} HERO OR COWARD! cre aeEscape! ASibylLeads 22 Lets Race by Nel right the Way ty Anthony Hollingsworth : by Mark Rose Heading West A 26 AMessage from In Search of AMeeting With the Emperor Home the Dead ‘by Chaddie Kruger “Anthony Hollingsworth by Angela Murock Hussein ; laine hae Meet Vergil Pietas Rules! Home at Last cioamnmnintemanel by Php Levine dy Angela Murock Hussein DEPARTMENTS 2 Map: Aeneas Route Home 24 Fun With Words 33 The Calliope Chronicles 34 Fast Forward Vergil the Wonder Worker by Mark Rose Interestingly Purple Passion oy Sara Nove 39 What s Wrong Here? 40 Ask Away! 42 This & That ‘Tim Oliphant 43 Off the Shelf/On the Net a - 3 i s _-Musings_ |» i tance Tay They can, because 46 Was There a Trojan War? they think they can. Yes, But —Vergil } by Mark Rose 49 Th h for Al 9° aewetige mazons Check out our 2 The Adwentunes of Dr, Dig WWIW.CRICKETMEDIA.COM/ 54 Did Aeneas Stop Here? c iy ineesieed Hawt TEACHER-RESOURCES/ 55 Inthe Headlines UKE US OM FACEBOOK Xray ome penne Biz: 57 Artifacts: An Injured Hero @ by Angela Marock Hussein Indexed and/or Abtracted tn Chen's Magazine Gade, Reader Gude to Periodical Litera, Vera le inex tril mary Search and Mile are, Reader Find ever sue of IG and Calpe at www.cricketmedia.com 1stprntng Quadlraphie Midland, Michigan August, 2015ree ey qq san SE , a Sardiniamany Trojans who have died, fighting to save Troy. f you were a Roman and the MA ROMAN WOULD FIGHT. a Yet, in ancient Rome's classic epic titled Aeneid, enemy was running about Aeneas, the ancestor of the Roman people and the inside your city, killing your model of pietas, deserts Troy during the battle. relatives, would you fight to the ering to Roman historians and myth, Aeneas " ‘was following his destiny, which was to leave Troy death or would you flee? and sail the Mediterranean Sea until he found a 2 symbolized, for the ancient Romans, respect and affection for ones family and ancestry, patriotism, and piety (dignity and godliness).place to settle. The accounts also tell us that he was unaware of his destiny until after he fled Troy. To prove that Aeneas was no coward, Vergil wrote the 12 books of the Aeneid to describe and explain his actions. In the second book, Aeneas himself tells of his reluctant departure from Troy. Worried about his friends and family, he details how he went to fight the invading Greeks, but that the gods had other plans. First, the ghost of the great Trojan prince Hector, whom the Greeks had recently killed, told Aeneas to go. Then ‘Aeneas’ mother, the goddess Aphrodite, repeated, the advice. The third apparition was his own wife, Creusa. She, too, told him to leave. Yet, it is only when his son's head burst into flames (but did not burn up) that he believed the gods really wanted him to leave. ILAMESSAGE TO THE ROMANS The Aeneid tells how Aeneas carried his lame father and took his toddler by the hand as they wended their way through the burning city of Troy. Scenes on Greek vases showed this image of the three as representative of Roman pietas. In the Aeneid, Aeneas gives his father a few small statues. Representing Roman gods, these statues do not appear on Greek vases showing the same scene. Vergil added this detail because, in his time, all Roman families honored a set of statues, known as Lares, in their houses. They worshiped them as guardian deities of their homes and families. The Trojans did not follow such a practice. In his haste to gather his men and arrange for a boat and supplies, it is no wonder that Aeneas became separated from Creusa, To stop him from returning to find her, Creusa’s ghost appears, telling him that a goddess is keeping her in Troy and that he must leave without her. This all seemed credible to the Romans, as they knew it was Aeneas’ destiny to marry again. This time his, wife would be an Italian woman, and their son would be the direct ancestor of the twins Romulus and Remus. It would be Romulus whom the Romans would honor as the first of Rome's seven legendary kings. While it makes little difference if, Aeneas’ Trojan heritage was mythical or historical, for the Romans, his heritage was an extremely important element of the tale. [MODELED ON THE ODYSSEY ‘Once on board the escape ship, Aeneas and his men had adventures that Vergil modeled on those of Odysseus. The Romans knew of Odysseus, the resourceful Greek hero in Homer's epic titled Odyssey. So, as the story goes, Vergil continues to make Aeneas’ voyage appear suitable for a hero, Remember, Odysseus, just like Aeneas, left Troy at the end of the war. And Aeneas, like Odysseus, experienced many of the Greek hero's famed encounters with Scylla and Charybdis, Cyclops, the Harpies, and Poseidon’s angry storms, Throughout their history, Romans looked to literature and history for role models. For them, the Aeneid defined Roman nationalism, and Vergil’s Aeneas represented Roman plety and courage. In addition, Aeneas’ rescue of the Lares connects the Trojan and Roman peoples with an image that is more lasting than the written word. By placing Aeneas within events of the Trojan War and equating him with Odysseus, Vergil shows that this, ‘Trojan has the strength of character—the pietas— needed to found Rome, a city whose destiny is to rule the Mediterranean world. ‘Nell Wrights articles and sores have been appearing in ‘magazines such as DIG Into History and Cricket for 15 years She also teaches Greek and Latinby Anthony HollingsworthPN captains of ships the Internet, they are called Although we do not know if he traditionally keep a web-logs or “blogs.”) After the kept his own log, we do know, KA diary of their travels ‘Trojan War, Aeneas fled from where he went. If he had and record the important Troy (See paces 2-3) and, for written down the important events of a journey. Today, we seven years, sailed the sea events, it probably would have call these journals “logs.” (On searching for a new home. resembled this ‘Onboard, everyone, and quickly! The gods say we must find a new home, and so wewill, commands Aeneas toall who have joined him.Late winter, the night Troy fell O most worthy readers of my tale, and most Great Zeus, king of men and gods, because those Achaeans, those terrible men of Greece, led by Agamemnon, his brother Menelaus, and that wicked Odysseus, have destroyed my home, | now flee Troy with my father, son, and a handful of Trojans. We hope to find anew land and a new home for our gods. We are ruined. Our city isin flames, and all we have left are the few things we carried out of the city as we escaped Greek spears. There is no escape by sea, and we have decided to travel south to the little town of Antandros. There, we will find safety and a place to plan our future. Beginning of summer, our fleet is ready The villagers of Antandros have welcomed us into their homes. They saw our city fall, and they have felt our pain. With thelr help, we have built a fleet of sturdy ships to carry us toa new home. We have not been here very long, but my father, Anchises, commands us to set sail. West, —_ he says, Its the will of the gods that we find our new homes across the sea to the west. Summer, our first hope ‘The winds lead the way and drive ‘us west and north toward the Thracians, a people whom we once called friends. But that was. long ago and during happier times. We found a place to land and decided to build a new city there. Everyone is hopeful. No longer will we be Trojans. Everyone agrees that we will now be the Aeneidze. |am greatly honored that the name of our people comes from my own name. Summer, lost hope Although we have just created our new city, we must now leave it. It is cursed! I was pulling plants from the ground to decorate our altars, when | saw blood dripping fromthe roots. Aeneas, 2 ghostly voice cried out, Why are you torturing me? Those plants you tore from the ground were ‘once the spears that killed me. Who are you, | demanded. You knew me.I was once Polydorus, the son of King Priam. The people of this land killed me when the Greeks came. These people are your enemy, and this place is cursed with the blood of the murdered. Leave! Leave as quickly as you can, My father commands us to give poor Polydorus a proper funeral. Then, with sad hearts, we set sail again. Will the gods show us no mercy? Summer, three days Later in the morning The gods have smiled upon our voyage. After three days on the high sea, we have come to the island of Delos. This is the island where the god Apollo was born and where he foretells the fate of those who visit him. | pray that he will tell us where to go. Later, the same day Find your ancient mother. That is what Apollo told us when we visited his temple. We had just arrived and began to pray when everything grew dark, the earth trembled, the altar of the god opened up, and we heard those words, Find your ancient mother. My father thought about these words for a while. Finally, he shouted with joy, Our ancient mother is the island of Crete! Crete is the land of our ancestors. ‘On Crete, men live in great and fertile cities. Finally, we all think, we will have a new home. Three days later We have arrived on Crete! The towns are empty and the houses are ready for us to use. Fortune hhas favored us. Now, we can beginWhat wretched creatures the Harpies were! Impossible to feast or enjoy ameal with them around.planting crops, building our walls, and making laws. About one year later We have lost hope again. While our men were tiling the fields and families were planning new marriages, the sky grew black. Disease and plague have surrounded us. My men are dying, and the crops are withering. We must leave Crete, Anchises says we should return to Delos. My father is dear to the gods, so we will return, Midnight, same day Apollo has visited me! In a dream he told me what he would have said at his temple on Delos. Do not go back, he said, Go west to your true ancient mother. Go to the land of Hesperia, the land the Greeks call ali, Build walls there, and rule an empire! and the mighty, one-eyed Cyclops. We survived the anger of Hera and her perfect storm, The shores of Africa lie ahead of snow. My father has not survived the voyage (SEE PAGES 22-23). Everyone isin ‘mourning, What else will stop