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(iv)

,"k% ckyd%@,"kk ckfydk

fganh vuqokn (;g ckyd@;g ckfydk)

;g
;g
;g
;g
;g

ckyd gSA
fo|ky; gSA
v;kid gSaA
iz;ksx'kkyk gSA
MkWDVj gSA

;g
;g
;g
;g
;g

ckfydk gSA
Nk=kk@fo|kfFkZuh gSA
dye gSA
firk th gSaA
ekyh gSA ;g dyh gSA

;g
;g
;g
;g
;g

Nk=k@fo|kFkhZ gSA
v;kfidk gSA
isafly&ckWDl gSA
ek gSaA
isM+ gSA ;g csy gSA

mkjkf.k
ikB dk okpu ;kuiwoZd djsaA 'kh"kZd ij fo'ks"k ;ku nsaA ikB esa vk,
Hkk"kk&ro blesa fufgr gSaA

ekSf[kde~
Li"V mPpkj.k djsaA ;ku nsa^,"k%* vkfn iqfYayx 'kCnksa esa folxZ yxk gS]
fdUrq ^,"kk* vkfn vkdkjkUr 'kCn L=khfya x gSaA buesa folxZ ugha yxk gSA

fyf[kre~
1- etw"kk esa fn, x, loZuke ^,"k%* (;g) ^,"kk* (;g) nksuksa dk
,d gh vFkZ gS] fdUrq ^,"k%* iqYyx rFkk ^,"kk* L=khyx 'kCnksa osQ
lkFk yxrk gSA
mnkgj.k ns[ks
a ^Nk=k%* 'kCn iqYyx gksus osQ dkj.k ^,"k%* vk;k gSA
mkj 1- ,"k% ^v;kid%* 'kCn iqYyxA
2- ,"kk ^iz;ksx'kkyk* 'kCn L=khyxA
3- ,"kk ^ckfydk* 'kCn L=khyxA
4- ,"k% ^ekykdkj%* 'kCn iqYyxA
5- ,"kk ^dfydk* 'kCn L=khyxA
* laLo`Qr&okD; esa fozQ;kin ^gS* dk i;kZ; cgq/k yqIr jgrk gSA
vknj n'kkZus gsrq fgUnh&okD; esa cgqopu dk fozQ;kinA

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2- etw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dks i<+saA vFkZ le>saA ;s lHkh 'kCn fgUnh
Hkk"kk esa Hkh iz;qDr gksrs gSaA
;gk oqQN 'kCn iqYyx vkSj oqQN L=khyx gSaA mfpr lwph esa fy[krs
le; orZuh dh vksj ;ku nsaA ns[ksa vdkjkUr (ftudk va fre v{kj
^v* gS) 'kCnksa esa folxZ yxk gS] fdUrq vkdkjkUr 'kCnksa esa ugha
yxkA mPpkj.k djsaA
mkj
iqfYayx
L=khfYakx
(d) 1- f'k{kd%
([k) 1- f'kf{kdk
2- o`{k%
2- yrk
3- oS|%
3- etw"kk
4- iqLrdky;%
4- ikB'kkyk
5- ikni%
5- 'kk[kk
3- [ksy&[ksy esa viuh d{kk osQ Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa osQ uke dk mPpkj.k
djsaA oqQN vdkjkUr vkSj oqQN vkdkjkUr uke fy[ksaA
mkj vdkjkUr&ukekfu (iqfYayx) vkdkjkUr&ukekfu (L=khfYakx)
(d) 1- ih;w"k%
([k) 1- ve`rk
2- vfer%
2- izKk
3- jk?ko%
3- fnO;k vFkok bl izdkj dksbZ vkSj ukeA
4- fp=kksa dks ns[ksaA ckb vksj fn, x, laLo`Qr&okD; i<+sa vkSj le>saA
feyku djrs gq, mPpkj.k djsamPpkj.k Li"V gksA

mkj ,"k% ckyd%A

,"kk Nk=kkA

S- ()

,"kk efgykA

,"k% oS|%A

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~
1- ikB dk okpu djsaA 'kq o Li"V mPpkj.k ls Hkk"kkcks/ ljy gksxkA
2- Nk=k ,d&nwljs dk ifjp; nsa_ ;Fkk
ckyd dh vksj laosQr
ckfydk dh vksj laosQr
1- ,"k% rjQ.k%A
1- ,"kk nhfidkA
2- ,"k% vfuy%A
2- ,"kk jkf/dkA
3- ,"k% iz.ko%A
3- ,"kk vuU;kA
4- ,"k% rUe;%A
4- ,"kk izKkA
5- ,"k% bZ'kku%A
5- ,"kk bZf"kdkA

