F ndS = Fdxdydz

2013

Email: dsourlas@physics.upatras.gr

,
19 ,
,
, .
.
,

,
. ,

.

, .
,
.
.


1
1
1
1.11
1.2:2
1.33
1.44
1.54
1.66
1.77
1.88
1.9,.9
1.1012
20
23
23
2.123
2.225
2.326
2.426
2.530
2.632
39
41
41
3.141
3.2.42
3.343

3.444
3.544
3.6246
3.7.48
3.8 F51
3.957
3.1060
3.1164
68
IV71
I71
4.171
4.273
4.3
77
4.482
4.5.88
4.689
4.790
94
V97
97
5.197
5.298
5.3.99
5.4102
5.5106
5.6110
5.7.111
5.8113
5.9114
116
VI117

117
6.1117
6.2119
6.3119
6.4122
6.5129
6.6133
6.7E135
137
VII139
139
7.1139
7.2139
7.3150
153
VIII155
155
8.1155
8.2.155
8.3157
8.4161
8.5.162
8.6'.163
8.7.165
8.8DS166
8.9.169
8.10.174
8.11.175
8.12177
8.13178
8.14181
8.15183
185
IX189

GREEN,STOKESGAUSS189
9.1189
9.1GREEN.189
9.3GREEN196
9.4STOKES197
9.5STOKES200
9.6GAUSS(201
9.7GAUSS203
9.8GAUSSSTOKES204
9.9,207
212
215
215
10.1215
10.2,215
10.3LAGRANGE227
10.4232
235
237
237
11.1.237
11.2237
11.3238
11.4,.240
11.5GRAD,DIVCURL.242
11.6242
246
249
249
12.1249
12.2251
12.3252
12.4253
12.5254

12.6255
12.7256
12.8258
12.9260
12.10CHRISTOFFEL263
12.11264
12.12265
267
269
269
1.269
2.272
3.276
4.278
5.280

B283
283
288
289
289
289
1.()290
2.()291
3.294
4.296
5.299
6.301
1305
2311
3319

4327
5337
6343
7357
8365
9385
10399
11413
12421
431
I 431
432
III434
IV436
V436
VI438
V439
V440
GREEN,STOKES,GAUSS441
X442
444
I 444
446
III 450
IV 458
V 461

VI 468
V 479
V 482
GREEN,STOKES,GAUSS487
X 495
MAPLE500
531
531

1.1

, , , ,
, , ,
.. 6,28 , 22 0C, 220 Volts ...
, . ..
400
300 ,
700 700
. 400
300 , 700 ,
400 2 + 300 2 = 500
, (. 1.1.1).
,
300
400
.
, ..
300
, ,
, ,
. 1.1.1
.


, , ,
,
" ".
(1,

(1

,
, , ,
. .
.

, , v=OA (2,
(. 1.1.2).
.. OXYZ, v=(vx ,vy ,vz ), (. 1.1.2).

.
R3. v |v| (3
.

v = vx2 + vy2 + vz2

(1.1.1)

|v|=1 .

vz
A

vy

y
O

vx
x
. 1.1.2

. 1.1.2

(2

.. , v,u,w, ...,
.. v, v .

(3

||v||, |v|,
.
, ||, R
C, . |||| norm
.

1.2:

v w
:
O, ,
v w
z
, ,
v
v
w, (. 1.2.1). r,
A
r

O
, y
v
w.
w

w
v.
x
. 1.2.1

v w (vx ,vy ,vz ) (wx ,wy ,wz )
,
v w, :
r=v+w=(vx+wx , vy+wy , vz+wz)

(1.2.1)

1.3

v+v+v 3v .
3v 3 v
v 3v
v. ,
v ,
v
v v.
, v ,
v. =0,
v=0 0 , (
,
0=(0,0,0) ).

v
v,
.


. :
v-w=v+(-1)w

(1.3.1)

v
-w, w.

1.4

v w : v-w=0.
v w
,
v=w (vx ,vy ,vz )=(wx ,wy ,wz ) vx = wx , vy = wy , vz = wz

(1.4.1)

, (), .

, (..
)
, , :

, .
.
, ,
.
,
.

1.5

v w, (4
vw , :

(4

.. <v,w> , (v,w)

vw=|v||w|cos

(1.5.1)

v w.
(1.5.1) :
vw=wv

(1.5.2)

(1.5.1)
:

. 1.5.1

|w|cos== w v ,
:
vw= |v|( w v) vw= |w|( v w)
: |v|=1 vw=
w v
vv=|v|2

(1..5.3)

,
, :

(v+w)u=vu+wu

(1.5.4)

. v w
vw=0, v w
vw=|v||w|cos=0 cos=0 =/2.
OXYZ
i, j, k OX, OY, OZ,
v w :
v=vxi+vyj+vzk

w=wxi+wyj+wzk

(1.5.5)

vw
(1.5.4) ij=ik=jk=0 ii=jj=kk=1, (
i, j, k, ),
:
vw=vxwx+vywy+vzwz

(1.5.6)

(1.5.1), (1.5.6).
: (1.5.1)
v w
, (), v
w , .

. (1.5.6)
,
vx , vy , vz wx , wy , wz .
(1.5.1)

vw
vw
1
=
= cos
|v||w |
vv ww

vx wx + v y wy + vz wz

2
2
2
2
2
2
vx + v y + vz wx + wy + wz

= cos 1

= cos

(1.5.7)

(1.5.7) ,
,
.
:
(1.5.1) (1.5.6)
:
1)

vv0 v

2)

vw =wv v,w

3)

vv=0 v=0

(v+u)w=(vw)+(uw) v, u, w , R

(1.5.8)
(1.5.9)
(1.5.10)

:
, ( ),
, .

1.6

v w,
vw, , |v||w|sin, ,
v w

:

,
vw
( ).
vw.

w
vw
v, w, vw
, (.1.6.1).

v
,
wv
.
:
vw=-wv

(1.6.1)

. vw=0, =0, v w
.
.

,

v(w+u)=vw+vu

(1.6.2)

v w :

vw=(vxi+vyj+vzk)(wxi+wyj+wz k) (vywz -vzwy)i+(vzwx-vxwz)j+(vxwy-vywx)k

vy
vw =
wy

vz
v
i+ z
wz
wz

vx
vx
j+
wx
wx

i
vy
k = vx
wy
wx

j
vy

k
vz

wy

wz

(1.6.3)

(1.6.3)
.

1.7

.
,
. " ", (
), "
", ( ),
. :
v w
vw=

(1.7.1)

, ,
.
, (),
w
v, v.w=.
, v* = v+u u
w, u.w=0 (1.7.1). :
v*w=(v+u )w=vw+uw=+0=

.
.

1.8

,

. .
) v, w, u
:
v(wu)

(1.8.1)

: v, w,
u, , (. 1.8.1).
|wu| , |wu|=|w||u|sin,
w u .
|v|cos. V
:
V=|w||u|sin|v|cos=|wu||v|cos= v(wu)

>/2, v(wu) .
:
V = |v(wu)|

(1.8.2)

wu

. 1.8.1
:

vx

v ( w u ) = wx

vy

vz

wy

wz

ux

uy

uz

(1.8.3)

) v, w, u
:
v(wu)

(1.8.4)

:
v(wu)=(vu)w-(vw)u

(1.8.5)

(
:
a(bc)=b(ac)-c(ab)

(1.8.6)

back up).

1.9,.

,
.

10

,
.
. '
.


,
, . rF
F , r
rF F
. ' r
.
.
rF
F .
F. '
F .

.
:

..




u3
.
u2
..

.

1
u1

3
.

2
u

, |u|=.
u ,
,
. 1.9.1

u1 ,
u2 ,
u1,
u2. :

 11

1
1 2, (. 1.9.1).
u1 |u1|=1.

2 2 3
u2 |u2|=2.
u1 u2 ,
1 3 u1+u2.

u3 13. u3
, u1 u2.
1=2=/2,
u3 u1 u2.

.
, .
,
, .
: (u1, 1), (u2, 2), (u3, 3)
, 1, 2, 3 .
:
2=1+12=1+(u11)

(1.9.1)

|u11|=1|1|=12=|12|

u11 12 .

3=2+23=2+(u22)

(1.9.2)

(1.9.1) (1.9.2)
3=1+(u11)+u2[1+(u11)]=
= 1+(u1+u2) 1+u2(u11)

(1.9.3)

1, 2 , :
3= 1+(u1+u2) 1

(1.9.4)

(u3,3), :
3= 1+u3 1
(1.9.4) (1.9.5) :

(1.9.5)

12

u3=u1+u2

.

.

1.10

1) )

.
) .
: ) A , (.
1). :
A
+=

=+=+=1/2(-)=1/2()

)

, (. 2). 1
2
. :

. 1

2=+2=+1/2=

=1/2(+)=2

. 2

(1)
1=1/2=1/2(+)=

=+1/2(-)=1/2(+)

(2)

(1), (2)
1=AP2. 1
2

2)

, ,
2 1.
: ,
. =1/3, =1/3.

 13

= (1).
= (2).

:
=+=+

(1)

:
=+

(2)

(1) (2):
+=+

(3)

(3) :
=1/2, =1/2, =-1/2+, =-1/2+

(4)

(4) (3) :
1/2+(-1/2+)=1/2+(-1/2+)
(1/2--1/2)=(1/2--1/2)
B, BA , :
--1/2=0,

--1/2=0 ==1/3.

=1/3,

=1/3

=1/3.
3) ,
/.

:
. , ,

, , .
:

A B
=

(1)

=-,

(2) (1):

=-

O OA OB O
=

(2)
(3)

14

(3) :
=

OB + OA
+

(4)

(4) .
4) .
.

: :

=1/2+1/2=1/2(+)

=1/2(+)

=1/2(+)

(1)

=1/2(+)

+++=0

+=-(+)
(2) (1) :

(2)
(3)

=1/2(+)=-1/2(+)=-
=-1/2(+)=-1/2(+)=-=
(3)
.
5)

20km/h.

20km/h .

20Km/h


;
20Km/h
;

:

,

202km/h.
20 202
450
.
45o
,
20

 15

,
.
,

20

20
20
20
20.
20

6)

250miles/h .
80miles/h .
;
: v , v1
v2
.
: v1=v2+v
v2
:
v1
2
2
2
0
(v2) =(v1) +(v) -2v1vcos(135 )=
1350

=311.7miles/h

v2
v
0
= 1 sin=0.567 =34.55 .
0
sin 135
sin
, 311.7miles/h
34.550 .
7) ,
, ||=3 ||=2.
) .
) ,
||=3 ||=2.
)
.

16

: )
||=3, 3.
,
2.

1 5.

2
)
3
||=2.
5

2.

(5, .
)
.
1 5.
1 5.
8) r
r
.
cos2 +cos2+cos2=1.
:
r=(x,y,z) , ,

, , .
,

cos=x/r

r=|r| r.