us from reaching Italia? One year later Mercury warned me, its time to leave Carthage. You have your own empire to rule, not the empire of Carthage. | Aeneas! You must leave and now! advises the god Mercury. know that Dido (SEE PAGES 9-10), the ruler here, will try Months later to stop me. So, we decide to leave After passing many islands, even before dawn for Italy. the istand of Odysseus, we have reached western Greece and the Several weeks later famed city of Buthrotum (SEE We have reached Italy and landed PAGES 54-56). Wehad heard that __at Curmae, the mysterious home ‘Andromache survived and married _of the sibyl Deiphobe (see king Priam son Helenus. These PAGES 12-13). | am anew man. rumors were true! Here, we have As the oracles ordered, | traveled found friends. with the sibyl to the world of the dead and returned. | have seen Four days later Many days later my fate and the future of my We have wandered on the sea for With saddened hearts, we know children. After seven years of three days. Today, we spotted that the fates demand that we wandering, | now see the empire land, but this place was cursed. We journey west. Andromache wept my descendants will build, came ashore, and, finding cattle, we prepared a feast. No sooner had we begun, when terrible birds with heads of women flew down from the mountains and attacked us. This was Strophades, the land of the Harpies (SEE PAGE 7). Back to our ships we ran. as we left, but our home lies ‘Anthony Hollingsworth isa somenhere ee. professor of Classics at Roger Williams Cortege and regular contniutor to About one year later DAG emoecee ‘The words of the oracles and priests — have been true. On our voyage, we passed the istand of Sicily and saw the monsters Scylla and Charybdishree of the bloodiest wars in ancient history pitted the Roman Republic against Carthage, a mighty city in North Africa. The climax of this conflict— known to history as the Punic Wars— saw Carthage’s greatest general, Hannibal, inflict on the Roman legions their worst defeat. But, the final battle would end with the destruction of Carthage and its people. To the generations of Romans that followed, these wars marked the Republic's lowest and highest moments, militarily and morally. Vergil, Rome's national poet, sought to establish that the causes of this conflict were to be found in Rome's mythical past. His Aeneid connected the fate of the doomed city with the quest of his hero, Aeneas, to found a city in Italy and become the ancestor of the Roman people. AN ATTEMPT TO PREVENT FATE Already at the beginning of the Aeneid, Carthage is linked with the sufferings Aeneas wil his journey to bring his people to Italy. Vergil notes that one of the causes of the goddess Juno’s anger toward Aeneas is an obscure prophecy. This endure on 9prediction said that if Aeneas founded his city, his descendants would one day destroy Carthage. For Juno, this was an event she wanted desperately to prevent. According to the ancient Greeks and Romans, Juno cherished Carthage above all other cities (see 17th-century painting on page 9 that shows Juno with Cupid-like figures casting her favors on Carthage). As a result, Juno is constantly seeking ways to keep Aeneas from reaching Italy. But destiny prevails, and Aeneas finds himself a castaway, along with his comrades, on the shores of North Africa. Soon after, he is welcomed at the court of Dido, founder and queen of Carthage. LOVE CONQUERS” FOR A WHILE Venus, Aeneas’ mother and the goddess of love, is well aware of Juno’s continued meddling in her son’s life. So, determined not to give Dido any reason to harm him, Venus sends another son— Cupid, the god of love—to make Dido fall madly in love with Aeneas. The result is one of the most lopsided tragedies in ancient literature. Dido can think of nothing but Aeneas and must have him as her husband. Yet, as the Romans knew well, Aeneas is fated to go to Italy. Juno cannot accept such an outcome and ‘again complicates everything for Aeneas. That Dido falls in love with Aeneas is, for her, a good situation. If he stays in North Africa as Dido's husband, it means he will never go to Italy and threaten the fate of her beloved Carthage. So, she convinces Venus to arrange for the two would-be lovers to seek refuge in a cave, while they wait for a sudden storm to pass. All happens as Juno plans, and, while in the cave, the two secretly marry. Aeneas and Dido then spend a short, happy time together. Yet, pietas, that spirit of solemn obedience to the call of duty, will not allow this wedded bliss to continue. Jupiter has had enough of Aeneas’ love affair, He sends Mercury, messenger of the gods, to order Aeneas to end his relationship with Dido and sail immediately to Italy. Submitting to pietas, Aeneas prepares to leave. What else can he do? Destiny calls! Now all he must do is tell Dido: no problem! AND THE TRAGIC CONSEQUENCE ‘What follows is the greatest breakup scene in ancient literature, Aeneas’ attempt to end their marriage calmly and quickly drives the lovesick Dido What luck, my love, say ‘Aeneas and Dido to each other, that we found this cave to protect us from the storm.Pu Sede Cet Peet a Francesco Barbieri? into an insane rage. Once Aeneas leaves her and prepares to depart, Dido is unable to live with the loss and shame. She builds a large funeral pyre, pretending that she intends to burn only all that reminds her of Aeneas. But, she has another plan. She will die on the pyre. However, before doing so, Dido curses Aeneas from the bottom of her heart and prays that the Carthaginians will one day fight a war against Rome. Thus does she seal the fate of her people. The emotional impact of this scene stems from the fact that Aeneas’ destiny is allowed to destroy the life of someone who was not fated to die by her own hand. In much the same way, the destiny of the Roman Republic to become a world empire resulted in the destruction of a city that did not deserve its fate. Yet, in no way does Dido's suffering affect events in the rest of the Aeneid, although she does make one final, ghostly appearance in Book VI. Her death, which is by no ‘means trivial in the emotions it raises in us or in its pretended historical consequences, is unimportant to the plot of the poem. Describing her last moments at the end of Book IV, Vergil wrote: “her life receded into the winds.” The image is clear, as we see all of her , all of her suffering, vanish into thin ait. Philip Levine received his bachelor’s degree n Clasis from Roger Williams University and currently teaches Latin at Algonquin Regional High School in Northborough, Massachusetts. is a quality in a person that makes other people feel sympathy and sadness. uA SIBYL BURN THE WAY 5 Aeneas continued his search by Mark Rose for a new Trojan homeland, he The two made their way down into the stopped at Cumae on the west Underworld, until, at last, Aeneas saw his father. coast of what Is present-day Italy. Aeneas tried to embrace him, but “thrice the There, he consulted the sibyl flitting shadow slipped away, like winds, or empty Deiphobe, hoping that she would reveal the dreams that fly the day.” But the ghostly Anchises future to him, Aeneas described her as “greater _did not flee. Rather, he led his son “through than humankind” and “with an accent more swarms of shades” to show him the spirits who than mortal.” Deiphobe told Aeneas that he would be his descendants, including Caesar would survive his perilous sea voyage, face Augustus, who would rule the Roman world at the “horrid wars,” and triumph despite the goddess _time of Vergil. These shades were all there, Juno's hatred. Reassured, Aeneas then asked her awaiting their birth into the world above. to take him to the spirit of his father, Anchises. Originally, the ancients mentioned only one sibyl, but, as the years passed, their number grew to 10. The most famous was Deiphobe. She was human, but, centuries before, the god Apollo had fallen in love with her and promised to fulfill any wish she had. She asked for long life, but forgot to include g@ eternal youth. Apollo would have corrected this, omission had she not spurned his affection. So, Deiphobe kept aging, doomed to wither away for 1,000 years until only her voice remained.‘Away with you! Your price, Deiphobe, is far too high, ‘says Tarquinius. Little did he suspect that the sibyl would not lower her price, but would, instead, burn the books! According to Vergil, the sibyl usually delivered prophecies in “frantic fits,” writing them on leaves, which she set unattended before her cave. She “neither gathers from the rocks her scattered verse, nor sets in order what the \ds disperse.” In another version of the tale, Deiphobe offered nine books of prophecies to the early Roman king Tarquinius Priscus for 300 gold pieces. When he refused, she burned three books. After he refused to buy the remaining six, she burned three more. Not ‘wanting to lose all the prophecies, Tarquinius paid the full price for the remaining three books. Kept at the Temple of Jupiter, the Sibylline texts, as they were called, ‘were consulted whenever danger threatened Rome. In 83 8c, a fire destroyed them, Replacements were made, but those and later related works were all destroyed by the Roman ‘commander Stilicho in a0. 