S- ()

l% ckyd%@lk ckfydk iBfr

fganh vuqokn (og ckyd@og ckfydk i<+rk@i<+rh gS)

;g Nk=k gSA
Nk=k i<+rk@i<+ jgk gSA
og i<+rk@i<+ jgk gSA

Nk=k fy[krk@fy[k jgk gSA

og fy[krk@fy[k jgk gSA

;g ckyd@yM+ dk gSA
ckyd [ksyrk gSA
og glrk@gl jgk gSA

;g ckfydk@yM+dh gSA
;g ckyd vej gSA
;g yM+ dh jk/k gSA
ckfydk [ksyrh@[ksy jgh gSA vej D;k djrk@dj jgk gS\ jk/k D;k djrh gS\
og glrh@gl jgh gSA
vej ueLdkj djrk@dj jgk gSA jk/k i<+rh@i<+ jgh gSA
og ueLdkj djrk gSA
og i<+rh@i<+ jgh gSA
D;k nhik fy[krh@fy[k jgh gS\
gk] og fy[krh@fy[k jgh gSA

D;k nhfidk ueLdkj djrh@dj jgh gS\

gk] og ueLdkj djrh@dj jgh gSA

;g v;kfidk gSA
v;kfidk D;k djrh@dj jgh gS\
og i<+krh@i<+k jgh gSA

;g v;kid gSA
D;k] v;kid i<+ krk@i<+k jgk gS\
gk] og i<+ krk@i<+ k jgk gSA

;g isM+ gSA
D;k isM+ iQy nsrk gS\
gk] og iQy nsrk gSA

;g csy gSA
D;k csy iQyrh gS\
gk] og iQyrh gSA

mkjkf.k
'kh"kZd dk okpu&iquokZpu djsaA lEiw.kZ ikB dks le>uk ljy gks tk,xkA

ekSf[kde~
mPpkj.k djsaA 'kq o Li"V mPpkj.k Hkk"kk&cks/ esa lgk;d gksxkA
ljy laLo`Qr esa lkekU; orZeku dky (Simple Present Tense) rFkk viw.kZ orZeku dky (Present Continuous
Tense) nksuksa esa yV~ ydkj dk fozQ;kin iz;ksx esa vkrk gSA izlx
a kuqlkj vFkZ esa Hksn fd;k tkrk gSA

S- ()

fyf[kre~
1- etw"kk esa fn, x, loZuke i<+sa
(i) l% og (iqfYayx)
(ii) lk og (L=khfYakx)
mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj iz;ksx le>saiz'u esa vk;k ^Nk=k%* 'kCn iqYyx gSA
vr% mlosQ LFkku ij mkj esa loZuke ^l%* (iqfYayx) dk iz;ksx fd;k
x;k gSA
izR;sd iz'u dks ;kuiwoZd i<+saA yxkuqlkj loZuke dk iz;ksx djrs gq,
okD;&iwfrZ djsaA
mkj 1- l% ^ckyd%* iqYyx 'kCn osQ fy,A
2- l% ^vej%*
iqYyx 'kCn osQ fy,A
3- lk ^jk/k*
L=khyx 'kCn osQ fy,A
4- lk v;kfidk L=khyx 'kCn osQ fy,A
5- l% o`{k%
iqYyx 'kCn osQ fy,A
Lej.k jgs^ l%*(oghe) vkSj ^ lk*(ogshe) ,dopu esa iz;ksx
esa vkrs gSaA iz'u rFkk mkj nksuksa dk okpu djsaA
2- etw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dks i<sa+A pkj 'kCn iqYyx vkSj nks
L=khyx gSaA okD; i<sa+] loZuke osQ yx dks igpkusa] rnuqlkj mfpr
yx osQ LkaKkin }kjk fjDr LFkku HkjsaA
mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA Lej.k jgs
(i) iqfYayx 'kCn osQ lkFk ^;g* vFkZ esa loZuke ^,"k%* vkSj ^og* vFkZ
esa ^l%* iz;ksx esa vkrk gSA
(ii) L=khfYakx 'kCn osQ lkFk ^;g* vFkZ esa loZuke ^,"kk* vkSj ^og* vFkZ
esa ^lk* iz;ksx esa vkrk gSA
mkj 1- ckfydk loZuke ^lk* L=khyx gksus osQ dkj.kA
2- v;kfidk loZuke ^,"kk* (L=khfYakx) osQ lkFk L=khyx laKkinA
fozQ;kin ikB;fr (i<+krh gS) osQ dkj.k ^v;kfidk*
(laKkin) dk iz;ksxA
S- ()