:
cos=y/r

(5

(1)

(2)

.
8.3.

 17

:
cos=z/r

(3)

:
x2+y2+z2=r2

(4)

:
cos2+cos2+cos2=
=x2/r2+y2/r2+z2/r2=r2/r2=1
9) ) v(2,4,-5)
, , . ) v(2,5,1)
u(1,1,3).
: ) , , v
, , . :
vi=|v||i|cos 2= 4 + 16 + 25 cos cos=

2
=0.298 =730
45

:
vj=|v||j|cos 4= 4 + 16 + 25 cos cos=
vk=|v||k|cos -5= 4 + 16 + 25 cos cos=

4
=0.596 =530
45
5
=-0.745 =1380
45

) v u
v u.
v u
.


v

u.

:
u0 =

u
1
=
(1,1,3)
|u|
11

18

1
3 1
1
,
,
(1,1,3) =

11 11 11 11
1
10
(1,1,3) = (1,1,3)
11
11

( v u0 ) u0 = ( 2,5,1)

1
( 2 + 5 + 3)
11

10) u1, u2 ,
, .

j
:
u2
cos(-)=coscos+sinsin (1)
cos(+)=coscos-sinsin

u1

(2)

: 1 :
u1=cosi+sinj

u2=cosi+sinj

u1 u2:

. 1
u1u2=|u1| |u2|cos(-)

coscos+sinsin=cos(-)
j

2. :

u2

u1=cosi-sinj
u2=cosi+sinj

. 2

u1 u2 :
u1u2=|u1| |u2|cos(+)
coscos-sinsin=cos(+)
(2)
(1)
.

11) ,

. .

 19

,
(6.
S1+ S2+ S3+ S4=0
S1, S2, S3, S4,
.
:

,
a, b,

,

1
a b , ( 4).
2

S3

c
b

S1

S2

c-a
b-a

S4

1
1
1
1
S1= a b , S2= b c , S3= c a , S4= ( c a ) ( b a )
2
2
2
2
:

1
1
1
1
S1+ S2+ S3+ S4= a b + b c + c a + ( c a ) ( b a ) =
2
2
2
2
=

1
[a b + b c + c a + c b c a a b + a a ] = 0
2

(6

VIII

20

1.

:
(v+w )u =vu+wu

2.

: |v+u| |v|+|u|

3.

Cauchy-Schwarz: |vu||v||u|

4.
:

S=1/2||=1/2sin
,
, .
5. :
) :

sin

sin

sin

) :
2=2+2-2cos , 2=2+2-2cos , 2=2+2-2cos
' , , .
6. :

7.

|v+u|2 -|v-u|2=4 v.u

|v+u|2+|v-u|2=2|v|2+2|u|2

:
) v(uw) = u(vw)-w(vu)
) (vu)w = u(vw)-v(uw)
) (vu)(wr) = (vw)(u.r)-(vr)(uw)

8.

Jacobi:
v(uw) + u(wv) + w(vu) = 0

9. v0 : vu=vw vu = vw
u=w. , uw.
10. a, b, c
.
v a, b, c
:

 21

v bc v ac
v ba
v=
a +
b +
c
a b c b ac
cba
11. n e1, e2,
, en . ri ei (i=1,2, , n)
. :
n

p = ei ri
i =1

:
n

R=

p
n

e
i =1

e r
i =1
n

i i

e
i =1

ei 0 .
i =1

e
i =1

=0

)
.
)
.

2.1

,
, :
r=rxi+ryj+rzk
rx ,ry, rz
, .. r=3i-2j+6k.


, ..
,
.

,
.

k
j

i
x

,
t, r :
r=x(t)i+y(t)j+z(t)k

(2.1.1)

.
:
r: IR AR3

r: tI r(t)

(2.1.2)

,
, . x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t) (2.1.1)
.

24

: :
1.

r(t) = Rcosti + Rsintj t[0,2)

XY
R.
, x=Rcost y=Rsint : x2+y2=R2.
2.

r(t) = costi + sintj t[0,2)

XY .
, x=cost y=sint :
3.

x2

y2

=1.

r(t) = costi + sintj + tk t[t1 ,t2]R

OXYZ.
4.

r(t) = coshti + sinhtj tR

x2-y2=1.
cosh2t-sinh2t=1 x=cosht, y=sinht
. x=cosht>0,
.


.


t

.

:

 25

1.

r ( t ) = R cos ti + R sin t t [0,2 ),

3.
r(t) = costi + 2sintj + t/2k t[0 ,4]

2.

r ( t ) = a cos ti + sin t t [0,2 )

4. ( )
r(t) = coshti + sinhtj tR

2.2

r=rx(t)i+ry(t)j+rz(t)k
l=lxi+lyj+lzk t t0, :

26

limt t0 rx (t ) = lx , limt t0 ry (t ) = l y , limt t0 rz (t ) = lz

: limt t0 r (t ) = l

(2.2.1)

t t

l
r(t)

1 :

limt t0 r(t ) = l limt t0 | r(t ) l |= 0

(>0)((,t0)>0)[|t-t0|< |r(t)-l|<]

(2.2.2)

2 limt t0 r (t ) = l limt t0 | r(t ) |=| l |

;
3 l .

2.3

r(t)=rx(t)i+ry(t)j+rz(t)k
t0
t=t0,

limt t0 r(t ) = r(t0 )

(2.3.1)

t0 :

limt t0 rx (t ) = rx (t0 ) , limt t0 ry (t ) = ry (t0 ) , limt t0 rz (t ) = rz (t0 )

:

t t 0
r(t )
r(t 0 )

2.4

r(t) t0

r (t + h) r (t0 )
dr (t0 )
= r(t0 ) = lim h 0 0
=
dt
h

 27

=lim h 0

+lim h 0

r (t + h ) ry (t0 )
rx (t0 + h ) rx (t0 )
i + lim h 0 y 0
j+
h
h

rz (t0 + h) rz (t0 )
k = rx(t0)i+ry(t0)j+rz(t0)k
h

:
r(t)=

dr(t )
= rx(t0)i+ry(t0)j+rz(t0)k
dt

(2.4.1)

.
2.4.1,


r(t0)
,
r(t0+h)-r(t0)
z z

r(t).
:
(x,y,z) ,
t,
x,y,z
t:

r(t0+h) r(t0)
y
x

. 2.4.1

x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t).

:

r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k

v (t ) =

dr (t ) dx(t ) dy (t )
dz (t )
j+
k
=
i+
dt
dt
dt
dt

a (t ) =

d v (t ) d 2 r (t ) d 2 x (t )
d 2 y (t )
d 2 z (t )
=
=
i
+
j
+
k
dt
dt 2
dt 2
dt 2
dt 2

1:
(t)r(t),
r(t)v(t)
r(t)w(t)

28

:
. :

d
d (t)
dr (t)
r (t) + (t)
[(t)r(t)] =
dt
dt
dt

(2.4.2)

d
dr(t )
dv(t )
v(t ) + r(t )
[r(t ) v(t )] =
dt
dt
dt

(2.4.2)

d
dr(t )
dv(t )
v(t ) + r(t )
[r(t ) v(t )] =
dt
dt
dt

(2.4.2)

C r(t)
dr/dt .
,
.
1:
r(t) , :

r (t )

dr (t )
= 0 tI
dt

(2.4.3)

: . |r(t)|=r(t)=.
r2(t)=r.r=.

2r (t )

dr (t )
dr (t )
d
r (t ) + r (t )
=0
[r(t ) r(t )] = 0
dt
dt
dt

d r (t )
dr (t )
=0
= 0 r (t )
dt
dt

: r (t )

dr (t )
= 0 . : r2(t) =rr
dt

d 2
dr (t )
r (t ) = 2r (t )
=0
dt
dt
r2(t)=. r(t)=|r(t)|=.
2:
r(t) ,
:

 29

r(t )

dr (t )
=0
dt

tI

(2.4.4)

: : :
r0(t)=

r (t )
r (t )
=
| r (t ) | r (t )

|r0(t)|=1 ,
r0(t) r0(t)=0.
:

r(t)=r(t)r0(t) r(t)=r(t)r0(t)+r(t)r0(t)=r(t)r0(t)
r(t)r(t)=r(t)r(t)r0(t)= =r(t)r(t)

r ( t ) r ( t )
r(t)r(t)=0
=
r (t ) r (t )

r(t)r(t)=0

: r(t)

dr (t )
=0. :
dt

d r0 (t ) d r (t )
r ( t )
1
= 2 r (t ) +
=
r ( t ) =
r (t )
r (t )
dt
dt r (t )

r(t )r(t )r(t ) + r 2 (t )r(t )

=
r3 (t )

r2(t)=r(t)r(t) 2r(t)r(t)=2r(t)r(t)

r(t)r(t)=r(t)r(t)

(2.4.5)

(2.4.6)

(2.4.5) (2.4.6) :

dr0 (t ) [r(t ) r(t )] r(t ) + [r(t ) r(t )] r(t )

=
=
dt
r 3 (t )
1
{r (t ) r (t )} r (t ) {r (t ) r (t )} r (t ) =
r (t )
1
= 3 r (t ) {r (t ) r (t )}
r (t )
3

r(t)r(t)=0

dr0 (t )
= 0 r0(t)=.
dt

r(t) .
:
r v. :

30

r2=rr=,

v2=vv=

, (2.4.3),
:
2 r

dr
=0 rv=0
dt

2v

dv
= 0 v=0
dt

(2.4.7)
(2.4.8)

rv=0 :

dr
dv
v +r
= 0 vv+r=0 r=-v2
dt
dt

(2.4.9)

(2.4.7) v
r. (2.4.8)
v .
r
r 0 180 . (2.4.9)
:
r=|r|||cos=-v2 cos<0 =1800

|r|||(-1)=-v2 =v2/r

,
, v2/r v
.