405. WHERE DID eine Vergil wrote that the sybil’s cave had 100 doors, all “hewed and fashioned by laborious art through the hill’s hollow sides.” Whether these details be fancy or fact, people have hunted for the Cumaean cave for centuries. In 1932, archaeologist Amedeo Maiuri explored a 430-foot-long tunnel. It had nine “doors”—not quite Vergil’s 100—and it dated in part to as early as the sixth to fourth centuries 8c. It definitely is not Deiphobe’s cave, but people do call it that today, and the Romans might have thought it was as well. = “Mark Rose has a doctorate in classical archaeology His favorite sites are Hagia Sophia in Turkey, Nefertaris tomb in Egypt, and Uxmal in Mexico. Bse Dre sees) Can you spot Aeneas mh ered surrounded by spirits in ee a Se ead Younger painted this Pei ers2 i difficult journey had a gat brought Aeneas to Italy. OT cm ance) APS CCTinl tomar lA ToL] Co Mam te ore ume meat journey to secure a home for his people. Who could help him do ‘ ; Pe oa Ce ig the dead in the Underworld. Peco aor ao) eee CM Ueke alee) anything without the gods favor, and the only way to find Clete ial) er- lala Lelele a what was to happen was to ask the dead, since they could see ee R eae e Daan we yee 4eons me a Roker CSCS EB Oa UR UIMU TER Ticats ts Se Ree nM Renee Loe ee Cee ecm en tod Ose hom Ae oa meee Ble was under the ground, it was well guarded. Only OCR enn ena n Pecan ica roe scree the Greek hero Orpheus visited the Underworld OER CR a oe! DUO ice sme Leela So SO ee Re eR y Ce Suu Reker Deer aeons Cre Chee era ented UR RUC Ga eC Ohmi LS SCC R CL SAR CRU CU MLC ces DR CR Oe Roce ue re oe tf SAL wi ee his charges all the dead spirits who had a Pe ta) poorer Sead Ten ecu aR ee oe OC Ee ad Penn CCR Cat Etta ti branch in the deepest part of the forest. That Der eee Ome cd of the Underworld. Deiphobe said that only a person who, destiny decreed, could have CeO Ce Re CL oe ken es rants Aeneas did find the body of his good friend RCo cad that he was better at trumpeting on a conch shell than the sea god Triton. For this insult, he was hit SRC ee eee a) iets eco Ce Cn a ae ice eae Ca CO RRC Run) done well, Two doves, birds sacred to his mother, Venus, flew above him. Aeneas followed the Cena ne oeWith the chores assigned by Deiphobe completed, cen DE UR aCe ee ee aca POOR RR Cae CnC) Cenc Sue Rone ens Underworld, a rock cavern that went deep See EOC PU ae Ee mR rivers that flowed through the Underworld. There, Peon ee RC Sod the river. These souls belonged to people who had not been buried properly and had, therefore, to wait 100 years before they would be allowed to cross to the other side. Aeneas recognized his friend Palinurus, who had been swept overboard ina storm. Palinurus had swum to shore, but was Rea eee CRT ORC Tec! OMe CR sc ROS who had killed him and that they would build a Reus OS n e na eee Then Aeneas saw the ferryman Charon, CEO Een RR CEST CRTC Rat eet enon UIT) had money for payment—it was the custom for Pee et ee Ree ced eo ese eS cesT ees fee cna Ce eae ee Cctae Sree ee ere CCN rs oy The realm of the dead was divided, with the souls separated into sections based on how they had Cree naa eRe CORE eee cone eaatd eC ek econ Cnet Roe CE Rea ae Un ees Re Card who had committed suicide. Among them was PC ate Cet RC en ec ceg ig Ce Rok ca sera oa his departure was not his choice and that he had PO eee ene LUCE CUR Reese BL Rocce nile) POR CE ues Beene en coa eRe me Deiphobus, who had fought alongside him at Troy. His soul was mutilated, as his body had been Cre eae eae of the paths ahead. The left would take them to Tartarus, the netherworld of etemal punishment for the souls of those who had committed the most Pe CL er EEE) Se Red Siar cekon een ee nse ead a ee nee SOS TR a ee CSS ay Po aT Ree et ea eR ad Cea CC enc aeRO) been the least sinful in life, In a fertile green valley there, Aeneas found his father, Anchises. besser gcrces erin In the distance was a river with souls buzzing over it like bees. Anchises told Aeneas that it was the River Lethe. The souls who drank from its waters forgot their former lives and were now waiting to be born again, their futures already fated. He Pee a Ra Rena Ree eer eer ee Ree CR Sea RS eee RO Ree UR COR a ee Oe Cem eetn ken ad Rome; Julius Caesar, who would become a god after he died; and Augustus Caesar, the first ruler Care wens ae Oe eect CL and Deiphobe to the Gates of Sleep, through Seo nnn Aware that a great future awaited him and his family, Aeneas could now begin to feel some joy. erste a en ee eee) ‘assistant director ofthe Mochlos Excavations in East Crete Tag 3 3 = % é 5 2 3 a : a zware that there would be further fighting ahead, but confident in his destiny, Aeneas led his people up the coast of Italy to the mouth of the Tiber River. The territory was ruled by King Latinus. Fate had ruled that whoever married his daughter, Lavinia, would be heir to the throne of Latium, Lavinia was engaged to Turnus, the king of the Rutuli, who lived to the southeast. But, after the god Faunus appeared to him in a dream, telling him to marry his daughter to a foreigner, Latinus changed his mind about Turnus. The goddess Fama, also known as Rumor, carried this information to the Trojans who sent envoys to Latinus. In reply, Latinus sent horses and a magnificent chariot, so that the Trojans could enter his capital city in style. Juno at It—Again Not everyone, however, was happy with this new turn of events. To prevent such a marriage from taking place, the goddess Juno visited the Alecto and asked her to cause trouble, Aware that Latinus’ wife, Amata, wants Turnus as her son-in- law, Alecto sent Amata into a rage. To keep Lavinia from marrying Aeneas, Amata hid Lavinia in the forest, and Alecto told Turnus the truth about “lost” bride. Incensed, Turnus summoned his men to fight for his cause. Determined to cause even more ill will, Alecto visited the Trojans and encouraged Ascanius, Aeneas’ son, to go hunting. After Ascanius killed a deer that happened to be a pet of one of Latinus’ shepherds, the farmers rallied against the Trojans. The people, the nobles, and the queen all called for war, and King Latinus was helpless to prevent it. Thrilled with what she had accomplished, Alecto let Juno know the “good” news—the war she wanted had begun. is In Greek and Roman mythology, Fury refers to a female spirit associated with justice and vengeance. 19 Best known are Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megaera. Alecto s name means unforgiving or unceasing angIn Need of Friends But Aeneas had his own worries—he had no allies in Italy—none, that is, until the river god of the Tiber appeared to him in a dream, The god told Aeneas to seek the help of Evander, a Greek hero who had settled in Italy. Evander was related to the Greek leaders Agamemnon and Menelaus, both of whom Aeneas had fought at Troy, but he was also a descendant of the god Atlas, just like Aeneas. Aeneas did as the Tiber god advised and found Evander sacrificing to Hercules on the site that will later become Rome. After hearing Aeneas’ pleas, Evander agreed to help and bade his son Pallas accompany the Trojans. Evander then told Aeneas to seek the help of the Tuscans, who lived further up the Tiber River. Aeneas followed Evander's advice, and the Tuscan king, Tarchon, eagerly pledged his support to the Trojans. To celebrate, Venus presented her son with special armor and weapons made by her husband, Vulcan, the god of fire and blacksmiths. Miraculous Ships While Aeneas was away seeking allies, Juno sent Iris, the rainbow goddess, to tell Turnus to attack. Turnus did, but could not find a way to enter the newly fortified Trojan fort. Determined to defeat the intruders, Turnus tried to set fire to the Trojan ships, but they had been fashioned from trees sacred to the goddess Cybele. So, they did not burn. Rather, they sank, then rose up as water nymphs, Two Trojans, Nisus and Euryalus, volunteered to sneak out to alert Aeneas of the attack. They made their way through the Latin camp, killing enemy soldiers while they slept. But, just as they were about to escape into the forest, guards captured and killed both. Turnus’ troops then attacked the Trojan fort. Destiny Rules Determined to defeat Turnus, brave Ascanius 20 Coes nod Career Te ao Pee Cet eos climbed atop the wall and began firing arrows at the enemy. The Trojans pulled him back immediately to prevent him from being killed The god Apollo then appeared to Ascanius. He told the young warrior that fate had decreed he must live, that as a descendant of the gods and the ancestor of future gods—fulius Caesar, for cone, who would be deified after his death—he must not expose himself to any more risk. Turnus, meanwhile, was able to enter the fort's gates. But, after killing many Trojans, he found himself surrounded. With death a real possibility, he jumped into the Tiber River and escaped back to his army. Soon after, Aeneas arrived, bringing with him his new allies. All charged onto the shore, and Pallas and Turnus were among the first to face each other in battle, Each threw his javelin. Pallas’ missed, but Tumnus’ hit its mark, Turnus then took Pallas’ sword-belt as a prize. Determined, Deceitful Juno Fearing that Turnus could be the next casualty,Brno ct a) PST seer) Pee ee her re eeeret sy thinks Aeneas. Juno took the form of Aeneas and ran toward a ship. To prevent his arch-enemy from escaping, Turnus immediately chased “Aeneas” onto the ship. When Turnus felt the ship moving and sailing away, his mind whirled as he considered what he should do. After deciding against suicide, he returned to his troops. To honor Pallas and other fallen comrades, ‘Aeneas planned a funeral. When the Latins learned of his decision, they sent envoys to formalize a peace agreement. Latinus rejoiced upon hearing the news; Turnus did not. When Aeneas and the Trojans approached the city, Turnus stirred up the people, and another battle ensued. After a day of fighting, the Trojans claimed victory, but did not take the city. ABattle tothe End Determined to keep his land for his people, Turnus challenged Aeneas to a single combat. Aeneas accepted, but the following day a skirmish broke out between the two camps, and Aeneas was hit with an arrow. The injury brought Venus into the Trojan camp with a magical balm to heal her son. The magic worked, and Aeneas returned to the fight. The Trojans were triumphant, but Turnus still could not accept defeat. After he and Aeneas called a halt to the fighting, they approached each other as their armies watched. Aeneas then chased Turnus around the circle until he wounded him with a spear. Turnus asked for pity, and Aeneas was about to yield—until he saw Pallas’ belt on Turnus (see the 16th-century painting above). Remembering his friend, Aeneas killed Turnus. With the battle finally over, the Trojans now have their new homeland. 