3- Nk=k%

okD; esa ^,"k%* (iqfYayx) iz;ksx esa vk;k gSA vr%

iqYyx 'kCn^Nk=k%*A
4- v;kid% iqYyx loZuke ^l%* rFkk ^ikB;fr* f;kin osQ dkj.k
^v;kid%* mfpr gSA
5- ^o`{k%*
iqYyx loZuke ^l%* rFkk f;kin ^iQyfr* gksus osQ
dkj.k ^o`{k%*iqfYayx in mfprA
3- fp=kksa dks ns[ks]a le>sa dkSu D;k dj jgk gS@jgh gSA ckb vksj fn,
x, okD;ksa dk okpu djs]a ns[ksa dkSu&lk okD; fdl fp=k osQ fy,
mi;qDr gSA fuEu mnkgj.k ns[ks
a
,d ckyd i<+ jgk gSA
vr%^Nk=k% iBfr*A

mkj 1- ckyd% [ksyfrA

(D;ksafd ,d yM+dk [ksy jgk gSA)

2- lk uefrA
(D;ksafd ,d yM+dh ueLdkj dj jgh gSA)

3- l% uefrA
(D;ksafd ,d yM+dk ueLdkj dj jgk gSA)

10

S- ()

4- izR;sd okD; esa ,d f;kin gksrk gS vkSj fozQ;kin (Verb) /krq

(Root) ls curk gSA
Lej.k jgs (i) iB~i<+uk_ iBfr i<+rk@i<+rh gSA
(ii) ^iB~* /krq gS] vkSj ^iBfr*fozQ;kinA
(iii) izR;sd okD; esa ,d dkkZ vkSj ,d f;kin gksuk
vko';d gSA
^ l% iBfr*mnkgj.k
1- lk@ckfydk fy[kfrA
2- l%@v.kZo% [ksyfrA
3- jkf/dk uefrA
4- ckyd% /kofrA
5- efgyk glfrA

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~
vH;klkFkZ y?kq iz'ukskjA oqQN mnkgj.k
1- Nk=k% foaQ djksfr\
2- ckfydk foaQ djksfr\
Nk=k% iBfrA
ckfydk [ksyfrA
foaQ Nk=k% fy[kfr\
foaQ ckfydk glfr\
vke~] l% fy[kfrA
vke~] lk glfrA

S- ()

11

rs ckydk%@rk% ckfydk% iBfUr

fga nh vuqokn (os ckyd@os ckfydk, i<+rs@i<+rh gSa)

rjQ.k [ksyrk gSA ojQ.k [ksyrk gSA v.kZo] vuqjkx vkSj jhek [kkrh gSA jhuk [kkrh
rjQ.k vkSj ojQ.k [ksyrs gSaA
vfHkuo nkSM+rs gSaA gSA jhek vkSj jhuk [kkrh
os nksuksa [ksyrs gSaA
os nkSM+rs gSaA
gSaA os nksuksa [kkrh gSaA os
os nksuksa nkSM+rs gSaA
nksuksa cksyrh gSaA
nhik] nhfidk vkSj nhfIr ;s yM+fd;k gSaA
;s yM+ osQ gSaA
vkil esa ckr djrh gSaA yM+fd;k D;k djrh@dj jgh gSa \yM+ osQ D;k djrs@
os vkil esa ckr djrh gSaA os ueLdkj djrh@dj jgh gSaA dj jgs gSa\
os ueLdkj djrs gSAa
;g Nk=k gSaA
Nk=k i<+rs gSaA
Nk=k D;k djrs gSa\
os i<+rs gSaA

D;k Nk=k fy[krs gSa\

gk] os fy[krs gSaA
os i<+rs vkSj fy[krs gSaA

efgyk, D;k djrh@

dj jgh gSa\
efgyk, gl jgh gSaA
os gl jgh gSaA
os cksy jgh gSaA

mkjkf.k
'kh"kZd dk okpu ;kuiwoZd djsaA 'kq iz;ksx lgt gksxkA

ekSf[kde~
(d) ,dopu l% iBfr@lk iBfr rFkk cgqopu rs iBfUr@rk% iBfUr vkfn okD;ksa
dk mPpkj.k djsaA mPpkj.k Li"V vkSj 'kq gksA
([k) f}opu osQ okD;ksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; loZuke iz;ksx ij fo'ks"k ;ku
nsaA (loZuke ^rs*L=khfYakx esa f}opu esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA)
Li"V mPpkj.k djsaA mPpkj.k ek=k ls 'kq iz;ksx ljyrk ls lh[k ysaxsA

