Wireless and Mobile

Networks
CMPE 257
Spring 2006
Bluetooth

CMPE257WirelessandMobileNetworking

Announcements
Access to QualNet.
Two options:

Get a CD from the helpdesk (BE 240).

Contains license and necessary instructions.

Or, remote access via ssh.

CMPE257WirelessandMobileNetworking

Today
Bluetooth.

CMPE257WirelessandMobileNetworking

Bluetooth

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Overview
Cable replacement technology.
Connect devices such as phone handsets,
headsets, computer peripherals, etc.

Industry standard.
Allows wireless communication between
devices.

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Applications: Cable Replacement

1 Mb/s.
Range ~10 meters.
PANs
Single chip radio.

Low power & low cost.

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Why not use Wireless LANs?

- power
- cost

Applications: Synchronization

Automatic synchronization of
calendars, address books,
business cards.

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Applications: Cordless
Headset

Multiple device
access.
Hands-free operation.

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Cordless
headset

More applications

Conference table.
Cordless computer.
Instant photo transmission.
Cordless phone.

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Bluetooth Origins
Study by Ericsson Mobile Communications in
1994.
Alternatives to cables connecting mobile
phones to accessories.
Use of radio links instead of infrared.
Why?

Transmission of data and voice.

Result: Bluetooth spec.

Named after Harald Blatand (Danish for

Bluetooth).
10th century Viking king who united Denmark
and Norway.

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Bluetooth SIG History

Early 1998: Bluetooth SIG is formed.
Promoter company group: Ericsson, IBM, Intel,
Nokia, Toshiba.
Goal: develop license-free technology for
universal wireless connectivity.
Target: handheld market.
Bluetooth spec: defines RF wireless
communication interface and protocols.

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Bluetooth SIG History

May 1998: Public announcement of Bluetooth SIG.

July 1999: 1.0A spec (>1,500 pages) published.
December 1999: version 1.0B released.
December 1999: promoters increases to 9.
3Com, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola

February 2000: 1,800+ adopters.

February 2001: version 1.1 out.

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More History
Recently, IEEE 803.15.1 standard for
Wireless PANs (WPANs)
Only MAC and PHY.

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 Open spec.
Low cost.

Goals

In order to replace cables, should have similar cost.

Cell phone cable is ~ $10.

Power efficiency.
Lightweight and small form factor.
Easy to use.
Reliable and resilient to failures.

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The Bluetooth Standard

Defines a protocol stack to enable
heterogeneous devices to communicate.
The Bluetooth stack includes protocols for the
radio layer all the way up to device discovery,
service discovery, etc.

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack

Applications
RFCOMM/SDP

L2CAP
Host Controller Interface
Link Manager
Link Controller

Baseband
RF

Application
PresentationLayer
SessionLayer
TransportLayer
NetworkLayer
DataLinkLayer
PHY
OSI/ISO

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Bluetooth Layers
Radio: physically transmits/receives data.
Baseband/Link Controller: controls PHY.
Link Manager: controls links to other devices.
Host Controller:e2e communication.
Logical Link Control:
multiplexes/demultiplexes data from higher
layers.
RFCOMM: RS323-like serial interface.
SDP: allows service discovery among
Bluetooth devices.

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The Bluetooth PHY

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Radio Band
2.4 GHz license-free ISM band.
Available worldwide.
Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) band.
Unlicensed, globally available.
Centered around 2.4 GHz.

Resilient to interference.
Frequency hopping.
Range: 10, 20, and 100m.
1MB/s.

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Unlicensed Radio Spectrum

33cm
26 Mhz

902 Mhz

12cm
83.5 Mhz

2.4 Ghz
2.4835 Ghz

928 Mhz
cordless phones
baby monitors
Wireless LANs

802.11
Bluetooth
Microwave oven

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5cm
125 Mhz

5.725 Ghz
5.785 Ghz
unused

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Bluetooth Radio Link

1Mhz
. . .
79

12 3

83.5 Mhz

MA scheme: Frequency hopping spread spectrum.

2.402 GHz + k MHz, k=0, , 78
1,600 hops per second.
1 Mb/s data rate.

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BT Radio Link (Contd)

Time-division duplex (TDD)

Separation of Xmission and reception in time.