2: = : we ” oy E S =eneas’ father, Anchises, never did see his son's “final home.” Nor did he ever see Carthage or meet the Carthaginian queen Dido. He had died on the island of Sicily, when the Trojans stopped there on their wanderings west across the Mediterranean Sea. Aeneas, as the story goes, had hoped to stay in Carthage with Dido and forget his fate to settle in Italy. After a year of resting in her city, however, Aeneas was told by the gods to leave. Secretly in the night, Aeneas left Carthage and headed for Italy. On the way there, Aeneas decided to stop in Sicily a second time. It had been a year since he had visited the island and a year since Anchises had died. For this anniversary, Aeneas planned to honor him with games and offerings. )) ONLY IN VERGIL Celebrations honoring the dead involved sporting events. We find such celebrations in ancient Greece and ancient Rome. We also find descriptions of these games in many ancient epic poems. Often, poets describe chariot races, foot races, archery, wrestling, and even boxing, But only in Vergil’s poem do we find a boat race. No other epic poe describes one! Why? Olympic-style games in the ancient world did not include boat races, or regattas, as they are commonly called. It was only at the first modern Olympics in 1896 that regattas were held. But Aeneas, having sailed for seven years, did not have any chariots. It therefore made sense for Vergil to substitute a boat race for the traditional chariot race. ») AND THE COURSE WAS Vergil describes four boats lining up along the coast with their prows pointing out to sea—similar to regattas today. At a distance there was a big rock. Aeneas placed a large leafy tree on the rock as the goal. In order to win the race, the sailors had to sail around the rock and return, Today, a race into the sea, around a marker, and back to shore would probably be with sailboats. For Aeneas and the Trojans, it was, according to Vergil, with biremes and triremes. These vessels were huge, could have been more than 100 feet Jong, and had two or three banks of rowers on each side, It is doubtful that Aeneas ever had a bireme or trireme. The Trojan War dates to at least 1,000 years before Vergil wrote his poem. So, he is simply thinking about ships of his own day and describing ‘Aeneas’ ships in the same way. ») PROOF IN THE DIGS While the Olympic games may have been only on land, another set of games ‘was not. Almost as famous as the Olympics, the Isthmian games held near Athens regularly featured rowing and boating contests. We even have some ancient coins from Corinth and Athens that depict boat races, Scholars agree that Vergil’s description of a boat race is unique in epic poetry, but the archaeological evidence shows that these races were not made up in the mind of the poet. They actually took place. BWORD GRIGINS pie An epics a long narrative poem that is written in a formal style and usually tells the story of a hero and his deeds and achievements. The word derives from the Latin word epicus, which, in turn, derives from the Greek word epikos. Digging a bit deeper, we find that epikos traces its roots to epos, which means story, word, or song. In the English language, the word epic has also come to mean something that is giganticin size or scale a crime wave of epic proportions, for example. English also uses epic to refer to something majestic, heroic, and impressive _an epic battle, for instance. €pithet Throughout the Aeneid, as in other epics, epithets are used to describe the main characters _pius Aeneas, for example (see pace 28). By definition, an epithet is “a descriptive name for a person or thing. For its origin, we must look first to the Greek epitithenai, meaning toadd on. Dissect the word epitithenai, and we see it is a combination of epi( in addition ) and tithenai ( to put ). Library Visit any library, and you are sure to find a copy of the Aeneid in printed or digital form. It definitely is an appropriate place for it, as library derives from the Latin word for book liber. Verse The Aeneid is definitely a collection of verses, which is actually a great description of the poem. Verse traces its roots to the Latin noun versus ( a line of verse or a line of writing ). Versus, in turn, is a form of the Latin verb versere, meaning to turn. And so, 24 Mlustrator Tom Lopes has highlighted many of the words featured here in his artwork here, Can you match cach coune'te IS respecte. eal Soy specs readers turn from one line to the next as they read the Aeneid. WORD STORIES Hippocratic Through the centuries, many students, upon graduating from medical school, have sworn to uphold what is known as the Hippocratic Oath. By taking the oath, a new doctor is swearing to uphold certain ethical standards when it comes to medical treatment and care. The oath actually comes from an ancient Greek medical text that. may have been a swearing of loyalty to the profession of medicine in ancient Greece. It is named for Hippocrates, who is sometimes called the father of modern medicine. He and other ancient Greek physicians were the first to look at poor health and disease through a process of observation and reasoning. They also separated the causes of disease from supernatural or religious beliefs.Their knowledge is collected in 60 ancient books known as the Hippocratic Collection. Hippocrates wrote only some of these, but other physicians added to them, giving historians a clear picture of ancient Greek medicine and helping attach Hippocrates name to the professional practice of medicine. Pythagorean The adjective Pythagorean relates to the teachings and doctrines of the Greek philosopher Pythagoras, a Greek mathematician, mystic, and scientist who lived ¢. 570 495 B.c. He is known especially for his contributions to mathematics and music. As none of his writings survive, scholars sometimes find it difficult to differentiate between what Pythagoras said and thought and what his disciples wrote later. The Pythagorean theorem, which defines the relationship between the sides and angles ofa triangle, is based on his teachings. rh etee aes] Sy TD a Sede oe Piero Meer ers) LATIN PHRASES IN ENGLISH Quite a few Latin phrases have entered the English language without a change. We have listed a few below. Check them out, and then see how many more you can find. Why not also see how often you can use one or more of them when talking or writing! caveatemptor —_let the buyer beware etcetera (etc) and the rest, and so on per capita for each person versus (vs,) against Phrases from the Aeneid that we use in English both in the Latin form and the English form Amor omnia vincit. Love conquers all. Fortune favors the brave. Fortes fortuna adjuvat.A MESSAGE EMPEROR To answer these questions, we must look at Rome just before Vergil created his masterpiece: Roman leaders had spent decades conquering temitories overseas, and generations of Romans had lost loved ones in these wars, At home, civil war had raged for more than a century, as individual generals fought each other for control of the government. Some leaders even ordered their men to kill those who opposed them. As a result, many Romans felt threatened, never knowing if they would be punished for supporting the “wrong” leader. At the same time, the Senate fumed because these illegal military leaders ignored its power. In addition, unemployment and poverty were rampant. Masses of jobless, angry people felt their government no longer cared about them. The situation reached a critical point in 44 s. when a group of senators assassinated Julfus Caesar, who had just shortly before that fateful day named himself dictator for life. What would happen next? 26 ~ This statue, known as Augustus of Prima Porta, dates toc. 200.c. The - figure by his leg 4 represents Cupid, the son of Venus, the mythical ancestor of Augustus. Cu rides a dolphin, symbolic of Augustus victory over Antony and Cleopatra in 34 2.c. —Ptdstte Measennts 1SiSG MINA NA § Enter Octavian! and other Roman heroes, including Julius Caesar Julius Caesar’s will named his nephew Octavian _and himself. Another structure, the magnificent 4s his adopted son and heir. Octavian and his Ara Pacis (“Altar to Peace”) had marble panels army immediately sought to defeat those who representing Augustus (see below) and his heirs had killed Caesar. Many battles followed, as leading Romans in worship. opposing sides vied for control of Rome. Unlike Reminders of peace, abundance, and the Caesar, Octavian managed to keep and increase _ importance of revering the gods were his power. In 27 8.,, the Senate conferred on him —_everywhere—including on coinage and in public the honorary title Augustus, which is equivalent in art, In later times, these decades would come to be English to “Your Majesty.” Thus, while not known as the Golden Age of Augustus. emperor in name or title, Octavian was, in fact, Rome's first emperor. Augustus genuinely improved Roman lives. He generously provided grain for food paid from his ‘own funds. He created many jobs to beautify Rome, repairing 82 temples and constructing new buildings. For the first time in decades, there was peace, and people began to feel secure. Augustus also encouraged Romans to respect the moral ways of the past and to take pride in Rome's heroic history. His temple to Mars the Avenger is a good example. It was the center of his elegant new forum, where he had erected statues of tha gird at Uh wish tbe lnkel mrenth hls Aeneas, Romulus (Rome's legendary first king), head and missing most of his body. nn ”Enter Vergil! The Aeneid played a major role in the Golden Age. A riveting story told in beautiful language, it revealed to Romans their heroic past. Its images of the future depicted an emperor who had ended civil war and given Rome peace. The Aeneid associated the emperor with the hard work and triumphs of Aeneas. It also emphasized that Augustus’ family traced its lineage to Venus, the Roman goddess of love and beauty and the daughter of Jupiter, king of the gods. Since Venus was the mother of Aeneas, this meant that Augustus was a direct descendant of the father of the Roman race! Aeneas is often referred to as pius (“dutiful”) and willing to sacrifice his personal wishes for his 4god-given mission. Early in Book I, Vergil summarizes Aeneas’ struggles: “So hard a burden was it to found the Roman race.” In Book Il, he leaves Troy with his son at his side and his aged father on his shoulders. In Book IV, he leaves his love, Queen Dido, to follow his destiny and found ‘anew home in Italy. In Aeneas’ noble and overwhelming endeavor to establish the first Roman settlement, we can see Augustus’ massive effort to rebuild Rome physically and spiritually. ‘The ‘Good Old Days’ Reviving tradition and religious faith was a huge part of Augustus’ campaign to return to “the good old days” and boost his people's spirits. Vergil makes a point of describing Aeneas dutifully worshiping the gods and making good, moral choices. In Book VIII, Vergil shows Aeneas glimpsing in advance the state religious rituals that Augustus would restore. Vergil himself honored tradition by writing in the style used by the master “| Greek epic poet Homer. But that’s not all! Vergil had the first six books of his Aeneid closely follow Homer's Odyssey and the travels of the Greek hero Odysseus after the Trojan War. The second six mirror the Trojan ‘War, as portrayed by Homer in his other epic, the Iliad. Aeneas had to fight similar battles in Italy to establish the Roman race. Here, Vergil sits, with text of his Aeneid on his lap. At left is Cleo, the muse of history. At right is Melpomene, the muse of tragedy. This mosaic, dating toc. a.p. 200s, was uncovered in North Africa in 1896.