laLo`Qr okD; esa fgUnh fozQ;kin ^gSa* dk i;kZ; cgq/k yqIr jgrk gSA fdUrq Lej.k jgsoqQoZfUr (djrs
gSa) uefUr (ueLdkj djrs gSa) vkfn f;kinksa esa ^gSa* dk vFkZ f;kin esa fufgr gksrk gSA (,dopu
osQ f;kinksa esa Hkh ,slk gh le>saA ns[ksaizFke% ikB%,"k% ckyd% @ ,"kk ckfydk rFkk f}rh;%
ikB%l% ckyd%@lk ckfydk iBfr)A

12

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fyf[kre~
1- l% uefr,dopu

rs uefUrcgqopu

,dopu osQ dkkZ osQ lkFk

cgqopu osQ dkkZ osQ lkFk
,dopu dk fozQ;kin
cgqopu dk fozQ;kin
Lej.k jgsokD; esa dkkZ vkSj f;kin esa rkyesy vko';d gSA
mkj 1- rk% onfUrA
2- rk% glfUrA
3- rs [ksyfUrA
4- rk% [ksyfUrA
5- rs /kofUrA
2- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saiz'u esa vk, laKkin osQ LFkku ij mkj
esa mfpr loZuke dk iz;ksxA
Lej.k jgs ^rs*iqYyx] cgqopu] ^rk%*L=khfYakx] cgqopuA
rkSiqYyx] f}opu] rsL=khfYakx] f}opuA
mkj 1- rk% ^ckfydk%* 'kCn L=khyx cgqopu gksus osQ dkj.kA
2- rk% ^efgyk%* 'kCn L=khfYakx] cgqopu gksus osQ dkj.kA
3- rs ^Nk=kk%* 'kCn iqYyx cgqopuA
iz'u rFkk mkjnksuksa dk okpu djsaA 'kq iz;ksx lgt gks
tk,xkA
4- ^rkS* ^ckydkS* 'kCn iqYyx f}opuA
5- rs ^jhek* o ^jhuk*ckfydkvksa dk ukeA vr% f}opu loZuke
(L=khyx) dk iz;ksxA
mkj 3- 1- rk% ckfydk% uefUrA
(D;ksfa d yM+fd;k ueLdkj dj jgh gSAa )

2- rs ckfyosQ [kknr%A
(D;ksafd nks yM+fd;k [kk jgh gSaA)

3- rs ckyoQk% [ksyfUrA
(D;ksafd yM+osQ [ksy jgs gSaA)

S- ()

13

4- rkfydkiwfrZ djrs le; orZuh dh vksj ;ku nsa vkSj fy[krs le;
okD;ksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA 'kq iz;ksx lgt o ljy gks tk,xkA
mkj ,dopue~
f}opue~
cgqopue~
1- lk fy[kfr
rs fy[kr%
rk% fy[kfUr
2- l% [ksyfr
rkS [ksyr%
rs [ksyfUr
3- lk onfr
rs onr%
rk% onfUr
4- lk uefr
rs uer%
rk% uefUr
5- l% glfr
rkS glr%
rs glfUr
Lej.k jgslaLo`Qr Hkk"kk esa fozQ;kin esa yx&Hksn ugha gksrkA
;Fkk l% ckyd% iBfrA
(og ckyd i<+rk gSA)
lk ckfydk iBfrA
(og ckfydk i<+rh gSA)
nksuksa okD;ksa esa f;kin ^iBfr* esa fyax&Hksn ugha vk;kA
vo/s;e~iqYyx o L=khyx 'kCnksa esa rhuksa opuksa esa loZuke iz;ksx rFkk
fozQ;kin osQ :i dks ns[ksa vkSj le>saA lHkh okD;ksa dk mPpkj.k djsa_
;Fkk,dopu^l% ckyd% iBfr] ^rkS ckydkS iBr%* vkfnA ;gk ^l%*
loZuke] ^ckyd%* laKkin vkSj ^iBfr fozQ;kin gSA blh izdkj vU; okD;ksa
esa HkhA
(1) ^rs [ksyfUr* (os [ksyrs gSa) vkSj (2) ^rs [ksyr%* (os nks [ksyrh gSa)
eas Hkh vUrj le> ysaA
;fn fozQ;kin cgqopu esa gS rks ^rs*iqfYayx loZuke gSA vr% cgqopu gSA
;fn fozQ;kin f}opu esa gks rks ^rs*L=khfYakx loZuke gSA vr% f}opu gSA
vFkkZr~ okD; esa f;kin osQ vk/kj ij ;g fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd
^rs*iqfYayx iz;ksx gS vFkok L=khfYakxA

