logical)

mc ngoi

a. Mc trong

L mc quan tm n cch t chc vt l ca d liu c lu

tr trn phn cng nh th no? Mc trong m t cch dng
k thut ca cc byte v cp my

Vn cn gii quyt l d liu g v c lu tr nh th

no? u (a t, bng t, rnh, cung t ... )? cn cc ch mc
g? vic truy xut l tun t (sequential access) hay ngu nhin
(random access) i vi tng loi d liu.

Nhng ngi lm vic vi CSDL l ngi qun tr CSDL,

NSD chuyn mn.

b. Mc quan nim

CSDL cn phi lu tr bao nhiu loi d liu? l nhng d

liu g? Mi quan h gia cc loi d liu ny nh th no?

T th gii thc cc chuyn vin tin hc qua qu trnh kho st

v phn tch, cng vi nhng ngi s m nhn vai tr qun tr
CSDL, s xc nh c nhng loi thng tin g l cn thit phi
a vo CSDL, ng thi m t r mi lin h gia cc thng
tin ny

CSDL mc quan nim l mt s biu din tru tng CSDL

mc vt l, ngc li, CSDL vt l l s ci t c th ca
CSDL mc quan nim

c. Mc ngoi
L mc ca NSD v cc chng trnh ng dng
Lm vic ti mc ny c cc nh chuyn mn, cc k s tin
hc v NSD khng chuyn
Mi NSD hay mi chng trnh ng dng c th c "nhn"
CSDL theo mt gc khc nhau. C th "nhn" thy ton b
hay ch mt phn hoc ch l cc thng tin tng hp t CSDL
hin c. NSD hay chng trnh ng dng c th hon ton
khng c bit v cu trc t chc lu tr thng tin trong
CSDL, thm ch ngay c tn gi ca cc loi d liu hay tn
gi ca cc thuc tnh. H ch c th lm vic trn mt phn
CSDL theo cch "nhn" do ngi qun tr hay chng trnh
ng dng quy nh, gi l khung nhn (View)
Cu trc CSDL vt l (mc trong) v mc quan nim th ch
c mt, nhng ti mc ngoi, mc ca cc chng trnh ng
dng v NSD trc tip CSDL th c th c nhiu cu trc
ngoi tng ng

Hnh - Kin trc tng qut ANSI - PARC ca mt h c s d liu

M hnh d liu l s tru tng ha mi trng thc, l

s biu din d liu mc quan nim

M hnh d liu quan h

M hnh d liu quan h (Relational Data Model) do
E.F.Codd xut.
Nn tng c bn ca n l khi nim l thuyt tp hp
trn cc quan h, tc l tp ca cc b gi tr

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Cc khi nim c bn

THUC TNH (ATTRIBUTE)

- L mt tnh cht ring bit ca mt i tng cn c
lu tr trong CSDL phc v cho vic khai thc d liu
v i tng
- V d:
+ Loi thc th SINH_VIN c mt s thuc tnh M_SV,
H TN_SV, NGY_SINH, QU, M_KHOA
+ Loi thc th XUT_BN_PHM c mt s thuc tnh
M_XBP, TN_XBP, N_GIA, S_ LNG
+ Loi thc th NGH_S c mt s thuc tnh M_NS,
H TN_NS, NGY_SINH, QU

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- c trng bi mt tn gi, kiu gi tr v min gi tr

- Mi thuc tnh c th ch chn ly nhng gi tr trong
mt tp hp con ca kiu d liu. Tp hp cc gi tr
m mt thuc tnh A c th nhn c gi l min gi
tr (domain) ca thuc tnh A v c k hiu l
DOM(A)
- V d:
Sinh vin ang theo hc ti trng i hc HUC th tui
nhiu nht l 60 v tui t nht l 18

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QUAN H (RELATION)
- Mt quan h R c n ngi c nh ngha trn tp cc
thuc tnh U = {A1, A2, ..., An} (th t ca cc thuc tnh l
khng quan trng) v km theo n l mt tn t, tc l
mt quy tc xc nh mi quan h gia cc thuc tnh
Ai v c k hiu l R(A1, A2, ..., An). Tp thuc tnh ca
quan h R i khi cn c k hiu l R+
- Vi Ai l mt thuc tnh c min gi tr l DOM(Ai), nh
vy, R(A1, A2, ..., An) l tp con ca tch cc: DOM(A1) x
DOM(A2) x ... x DOM(An)
- Quan h cn c gi bng thut ng khc l bng
(Table)
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- V d:

XUT_BN_PHM(M_XBP, TN_XBP,
N_GIA, S_LNG) l quan h 4 ngi.
Tn t: "Mi Xut bn phm c mt Tn_XBP,
N_GI, ... v c cp mt m duy nht phn
bit vi nhng Xut bn phm khc trong nh sch"

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B GI TR (TUPLE)
- L cc thng tin ca mt i tng thuc quan h. B gi
tr thng c gi l bn ghi (record) hoc hng ca bng
(row).
- V mt hnh thc, mt b q l mt vect gm n thnh phn
thuc tp hp con ca tch cc min gi tr ca cc thuc
tnh v tha mn tn t cho ca quan h:
q=(a1, a2, ..., an) (DOM(A1) x (DOM(A2) x... x DOM(An))

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- V d:
4 b gi tr da trn cc thuc tnh ca quan h SINH_VIN:
q1 = (TV42B001, Lng Vn Sang, 27/03/1992, Hng Yn, TV42B)
q2 = (PHS30A005, V Bch Nga, 26/08/1992, Lng Sn, PHS30A)
q3 = (PHS30B014, Xun Sn, 30/04/1991, Khnh Ha, PHS30B)
q4 = (VHDL21B015, L Hoi H, 23/10/1994, H Nam, VHDL21B)

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TH HIN CA QUAN H
- Th hin TR (hoc tnh trng) ca quan h R l tp
hp cc b gi tr ca quan h R vo mt thi im.
- Ti nhng thi im khc nhau th quan h s c
nhng th hin khc nhau. Th hin ca cc lc
quan h con TRi gi l tnh trng ca lc CSDL C

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- V d:
Th hin ca quan h MN_HC
M_mn_hc Tn_mn_hc
THC
Tin hc i cng
THQL
Tin hc qun l
TKW
Thit k Web
CBDT
Ch bn in t
MMT
Mng my tnh
TOAN
Ton cao cp
TMDT
Thng mi in t

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S_Tn_ch
3
2
2
2
2
3
3

63

KHA (KEY)
C nhiu cch khc nhau nh ngha kha:
nh ngha6:
Kha ca lc quan h R nh ngha trn tp cc
thuc tnh U={A1, A2, ..., An} l mt tp con K U
tha mn cc tnh cht sau: vi b gi tr q1, q2
ca R u mt thuc tnh A K sao cho q1.A
q2.A.

2 b c gi tr bng nhau trn thuc tnh ca K:

q1.K q2.K
Nh vy, mi gi tr ca kha K phi l xc nh duy
nht trn quan h R.
Theo nh ngha trn, nu K' K U l kha ca lc
quan h R th K cng l kha ca R
bi v q1.K' q2.K' th c q1.K q2.K

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Nh vy, trong lc quan h c th c rt nhiu kha.

Vic xc nh tt c cc kha ca mt lc quan h l
rt kh khn
nh ngha 6 l cha cht ch

nh ngha7:
Quan h R nh ngha trn tp cc thuc tnh
U={A1, A2, ..., An}
K U l kha ca quan h R nu tha 2 iu kin sau y:
(i) K xc nh c gi tr ca Aj vi j = 1, 2, ..., n
(ii) ! K' K m K' c th xc nh c gi tr ca Aj vi j
= 1,2, ..., n
K l tp con nh nht m gi tr ca n c th xc nh
duy nht mt b gi tr ca quan h

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Kha ca quan h theo nh ngha 7 c gi l kha

d b (candidate) v l kha ni ca quan h

K l siu kha ca quan h R nu K' K l mt kha

ca quan h
Mt lc quan h Q ca quan h R lun c t nht
mt siu kha v c th c nhiu siu kha

ngha thc t ca kha l dng nhn din mt b

trong mt quan h

Khi cn truy tm mt b q ch cn bit gi tr ca

thnh phn kha ca q l d tm v hon ton
xc nh c n trong quan h

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Trong trng hp lc quan h Q c nhiu kha ch

nh, khi ci t trn mt DBMS, NSD c th chn mt
trong s cc kha d b to ch mc (index) chi
phi vic truy cp n cc b. Kha d b ny c gi
l kha chnh (primary key)
Cc kha cn li gi l cc kha tng ng
Kha chnh ch tht s c ngha trong qu trnh khai
thc CSDL v v l thuyt, kha chnh hon ton khng
c vai tr g khc so vi cc kha d b cn li
Mt s DBMS nh Microsoft Access, ORACLE, DB2 ... c
ci t c ch t ng kim tra tnh duy nht trn
kha chnh. Ngha l, nu thm mt b mi q2 c gi tr
kha chnh trng vi gi tr kha chnh ca mt b q1
no c trong quan h th h thng s bo li v
yu cu nhp li mt gi tr khc