2.5

:
r(t)=x(t)i+y(t)j+z(t)k

(2.5.1)

r(t)
u(t) :

du(t )
= r(t )
dt
:

(2.5.2)

 31

u(t ) = r(t ) dt + c

(2.5.3)

c .
1:

r(t)=(t2+1)i+2j-t3k.

u(t) = r(t) dt =

(( t + 1) i + 2j t k ) dt =
2

t3

t4

= + t + c1 i + ( 2t + c2 ) j c3 k =
3

t3
t4
+
i
+
j

t
2t
=
( ) k + c c=c1i+c2j+c3k.
3

4
1:
,

. :

u(t ) = r(t ) dt + c = x(t ) dti + y(t ) dtj + z(t ) dtz +c

(2.5.4)

,
,

, :

t2

t1

r(t ) dt = [ x(t )i + y(t ) j + z(t )k ] dt

t2

(2.5.5)

t1

2: :

((t

+ 1) i + 2 j t 3k dt

(
2

3
4
( t + 1) i + 2 j t k dt = t3 + t i + ( 2t ) j t4 k =

2
2

22
65
8
81
= [9 + 3] + 2 i + ( 6 4) j 4 k = i + 2 j
3
4
3
4

32

,
:

t2

t2

t1

t1

r(t ) v(t ) dt

(2.5.6)

r(t ) v(t ) dt

(2.5.7)

3: :
)

r(t ) v(t ) dt

r(t)=t2i+(t+1)j-t3k,

r(t ) v(t ) dt

v(t)=2i-tj+t2k

: ) r(t)v(t)=2t2-t2-t-t5=-t5=t2-t.

t6 t3 t 2
0 r(t ) v(t ) dt = 0 ( -t +t -t ) dt = 6 + 3 2 = 117
0
3

) r(t)v(t)=(t3+t2-t4)i+(-2t2-t4)j+(-t-2t-2)k.

r(t ) v(t ) dt = ( t 4 + t 3 + t 2 ) i + ( t 4 2t 3 ) j + ( t 3 2t 2) k dt =
0
0

t 5 t 4 t 3 t 5 t 4 t 4

4
72
= + + i + j + t 2 2t k = i j 12k
5
0 15
5 4 3 5 2 4

2.6

1) a(t)=t2i+sintj-t3k.
t.
t=0
.
: a =

dv
:
dt

 33

v = adt = t 2i + sin tj t 3k dt =

t3
t4
i cos tj k + c1
3
4

c1 ,
:
t=0 v(0)=0

v=

-j+c1=0 c1=j.

t3
t4
i + (1 cos t ) j k
3
4

r(t)
:

t3
t4
r (t ) = v(t )dt = i + (1 cos t ) j k dt =
4
3
=

t4
t5
i + (t sin t ) j k + c 2
12
20

r(0)=0 : c2=0.

r (t ) =

t4
t5
i + (t sin t ) j
k
12
20

2)
. (
r
).
: Fc = f ( r )

r
r

: L = r mv
:

h=

1
rv.
2

(1)
(2)

.
f(r)>0 f(r)<0.
: Newton: ma=Fc :

d 2r
r
= f (r )
2
dt
r

(3)

34

(3) r:

d 2r
r

r m 2 = r f (r ) = 0
r

dt

d 2r
d
dr
dr
mr 2 = 0 r m = 0 r m = c
dt
dt
dt
dt
L = r mv =c
m , :

h=

1
11
c =
(r v ) =
2
2m

f(r)<0 a(t)
r(t)
, . .
f(r)>0 a(t)
r(t) .
f(r)<0.
3)
,
, .
.
: ,
. 2.6.1 r(t),
r(t) t t.
z

r(t)
r(t) .
h
r=r-r t=t-t.

t r
O

, , :
r
y
r

1
= r r
r

. 2.6.1

,
r ,

 35

1
r
= r
t 2
t
, :

dE
1
dr 1
= lim t 0
= r
= r v
dt
dt 2
t 2
v .
h =

1
r v .
2

r :
hr=0
h, r
.
h
,


h.

m
:

F = G

mM
r
r3

m
.
.
:
. 2.6.2

d 2r
mM
= G 3 r
2
dt
r

d 2r
M
= G 3 r
2
dt
r

,
.

Kepler
.

36

tAB
t, tAB=t
, :
()=(BAO)
4) ,
:

d 2r
M
= G 3 r
2
dt
r

(1)

1
dr
r
= h =
2
dt

(2)

.
.
: r0 , r,

r=r r0
(3):

(3)

dr dr
dr
= v = r 0 + r0
dt
dt dt

(4)

dr
dr0 dr
+ r0 = mr 2r0 0
dt
dt dt

L=2mh=mrv= mrr0 r

(5)

(1) (5):

d 2r
dv
M
L =
L = G 2 r0 L
2
dt
dt
r
d 2r
dv
Mm
L =
L = G 2 r0 L
2
dt
dt
r

(6)

(5) (6):

dr
dv
Mm

L = G 2 r0 r 2r0 0 =
dt
r
dt

dr
dr
dr
= GmM r0 0 r0 ( r0 r0 ) 0 = GmM 0
dt
dt
dt

(7)

 37

( :
v(uw) = u(vw)-w(vu) 1).
L , :

dv
d
L = ( v L)
dt
dt

(8)

(7), (8) :

dr
d
( v L ) = GmM 0
dt
dt

(9)

(9):
vL=GmMr0+c

(10)

c .
(10) r :
r(vL)=GmMrr0+rc=GmMr+rr0c= GmMr+rc cos

(11)

r0 c.

r(vL)=(rv)L=(L/m)L=L2/m

(11) :

L2=GmMr+rc cos

(12)

L2
L2
GmM
=
r=
c
GmM + cm cos 1 +
GmM cos

(13)

r=

b
1 + e cos

(14)

b e . (13)
e =

c
.
GmM

e=1
e>1 . , ,
e<1.
, .

38

5)

r=costi+sintj , , , .
: : h=1/2rv.
: v=dr/dt=-sinti+costj . :
h=1/2rv=1/2(costi+sintj)(-sinti+costj)=1/2k.
6) ,
: x=cost, y=sint, z=0 0t2 .
.
: :
r=r(t), t1tt2 :
) dr/dt
t1tt2
) tatb r(ta)r(tb) ( )
)

dr/dt0 t, t1tt2

:
r(t)=costi+sintj dr/dt=-sinti+costj
dr/dt
. )
). 0t2 dr/dt0. .
r(0)=r(2). r(0)=i r(2)=i.
.
,
t ,
:
dr/dt=-sinti+costj

, ( ).

 39

1.

d
d (t )
dr (t )
r (t ) + (t )
[ (t )r (t )] =
dt
dt
dt
d
d r (t )
dv (t )
v (t ) + r (t )
[r (t ) v(t )] =
dt
dt
dt
d
dr (t )
dv(t )
v(t ) + r (t )
[r(t ) v(t )] =
dt
dt
dt
2. r(t)
t r(t), (
, r(t) t
), :
) (x-5)2+(y-3)2=9

(7

) 4x2+9y2=36

) y=x

'

) y=x3

'

3.

:
r1(t)=(et-1)i+2sintj+ln(t+1)k

r2(u)=(u+1)i+(u2-1)j+(u3+1)k

. .
4.
r(t)
[0,2], r(0)=i
r(t)

x2

y2

= 1

:
)
(7

.
.

40

)
)
)
5.
x(t)=e-t, y(t)=2cos3t, z(t)=2sin3t, t . )
t. )
t=0.
6.
x(t)=2t2, y(t)=t2-4t, z(t)=3t-5, t .

u=i-3j+2k t=1.
7. C x=x(s),
y=y(s), z=z(s), s C
C. r o
C, dr/ds
C.
8. )
x(t)=t2+1, y(t)=4t-3, z(t)=2t2-6t. )
t=2.
9. :

1
t

v(t)= e t i + j t 3k

r(t)=2costi+sintk,

:
)

/2

r(t ) dt , )

/2

v(t ) dt , )

d 2 r (t )
10.
dt :
r (t )
dt 2

r(2)=3i+1j+1k,
r(4)=6i+7j+3k,

dr(t )
= 0,
dt t =2

dr(t )
= i + j+k
dt t =4

/2

r(t ) v(t ) dt

3.1

. .. '
. ' '
.

(x,y,z) r=xi+yj+zk ,
:
=(x,y,z)=T(r)
f :
f: ARn BR
f: (x1 ,x2 ,...,xn )A f(x1 ,x2 ,...,xn)B

(3.1.1)

n .
: z=f(x,y),
R3, ..
2
2
2
z = R x y

R.
: w=f(x,y,z),
R4
.
f(x1,x2,...,xn) n
' n+1-.

42
(x,y,z),
(8.

.

3.2.

f=f(r)
:

, r r0 ,

(>0)(>0)[|r-r0|< |f(r)- |<]

(3.2.1)

lim r r0 f (r ) =

r r0
f (r )

(3.2.2)

(3.2.1) f(r)
f(x) .
1. f(r)
r0 .
, ,
f(r) .
.

f ( x, y ) =

xy + y3

x2 + y 2

(0,0). :
) (0,0) X, (
y=0), :
f(x,y)=f(x,0)=0 0 x 0
) (0,0) Y, (
x=0), :
f(x,y)=f(0,y)=y 0 y 0
) (0,0) y=x,
0, :

f ( x, y ) = f ( x, x ) =

(8

x 2 + 3 x3

x 0
=
+
x

2
2 2
2
2
x + x
1+ 1+
1+ 2

, t,
f=f(x,y,x,t). .

 43

f (0,0),
.
2.

3.3

f=f(r) r0 :

lim r r0 f (r ) = f (r0 )

(3.3.1)

,

. ..

xy yz 2
3
) f ( r ) = 2
2
2 R
x +y +z
(0,0,0)

x4
) f ( r ) =
R2
x y
y=x
)

f ( r ) =

x2 + yz 2
R2
2
x y

y=x2
) f ( r ) =

x5 y
R3
x + y + z

x+y+z=0.

xz 2

x+ y

) f ( r ) = tan 1

tan-1

xz 2

x+ y

x+y=0.
R3 s x+y=0.

44

3.4

f=f(x,y), (
, , ). f
(x0, y0)
x :

limxx0 f (x, y0 ) = f (x0 , y0 )

(3.4.1)

f
(x0, y0) y :

lim y y0 f ( x0 , y ) = f ( x0 , y0 )

(3.4.2)

.
, .
.
.

2 xy

f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2
0

( x, y ) (0,0)
( x, y )=(0,0)

f(x,0)=0 x f(0,y)=0 y

lim x0 f ( x, 0) = 0 = f (0, 0)

lim y 0 f (0, y ) = 0 = f (0, 0)

(0,0) f
x y. , (0,0),
(0,0) y=x :

f ( x, y) y = x

2 x2
= 2 2 =1
x +x

lim ( x,y )(0,0) f ( x,y ) = 1 0

y=x

3.5
f=f(x,y,z). :

 45

x f :

lim h0
)

y f :

lim h0
)

f ( x + h, y , z ) f ( x, y , z )
f ( x, y , z )
= f x ( x, y , z ) =
(3.5.1)
x
h

f ( x, y + h, z ) f ( x, y, z )
f ( x, y, z )
= f y ( x, y , z ) =
(3.5.2)
h
y

z f :

lim h0

f ( x, y , z + h ) f ( x, y , z )
f ( x, y , z )
= f z ( x, y , z ) =
(3.5.3)
z
h

,
.
. f=f(x,y)=exy +ln(x2+y). :

f ( x, y )
2x
= ye xy + 2
x
x +y

f ( x, y )
1
= xe xy + 2
y
x +y

f (2,1)
4
4

= e2 +
= e2 +
x
4 +1
5
f x (2,1).

f (2,1)
1
1
= 2e2 +
= 2e2 +
y
4 +1
5

f y (2,1)
. , , f(x),
.
, ,
, .. :

2 xy

f ( x, y) = x 2 + y 2
0

( x, y) (0,0)
( x, y) = (0, 0)

2
2
f ( x, y ) 2 y ( y x )
=
2
x
( x2 + y2 )

(x,y)(0,0)

46
2
2
f ( x, y ) 2 x ( x y )
=
2
y
( x2 + y2 )

(x,y)(0,0)

: f(x,0)=0 f(0,y)=0,

f ( x,0)
f (0, y )
= 0
x x=0
y

=0
y =0

(x,y)
(0,0).
(0,0). :

f(x0 , y0 )

x

f (x0+h,y0).

f(x0 , y0 )

y

f (x0 ,y0+k).
f (x0,y0)
f (x0+h,y0+k).

f , f
f .
:
, .
:
.