ikBla xre~ ijh{k.ke~

Nk=k rhuksa opuksa esa okD;&iz;ksx (iqfYayx&L=khfYakx) dk vH;kl djsaA
oqQN mnkgj.k
(d) iqfYayx
1- l% Nk=k% iBfrA
rkS Nk=kkS iBr%A
rs Nk=kk% iBfUrA
2- l% Nk=k% fy[kfrA
rkS Nk=kkS fy[kr%A
rs Nk=kk% fy[kfUrA
14

S- ()

3- l% ckyd% uefrA rkS ckydkS uer%A rs ckydk% uefUrA

4- l% ckyd% onfrA rkS ckydkS onr%A rs ckydk% onfUrA
5- l% ckyd% /kofrA rkS ckydkS /kor%A rs ckydk% kkofUrA
([k) L=khfYakx
1- lk ckfydk glfrA rs ckfyosQ glr%A rk% ckfydk% glfUrA
2- lk ckfydk [ksyfrA rs ckfyosQ [ksyr%A rk% ckfydk% [ksyfUrA
3- lk Nk=kk iBfrA
rs Nk=ks iBr%A
rk% Nk=kk% iBfUrA
4- lk Nk=kk fy[kfrA
rs Nk=ks fy[kr%A
rk% Nk=kk% fy[kfUrA
5- lk Nk=kk onfrA
rs Nk=ks onr%A
rk% Nk=kk% onfUrA
mPpkj.k djrs le; uksV djsa
laKk&loZuke dk ,d&lkFk l% ckyd% (,dopu)
mPpkj.k djus ls 'kq iz;ksx rkS ckydkS (f}opu) iqfYayx iz;ksx
rs ckydk% (cgqopu)
vklkuh ls lh[k ysaxsA
lk ckfydk (,dopu)

rs ckfyosQ (f}opu)

L=khfYakx iz;ksx

rk% ckfydk% (cgqopu)

;ku nsaf;kin dk :i dkkZ in ij fuHkZj gS
l% ckyd% iBfrA
izR;sd okD; dk okpu nks ckj djsaA

laKk] loZuke o f;kin osQ rhuksa opuksa esa

rkS ckydkS iBr%A
rs ckyoQk% iBfUrA
esa :i vklkuh ls lh[k ysaxsA

S- ()

15

vge~ iBkfe

fga nh vuqokn (eSa i<+rk@i<+rh gw vFkok i<+ jgk@i<+ jgh gw)

vferk D;k rqe i<+ rs gks\
vfer gk] eSa i<+ rk gw A
vfer rqe dc i<+ rh gks\
vferk eSa losjs i<+rh gwA
vfer D;k rqe lqcg [kkrh gks\
vferk gk] eSa lqcg [kkrh gwA
vfer D;k rqe lp cksyrh@
cksy jgh gks\
vferk gk] eSa lp cksyrh @
cksy jgh gwA

vferk D;k rqe 'kke dks [ksyrs gks\

vfer gk] eSa 'kke dks [ksyrk gwA
vferk D;k rqe jksk [ksyrs gks\
vfer ugha] eSa jksk ugha [ksyrkA
vferk rqe dgk tk jgs gks\
vfer eSa ogk tk jgk gw A
vferk ogk rqe D;k djrs gks\
vfer ogk eSa [ksyrk gw A

mkjkf.k
'kh"kZd dk okpu ;kuiwoZd djsaA 'kq iz;ksx lgt gksxkA

ekSf[kde~
mPpkj.k djsaA Li"V vkSj 'kq mPpkj.k fgrdj gksxkA

fyf[kre~
1- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sa^Roe~ iBfl* vkSj ^vge~ iBkfe*A
^Roe~* osQ lkFk vFkkZr~ e;e iq#"k] ,dopu esa kkrq osQ vkxs^fl* vkSj
vge~ osQ lkFk vFkkZr~ mke iq#"k] ,dopu esa /krq osQ vkxs (vk) ^fe*
yx tkrk gSA
mkj (d) fl]
fl]
flA fozQ;kin iwjs djosQ okD;
nksgjk,A 'kq iz;ksx lgt
gh lh[k ysaxsA
([k) fe]
fe]
feA
2- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA ;kn Hkh j[ksaA
mkj (d) [kknkfe dkkZ^vge~*osQ lkFk mfpr :iA
[kknfl dkkZ^Roe~*osQ lkFk fozQ;kin dk 'kq :iA
16