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 Qui c:
- Trong mt b c a mt quan h cc thuc tnh kha khng
ch a gi tr r ng.
- Khng c php s a i gi tr c a thuc tnh kha. N u
mu n s a i gi tr thuc tnh kha c a mt b q, NSD
phi h y b b q v sau , thm mi mt b q' vi gi tr
kha c s a i.
- Cc thuc tnh c tham gia vo mt kha c gi l thuc
tnh kha. Ng c li, cc thuc tnh khng tham gia vo mt
kha no gi l thuc tnh khng kha
- V d :
+ KHOA (M_khoa, Tn_khoa)
+ MN_H C (M_mn_hc, Tn_mn_hc, S _Tn_ch)
+ SINH_VIN (M_SV, HTn_SV, Ngy_sinh, Qu, M_khoa)
+ K T_QU _THI (M_SV, M_mn_hc, L n_thi, Ngy_thi,
i m_thi, Ghi_ch)
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Kha ngoi (Foreign Key)

Gi s c hai quan h R v S.
Mt tp thuc tnh K c a quan h R c gi l kha
ngoi c a quan h R n u K l kha ni c a quan h S

- V d :
M_khoa trong quan h SINH_VIN l kha ngoi v n l
kha ni c a quan h KHOA

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PH THUC HM (FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCY)

Quan h R c nh ngha trn tp thuc tnh U = { A1,
A2, ..., An}
X, Y U l 2 tp con c a tp thuc tnh U. N u t n ti
mt nh x f : X Y th ta ni r ng X xc nh hm Y,
hay Y ph thuc hm vo X v k hiu l X Y

RNG BUC TON VN

(INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT / RULE)

- L mt quy t c nh ngha trn mt hay nhi u quan

h do mi tr ng ng d ng quy nh quy t c m
bo tnh nh t qun c a d liu trong CSDL.
- M i RBTV c nh ngha b ng mt thut ton trong
CSDL
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- V d :
SINH_VIN (MA_SV, HTn_SV, Ngy_sinh, Qu, M_lp)

Quy tc: Ngy_sinh c a sinh vin phi {01/01/1953} v

{31/12/1995}
Thut ton: sv SINH_VIN th sv.Ngy_sinh{01/01/1953} &
sv.Ngy_sinh{31/12/1995}

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Cc php ton c bn trn cc quan h: 3

PHP CHN THM MT B MI VO QUAN H

Vic chn thm mt b gi tr mi t vo quan h

R (A1, A2, ..., An) lm cho th hin TR ca n tng thm mt
phn t mi: TR = TR t
Dng hnh thc:
INSERT (R; Ai1=v1, Ai2 =v2, ..., Aim= vm)
trong :
Ai1, Ai2, ..., Aim l cc thuc tnh
v1, v2, ..., vm l cc gi tr thuc DOM(Ai1), DOM(Ai2) , ...,
DOM(Aim) tng ng

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- V d: Quan h
SINH_VIN(M_SV, HTn_SV, Ngy_sinh, Qu, M_l p)
Chn thm b q5=(TV42B002, Hong Thu Trang, 17/05/1994, H N i,
TV42B) vo quan h SINH_VIN bi php thm nh sau:
INSERT(SINH_VIN; [M_SV] = TV42B002, H Tn_SV = Hong Thu
Trang, [Ngy_sinh]=17/05/1994, [Qu]=H N i, [M_l p]= TV42B).
Th hin TSINH_VIN :
q1 = (TV42B001, Lng Vn Sang, 27/03/1992, Hng Yn, TV42B)
q5 = (TV42B002, Hong Thu Trang, 17/05/1994, H Ni, TV42B)
q2 = (PHS30A005, V Bch Nga, 26/08/1992, Lng Sn, PHS30A)
q3 = (PHS30B014, Xun Sn, 30/04/1991, Khnh Ha, PHS30B)
q4 = (VHDL21B015, L Hoi H, 23/10/1994, H Nam, VHDL21B)
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PHP XO B KHI QUAN H