3.62

f=f(x,y).

f
f

x y,
y
x

 47

f 2 f
=
x x x2

f 2 f
=
y x y x

f 2 f
=
(3.6.1)
x y x y

f 2 f

=
y y y2

2 f.
1: f=sin(x2y) :

f
=2xycosx2y
x

f 2
=x cosx y
y

2 :

2f
= 4 x 2 y 2 sin x 2 y + 2 y cos x 2 y
2
x
2f
= 2 x3 y sin x2 y + 2 x cos x2 y
y x

2f
= 2 x3 y sin x2 y + 2 x cos x2 y
x y
2f
= x4 sin x2 y
2
y
2: f=ln(x2+y3) :

f
2x
= 2 3
x x +y

f
3y2
= 2 3
y x +y

2 :

2 f ( x 2 + y 2 )2 2 x(2 x) 2( y 3 x 2 )
=
=
2
2
3 2
x2
(x + y )
( x2 + y3 )
2f
2 x (3 y 2 )
6 xy 2
=
=
y x ( x 2 + y 3 )2 ( x 2 + y 3 )2
2f
3 y 2 (2 x )
6 xy 2
=
=
x y ( x 2 + y 3 )2 ( x 2 + y 3 )2

48

2f (x 2 + y 2 )6y 3y 2 (3y 2 ) 3y(2x 2 y 3 )

=
=
2
2
y 2
x2 + y3
x2 + y3

2f
2f
=
y x x y

, x
y, . , ( Schwartz),
f :

2f
2f
f
f
,
,
,
x y y x
y
x
, :

2f
2f
=
y x x y

(3.6.2)

x y
y x, .

3.7.

T(x,y,z)
, T0(x0,y0,z0)
r0=x0i+y0j+z0k.
:
(x0,y0,z0)
' (x,y,z)(9.

.
' .

.

(9

(x,y,z) (x0,y0,z0) x=x0+x, y=y0+y,

z=z0+z x, y, z , .

 49

,
.
,

/s,
s

.

dT/ds :

dT

= lim s 0
ds
s

u
P0

s
P

r0
r

(3.7.1)

. 3.7.1

f=f(x,y,z)
df/ds P0(x0,y0,z0)
(10 u=i+j+k 2+2+2=1,
(. 3.7.1). ,
P0(x0,y0,z0) u :
x=x0+s

y=y0+s

z=z0+s

(3.7.2)

s
P(x,y,z) P0(x0,y0,z0). (3.7.2)
:

( x x0 )2 + ( y y0 )2 + ( z z0 )2 = ( s)2 + ( s)2 + ( s)2 = 2 + 2 + 2 s = s

f
(3.7.2), f
, s.
f = f(x,y,z) = f(x0+s, y0+s, z0+s) = f(s)
, ( 1 . 3.10), :

df ( P0 ) f ( P0 ) dx f ( P0 ) dy f ( P0 ) dz
=
+
+
=
x ds
y ds
z ds
ds

(10

u u
.

50

f ( P0 )
f ( P0 )
f ( P0 )
+
+

x
y
z

(3.7.3)

(3.7.3)
: u=i+j+k
, :

f (P0 ) f (P0 ) f (P0 )

,
,

y
z
x
f (P0) gradf(P0) :

f (P0 ) =gradf (P0 ) =

f (P0 ) f (P0 ) f (P0 )

i+
j+
k
x
y
z

(3.7.4)

f 0.
(x,y,z) :
f =gradf=

f
f
f
i+
j+
k
x y
z

(3.7.4)

, f 0
:

df (P0 )
=f(0)u
ds

(3.7.5)

:
f(r: u) (11

f (r )
u

r .
(3.7.3) f(x,y,z)
:

(11

f(r: u) : f
r u.

 51

df =

f
f
f
dx +
dy +
dz
x
y
z

(3.7.6)

(3.7.5) : df=(fu)ds
1:
. :
) u=i

df
f (r )
= f(r: i)=f(r)i=
x
ds

) u=j

f (r )
df
= f(r: j)=f(r)j=
y
ds

) u=k

df
f (r )
= f(r: k)=f(r)k=
z
ds

2: (3.7.5).
fu : , u, ,
f. ,
f,
f. f
f.
3:
3.10.

3.8 f
(3.7.5) :

df
= f u = f u cos = f cos
ds
(3.8.1)

df/ds
f u,
(.3.8.1). |df/ds||f|
=0 180 ,

O
x

df/ds

. 3.8.1

52
u f .
=0, u=f/|f| df/ds ,
|f|.
: f
, df/ds, (
f ),
.
1: f=x2y+xz u=2i2j+k. f
r=i+2j-k u.

.
: u . '
:

u0 =

u
=
| u|

1
u
= (2i 2j + k )
4+4+1 3

f:

f =

f
f
f
i+
j+
k = ( 2xy + z ) i + x 2 j + xk
x
y
z

r=i+2j-k, . x=1, y=2, z=-1,

:
f(r) = 3i+j+k
:

1
2 1 5
df
=fu0 =(3i+j+k) (2i-2j+k)=2- + =
3
3 3 3
ds

f(r), f(r)=3i+j+k :

df
= f ( r ) = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11
ds max
:
f (x, y)
. .
z=f(x,y)
(x, y). '

 53

f=

f
f
i+
j .
x y

.
,

z .
, . dz
ds: dz/ds . ,
u=f/|f| dz/ds=fu=|f|. (3.8.1)
, .
z, =180
. 90
,
(12 .

.

z = f ( x, y ) = z = f ( x, y ) = R 2 x 2 y 2
:

f =

x
R x y
2

y
R x y
2

j=

r
R r2
2

.
,

,
. .
, ,
, .
,
.
f
.

(12

, .
z=f(x,y) z .

54

, .
E , (
f), f
, c.
, , c Lc .
:
Lc={(x,y,z)AR3 / f(x,y,z)=c}
2: f(r)=f(x,y,z)=

(3.8.2)

1
=
r

1
x + y2 + z2
2

. , f=c =. c>0,

1
x2 + y 2 + z 2

= c x2 + y 2 + z 2 =

1
c2

1/c.
f=1/r, Coulomb
.
. f
, .
f f
:
) f ' Lc
.
, , (
, ),
,
,
. , Lc , (. 3.8.2).
:
r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k

 55

f, ,
, t, :
f=f(x(t),y(t),z(t))=g(t)=c

(3.8.3)

c Lc.
(3.8.3) t, :
0=

dg (t ) f dx(t ) f dy(t ) f dz (t )
dr (t )
=
+
+
= f
dt
x dt
y dt
z dt
dt

(3.8.4)

d r (t )
dt

P
r(t)

y
O

. 3.8.2
x
f

dr (t )
=0 t, tP
dt

, :

f ( r (tP ) )

dr (t )
=0
dt t =tP

, f

dr(t )
dt t =tP

. , (
r(t)), f

56
,
Lc . f
Lc .
(3.8.4),

dr (t )

dt

dr (t )
df
u = dt
= f ( r (t P ) : u ) = 0

dr (t )
ds
dt
,
Lc,
, , .
,
,
,

c, .
)

L c1 L c2

c2-c1=c<<1 1 L c1 , (. 3.8.3). :
1, ,
L c2
;
:
2. r1 r2
1 2 :
s=|r|=|r2-r1|
:
c=c2-c1 =f(r2)-f(r1)=f=

f (r1 )
f (r1 )
f (r1 )
x +
y +
z =
x
y
z

=f(r1).(xi+yj+zk)=f(r1).r=|f(r1)||r|cos=|f(r1)|scos

(3.8.5)

f(r1) r.
(3.8.5) :

 57

s=

c
| f (r1 ) | cos

(3.8.6)

L c2

f(r1)

P1

P2
s

r
r2

r2

r1

L c1

3.8.4

s, 1 2 cos ,
( c |f(r1)| ),
=0, . r, ( s),
f(r1). f(r1)
1
L c 1 L c2
.

3.9

: f=f(x,y).
f z, z=f(x,y)
,
f.
1: : f=f(x,y)=x2+y2
z=x2+y2, :

58

.
: x2+y2=c c>0
c:

 59

, . z
.
Oxy

.
2: f=x2-y2.
:

(13 .
:

(13

, ( ).

60

:

: f=f(x,y,z) , , . . .
f=x2+y2+z2,
.
3.10

f(r) (14
R3 r.
, ( ' ), u0.
f
r u , ( ):

(14

R (,) ,
, (,) , . :
(pA)(>0)[(,)A]

 61

lim h0

f (r + hu) f (r )
f (r )
= f (r : u) =
u
h

(3.10.1)

1. f(r) ,
,
r u.
2. f(r) ,
f'(r:u), (
), r
u,
(>0)(r,r1A)(uR3)(>0)[0|r-r1|<|f(r:u)-f(r: u)|<]

(3.10.2)

1 . ( ). f(r) ,
' R3, r r1
, r+tr1A t[0,1], (.3.10.1).
(0,1) :

f (r + r1 ) f (r) = f (w : r1 ) w = r + r1
:
g(t), :
g(t)=f(r+tr1)

0t1

r1

g(t)

g (t + h) g (t )
= lim h
h

g ( t ) = lim h0

(3.10.3)

r+r1

r+tr1
r

r1

= f (r + tr1 : r1 )

x
.3.10.1

g(t)
[0,1], :
g(1)-g(0)=g() 0<<1
:

f(r+r1)-f(r)=f(r+r1:r2)=f(w: r1)

62
2. ( ). f(r)
, :
f(r: cu)=cf(r: u) cR

(3.10.4)

: c=0 ,
(3.10.4) . :
f(r: 0)= lim h 0

f (r ) f (r )
=0
h

c0 :

f (r + hcu) f (r )
f (r + hcu) f (r )
f (r + tu) f (r )
=c
=c
, t=hc
h
ch
t
h 0, t 0 cf(r: u).
3. ( ). f(r)
,
r, u, w ,
f'(r:u) f'(r:w), :
f(r:u+w)=f(r:u)+f(r:w)

(3.10.5)