S- ()

3-

mkj

4-

mkj

([k) fy[kfr izFke iq#"k] ,dopu esa /krq osQ lkFk ^fr* yxrk gS
(^rh* ugha)A
fy[kfl dkkZ^Roe~* gksus osQ dkj.kA
iBkfe dkkZ^vge~*gksus osQ dkj.kA
fy[kkfe dkkZ^vge~*gksus osQ dkj.kA
mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sadkkZ^l%*] vr% fozQ;kin ^iBfr*izFke
iq#"k] ,dopuA dkkZin dks igpkusa] rnuqlkj dks"Bdnk kkrq dk mfpr
:i fjDr LFkku esa fy[ksaA
1- ------------fy[kfrA (dkkZ^o#.k%*fozQ;kin izFke iq#"k] ,dopu esa)
2- ------------[ksyflA (dkkZRoe~vr% f;kin e;e iq#"k] ,dopu es)a
3- ------------[kknkfeA (dkkZvge~fozQ;kin mke iq#"k] ,dopu esa)
4- ------------onfrA (dkkZlkvr% f;kin izFke iq#"k] ,dopu esa)
5- ------------glflA (dkkZRoe~vr% f;kin e;e iq#"k] ,dopu esa)
6- ------------kkokfeA (dkkZvge~vr% f;kin mke iq#"k] ,dopu es)a
lgt iz;ksx ij cy nsaA ikB esa vk, okD;ksa dk okpu@iquokZpu djsaA
etw"kk esa fn, vO;;&in ikB esa vk pqosQ gSaA mUgsa i<sa+] vFkZ le>sa
vkSj laokn iwjk djsaA
mnkgj.k ns[ksaRoe~ dnk (dc) iBfl\
izkr% (losjs)^dnk* osQ mkj esaA
lk;e~('kke dks)vke~ (gk)fde~ (D;k)lR;e~ (lp)A
vfi(Hkh)

ikBla xre~ ijh{k.ke~

1- ikBxr laokn dk d{kk esa vfHku; djsaA [ksy&[ksy esa 'kq iz;ksx lh[k
ysaxsA
2- y?kq laokn
mnkgj.kRoe~ dnk [ksyfl\
vge~ lk;e~ [ksykfeA
foaQ Roa izkr% iBfl\
vke~] vga izkr% iBkfeA
foaQ Roa izfrfnua iBfl\
ufg] vga izfrfnua u iBkfeA
foaQ Roa lR;a onfl\
vke~] vge~ lR;e~ onkfeA
S- ()

17

o;e~ iBke%

fganh vuqokn (ge i<+rs@i<+rh gSa vFkok i<+ jgs @ i<+ jgh gSa)
D;k rqe i<+rh@i<+
jgh gks\
gk] eSa i<+rh@i<+
jgh gwA

D;k rqe fy[krs@fy[k

jgs gks\
gk] eSa fy[krk@fy[k
jgk gwA

D;k rqe nksuksa i<+ jgs gks\

gk] ge nksuksa i<+ jgs gSaA
D;k rqe nksuksa fy[krs ugha gks\
ugha] ge nksuksa ugha fy[krs gSaA

D;k rqe nksuksa [ksyrs gks\

gk] ge nksuksa [ksyrs gSaA
D;k rqe nksuksa glrs ugha gks\
ge nksuksa glrs Hkh gSaA

D;k rqe yksx [ksyrs@[ksy jgs gks\

gk] ge yksx [ksyrs@[ksy jgs gSaA

D;k rqe yksx i<+ D;k rqe yksx losjs

jgs gks\
ueLdkj djrs gks\
gk] ge i<+ jgs gSaA gk] ge losjs ueLdkj
djrs gSaA

D;k rqe yksx gl jgs gks\

gk] ge gl jgs gSa vkSj ckr
dj jgs gSaA

rqe
jgh
ge
jgh

nksuksa dgk tk rqe yksx dgk tk jgs gks\

gks\
nksuksa ckgj tk ogk rqe yksx D;k djrs gks\
gSaA

ge ogk tk jgs gSaA

ogk] ge [ksyrs gSaA

mkjkf.k
'kh"kZd dk okpu ;ku ls djsaA 'kq iz;ksx lgt gksxkA

ekSf[kde~
'kq mPpkj.k dk vH;kl djsaA

fyf[kre~
1- etw"kk esa vk, vO;; inksa dks i<+sa] vFkZ le>savke~ (gk)] ufg
(ugha)_ iz'ukskjksa dks i<+sa] vk'k; le>sa vkSj mfpr vO;; iz;ksx
esa yk,A

fgUnh okD; esa fp=kkuqlkj fozQ;kin esa fYakx&iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