‘Vulcan shows Venus the shie he has made for her son, Aeneas. Hard Work, Courage, and Dedication to Duty From his own writing and actions, we know that Augustus prized hard work, courage, and dedication to duty. His Res Gestae (“Achievements”) recounts that the Senate gave him special honors for his pietas (commitment to duty) and virtus (courage). Aeneas demonstrates these very same qualities. By Book XII of the Aeneid, when Aeneas’ war to settle in Italy is almost won, Aeneas advises his son, “Learn, boy, courage from me and true hard work, {learn} luck from others.” And the Message Ise For Augustus, the story of Aeneas and Rome's brave past was the prologue for his reign and Rome's glorious present. The Aeneid would help his people recognize Rome’s greatness and the improvement in their own lives. Vergil expresses these sentiments repeatedly, as in Book I, when Jupiter foretells Rome’s world dominance. In Book VI, Aeneas visits the Underworld and is awestruck by the parade of future magnificent Romans he sees. Again, in Book VIII, Rome's illustrious history is depicted for all to see on the shield of Aeneas that Vulcan, god of fire and blacksmiths, made for him. The design incorporates scenes of the future: Augustus’ foreign conquests, his establishment of peace, and his protection of Rome. Just as Aeneas marvels at the vision, so we can imagine Romans marveling at Augustus! ‘Chaddie Kruger aught AP Vergilin addition o other upper levels of Latin, clasical history, and mythology for more than 30 ‘years. She isa frequent contributor to DIG Into History. nn >e know very little about the life of Publius Vergilius Maro, the poet known in most English-speaking countries as Vergil. He was born on October 15, 70 ac., perhaps in Mantua in northern Italy. Known for three books of poetry—the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the Aeneid—Vergil almost never talks about himself in his poems. He never mentions his mother or father, nor do we know if he had brothers or sisters or what his childhood was like. ‘Vergil came to Rome as a young man to study thetoric, mathematics, and philosophy, but soon turned his attention to poetry. For the rest of his ‘Shepherds challenge each other to a musical contest life, he lived mainly in the countryside this scene from an. and rarely visited the city. According edition of Vergil s Eclogues, dating toc. a.0. 1469. to his friend Horace, also a renowned poet, he was shy and frequently sick. ‘Some sources say he suffered from a stammer, others, remark that he had a beautiful voice. Everyone agrees that he was kind and generous. His First Work By the year 38 ac, Vergil had written his first collection of poems, the Eclogues (“Selections”), Set in the countryside and focusing on love and poetry, they are beautiful, complicated, and mysterious. After they were published, the 32-year-old Vergil became famous almost overnight. He did not seem interested in wealth or fame, however. Rather, he preferred just to write, The ancient Roman biographer Suetonius tells us that Vergil spent the morning writing 10 lines of poetry and the afternoon cutting those 10 down to five. Vergil was soon drawn into the literary circle of Maecenas, a close advisor of Octavian—soon to become Augustus, the first emperor of Rome. Rome ‘was in the final stages of a grim and long series of civil wars, and the people were exhausted, depressed, 3TS ins t Another 15th-century illustration of the Georgics it, too, shows musicians, here playing their instruments. and cynical. Maecenas encouraged and supported many poets, writers, and artists, including Vergil, whose works celebrated the glory of Rome and the strength of her people. His Second Work For nearly 10 years, Vergil worked on his next poem, just over 2,000 lines, called the Georgics (“On Farming”). Although the poem seems to be about agriculture (how to build a plow, how to lay out your vineyard, how to choose a horse), every section of the book praises peace and rejects war. Vergil was now a national treasure. Suetonius claimed that when Vergil visited the city, his shyness led him to hide in doorways and alleys to avoid his admirers, 32 So, You Think Latin cE woe REECE 9 so fast! It is true that today the peo} Coe Rael eu language? It is Latin. Other R See yee gee Cee eee een SPU urea , draw on Latin as well faeonm at COA anit Peace ls eg cae tly from Pen aa animal, area, auditorium, basis, census, exter ae em a a ‘maximum, militia, minimum, minor, minus, neuter, omen, insula, plus, radius, rumor, senator, senior, spectator, aed maj Ea esa Pear Ee ene rR oT Hi Around 29 a. Vergil began work on the Aeneid. From the beginning, everyone expected a poem to surpass all poems. His friend, the poet Propertius, wrote: “Give way, Roman writers, give way, Greeks! jasterpieces Something greater than the Iliad is being born.” For the next 10 years, Vergil worked constantly on his epic. He was in Greece, where he had been. conducting research, when he suddenly fell sick, On his way home, he died at the smalll Italian port city of Brundisium on September 21, 19 8c. He was 51 years old. His last words were a request to burn the Aeneid, because he considered it unfinished. Instead, Augustus ordered Vergil’s friend Varius to edit the unfinished poem, changing as little as possible. Vergil seems to have spent all his time working, even though the world about him was experiencing great turmoil and change. His poems and the known details about his life tell us that he was a gentle person and that he hated cruelty and looked closely at the natural world. Collomia Charles teaches Greek and Latin in New York ‘and Bostonfin) TOO: Be. HE WVSTERIOTS PATI OPE = } (0) AS) (seers \ concen, : I o9igNo,uyraeal 73> TOR RS east (ONUB ance aaa) penracl 0A FOR ia WIT "Staid OF stcliy. | cI ae : EN CD AALS es W] pow (Sa ysVergil the Wonder Worker by Mark Rose he Aeneid is Vergil’s most famous work, but it was not his last. Long after his death, early Christians, medieval travelers and chroniclers, and Renaissance poets attributed astounding and miraculous deeds to him, Stories abounded of Vergil as a prophet, a sage, and a magician. And So It Starts The roots of Vergil’s later career are in his first work, the Eclogues (“Selections”), The fourth in this cycle of 10 poems heralds the return to the Golden Age, as promised by the sibyl (See PAGES 12-13) 34 This illustration from a 15th-century publication of the Eclogues shows the newborn child (wrapped in white) whose birth, Vergil wrote, is to set in motion the rebirth of the world. ‘at Cumae: “Now is come the last age of the Cumaean prophecy: the great cycle of periods is born anew.” This renewal is set in motion by the birth of a child, after which the world is to evolve toward a paradise as the boy grows. In this paradise, flocks, undisturbed by lions, will need no shepherds, prickly shrubs will bear grapes, and oak trees will produce honey. Scholars debate the meaning of the poem and identity of the child. But, for many influential early Christians, it was clear that the sibyl, through Vergil, prophesied the birth of Jesus Christ. There were also those who believed that it was possible for anyone to consult Vergil about the future through sortes, fortune-telling accomplished by choosing a passage at random. from the Aeneid. They believed the same was possible using the Bible or Homer's Iliad. What He Did for Naples Vergil favored the Bay of Naples during his life, and the citizens of Naples embraced him with civicpride after his death, Tales of Vergil as the protector and benefactor of Naples linked him to ancient monuments in and around the city. He was thought to have created a bronze fly with the power to ward off all flies from Naples and a bronze archer (or trumpet player) that kept the ash and fumes of the volcano Vesuvius away from the city. Vergil was also credited with banishing all snakes from Naples to a chamber beneath one of its gates. Legend said that he placed a carved marble head above each of the two portals at another gate, one smiling and one distraught. Travelers going through the gate would have good or bad luck, depending on which one they passed under. Vergil’s greatest protective device was a miniature model of Naples in a glass bottle. As long as it was safe, it was believed, the city would be safe. Unfortunately, a small crack developed in the glass, making it possible for the German monarch Henry VI to demolish the city’s walls in the 1190s, Oh, What Tales There Were! If some tales of Vergil included historical elements, others were pure fantasy worthy of the Arabian Nights. In one, Vergil heard of the beauty of a sultan’s daughter. He immediately fell in love with her and took her to Rome. Once there, he decided that the city was not good enough for his princess, so he built Naples for her. But Rome did not let Naples have all the glory. One of Vergil’s ‘most complex creations was the Salvatio Romae, a group of statues representing the provinces of the Roman Empire, Each figure held a bell that it would ring if rebellion threatened. A central figure would then turn and point to the direction of the danger with its spear. In another story, Vergil brought an obelisk from Jerusalem to Rome, flying it there overnight! While Vergil was seen as a good person, he, nevertheless, rT TD a Sede oe Piero Meer ers) Se Ry acquired secret knowledge from dubious sources. In one tale, he found a devil (or devils) trapped in a bottle. The evil spirit begged to be released, offering Vergil a magic book in return. The poet agreed, took the book, then tricked the devil back into the bottle. In another version, Yergil traveled to the Mount of Sorrows and there, aided by a ruby ring carved as a fly, stole the magical texts and treasure of the devil Zabulon A Never-Ending Quest There were also those who wanted Vergil’s books. In one tale, the early Christian St. Paul entered the poet's tomb and saw, “Vergil seated between two An obel aught means worried and very upset. isa tall, four-sided stone column that becomes narrower toward the top and ends point. 