: :

f (r + hu + hw ) f (r )
h
f(r+hu) :

1
{[ f (r + hu) f (r)] + [ f (r + hu + hw ) f (r + hu)]}
h
,
:
f(r+hu+hw)-f(r+hu) = f'(r+hu+hw:hw)
0<<1. ( h).
:
f(r+hu+hw: hw) = hf(r+hu+hw: w)
:

f (r + hu + hw ) f (r ) f (r + hu) f (r )
=
+ f (r + hu + hw : w )
h
h

 63

h 0, :
f(r: u+w) = f(r: u)+f(r: w)
: f'(r:w)
r, :
lim h 0 f(r+hu+hw: w)=f(r:w)

2 3,
,
, .
4. ( ). f(r)
. :
f(r:u+w+v)=f(r:u)+ f(r:w)+ f(r:v)

(3.10.6)

(3.14)
:
f(r:u)=f(r:i+j+k)=f(r:i)+f(r:j)+f(r:k)=
=

f (r ) f (r ) f (r )
+
+
=f(r).u
y
x
z

1: f(r) '
CR3 r(s), s[s1, s2], .
g f(r) r(s), .
g(s) = f(100
r(s)) = f(x(s), y(s), z(s))

(3.10.7)

dr ( s )
r(s), ds

f(r(s))=g(s)

dr ( s )
:
ds
dg ( s )
dr ( s )
= f (r ( s ))
=
ds
ds

f (r( s)) f (r( s)) f (r( s)) dx( s) dy( s) dz ( s)

=
i+
j+
k
i+
j+
k =
ds
ds
y
z
x
ds
f dx f dy f dz df ( s)
=
+
+
=
x ds y ds z ds
ds

64
(3.7.3).

3.11

1) f=f(x,y) x=x(t), y=y(t).

:

df d 2 f
,
dt
dt 2
: :

df f dx f dy
=
+
dt x dt y dt

(1)

d2 f
(1)
dt 2

d 2 f d df
=
dt 2 dt dt

2
2
d f dx f d x d f dy f d y
=
+
+
+

2
dt y dt y dt 2
dt x dt x dt

(2)

d f
,
dt x

d f

dt y

d f 2 f dx 2 f dy
+
=
dt x x2 dt xy dt

(3)

d f 2 f dx 2 f dy
+
=
dt y xy dt y 2 dt

(4)

:
(1):

(3), (4) (2):

2

d 2 f f d 2 x 2 f dx
2 f dx dy 2 f dy f d 2 y
=
+
+
2
+

+
dt 2 x dt 2 x 2 dt
xy dt dt y 2 dt y dt 2
2) f x, y, z, t,
f=f(x,y,z,t). x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t)
t,

 65

df f
dr
= + f
dt t
dt
r(t)=x(t)i+y(t)j+z(t)k
: f:

df =

f
f
f
f
dx + dy + dz + dt
x
y
z
t

df f dx f dy f dz f
dr f
=
+
+
+ = f +
dt x dt y dt z dt t
dt t
3) f(x,y,z) 5 (2,1,3),
f(2,1,3)=5. :

f ( 2,1,3)
x

= 2,

f ( 2,1,3)
y

= 2,

f ( 2,1,3)
z

=3

:
) f(2.1, 0.8, 3.1)

) f(1.9, 0.9, 3).

: :

f =

f
f
f
x + y + z
x
y
z

(1)

) f(2.1, 0.8, 3.1) f(2,1,3)

.
x=0.1, y=-0.2, z=0.1
(2) (1) :

f ( 2,1,3)
f ( 2,1,3)
f ( 2,1,3)
x +
y +
z =
x
y
z
= 2(0.1) + (2)(0.2) + 3(0.1) = 0.9

f =

f :
f(2.1, 0.8, 3.1)= f(2,1,3)+f=5+0.9=5.9
) (1.9, 0.9, 3) :
x=-0.1, y=-0.1, z=0
f=2(-0.1)+(-2)(-0.1)+3(0)=0 . f(1.9, 0.9, 3)=5.

(2)

66

4) ,
(2,1,4). : f(x,y,z)=x3+y2+z.

;
: f f.

. -f
.
:

f
f
f
f ( 2,1, 4 ) = i + j + k
=
z (2,1,4)
x y
= 3x 2 i + 2 yj + k

( 2,1,4 )

= 12i 2 j k

5)
: V-, T-, P-, U- .
.

.
:

U
P
T
+P =0
V
T

(1)

V, T . (1)
:

T
P
T
+T
P
=0
V
U
U

V, U

(2)

U
V
V
+T
+P
=0
P
T
P

P, T

(3)

( P, V )
V
P
1 = 0
( T, U )
U

T, U

(4)

( V, T )
T
V
T
+P
=0
P
U
( U, P )

U, P

(5)

 67

TP

( T, U )
T
+T
=0
P
( V, P )

V, P

(6)

: (1) U, P
V, T:
U=U(V,T),

P=P(V,T)

(7)

dU=AdV+BdT dP=CdV+DdT

A=

(8)

U
U
P
P
, B=
, C=
, D=
V
T
V
T

(9)

(1) :
-TD+P=0

(10)

(2), V, U
T, P V, U:
T=T(V,U),

P=P(V,U)

(11)

(11):

dT=dV+dU,

dP=dV+dU

dU=(1/)d-(/)dV,

dP=(-/)dV+(/)dT

(12)
(13)

(8) (13) :
=-/, D=/,

(14)

(10) , , ,
:

+ = 0

(15)

T
(15) :
V
+-=0

T
P
T
+T
P
=0
V
U
U

(16)

(3) .
(4) T U
. P=P(T,U),
V=V(T,U)
:

68
dP=dT+dU,

dV=dT+dU

(17)

(17) dP dU:
dP=(/)dV+(-/)dT dU=(1/)dV-(/)dT

(18)

(8) (18) :
=1/, D=-/

(19)

(19) (10) :
1/-(-/)+=0

(-)--1=0

P V P V

=
T U U T

(20)

P
T

P
U
=

V
T

V
U

( P, V )
( T, U )

(21)

( P, V )
P, V T, U.
( T, U )

H (20) :

( P, V )
V
P
1 = 0
( T, U )
U

(5) (6).

1.

f(r) = 3x2y-y3z2 f =(1,-2,-1)

2.

f ) f(r)=ln|r|=lnr ) f(r)=1/r, r=xi+yj+zk

3.

rn =nrn-2r, r=xi+yj+zk

4.
, :
x2y+2xz=4 =(2,-2,3).

 69

5.
f(r)=x2yz+4xz2
=(1,-2,-1) u=2i-j-2k.
6.
f=x2yz3 =(2,1,-1) .
.
7. : f1=x2+y2+z2-9=0 f2=x2+y2-z-3=0.
=(2,-1,2) ,
.
8.

f(x,y)=3x2+y2
, (x,y)
x2+y2 =R2 .
9.
,,,
f(x,y,z) = xy2+yz+z2x3
(1,2,-1) 64
.
10. f(x,y) ) 2
(1,2) 1(2,2) )
-2 (1,2)
2(1,1). f
(1,2) 3(4,6) f.
11. R P(x,y,z)
(,,). R
R=.
12. .
, ( ), ,
.
13. f(x,y,z)=xey+yz
P(x,y,z) 0(2,0,0) 1(4,1,-2)
, s=0.1 .
14. f(x,y,z)
v=i+j-k.
23. ) f . )
f
i+j.
15.
: T=T(x,y)=eysinx. ,

70
""
.

IV

4.1

, ..
, '

..
, , (
t).
.
, F, :
F: W V

(4.1.1)

W, V , R2 R3, W=R2
R3 V=R2 R3. :

F : r = xi + yj + zk
F(r) = F(x, y, z) R3
: F =

r
=
r3

(4.1.2)

(x

+y +z
2

3
2 2

, , ( ), Coulomb
.
F

F(r) = F( x, y, z) = F1 ( x, y, z)i + F2 ( x, y, z) j + F3 ( x, y, z)k (4.1.3)

72 IV
F1, F2, F3 x,
y, z, .
:

"" .

.
.
F=xi+yj

.
4.1.1

.

, .

. 4.1.1

.
F=-yi+xj.
,
.


.
' , (.
4.1.2).

,

M,
m,
. 4.1.2

m (x,y,z).
:

F = G

Mm
r
r3

 - - 73

, (. 4.1.3),
F


.


F 0
(x0,y0,z0)
(x,y,z)

.
,
:
. 4.1.3
x=x0+s y=y0+s

z=z0+s

(4.1.4)

, , u,
, ( u=i+j+k 2+2+2=1). s
0 .
(4.1.4) (4.1.3),
F ,
0 , :
F=F(s)=F1(x+s,y+s,z+s)i+F2(x+s,y+s,z+s)j+F3(x+s,y+s,z+s)k
(4.1.5)
F
, s.

4.2

F
(x,y,z) u, :

F ( r : u ) =

dF dF1
dF dF
=
i+ 2 j 3 k
ds
ds
ds ds

(4.2.1)

F
,
F1 , F2 , F3 F .

74 IV

dF1
dF2
dF3
=F1u,
=F2u,
=F3u
ds
ds
ds

(4.2.1) :

dF
= ( F1 u ) i + ( F2 u ) j + ( F3 u ) k
ds

(4.2.2)

(4.2.2)
, :

F1
F1 F1
F1
x + y + z

F2
F2 F2
F1 u F2

+
+
dF

y
z = x
= F2 u = x
ds

F3 u

F3
F3
F3 F3
+
+

x
y
z

F1
y
F2
y
F3
y

F1
z

F2

z


F3

(4.2.3)
F
:

F1

F2
D (F) = x

F3

F1
y
F2
y
F3
y

F1
z

F2
z

F3

(4.2.4)

F, (
F), :

 - - 75

u, :
F(r: u)=D(F)u

(4.2.5)

1:
f(x,y,z),
:
(4.2.5) .
u,
. ,
D(F),

F,

, F. :
)
n, ij
:
n

tr = ij

(4.2.6)

i =1

.
.
D(F), :

F1 F2 F3
+
+
x y z

(4.2.7)

F.
(4.2.7)
, , "" .
(4.2.7)
"" , ( ,
), F,

F1 F2 F3

+
+
=
i+
j+
k ( F1i + F2 j + F3k )
x y z x y z

(4.2.8)

76 IV
T "" : F divF , ( div
diverge=),
F. :
divF=F=

F1 F2 F3
+
+
x y z

(4.2.9)

, :

( v) +

=0
t

(4.2.10)

E =

(4.2.11)

Maxwell.
) D(F) ,
( ),
:

F3 F2 F1 F3 F2 F1

i +
k
j+
y z z x x y

(4.2.12)

F
: curlF rotF. ( curl curlation=
rot rotation=).
F :

F=

T :

F1

F2

F3

(4.2.13)

 - - 77

curlF=rotF=F=

F1

F2

F3

F F F F F F
= 3 2 i + 1 3 j+ 2 1 k
y z z x x y

(4.2.14)

2: , , (
), :

i+
j+
k
x y z

(4.2.15)

,
.
, ( i, j, k,),
, (
(/x, /y, /z ).
:
) f f,
.
) F
, F.