18

S- ()

mkj 1234-

ufg
ufg
vke~
vke~

D;ksafd mkj esa vkxs ^u* dk iz;ksx gSA

udkjkRed mkj gksus osQ dkj.kA
ldkjkRed mkj gksus osQ dkj.kA
ldkjkRed mkj gksus osQ dkj.kA

mkj 2- (d) ijLij esy

ufg ugha] no
r=k ogk] there
fde~ D;k] what
oqQ=k dgk] where
izkr% losjs] morning
([k) ckb vksj dkkZin vkSj nkb vksj fozQ;kin fn, x, gSaA mfpr feyku
djsaA rRi'pkr~ mPpkj.k djsaA dkkZ&fozQ;k leUo; dk vH;kl gks
tk,xkA
mnkgj.k ns[ksamPpkj.k djsaA
o;e~ onke%]
Roe~ onfl]
vge~ onkfe]
;w;e~ onFk]
;qoke~ onFk%A
Lej.k jgs,d kkrq ls vusd fozQ;kin curs gSa] ftudk iz;ksx okD; esa
dkkZ osQ iq#"k o opu osQ vuqlkj gksrk gSA
3- mnkgj.k ns[ks
a ^Roe~ [kknfl* (,dopu) ^;w;e~ [kknFk* (cgqopu)
uksV djsadkkZin osQ opukuqlkj f;kin esa Hkh ifjorZu vk;k gSA
1- ;w;e~ glFkA
2- o;e~ glke%A
3- rs /kofUrA
4- ;qoke~ [ksyFk%A
5- vkoke~ [ksyko%A
4- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saf;kin dk :i okD; osQ dkkZ ij
fuHkZj djrk gS_ ;Fkk^o;e~* osQ lkFk ^ fy[kke%* 'kq iz;ksx gSA
mkj 1- uefl
2- iBkfe
3- xPNfUr
4- [kknFk* 5- [ksyke%A

* uksV djsa^e;e iqjQ"k osQ cgqopu esa /krq :i esa folxZ ugha yxrk] osQoy f}opu esa folxZ vkrk gSA

S- ()

19

ikBla xre~ ijh{k.ke~

mnkgj.k :i oqQN iz'ukskjA
1- foaQ ;qoke~ [kknFk%\
ufg] vkoke~ u [kknko%A
2- foaQ ;qoke~ lR;a onFk%\
vke~] vkoke~ lR;a onko%A
3- foaQ ;qoke~ izfrfnua [ksyFk%\
vke~] vkoke~ izfrfnua [ksyko%A
4- foaQ ;qoke~ izkr% xPNFk\
ufg] vkoke~ izkr% u xPNko%A
;ku jgsmke iqjQ"k esa iqfYayx L=khfYakx loZuke esa dksbZ Hksn ugha gksrkA

20

S- ()

ikBk% 1&5 iqujko`fk%

bu ikBksa dk iquokZpu dj ysaA vH;kl&iz'u djus eas dfBukbZ ugha vk,xhA
mkj 1- 1- l%
2- lk
3- ,rs
4- l%
5- rk%A
mkj 2- 1- [ksyfr

2- kkofUr

3- uefr

4- iBr%

5- onkfeA

3- etw"kkvksa esa fn, x, fozQ;kinksa dks i<+saA okD; osQ dkkZ osQ vuqlkj
mfpr :i fjDr LFkku esa HkjsaA
mkj (d) xPNfl dkkZ ^Roe~* osQ ;ksx esaA
xPNkfe dkkZ ^vge~* osQ lkFkA
([k) ozQhMfUr dkkZ ^rs* (iqfYayx) osQ lkFkA
ozQhMke% dkkZ ^o;e~* osQ lkFkA
ozQhMFk dkkZ ^;w;e~* osQ lkFkA
(x) etw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dks i<+sa] vFkZ le>saA fjDr LFkku NksM+dj
okD; i<sa+] izlaxkuqlkj mfpr in pqudj fjDr LFkku esa HkjsaA
fde~
iz'u&fuekZ.k osQ fy,A
vke~
ldkjkRed mkj osQ fy,A
Roe~
fozQ;kin ^fy[kfl* dk dkkZA
ufg] vge~ ^fy[kkfe* dk dkkZvge~A
4- loZuke inksa osQ ,dopu :i dk okpu djsa vkSj izR;sd osQ f}opu
rFkk cgqopu :i fy[ksaA
mnkgj.k ns[ksa] mPpkj.k djsaA
mkj f}opue~
cgqopue~
1- rs
rk% (L=khfYakx)
2- ,rkS
,rs (iqfYayx)
3- ,rs
,rk% (L=khfYakx)
4- ;qoke~
;w;e~ (lc yxksa esa leku)
5- vkoke~
o;e~ (lc yxksa esa leku)
S- ()