Units alternate transmits and receives.

Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (G-FSK)

modulation.

1s as positive frequency deviations from

carrier frequency; 0s as negative deviations.

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Multiple Access
BT targets large number of independent
communications active in the same area at the same
time.
Single FH channel: 1 Mb/s.
Each 1Mb/s channel shared by limited number of
participants.
In target user scenarios, its unlikely that all units inrange will share data among all of them.
1 MB/s is reasonable. (is it?)

Theoretically, total bandwidth is 79 Mb/s.

In practice, < 79 Mb/s since codes are non-orthogonal.

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Baseband
Applications
RFCOMM/SDP

L2CAP

Control end of baseba

+link controller=
Data link layer

Host Controller Interface

Link Manager
Link Controller

Carries out MAC

functions.

Baseband
RF
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Master and Slaves

Communicating devices must agree on
hopping sequence.
BT devices can operate as masters or slaves.
Master node defines sequence to be used.
Slave units use master id to pick sequence.
Master also controls when devices are
allowed to transmit.
Master allocates slots to slaves.
Allocates total available bandwidth among
slaves.

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Piconets

BT communication takes place over piconets.

Piconet formation initiated by master.
All other participants are slaves.
Number of participants limited to 8 (1 master and 7
slaves).
Channel capacity and addressing overhead.
Each slave assigned a locally unique ID.

Master/slave roles last for the duration of the piconet.

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More on Piconets
On a piconet, slaves only have direct links to
master.
Point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
connections.

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Piconets: Considerations
Most target applications involve local
communication among small group of
devices.
Piconets with up to 8 nodes match well.
If many groups of devices active
simultaneously, each group as separate
piconet.
Overlapping piconets can coexist.

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Contention-Free MA
Master and slaves.
Master performs medium access control.
Schedules traffic through polling.

Time slots alternate between master and slave

transmission.

Master-slave: master includes slave address.

Slave-master: only slave chosen by master in previous
master-slave slot allowed to transmit.
If master has data to send to a slave, slave polled
implicitly; otherwise, explicit poll.

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BT States
Standby

Inquiry

Unconnected

Page

Transmit Connected
Park

Hold

Connecti
ng

. Initially, all nodes in

standby.
. Node (master) can beg
inquiry to find nearby
devices.
. Piconet is then formed.
. Devices join by paging.

Active
Snif
Low power

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Inquiry
Device discovery

Listeners respond with

their address.

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Paging
Master
Device enters paging to invite others to join
its piconet.
Establishes links with nodes in proximity.
Paging message unicast to selected receiver.
Receiver sends ACK.
Sender becomes master, receiver slave.

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Active Slave
Parked Slave
Standby

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Piconet New Node Admission

Master can actively try to discover new nodes
or wait (in scan/listen mode) to be discovered.
Communication in the current piconet
suspended.
Admission latency versus piconet capacity
tradeoff.

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Bluetooth Link Formation

Point-to-point link:

Master-slave relationship.

s
m

Piconet:

8 units: channel capacity.

Master (establishes piconet) can connect to up to 7 slaves.
Master/slave relationship lasts while link/piconet lasts.
No slave-to-slave communication.

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Link Types
2 types of links:
Synchronous (SCO) links:
Point-to-point between master and slave.
Link established by reserving slots in either direction
periodically.
Used to carry real-time traffic (voice).

Asynchronous (ACL) links:

Point-to-multipoint between master and slaves.
Use remaining slots on channel.
Traffic scheduled by master.

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Error Control
Supports both FEC and retransmission.
FEC for SCO packets.
ARQ for ACL traffic.
If no ACKs, retransmit.
Stop-and-wait ARQ.
Fast-ARQ: ACK included in RX slot immediately
following the TX slot in which packet was sent.

CRC to check for errors.

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Packet Format
72 bits 54 bits
Access
code

No CRC
No retries
FEC (optional)

Header

Voice

625 s

0 - 2744 bits
Payload

header

Data

CRC

ARQ
FEC (optional)

master
slave
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Access Code
72 bits
Access
code

Header

Payload

Address of piconet master.