) F
, F.
4.3

) : '
F , () ' .
F=xi+yj 4.1.1
F=2>0 .
F=-xi-yj F=-2<0
.

, . (x,y,z)

78 IV
v(x,y,z)
(x,y,z). F(x,y,z)=(x,y,z)v(x,y,z)
:

[F ] =

[ ] [ ]

(4.3.1)

v (x,y,z).
F, F,
(x,y,z).
:
x,
y, z, (. 4.3.1). x, y, z ,
' F (15.
(x,y,z). :
F(x,y,z)j(xz) ,
j
.
, F(x,y+y,z)j(xz)

j .
z

y
y

O
. 4.3.1

x
[F(x,y+y,z)-F(x,y,z)]j(xz) (16
(15

F .
F .
(16

[F(x,y+y,z)-F(x,y,z)]j(xz) ,

j . [F(x,y+y,z)-

 - - 79

,
j.
:
[F(x+x,y,z)-F(x,y,z)]i(yz)
[F(x,y,z+z)-F(x,y,z)]k(xy)

.
xyz
,
:

[F ( x + x, y, z ) F( x, y, z ] i (yz )
+
lim x0
xyz
y 0
z 0

[F( x, y + y, z ) F( x, y, z ] j(xz )
+
xyz

[F( x, y, z + z ) F( x, y, z ] k (xy )
=
xyz

= lim x 0

[F ( x + x, y , z ) F ( x, y , z )] i
+
x

+ limy0

[F( x, y + y, z) F( x, y, z )] j
+
y

+ lim z 0

[F ( x, y , z + z ) F ( x, y , z )] k
=
z

= lim x 0

[ F1 ( x + x, y , z ) F1 ( x, y , z )]
+
x

+ limy0
+ lim z 0

[ F2 ( x, y + y, z ) F2 ( x, y, z )]
+
y

[ F3 ( x, y , z + z ) F3 ( x, y , z )]
=
z

F(x,y,z)]j(xz) ,
j

80 IV

F1 ( x, y, z) +
F2 ( x, y, z ) +
F ( x, y, z ) =F(x,y,z)
x
y
z 3

(4.3.2)

, F
(x,y,z)
B(x,y,z).
:
F(x,y,z)>0 :
) (x,y,z) ""
)
(x,y,z) .
F(x,y,z)<0 :
) (x,y,z) ""
)
(x,y,z) .

, , , ,
v
. :
v=0 .

= v=0.

+(v)=0,
t

F , F

, ,
, ( ), :
F= lim V 0

1
F dS
V
S

(4.3.3)

V S
, dS=dSn, n
dS S
.

 - - 81

) :
F , ,


, , =k. R
, (x,y,z) , (.
4.3.2). :
r = Rcosti+Rsintj+zk
v=

dr
=(-Rsinti+Rcostj)=-yi+xj
dt

i
j

v=
x y

y x

=2k=2
z

, ,
v 2=,

.
R
z

v
.

F , (
),
r
:
(F).n= limS 0

1
F dr
S C

(4.3.5)

S

C, n
S

,
.

. 4.3.2

82 IV
F , F
.
F :

F = limV 0

1
V

n FdS

(4.3.6)

:
.
,

, v ' ,
. ,
,
. .
,
'
. .

4.4

f =

1
. ,
r

,
. ..

f =

1 Q

4 0 r

, Q,
.

f = G

M
r

, ,
. :

1 Q
Q r
E = f =
,
=
3
4 r 4 r
M
r

E = f = G = GM 3
r
r

.
,

 - - 83

q m,
q m :

F=

Qq r
,
4 r 3

F=G

Mm
r
r3

, :
: F
;
;
:
F f
f=F;
: , F=0.
f,
F f f
.
F=F1i+F2j+F3k f=F :

f
f
f
i+
j+
k =F1i+F2j+F3k
x y
z
f
= F1
x

f
= F2
y

f
= F3
z

(4.4.1)

(4.4.1) :

2 f F1
=
y x y

2 f F2
=
x y x

2 f F1
=
z x z

2 f F3
=
x z x

2 f F2
=
z y y

2 f F3
=
y z y

(4.4.2)

84 IV

F3 F2
F1 F3

=0

=0
y z
z x
F2 F1

=0
x y

F=0

(4.4.3)

(4.4.3)
f f=F.
: f=F F =
(f)=0.
, ,
(4.4.3)
f, f=F .
f1 , :

f1
= F1
x

(4.4.4)

f1
, :

f1
= F2 ,
y

f1
= F3
z

(4.4.4) :
x

f1(x,y,z)= F1 (t , y, z)dt

(4.4.5)

x0

(x0,y0,z0) (x,y,z)
x. f1 (4.4.5) f1 /x=F1
f1 /y=F2 f1 /z=F3 .
f1+f2 , f2 y z. f1+f2
:

( f1 + f 2 )
= F1
x
:

( f1 + f 2 )
f2
f
= F2
= F2 1
y
y
y

 - - 85

f1 F2 2 f1 F2 f1 F2 F1

=0
F
x 2 y x x y x y x x y

F2 -

f1
=g(y,z)
y
f 2 ( y, z ) =

g ( t , z ) dt

(4.4.6)

y0

f1+f2
(4.4.1), :

( f1 + f 2 )
= F1
x

( f1 + f 2 )
= F2
y

f3(z) :

( f1 + f 2 + f 3 )
= F3
z

f3(z)=F3-

( f1 + f 2 )
z

( f1 + f 2 ) F3
F3 F1

=0
F3 =
[ f1 + f 2 ] =
x
z
x z
x z x

( f1 + f 2 )
F = F
F3 F2
y 3
z
3

=0

[ f1 + f 2 ] =
y z y
y z
F3 -

( f1 + f 2 )
z. :
z
( f1 + f 2 )

h(z)=F3-

f3 ( z ) = h ( t ) dt

(4.4.7)

z0

: F F=0,
f=f1+f2+f3 f=F :

86 IV
x

f1 ( x, y, z ) = F1 ( x, y, z )dx ,
x0

f
f2 ( y, z ) = F2 1 dy ,
y

y0

f f

f3 ( z ) = F3 1 2 dz
z z

(4.4.8)

z0

:
F=xyz(2z+3x)i+z(x2z-3y2+x3)j+y(2x2z-y2+x3)k.
F=0. f
f=F. :

f
=F1 =xyz(2z+3x)
x

(4.4.9)

f
=F2 = z(x2z-3y2+x3)
y

(4.4.10)

f
=F3 = y(2x2z-y2+x3)
z

(4.4.11)

(4.4.9) x y z :

f= Fdx
+c1(y,z)= xyz (2 z + 3 x)dx +c1(y,z)=x2yz2+x3yz+c1(y,z)
1
(4.4.12)
c1
y z.
(4.4.12) (4.4.10) :

x 2 yz 2 + x 3 yz + c1 ( y, z ) =F2 = z(x2z-3y2+x3)
=
y y
x2z2+x3z+

c1 ( y, z) =x2z2-3y2z+x3z
c1 ( y, z) =-3y2z
y
y

c1(y,z)= 3y 2zdy +c2(z)=-y3z+c2(z)

(4.4.13)

 - - 87

c2 ,
z.
(4.4.12) (4.4.13) :
f=x2yz2+x3yz-y3z+c2(z)

(4.4.14)

(4.4.14) (4.4.11) :

f
d
c2(z)= F3 =y(2x2z-y2+x3)
=2x2yz+x3y-y3+
z
dz
d
c2(z)=0 c2(z)=c=.
dz
: f=x2yz2+x3yz-y3z+c
1: F ,
F=0, , ,
F=0, .
: F=x3yi+yx2j+xzk.
F, F
.
: F ,
f F=f. :

f
= F1 = x 3 y (1)
x

f
f
= F2 = yx 2 (2)
= F3 = xz (3)
y
z

f , ,
, .
F ,
F1, F2, F3 x, y,
z .
:

2 f
2 f
=
xy yx
(1) y :

2 f
= x3
yx
(2) x :

(4)

88 IV

2 f
= 2xy
xy

(5)

2 f
2 f

f
yx xy
F=f. F .


. . . F=yk,
,
curlF=i0.

4.5.
: F=F1i+F2j+F3k
G=G1i+G2j+G3k :

F=G

(4.5.1)

: F=0

(4.5.2)

F=G
F=(G)=0.
, ,
(4.5.1) G.
(4.5.1) :

G3 G2
G2 G1
G1 G3

= F1 ,

= F3

= F2 ,
x y
y z
z
x

(4.5.3)

G1, G2, G3. (4.5.1)
:
G = G1i+G2j+G3k
x

G1 =0 G2= F3 (t , y, z )dt F1 ( x0 , y, u )du

x0

z0

G3=- F2 (t , y, z )dt
x0

 - - 89

1: G, (4.5.1),
G+,
, (4.5.1). :
(G+)=G+()=F+0=F

4.6

f F G
.
1.(f+)=f+

grad(f+)=gradf+grad

2. (F+G)=F+G

div(F+G) = divF + divG

3. (F+G)= F+G

curl(F+G)=curlF+curlG

4. (fF)=(f)F+f(F)

div(fF)=gradf.F+fdivF

5. (fF)=(f) F+f(F)

curl(fF)=gradfF+fcurlF

6. (FG)=G(F)-F(G)

div(FxG)=GcurlF-FcurlG

7. (FG)=(G)F-G(F)-(F)G+F(G)
8. (FG)=(G)F+(F)G+G(F)+F(G)
9.

2 f 2 f 2 f
+
(f)= f= 2 +
x
y 2 z 2
2

10

2 2 2
+
+
=
x2 y 2 z 2

(f)=0

curlgradf=0

11. (F)=0

divcurlF = 0

(17

o Laplace.

12. (F) = (F) - 2F

(17

f(x,y,z) 2f(x,y,z)=0
.

90 IV

4.7

1) ,
:

+(v)=0
t

(1)

=(x,y,z,t) v=v(x,y,z,t)
. :

+()v+v=0
t

(2)

D
+v=0
Dt

(3)

D dx dy dz
=
+
+
+
Dt x dt y dt z dt t

(4)

Stokes.
: :
(fF)=(f)F+f(F) f=, F=v

(v)=()v+(v).

(1) :

+(v)=
+()v+v=0
t
t
(2).
(3), v :
v=dx/dti+dy/dtj+dz/dtk, (2) :

dx dy dz

i+
j + k i + j + k + v=
+()v+v=
+
dt
dt
y
z dt
t
t x
=

dx dy dz
D
+
+
+
+ v=
+v=0
Dt
t x dt y dt z dt

D

Dt

 - - 91

2)

:
v=(y,0,0).