35lighted tapers, surrounded by books thrown in confusion on the floor; above him hung a lamp.” The saint avoided two bronze men guarding the door with steel hammers, but, when he stepped inside, the lamp shattered and “everything fell into dust, and St. Paul, who had wished to bring away Vergil’s books, was compelled to return empty- handed.” Astory set much later relates that an Englishman obtained permission from Roger II of Sicily (ruled 1130-1154) to hunt for Vergil’s tomb and to remove the poet’s bones and a book buried there. Thinking the search would be fruitless, the people of Naples did not try to stop him. Unexpectedly, he found the tomb, but the people refused to let him take the poet’s remains—Vergil ‘was too important as the patron and protector of the city to be given away. The Englishman got the book, but not the bones. Finally, there is Dante Alighieri’s great poem, The Divine Comedy. Set in 1300, it follows Dante through Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Paradise (Paradiso). The Inferno begins in a dark wood, where Dante is lost and menaced by a leopard, a wolf, and a lion (at left). As the three move toward him, the poetsees a figure in the distance and calls out: “Have pity on me, whatever you may be—a shade, aman.” His rescuer turns out to be none other than Vergil. Led by Vergil, Dante begins his journey, crossing the river Acheron into a region inhabited by the spirits of virtuous Homer and other ancient poets greet them, and Dante recognizes the shades of great statesmen, philosophers, and physicians of antiquity. There are even legendary characters—Hector and Aeneas, Camilla and Latinus—from Vergil’s own Aeneid, After descending through eight further regions, populated by increasingly evil beings, Dante and Vergil escape, emerging just before dawn on Check out each scene in this 15th-century illustration that shows Dante (red hat) with Vergil, as they navigate the terrifying road through the underworld. in this context, refer to followers of a polytheistic religion, such as the one practiced by the ancient Romans. , in the Christian calendar, commemorates Jesus resurrection from the dead. 7mee oS Purple Passion by Sarah Novak Hercules’ dog, so the story goes, was frolicking along the beach + murex snails were needed to dye in ancient Tyre when he chomped on a snail, Suddenly, the dog's. + enough fabric to make just one mouth was colored with a striking purple hue (ste avovt). Hercules robe worn by a Roman senator. The difficulty of producing the dye meant that the cloth it + colored was rare and expensive. egends aside, archaeologists and historians believe the For the elite of the classical art of dyeing cloth with purple from sea snails began as early as 2000 f.<. in the Minoan civilization of Crete. realized that the crushed snail had produced a purple dye—and so this mythological hero became the fi st to discover “Tyrian purple. world, this luxury item became so desirable that the Roman historian Pliny (a.0. 23-79) imade in the city of Tyre in Phoenicia, which, in Greek, complained of a “frantic means “land of purple.” Wearing clothes of Tyrian purple became passion for purple.” a sign of wealth and royalty. In Vergil’s Aeneid, for example, Queen : during the Dido, originally from Tyre, is dressed in this royal color and gives Roman Empire, laws were passed that dictated who could wear or use purple cloth. Some emperors even banned its use by anyone except themselves. But the ancient world’s most valuable purple cloth was Aeneas a cloak of Tyrian purple. How does a three-inch sea snail create a purple worth its weight in gold? The secret lies in the hypobranchial gland of the murex snail. This organ produces a colorless substance that changes to purple only when extracted and exposed to light and air. The resulting dye is a vibrant purple of various shades, from reddish to bluish, that never washes out or fades. It is estimated that 23,000 Sarah Novak isa writer who specializes in {historical byways and curiosities. 38FOOTE ner. Dace hc Eu) PL oe Lycra ae Sree et treet rs wio.y saposida pazured ooquy Puc Gre aC er eC eters Ros se er ete ST EL Lee Cem bry Serer Ree emer ere at Td COC oe eee een eMac kdHave a question about world history, archaeology, paleontology? Dr. Dig and Calliope are ready to answer your questions. When did archaeology start? How can I prepare to do a dig? In which countries are the most artifacts found? Jenna, Web post A HI, JENNA! Archaeology as a field of study grew out of antiquarianism, an informal interest in the past and its relics. Large-scale excavations were conducted in the 1700s at such places as Pompeii in Italy, but archaeological methods had yet to be developed. Archaeology became a serious profession in the late 1800s with the creation of professional organizations and university positions in the discipline. Among the first of these was the Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) in 1879. To prepare for an excavation, | would advise doing as much reading as you can about archaeological methods, such as how stratigraphy works and how data is collected. If you know where your dig will be, you can also study the history of the region. Artifacts can be found anywhere that people have lived in the past. Some places— Egypt, for example—have long histories and spectacular objects, but artifacts are found throughout the world. —Dr. Dig What are you doing, Granpa? Recording my stories for posterity / How long was King Tut in his burial chamber? How long did it take Howard Carter to get him out? How tall was Tut? —Ramyaka A. Southbury, Connecticut fy HI, RAMYAKA! King Tut was buried in around the year 1323 8. in March or April, according to the seasonal flowers placed around his neck before burial. His tomb was discovered on November 4, 1922, but his mummy was not removed until November 1, 1925. So Tut was in his tomb for around 3,248.5 years. Howard Carter did not report how long it took to get the mummy out, but according to his excavation diary, it took 10 men to carry it. The estimates of his height vary—from 5! 7" to 5’11". Dr. DigPeer ei TD a Sede oe Piero Meer ers) side, not all of which was successful. In the case of the sensors on board STS-4, a cover failed to open on the mechanisms, so neither sensor ever worked. ~~" @ When did humans first know about history? Melissa D., Web post A HI, MELISSA! We humans have been interested in our past for as long as, we have been around, Ancient people asked the same kinds of questions we do today: Where did we come from, who were our ancestors, what happened before our time, and so forth. Originally, people passed down stories from generation to generation by telling them and remembering them, but these types of stories changed often with the retelling. Once writing was invented, people could record what had happened to convey it to people they had never met, even people who lived in the centuries that followed. This is considered the beginning of history, because, once What was the purpose of STS-4 in the Cold War? Jake W., Web post (4 Hi JAKE! STS-4 was the fourth-ever flight of a Space Shuttle or Space Transportation System (STS). The Space Shuttle Columbia was launched on July 4, 1982, and the missions lasted a week. STS-4 marks the first time that a Space Shuttle carried something for the Department of Defense. In addition to scientific equipment, which was public knowledge, Columbia carried a secret cargo called P82-1. Information on P82-1 has since been declassified: It was two types of sensors to detect missile launches from something is space. It was the time known as the Cold War, written down, it > when the United States and the Soviet Union is there for > were enemies but not involved in open everyone to read. hostilities. Each side built up an array of advanced weaponry to intimidate the other CalliopeI liked the May/ June 114 article The Voice of the Violin@ a lot. My favorite part was when you talked about the finish coat. Stradivari also interested me very much. | think you should write another article about Stradivari life. After | read the article, | could not believe that there were so many steps to making a violin sound the way it does. You could have said a little more about the bow. | learned a lot from this article and hope to read another like this again. Ella C., Fourth grade Hanover, New Hampshire @». are delighted, Ella, that you so enjoyed the Meet the Orchestra issue. It was so much fun to put together. The King of Justice Ihave read many of your magazines and I love them! As an enthusiastic reader, | would like to share information ona famous person I’m interested in from Ancient Mesopotamia— Hammurabi, the King of Justice. You may have heard about his famous code of law, which used the principle ofan eye for an eye anda tooth fora tooth. His code tells todays people about how life was like for the people of ancient Babylon. The code also contains some important ideas— like having people provide evidence of a 42 dig@cricketmedia.com Dt a ae ed Biren Meer aac) crime, innocent until proven guilty, and