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Packet Header
m
54 bits
Access
code

Payload

Header

Purpose

Addressing
Packet type
Flow control
1-bit ARQ
Sequencing
HEC

(3)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)

Max 7 active slaves

16 packet types (some unused)
Broadcast packets are not ACKed
For filtering retransmitted packets
Verify header integrity

total

18 bits

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Multiple Piconets
Piconets may overlap in space and time.
They can work independently.
Each with its own hopping sequence.
Packets with different access codes.

Or they can overlap, i.e., nodes can

participate in more than 1 piconet.
Time sharing.

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Scatternets
Interconnection of multiple piconets.

Slave
Master

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Scatternets (contd)
Interconnection by bridge nodes.

Bridge nodes are members of piconets they

interconnect.
Bridge node stay in a piconet for some time,
then switch to another piconet by changing
hop sequence.
Do this for all member piconets.
Send and receive in each piconet.
Forward from one piconet to another.

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Link Controller and Link

Manager
Applications
RFCOMM/SDP

L2CAP
Host Controller Interface

Attaching/detachingslavesfrom
piconet;powermanagement;security.

Link Manager
Link Controller

Baseband
RF
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Carriesoutinquiryandpaging
operations;managesmultiple
linksanddifferentpiconets.
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Power Management
Low-power modes: prolong battery life.
Devices can be turned-off when idle.
Devices wake up periodically to send/receive
data.

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Low-Power Operation
3 modes:
Hold: node sleeps for specified interval.

Master can put slaves in hold while searching for new members,
attending another piconet, etc.
No ACL packets.

Sniff: slave low-duty cycle mode.

Slave wakes up periodically to talk to master.

Fixed sniff intervals.

Park:

Very low power state.

Used to admit more than 7 slaves in piconet.
Slave gives up its active member address.
Receives parked member address.

Wakes up periodically listening for broadcasts which can be

used to unpark node.

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Security
Authentication and encryption.
LMP provides mechanisms for negotiation of
encryption modes, keys, etc.

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Host Controller Interface

Applications
RFCOMM/SDP

L2CAP

Optional interface layer

between higher and lower
layers of the BT stack.

Host Controller Interface

Link Manager
Link Controller

Baseband
RF
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E.g.,whenlowerandhigher
BTlayersrunondifferent
Devices:PCMCIAcardand
PCsprocessor.
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L2CAP
Applications
RFCOMM/SDP

L2CAP
Host Controller Interface

Logical Link Control and

Adaptation Protocol=
Session Layer.

Link Manager
Link Controller

Baseband
RF
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L2CAP provides
Protocol multiplexing
Quality of service negotiation

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RFCOMM/SDP
Applications
RFCOMM/SDP

L2CAP

Service discovery, serial portHost Controller Interface

interface.
Link Manager

Link Controller

Baseband
RF

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References:
Bluetooth papers in reading list.
Johansson and Gerlas Bluetooth Tutorial at
Mobicom 2001.
Bluetooth 1.1: Connect Without Cables, Bray
and Sturman.

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Bluetooth on the market:

PC cards, Cell phones, Head sets, Chip sets,
Company

Features

Applications

Cost

Toshiba,
Motorola,
Digianswer

20 dBm (~100 m)
Point-to-multipoint
No Scatternet
0 dBm (~10 m)
Point-to-multipoint
No Scatternet
10 m user-user;
100 m user-Base Station
Point-to-multipoint
SW&FWupgradeable
10 m user-user;
Point-to-point
ConnectivityBattery
forthecellphone
10 m user-user;
Point-to-point;
ARM processor;
USB; RFCOMM ports

File Transfer,
Dial-Up Networking
LAN access, Fax,
File Transfer,
Dial-Up Networking
LAN access, Fax,
File Transfer,
Dial-Up Networking
LAN access, Fax, E-mail
Unconscious connection
File Transfer,
Dial-Up Networking
LAN access, Fax, E-mail
Unconscious connection

169 $
--200 $

Basic BT Radio stack

Embedded or Host stack
Programmable

500 $

IBM, TDK

3COM

Nokia

Ericsson,
Sigma

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169 $
---

149 $

149 $

1500$

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