.
.

t=1/3,

t=0

x=0, x=1, y=0,
y=1, z=0, z=1.

x
. 4.7.1

:
, ,

+(v)=0
t
v=0.
v
v=0
.
.
. 4.7.1.

t=1/3

t=0

1

z

. 4.7.2

.
t=0 , ().
()
.
t=1/3 ()
(),
, . 4.7.2.
3) :
v=(x,0,0). .
. t=1,
t=0

92 IV
x=0, x=1, y=0, y=1, z=0,
z=1.
: . 4.7.3.
x=0,
, ,
OX
|x|. v=10 .

v(x,0,0)

. :

v=
x

dr dx

= , 0, 0 = ( x, 0, 0 )
dt dt

dx
= x x = ce t
dt

c
, t=0.

,
x=cet c=0
. x=0.

, ..

CKLH, x=1 t=0.
z

.4.7.3

t=0 1=ce0
c=1 x(t)=et.

t=1 x=et=e
MCKL

. 4.7.4
ABOMGDEF, GDEF
x=e, . 4.7.4. V=e11=e.
4) o
,
T=T(x,y,z).
:

(1)

 - - 93

T T ( x + x, y + y, z + z ) T ( x, y, z )
=
s
s

(2)

s0. :

dT
dr
= T
ds
ds

(3)

:
. .

.
f, F,
, , : f=F.
f .

,
. ,
, ,

,
. :

T(x,y,z) (x,y,z), T(x+x

y+y, z+z) (x+x y+y, z+z).
s
.

94 IV

(x,y,z) (x+x y+y,
z+z). (x,y,z):

d =

T
T
T
dx +
dy +
dz
x
y
z

lims 0

dT T dx T dy T dz
=
=
+
+
=
s ds x ds y ds z ds

T
dz
dr
T
T dx dy
= i+
j+
k i + j + k = T
y
z ds
ds
ds
ds
x

1. :

r
=0
3
r

r
=0
3
r

1
r

) 2 = 0

2.
r=xi+yj+zk r=|r| n
div[rnr]=0
3. =(x,y,z),
d/dz=0 (0,0,z)=0. :
F(x,y,z)=(x3+3y2z)i+6xyzj+k
f. f.
u2

4. F=4u. e -i , u=yj+zk,

.
5. f(r),
f(r)r .
6.

) 2f(r)=

df
2 df
+
2
dr
r dr

 - - 95

) f(r) 2 f(r)=0
7. :
) 2[lnr]=1/r2

) 2rn=n(n+1)rn-2

) [r3r]=6r3

8. F=F1i+F2j+F3k
.
(x,y,z), F
. , F
. ,

F1(x,y)dx+F2(x,y)dy=0 .
9. F G , FG
.
10. Mxwell
:
E=B=

B
t

E
t

E=0
B=0

.
:
2u=

2u
t2

: (F)=-2F+(F)

11. ;
1) culr divF

2) curl curlF

3) grad gradf

4) div divF

5) div gradf

6) grad divf

7) grad divF

8) grad curlF

9) div curlF

10)curl gradf

1) OXI

2) NAI

3) OXI

4) OXI

5) NAI

6) OXI

7) NAI

8) OXI

9) NAI

10) NAI

5.1

, ,


.

R. ,
, (
).
:
) ,
,
)
.

,
:
1) ,
2) ,
3) ,
, .
,

.

98 V

5.2

AB C, . 5.2.1, :
r(t)=x(t)i+y(t)j+z(t)k t[t1 , t2]

(5.2.1)

f(x,y,z),
AB C. AB n
P0=A, P1, . . . , Pn=B. k(xk,yk,zk)

Pk Pk+1 k=0, 1, 2, , n-1. :

n1

I = f (k )sk

(5.2.2)

k =1

sk

Pk Pk+1 .

z
Pk+1
Pk

Pn=B

P2
P1

P0=A
x

.5.2.1

n

sk
. ,
,


f
AB C.
(
C,
AB ).

I = f ( x, y, z)ds

(5.2.3)

n1

I = f ( x, y, z ) ds = limn
f (k )sk
max( sk )0 k =0

(5.2.4)

To
C :
)

" ":

r=r(s)=x(s)i+y(s)j+z(s)k
s[s1 , s2]

 99

( s
r(s) ), (5.2.3) :
s2

I = f [ x(s), y(s), z(s)]ds

(5.2.5)

s1

" ":
r=r(t)=x(t)i+y(t)j+z(t)k t[t1 ,t2]

ds =

( dx ) + ( dy ) + ( dz )
2

dx dy dz
= + + dt = r ( t ) dt
dt dt dt

(5.2.6)
(5.2.3) :
t2

2
2
2

dx dy dz
I = f [ x(t ), y (t ), z (t )] + + dt
dt dt dt

(5.2.7)

t1

(5.2.5) (5.2.7)

.
1: ) f(x,y,z)=1 (5.2.3)
C. ,
XY, z(s)=0 z(t)=0.
) C , (. ,

fds .

5.3.

.
)

f1 , f2 k1 , k2 , :

[k f

1 1

+ k2 f 2 ]ds = k1 f1ds + k2 f 2 ds
C

(5.3.1)

100 V

AB f , :

fds =

AB

fds +

fds

(5.3.2)

fds | f | ds
C

(5.3.3)

)

, ( ), , :

fds =

AB

fds

(5.3.4)

BA

ds
. :
2

dx dy dz
ds = + + dt ,
dt dt dt
dt>0 t1 t2 (5.2.7)
t1<t2 .
t1>t2 , , ( 4).
:
1)
f(x,y,z)=x-z : r(t)=costi+sintj+tk t[0,/2]
: (5.2.7) :
x(t)=cost dx(t)/dt=-sint,

y(t)=sint dy(t)/dt=cost, z(t)=t dz(t)/dt=1

I=

/ 2

[cos t t ]

/2

sin t + cos t + 1dt = 2

2

[cos t t ] dt =
0

2
t2
= 2 sin t = 2 1
2 0
8

2)
f(x,y)=x+y2 , =(0,0)
=(1,1) :

 101

) x=t,

y=t,

t[0,1]

) x=sint,

y=sint,

t[0,/2]

) x=t2, y=t2, t[0,1]

: ) :
t2

I = f ( x, y )ds =
C

dx dy
f [ x(t ), y (t )] + dt =
dt dt

t1

= (t + t
0

t2 t3 5 2
1 + 1 dt = 2 + =
6
2 3 0

) :

I = sin t + sin 2 t 2cos2 tdt = 2 sin t + sin 2 t d (sin t ) =

sin 2 t sin 3 t 2 5 2
= 2
+
=
3 0
6
2
) :
1

I = t 2 + t 4

( 2t ) + ( 2t )
2

dt = t 2 + t 4 8t 2 dt =
0

5
= 2 2 t 2 + t 4 tdt = 2
6
0
3)
x=f(t), y=f(t) f(0)=0, f(1)=1. f(t)
[0,1]
52/6
f(t).
:
1

f (t) + f (t)
0

2 f ( t ) dt = 2 f (t) + f (t) 2 f ( t ) dt =
2

102 V
1

f ( t ) 2 f ( t )3
5
1 1
= 2 f ( t ) + f ( t ) df ( t ) = 2
+
= 2 + = 2
3
6
2 3
2
0
0
1

1: 2, ( 3),
,
.
4)

I=

(x

+ y 2 + z 2 ) ds

AB

:
(-R,0,) (R,0,0).

r(t)=Rcosti+Rsintj+tk

: :
2

dx dy dz
ds = + + dt =
dt dt dt
=

( R sin t )

+ ( R cos t ) + 2 dt = R 2 + 2 dt
2

(-R,0,) t1= (R,0,0)

t2=0. ds0, ( ), dt .
t .

. ,
. : t1=>t2=0
:

I =

t1 =

t2 = 0

(R

+ t

2 2

t =

1
1

R + dt = R + R 2t + 2t 3 =
3

t2 = 0

R 2 + 2 ( 3R 2 + 2 2 )
3

5.4

1)

C p=p(x,y,z).
:

 103

M = p ( x, y, z )ds

(5.4.1)

r(t)=x(t)i+y(t)j+z(t)k t[t1, t2]

, :
t2

2
2
2

dx dy dz
M = p[ x(t ), y (t ), z (t )] + + dt
dt dt dt

(5.4.2)

t1

2)

Pk(xk ,yk zk), k=1,2,...,n

n mk, k=1,2,...,n,
( x , y , z ) :
n

x=

xk mk

y=

k =1
n

m
k =1

yk mk
k =1
n

m
k =1

z=

z m
k =1
n

m
k =1

(5.4.3)

xk =

1
1
1
(
,
,
)
,
(
,
,
)
,
xp
x
y
z
ds
y
=
yp
x
y
z
ds
z
=
zp( x, y, z)ds
k
k
M C
M C
M C
(5.4.4)

M = p ( x, y, z )ds .

(5.4.5)

3)
, .

m , md2,
d .
0
OXYZ, OX, IOY, IOZ
X, Y, Z
OXY, IOXZ, IOYZ

104 V

OXY, OXZ, OYZ .

:

IO = ( x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) p( x, y, z)ds

(5.4.6)

IOX = ( y 2 + z 2 ) p( x, y, z )ds

(5.4.7)

IOY = ( x2 + z 2 ) p( x, y, z )ds

(5.4.8)

IOZ = ( x 2 + y 2 ) p( x, y, z )ds

(5.4.9)

IOXY = z 2 p( x, y, z )ds

(5.4.10)

IOXZ = y 2 p( x, y, z )ds

(5.4.11)

IOYZ = x 2 p( x, y, z )ds

(5.4.12)

I = d 2 p( x, y, z )ds

(5.4.13)

,
, ' d (x,y,z)
, .
1: ,
:
r(t)=costi+sintj+btk

0t<2

p(x,y,z)=x2+y2+z2 ,
,
Z.
:
)

M = p ( x, y , z ) ds = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ds =
C

(a
0

cos 2 t + a 2 sin 2 t + b 2t 2 ) s(t )dt

 105

s(t)=| r(t)|=|-sinti+costj+bk|= a 2 + b 2

M = a 2 + b 2 t 2 a 2 + b 2 dt = a 2 + b 2

xk =

1
=
M

8 3 b2
2
2

a
+

1
1
(
,
,
)
xp
x
y
z
ds
=
x ( x2 + y2 + z 2 ) ds =

MC
MC

a a 2 + b2
0 a cos t a + b t a + b dt = M
2

2 2

cos tdt = sin t |

I1 =

2
0

cos t + b 2t 2 cos t dt

=0

I2 =

2
2
2
t cos tdt = t d sin t = t sin t |0 2t sin tdt = 2 td cos t =
2

= 2t cos t |02 2 cos tdt = 4 2sint 0 = 4

0

xk =

yk =
1
=
M

a a 2 + b2 2
4 ab 2
6ab 2
b 4 =
= 2
2 2
8
M
2 a 2 + 3 b 2 3a + 4 b
3

1
1
yp( x, y, z)ds = y ( x2 + y2 + z 2 ) ds =

MC
MC
2

a sin t a
0

a a 2 + b2
=
M

+ b 2t 2 a 2 + b 2 dt =

a
0

sin t + b 2t 2 sin t dt

I1 = sin tdt = cos t |02 = 1 (1) = 0

0

106 V
2

I 2 = t 2 sin tdt = t 2 d cos t = t 2 cos t |02 + 2t cos tdt =

0

= 4 2 + 2 td sin t == 4 2 + 2 [t sin t ]0 2 sin tdt

2

= 4 2 + 2 c o s t | 02 = -42+(2-2)=-42

a a 2 + b2
4 2 ab 2
6 ab 2
2 2
4 b =
yk =
= 2
8
M
3a + 4 2b 2
2 a 2 + 3 b2
3

zk =

1
1
zp( x, y, z)ds = z ( x2 + y2 + z 2 ) ds =

MC
MC
2

1
a2 + b2
= bt a2 + b2t 2 a2 + b2 dt =
M 0
M

a bt + b t dt =
2

3 3

a 2 + b 2 a 2b 2 b 3 4
1
2a 2b 2 + 4b 3 4 =
t + t =
=

8
M
2
4
2
3
2

0
2a + b
3
2 2
2
3 b ( 2 b + a )
=
3a 2 + 4 2b 2
)

d2=x2+y2=2.