protection for the weak. | think you should publish an article on the King of Justice, whose life and code of law can teach a lot more than just history to kids. It can teach them new and complex ideas that are very important. Neilesh R. Boy Scout of Troop 87 Thanks, Neilesh, We will definitely keep your suggestion in mind as we draft our theme list for the coming year. Eagle Eye Winner! Congratulations to Luther Tobey in Reno, Nevada, the winner of the February 2015 Eagle Eye Contest. The eagle eyes were on pages 6, 19, 53, and inside front cover. Joke Q: Why did the a bankrupt? A: Because his career was in Tuins, GING Oar oF rchaeologist goWarrior Women The Amazons: Lives & Legends of Warrior Women Across the Ancient World by Adrienne Mayor (Princeton, 2014, www.press. princeton.edu) is a fascinating read. Written by the author of the article on pages 49-53, the text takes readers on a trip through the ancient Greek and Roman world and beyond search for the truth to tales that have circulated through the centuries. Enjoy and learn! f epic esting overview Fora poet anacompalon > ind tales, £2! em authors 28 * sn ' tween h.cuny.edullibrary aver ri vc eigial 200010006 1g the entire Aeneid? Heres just click om edu/VingVaenei.hemt @wanttore2 your chance inttp://classics {ancient learn more about 7 want oy Heres a gd ste" robb. couKlhistor/ wun bbe.c0 The Birth of Pots: Eight Greek ‘and Roman Political ideas and Why They Matter by Melissa Lane (Princeton, 2015, woew-press princeton-edu) focuses on justice, Constitution, democracy, virtue, ‘dizenship, cosmopolitanism, ‘Aliistory of the World in 12 Maps by Jerry Brotton (Penguin, 2012, www.penguin.com) Is a well-researched, in-depth, carefully organized account ‘of cartography—from Ptolemy to Google Earth. A republic, and sovereignty. A fascinating read for anyone Interested in comparing our ‘goverment and those of Greece and Rome! Cricket Resources Homer s Odyssey (CALI111) The Lion That Was Rome (DIGO108) ‘Mythical Monsters (CALO208) Zeus and His Olympians (CALO708) The Who s Who of Epic Heroes (CALO707) ales from Ancient Greece (DIG0104) ‘great and engaging read, with wonderful visuals! rong Hore? pg. 39: In his Siege of Troy: The Death of Hector, ‘around 1490, [Antonio created an imaginary city of Troy Renaissance Italy (and can still be seen today). The odd triangular shape built into the wallon the left is based on an actual pyramid in Rome, bout 12 a, 2s the tomb for Caius Cestius, a Roman official is a rectangular building with open arches, an adaptation of ‘the Loggia dei Lanziin Florence from the 14th century, now. popular ry. In front of it isa many-sided roof, similar to that of ‘the Baptistery of St. John, another famous building in Florence, built between 1059 and 1126. To the right isa variant of Trajan s Column, ‘erected in a.0.113 in Rome to honor the emperors military vitor Next isa version of Florence s cathedral, called the ‘Duomo, for notable large dome, completed in 1436.MUSE is for YOU if you're curious, cool, strange, funny, and inventive—and like your magazines to match. It’s S.E.M. (science, tech, engineering, and math) plus FU.N! G hate ART iG * WoL poste er "tot on Me nba: Si bens J Sie hed stones Ja Coens fers ga ge ag 8S trans arent designed tobe ——— mes Soon asa Earth tons avy rom ob ae ear rect ona star and source of fee HN We ST es rete Pe ganar cant TOnon GE Sith En Rotana ras oe nwo cet Ne Evel planed teheetred rereugh rouge ney peoiare seu OCTS maior 2 ering nem taming ote = “se the dane mpoe ystems of generating ec Sor, ™ Eee tne : Vuecenen eeyseoaneda Gas 4 Ln Flog by | 3 SHOP.CRICKETMEDIA.COM =tay rj Go THE SEARCH FOR AMAZONS PG 49! Immortal Troy Inflames—yes—but not forgotten! Troyand the Trojan War have Pe ec Ba) pie el Ree pS re Soma Peers ts Pen Pree Percy | Perey. Ree tc Ce ks Se Ue ened would then open the ener hug Cid ee eer Ln PeersWas Therea Yes, But by Mark Rose he story of Vergil’s hero, _king of Mycenae, leads aGreek _with Helen, the wife of his the Trojan prince Aeneas, army across the Aegean Seato _brother Menelaus, the king of begins in the epic called attack Troy. He wants revenge Sparta. Aeneas escapes Troy, the Iliad, In it, Agamemnon, the because one of the Trojans ran off and the rest of the story is told in Vergil’s Aeneid. But is that what really happened? that the blind poet Homer, who lived on the island of Chios, composed the Iliad and the Odyssey. The latter tells of the travels of Odysseus, the legendary king of the Greek island of Ithaca, after the war. “Homer” is an easy label, but we do not actually know if one author created both epics, if each had its own author, or if several poets wrote them over a long period. And we do not know exactly when the Iliad and Odyssey were composed. We can, In this picture, painted by Italian artist Antonio Canova in the late 1790s, Calliope, the muse of epic poetry, crowns Homer with a laurel wreath.however, narrow the time frame. Homer's student Arctinus was said to have been born in 744 8.c. And some seventh-century poets, such as Archilochos, already reflect Homer's influence. So, the epics probably date from 750 to 700... of practices and objects in the poems offer some insight. For example, he mentions helmets made of boars tusks that were not used in his day. But that type of helmet has been found in Late Bronze Age burials and is worn by warriors shown in artistic works from that period. This suggests that the war was before the abrupt decline of Late Bronze Age civilizations about 1200 s.c. So, if the Trojan War of the Iliad and Aeneas was real, it happened 500 years before Homer. Did he record nothing but the facts, or did he just add a few remembered istorical details—the helmets, for instance—to a good story? Other poems by ancient writers tell of the conflict’s beginning, the Trojan horse and the fall of Troy, and the fate of the Greeks returning home. There was also one story that told about an earlier Trojan War in which the Greek hero Hercules led an expedition that attacked and captured Troy, ‘This photo dates to around 1870 and Pr Ce ern oad PRUE eared Pet niu er evidence of at least one war at Troy. Heinrich Schliemann, a wealthy German businessman who was obsessed with proving Homer's works were real history, began digging in northwestern Anatolia (present-day Turkey) in 1870. He dug too fast and recorded too little, but fortunately he hired architect Wilhelm Dorpfeld as his assistant. The two identified six main levels (labeled L-V1 of the ancient city. Schliemann mistakenly identified Troy level II as the city of the Mliad. But Dorpfeld, excavating further in the 1890s, concluded that level Vih was the city Agamemnon destroyed. Carl Blegen of the University of Cincinnati excavated Troy in the 1930s. He believed that Dorpfeld’s 47level Vih city was not destroyed in war, but by an earthquake (a dangerous geologic fault does run through the area). In the level of the rebuilt city, designated Vita, Blegen found human bones scattered in the streets and widespread evidence of burning— making it a candidate for the site of the war remembered in Homer's Iliad. Most recently, Manfred Korfmann, of the University of Tubingen, found bronze arrowheads, piles of slingstones, and a partially burnt skeleton in the same level. But no archaeological evidence found so far unquestionably links the Troy Vila discoveries to events in Homer's poems. MORE EVIDENCE EXISTS in texts uncovered among remains of the Hittite Empire. This Late Bronze Age superpower ruled much of modern Turkey and controlled, or at least influenced, the kingdoms on the Aegean coast, including Troy. But where Homer called the Greeks the “Achaians,” they appear in the Hittite records as the “Abhiyawa.” Similarly, “Ilios, a name Homer uses for Troy, is equivalent to the Hittite name “Wilusa.” According to the archives, 48 Wilusa and other cities rebelled unsuccessfully against the Hittite king Tudhalyia around 1430- 1420. More than 125 years later, King Muwattalli If helped Wilusa overcome an enemy attack. Around 1280, the Hittites and Wilusa were at odds, but patched things up with a treaty. In the reign of Hattusili III (1267-37 8.c.), conflict with the Anhiyawa over Wilusa land was resolved in favor of the Hittites. Finally, the records show that after an enemy deposed Wilusa’s King Walmu, he was reinstated by Tudhalyia IV (1237-1209 ac). Exquisite this beautifully crafted gold leaf earring that was found during Schliemann s excavations at Troy FIGURING OUT THE TRUTH... about the Trojan War is a bit complicated. The Greeks had stories about two wars, archaeologists uncovered evidence for at least one, and the Hittites recorded four. But these do not match up. For now, perhaps Homer is best understood as the masterful reteller of stories heard about people and wars that happened centuries earlier. For more, see Eric H. Clines The Trojan War: A Very Short eCThe Search for by Adrienne Mayor ne of the most exciting events in the legendary Trojan War was the duel between the great Greek champion Achilles and the young Amazon queen Penthesilea. In the Greek myth well-known to the Romans of Vergil’s day, Penthesilea was an ally of King Priam of Troy. She and her 12 Amazon companions came to defend Troy against the Greek invaders. In the tale, Achilles and Penthesilea met on the battlefield for single combat. These master fighters wereseemed that the Amazon would win the duel to the death. But it was Achilles who killed Penthesilea. As she lay dying, Achilles was filled with sorrow and regretted that fate had compelled him to slay such a daring, courageous, young woman. Achilles was not the only Greek hero to fight Amazons, those fierce, warlike women who were said to dwell around the Black Sea and the steppes of western Asia. The myths described Amazons as horsewomen-archers and deadly enemies with their bows, spears, and battle-axes. The Greeks called the women “the equals of men,” and they were much feared. One popular Greek myth told how the hero Heracles sailed to the Black Sea coast on a mission to win the war belt of the powerful Amazon queen Hippolyta. The two fought as equals, but, after Heracles won, he took the belt back to Greece as