Php xo mt b t c a quan h s l y i b t khi th
hin c a quan h: TR = TR\ t
Dng hnh th c:
DELETE (R; Ai1= v1, Ai2 = v2, ... Aim = vm)

trong :
Aij=vj (j = 1, 2, ..., m) l nh ng i u kin tha mt s
thuc tnh c a b t xo mt b ra khi quan h
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- V d:
Quan h SINH_VIN(M_SV, HTn_SV, Ngy_sinh, Qu, M_lp)
Vi php xo nh sau:
DELETE (SINH_VIN; [Qu] = Hng Yn)
Th b q1 = (TV42B001, Lng Vn Sang, 27/03/1992, Hng Yn,
TV42B)
s b xo ra khi quan h SINH_VIN bi v c Qu l Hng Yn.
Khi , th hin TSINH_VIN :
q2 = (PHS30A005, V Bch Nga, 26/08/1992, Lng Sn, PHS30A)
q3 = (PHS30B014, Xun Sn, 30/04/1991, Khnh Ha, PHS30B)
q4 = (VHDL21B015, L Hoi H, 23/10/1994, H Nam, VHDL21B)
q5 = (TV42B002, Hong Thu Trang, 17/05/1994, H Ni, TV42B)
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PHP CP NHT GI TR CA CC THUC TNH

D liu ca CSDL i khi cng cn phi c i mi theo
thi gian hoc sa li cho m bo tnh chnh xc hoc nht
qun ca d liu. Do , thao tc cp nht d liu l rt cn
thit. Mt s DBMS a ra nhiu cu lnh khc nhau cp
nht d liu
Dng hnh thc:
UPDATE (R; Ai1= c1, Ai2 = c2, ..., Aim= cm; Ai1= v1, Ai2 =

v2, ..., Aim= vm)

trong :
R l quan h cn thc hin cp nht,
Aij = cj (j = 1, 2, ..., m) l iu kin tm kim b gi tr cp
nht v
Aij= vj (j = 1, 2, ..., m) l gi tr mi ca b

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- V d:
Quan h SINH_VIN(M_SV, HTn_SV, Ngy_sinh, Qu,
M_lp)
Vi php cp nht gi tr nh sau:
UPDATE (SINH_VIN;[M_SV]=VHDL21B015, [Qu]=Nam
nh)
th gi tr ca b q4 c cp nht thnh:
q4 = (VHDL21B015, L Hoi H, 23/10/1994, Nam nh,
VHDL21B)
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Phng php Tht k c s d liu: 8 bc

1.

Phn tch ton b yu cu

2.

Xc nh thc th

3.

Xc nh mi tng quan gia cc thc th

4.

Xc nh trng kho chnh

5.

Xc nh trng kho ngoi

6.

Thm cc trng khng phi trng kho vo bng d

liu

7.

Xy dng mng d liu

8.

Khai bo phm vi ca mi trng

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NGHIN CU TRNG HP:

Thit k c s d liu cho nh sch/siu th sch

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1.

Date C.J. (1995), An Introduction to Database Systems, 6th Edition, AddisonWesley, Massachusetts.

2.

Hawryszkiewycz I. (1998), Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design , 4th

Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

3.

Laudon K.C., Laudon J.P. (2004), Management Information Systems, 8th

Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

4.

A.J. Fabbri, A.R. Schwab (1999), Qun tr c s d liu, Trn c Quang bin
dch, Nxb Thng k, TP. H Ch Minh.

5.

Phm Th Thanh Hng, Phm Minh Tun (2007), H thng thng tin qun l,
Nxb Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni.

6.

Nguyn Thanh Hng (2001), H thng thng tin qun l, Nxb i hc Quc gia
TP H Ch Minh.

7.

Quang Vinh (ch bin) (2009), ng dng Cng ngh thng tin trong qun
l vn ha, Nxb i hc Quc gia H Ni.

8.

Quang Vinh (ch bin) (2010), H qun tr c s d liu Microsoft Visual

FoxPro v ng dng, xut bn ln th 2, Nxb i hc Quc gia H Ni.
80

TRN TRNG CM N !

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