Iz= d p( x, y, z )ds = a p( x, y, z )ds = a

2

p( x, y, z)ds = a M
2

5.5

W, F
r, (. 5.5.1), :
W=Fr=|F||r|cos

r
. 5.5.1

, .

,
, ( .

 107

),
C.
AB C, (. 5.5.2),
: r(t)=x(t)i+y(t)j+z(t)k t[t1 ,t2]
r(t1)=rA r(t2)=rB
F(x,y,z)=F1(x,y,z)i+F2(x,y,z)j+F3(x,y,z)k
F. C

Pn=B

Pk+1
rk

Pk

rk+1

rk
y

rA
O

P0=A

. 5.5.2

k k+1 rk rk+1
rk=rk+1-rk. F
k k+1 F
, ( k k+1
F ),
Fk, Fk F '
kk+1. W :
Wk=Fk rk

(5.5.1)

:
n

W=

F r
k =1

(5.5.2)

(5.5.2) n max|rk|0

Fk rk
max|rk |0 k =1

W = limn

(5.5.3)

108 V

Fk rk
max|rk |0 k =1

F dr = limn

(5.5.4)

F C.
:

F dr = F

dr
dt =
dt

t2

dx(t )
dy(t )
dz(t )

= F1 [ x(t ), y(t ), z(t )]

+ F2 [ x(t ), y(t ), z(t )]
+ F3 [ x(t ), y(t ), z(t )]
dt
dt
dt
dt

t1

(5.5.5)
1: F=(3x2+6y)i-14yzj+20xz2k.
: F d r

0=(0,0,0) 1(1,1,1) ,
:
)

x=t, y=t2 , z=t3

, (0,0,0) (1,1,1).

) (0,0,0) (1,0,0)
(1,1,0) (1,1,1).
:
x=t, y=t2 , z=t3 r(t)=ti+t2j+t3k r(t)=i+2tj+3t2k

t2

1
2
2
5
7
2
dr
P0 F dr = F dt dt = 0 ( 3t + 6t ) i 14t j + 20t k i + 2tj + 3t k dt =
P1

t1

= 9 t 28t 6 + 60 t 9 dt = 3t 3 4 t 7 + 6 t 10 |10 = 5
0
2

P1

P0

F dr =

P1

[ F1i + F2 j + F3k ] [ dxi + dyj + dzk ] =

P1

P1

P0

P0

= F1dx + F2 dy + F3dz = (3x 2 + 6 y )dx + (14 yz )dy + 20 xz 2 dz

 109

x=t dx=dt, y=t2 dy=2tdt, z=t3 dz=3t2dt

7
2
3
7
10
(3t 2 + 6t 2 )dt 14t 5 (2tdt) + 20t (3t )dt=3t -4t +6t |0 = 5

(0,0,0) (1,1,1) : x=t, y=t, z=t

=
)

( 3t
1

F dr =

( 3t
1

+ 6 t ) dt 14 t 2 dt + 20 t 3 dt =

+ 6t 14t 2 + 20t 3 ) dt = ( 6t 11t 2 + 20t 3 ) dt =

1

13
8

(0,0,0) (1,0,0) :
y=0, z=0 dy=0 dz=0 0x1

I1 =

x =1
x=0

(3 x 2 + 6 0) dx = x 3 |10 = 1

(1,0,0) (1,1,0) :
x=1 dx=0,

I2 =

y =1
y=0

z=0 dz=0

0y1,

14 yzdy = 0

x=1 dx=0, y=1 dy=0,

(1,1,0) (1,1,1) :
0z1

I3 =

P1

P0

z =1

z =0

20 xz 2 dz =

z =1

z =0

20 z 2 dz =

F dr = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 = 1 +

20 3 1 20
z |0 =
3
3

20 23
=
3
3

2:
(-1,0) (1,0) F=yi+xj :
1) ,

2) y = 1 x ,
2

3) y = 1 x

: 1) y=0 dy=0

F dr =

( y i + x j ) ( dx i + dyj ) =
C

ydx + xdy = 0

2) :

110 V

x=rcost, y=rsint dx=-rsintdt, dy=rcostdt.

r=1 t0. :

F dr = ydx + xdy = sin 2 tdt + cos 2 tdt = ( cos 2 t sin 2 t ) dt =

C

= cos 2tdt =

sin 2t
=0
2

3) 2 t 2.

F dr = ydx + xdy =
C

cos 2tdt =

2
2
sin tdt + cos tdt =

( cos

t sin 2 t ) dt =

sin 2t
=0
2

,
(-1, 0), (1, 0). . 5.7
F = 0 .

5.6

C , r=r(s),
:

F dr = F
C

dr
ds = F Tds = F Ts(t )dt
C
C
ds

(5.6.1)

F , F.T(18

:

F dr

(5.6.2)

F C.
C ,

(18

=dr/ds |dr|=|ds|

 111

F dr

(5.6.3)

F C.

5.7.

)
F ,
f: F=f.
C, :

F dr = f dr = x dx + y dy + z dz =
C

df

(5.7.1)

1 , 2 C,
:

P2

F dr = df = f |PP12 = f ( P2 ) f ( P1 )
P1

(5.7.2)

C,
1 2 . C
, :

F dr

(5.7.3)

, ( ).
) F C r=r(t). A
Newton:

F (r ) = m

dv
d 2r
=m 2
dt
dt

(5.7.4)

F C
:
t2

1 d
C F dr = C F(r(t )) r(t )dt = C mv(t ) v(t )dt = 2 m dt [ v(t ) v(t )] dt =
t1

112 V
t2

1
2
2
1 d 2
= m v (t )dt = m v (t2 ) v (t1 )
2 dt
2

(5.7.5)

t1

F ,
f: F=f, :

t2

t2

t1

t1

F dr = f (r(t )) dr = df (r(t )) = f (r(t )) |tt12 = f (r(t2 )) f (r(t1 ))

(5.7.6)

(5.7.5) (5.7.6) :

1 2
1
mv (t2 ) mv 2 (t1 ) =f(r(t2))-f(r(t1))
2
2
1
1 2
mv (t1 ) - f(r(t1))= mv 2 (t 2 ) - f(r(t2))
2
2

(5.7.8)

-f
,
, ( ),
. ,
.

:
1: F ,
:
)

F f.

C1

F dr1 = F dr2
C2

C1 C2

r1(t) r2(t) .
)

F dr =0 C .
C

F=0

 113

:
Fdr

F dr .

, ,
:
2: F ,
:
)

F=0 F.

F dS

.
)

F dS = 0

.
) F
G, F=G.

To G F
, 4.5.
VIII.

5.8

,
:
1)

F ( r ( s )) ds , 2)

f ( r ( t )) d r , 3)
z

.
C

1:
m0
. (. 5.8.1).
F,

C, :

F (r ) d r

r(t)

dm=pds

dF
m0
x

(5.8.1)

. 5.8.1

114 V

x=x(s), y=y(s), z=z(s) p=p(x,y,z).

: :

dF = G

m0 dm
r
r3

m ( dm)
r
F=
G 0 3 r = Gm0 3 p ( x, y, z )ds =

r
r
C

p ( x ( s ), y ( s ), z ( s ))
= Gm0
x ( s )i + y ( s ) j + z ( s )k ] ds =
3 [
2
2
2
2
x ( s ) + y ( s ) + z ( s )
C

p ( x ( s ), y ( s ), z ( s ))
x ( s ) ] dsi +
= Gm0
3 [
2
2
2
x ( s ) + y ( s ) + z ( s ) 2
C

p ( x( s ), y ( s ), z ( s ))
+Gm0
y ( s ) ] dsj +
3 [
2
2
2
2
x ( s ) + y ( s ) + z ( s )
C

p ( x ( s ), y ( s ), z ( s ))
+ Gm0
z ( s ) ] dsk
3 [
2
2
2
x ( s ) + y ( s ) + z ( s ) 2
C

1)

5.9
m

M
.
r
Mm r
F = G 2
r r
, : V = G

r .
:
. : V = G

F = G

Mm
k . :
r2

M

z

 115
r

GMm
GMm
Mm
C F dr = z= F3dz = z= z2 dz = z z= = G r = V
2)

F =

yi + xj
.
x2 + y2

.
:
. F=0.
.
.
1 . 5.7
.
,
.

F dr

r.
: x=rcost, y=rsint dx=-sintdt, dy=costdt :

F dr = x

y
x
dx + 2
dy =
+ y2
x + y2

t =0

2
r cos t
r sin t

r 2 r sin t + r 2 r cos t dt = 0 dt = 2

y0

(x0,y0)
r

,
x0

,

,
.
,
,

F dr =0

. ..
(x0,y0) r r <

x02 + y02 , (

), :

116 V

F dr =0.
C

r2

1.
F = e r .
z=ysin(zy) (0,0,0)

0,

.
2

2. C ,
x2+y2+z2=2 x2+y2+z2=2 .
F=5r3r

5 5
F d r = - .

3.
OXY
:
F(x,y)=(2xey+y)i+(x2ey+x-2y)j

r(t) = cos3ti+sin2tj 0t/2
4. F=(x+z)i-(y+z)j+(x-y)k.
F
1(0,0,1) 2(1/2,-1,1) r(t) = sin2titantj+k

5.

x2

y2

= 1

1
2

: F = [ yi xj ] .