his prize. Theseus, the legendary king of Athens, also battled Amazons of the Black Sea region. Steppes are large areas of flat, unforested grassland stretching from Ukr: 50 During the fighting, he captured Hippolyta’s sister, Antiope. She became Theseus’ wife, and they named their son Hippolytus. By the time Vergil was writing the Aeneid, the Romans, as well as the Etruscans, who lived to the north of Rome, and other Italians, were very familiar with many Greek tales about Amazons. These women were favorite subjects for Greek artists, vase painters, and sculptors. Romans and Etruscans imported thousands of vases from Athens that were decorated with pictures of Amazons and what are known as Amazonomachies. ‘Machy was the ancient Greek word for “war,” so “Amazonomachy” means “war or battle with Amazons.” The Etruscans also created beautiful bronze urns and vases whose sides were decorated with scenes illustrating stories about Amazons. One that dates to 480 #.c. and is housed in the British Museum is decorated with four bronze Amazon archers on horseback (Ste ONE ARCHER ON PAGE 49). An Etruscan vase painting that dates to 330 8.c. is especially interesting. On one side it shows Achilles slaying a Trojan warrior, e to Mongolia.pethaps Hector. On the other side are the ghosts of two Amazons killed in the Trojan War. The ghosts are wrapped in bandages to indicate their battle wounds, and their names are engraved above their heads: Penthesilea and Andromache (meaning “Manly Fighter”). The two are shown entering the Underworld as heroines. In Vergil’s poem, they join the other heroes of the Trojan War whom Aeneas sees when he visits the Underworld. Penthesilea is not the only woman warrior in Vergil’s Aeneid. Inspired by the Greek myths, Vergil created his own Roman version of Penthesilea and her brave band. He named his Amazon leader Camilla and made her a young princess- warrior of the Volsci tribe. Near the end of Vergil’s poem, Camilla leads an army and fights ferociously against Aeneas’ “Sons of Troy.” Like the Amazons of Greek myth, Camilla is an expert archer and horsewoman, and she also wields a battle-axe and a spear. In the thrilling description of the great battle for Italy in Book 11, Camilla is To the Romans, Heracles was Hercules. accompanied by four Amazon companions—Larina, Tulla, Tarpeia, and Acca. Vergil compares these heroines to Hippolyta and Penthesilea at Troy and describes them fighting with outstanding valor, killing many enemies. But Camilla herself is slain, and Aeneas’ side is victorious. Clearly, the Amazons were extremely popular characters in Greek and Roman art and myth. Most modern scholars who study the myths usually assume that the idea of warlike women was s1totally imaginary, with no basis in reality. But could there have been real warrior women in. antiquity? It turns out that the answer is yes! In recent years, archaeologists have begun excavating graves of the ancient nomadic horse people who roamed the territories of ancient Scythia around the Black Sea, Ukraine, southern Russia, the Republic of Georgia, and Central Asia, Among these Scythian peoples, young boys and girls (CECA EALE RAE EIT)Jeamed to ride horses, shoot arrows, hunt, and defend their tribes from enemy attacks. Men and women of all ages dressed alike—in long-sleeved, patterned shirts and trousers or leggings. This practical clothing was perfect for a rugged outdoor life of riding horses across the harsh steppes. For the Scythian nomads, riding horses and perfecting thetr skill at archery meant that girls and women could be just as fast and deadly with their weapons as boys and men. Equality was taken for granted. It was an accepted fact that, to ensure the survival of the group, both men and women had to contribute to the group's daily needs, Sometimes, these needs included triumphing in warfare. ‘And sure enough, archaeologists have now discovered many graves containing the skeletons of wartior ‘women and even warrior girls as young as 10 years of age. It used to be that whenever weapons were found in a grave they were thought to belong to a male. But thanks to modern DNA tests of bones, archaeologists are learning that some fighters were female! About one out of three Scythian women was buried with her weapons—quivers full of arrows, spears, and battle-axes resembling those shown in ancient Greek vase paintings. Some of the women even had combat injuries, just like the wounds of the men. So far, archaeologists have found about 300 burials of warrior women who lived, fought, and died much like the Amazons described in Greek and Roman myths. In 2013, the discovery of an Etruscan tomb in Tuscany showed that Amazon-like women, similar to Vergil’s Camilla, existed in Italy 2,600 years ago. Inside the grave was a skeleton holding a Jong spear. At first, the archaeologists assumed the spear-holder was a wartior- prince, but DNA testing again showed that the remains were those of a warrior-princess! ‘Adrienne Mayor, CCassies and history of science at Stanford University isthe author of The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women ‘across the Ancient World (Princeton University Press, 2014) 3Did Aeneas Stop H eneas was not the only survivor of the Trojan \War to find a new homeland. According to the third book of the Aeneid, Aeneas and those who left Troy with him were sailing toward Italy when they stopped at the city of Buthrotum, in what is today southern Albania. In ancient times, it was 54 in a region of northwestern Greece known as Epirus, Imagine Aeneas’ surprise when he discovered that the rulers of the city were familiar to him. The queen was none other than Andromache, the widow of Hector. Not only was Hector the ere? by Angela Murock Hussein greatest Trojan hero, he was also Aeneas’ brother-in-law. He had been killed in the famous duel with Achilles, the greatest warrior on the Greek side. After Hector's death, Andromache had been taken as a prize by the son of Achilles, Pyrrhus (see above). Pyrthus had resettled in Epirus and then become ruler of thekingdom. It is from Pyrrhus that the mother of the renowned ruler Alexander the Great claimed descent. Pyrthus, however, had not come alone. Rather, he had brought his household with him, including Andromache and another Trojan prisoner, the prophet Helenos, Sometime later, Pyrrhus went to Sparta to ask for the hand of Hermione, the daughter of Helen of Troy, in marriage. Although Hermione had already been promised to a rival suitor, she married Pyrrhus Oy tak eae Lost and Found remained in Pyrrhus’ household, 3 Hermione eventually had the V : fiance whom she did not marry kill Pyrrhus, Helenos then married : Andromache and took control of J D part of Pyrrhus’ kingdom. Helenos and Andromache founded Buthrotum and made it their ti capital city. With its connection to ; : ight the ancestors of both Alexander ' 4 the Great and the Caesars, Buthrotum played an important i 1 role in the legends of the time. ’ i The city lies on a peninsula in a saltwater lake that provided a ’ , , harbor for ships. To enter the i vis, port, ships would travel along a river that flowed from the lake to the sea. It is impossible to know if a real Aeneas visited the place, Helen of Troy was the wife of King Menelaus of Sparta. When Aphrodite (Venus to the Romans), the goddess of love and beauty, granted to Paris, prince of Troy, beautiful Queen Helen as the reward for choosing her as the fairest, Helen s husband was enraged, and what has become known as the Trojan War ensued. 55but archaeological evidence indicates that the site was occupied at least as early as the eighth century 6.c. and possibly earlier. A Greek city, Buthrotum stood along an important trade route in the Adriatic Sea. From its remains, we know that it had a theater with several beautiful sculptures; a temple to Asclepius, the healing god; anda large enclosure wall with monumental gateways. One of these gates, the so-called Lion Gate, was crowned with a relief of a lion eating a bull. This sculpture was older than the gate itself and was probably taken from another structure. In the third century s.c,, the city was taken over as a protectorate by the Roman Republic and incorporated into a Roman province. Julius Caesar re-founded the city in 44 8.c. asa colony. He saw it as a place to resettle veterans who had served in his army. His successor, Augustus, sent some of his veterans to live there. He also added several new buildings, including an aqueduct, a bath, and a forum. Buthrotum declined in importance after an earthquake destroyed much of the city in the third century a.o. ce Oey making an offering to Hector s ashes. Sc teen a EtePB teas Prenat en) Pe CRASS ER SOR ROg a een identified by inscriptions on the entrance. Sere dining room, depicted mythological scenes. In this example, we see a scene ORE Soe ee According to the epic, Aeneas tried to TOC pou eee Ly gry CT an kOe) ‘and brought to a doctor. The surgeon, eee ean e SCS ee ROC oR Pe nce SUR me tas at Ey surgeon stitched Aeneas’ wound. He Pee Ueno bay rier In this fresco, we see Aeneas leaning on his spear and bearing the pain rather SOE en ae cay a er eee which indicated to ancient Roman Re Re Coe ey Cece eR Reena ace POS RCE eee ee Cen OCU Me LCR eo Ren ecco) the arrowhead with forceps. The wall painting dates to shortly before the Ce Tong VOR ee eee) Dea ERR CENA Sea CUn ne ata ng Se Sa se es cay scenes from books. Just imagine dinner guests at the Oren AOS eR Ta eee Cane Bee rendPROJECT MERCURY rr) ote pre rr eT Oe oe ee Coe eee spacecraft orbiting it named Messenger. @ NASA‘s Project Mercury, initiated in 1958, represented the United States’ first manned mission to orbit the earth. Its astronauts were dubbed “The Mercury Seven.” Oe aC eee oe a thermometers, switches, and florescent lamps. In Vergits Aeneid, WHAT S the god Mercury delivers THE SAME? eneas, encouraging him to reurysname i fellow his destin and estabtsh sedated wth objects, eas fib dst on sss progress te aan uid Iteraly or figuratively heavenly and ite mysterious ‘The objects, ideas, and the like that bear Mercury's name represent knowledge and achievements not even imagined in ancient Greek and Roman SA tye eM Pa Ete emo ag