21

5- mnkgj.k ns[ks]a le>s]a fozQ;kin iwjs djsAa rRi'pkr~ okD;ksa dk mPpkj.k

djsaA
mkj1- ------fr
2- ------fUr
3- ------fl
4- ------Fk
5- ------fe
6- ------e%A
6- izR;sd okD; esa f;kin dk :i igpkusa] rnuqlkj dks"Bd ls
mfpr fodYi dkkZin osQ :i esa pqusaA
mkj 1- ;w;e~

2- o;e~

3- Roe~

4- rkS

5- rs

uksVokD;ksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA

22

S- ()

Nk=k% iBfr

fga nh vuqokn (Nk=k i<+rk gS)

Nk=k i<+ rk gSA
dkSu i<+ rk gS\
Nk=k i<+ rk gSA

nks Nk=k i<+rs gSaA

dkSu nks i<+rs gSa\
nks Nk=k i<+rs gSaA

;gk dkSu [ksy jgk gS\

ckyd [ksy jgk gSA

;gk dkSu [ksy jgs gSa\ dkSu [kk jgk gS\

;gk ckyd [ksy jgs gSaA cUnj [kk jgk gSA

dkSu [kk jgs gSa\

cUnj [kk jgs gSaA

;g dkSu gS\
;g gkFkh gSA
gkFkh py jgk gSA

;s dkSu gSa\
;s gkFkh gSaA
gkFkh py jgs gSaA

dkSu xjt jgk gS\

dkSu xjt jgs gSa\
'ksj xjt jgk gSA
'ksj xjt jgs gSaA
ogk nks 'ksj xjt jgs gSaA

;g dkSu gS\
;g ?kksM+k gSA
?kksM+k Hkkx jgk gSA

;s dkSu gSa\
;s ?kksM+s gSaA
?kksM+s Hkkx jgs gSaA

;g rksrk gSA
rksrk cksyrk gSA
nks rksrs cksyrs gSaA
rksrs (vusd) cksyrs gSaA

;g dks;y gSA
dks;y owQdrh gSA
nks dks;ysa owQdrh gSaA
dks;ysa owQdrh gSaA

Nk=k i<+rs gSaA

dkSu i<+rs gSa\
Nk=k i<+rs gSaA

mkjkf.k
ekSf[kde~
(d) 'kCn :i dk mPpkj.k djsaA vdkjkUr iqfYayx 'kCn osQ dkkZ dkjd :i
dks rhuksa opuksa esa uksV djsaA
([k) dFku vkSj iz'unksuksa dk okpu djsa vkSj le>sa fd laKkin dh Hkkfr
iz'uokpd loZuke Hkh rhuksa opuksa esa] iz;ksx esa vkrk gS_ ;Fkk^Nk=k%
Nk=kkS Nk=kk%* mlh izdkj ^d% dkS osQ*A
i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ uke esa cgq/k iqfYa yx 'kCn] L=kh&tkfr osQ i'kq&i{kh dk Hkh cks/ djkrk gSA

S- ()

23

fyf[kre~
1- i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ fp=k ns[ksaA feyku djrs le; mPpkj.k djsaA

mkj ,"k% lg%

,"k% v'o%

,"k% xt%

,"k% 'kqd%

,"k% okuj%
2- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sai'kq&if{k;ksa osQ uke osQ lkFk mfpr fozQ;kin
yxk,A
mkj 1- fid% owQtfr A
4- 'kqd% onfrA
2- v'o% kkofrA
5- okuj% [kknfrA
3- flag% xtZfr A
okD;ksa dk okpu djsaA
3- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sa
dkkZ
fozQ;k
dkkZ
fozQ;k
,dopuckyd% [ksyfr
ckydk% [ksyfUrcgqopu
vFkkZr~ cgqopu esa dkkZ vkSj fozQ;kin nksuksa esa :ikUrj vkrk gSA
mkj 1- Nk=kk% iBfUrA
2- xtk% pyfUrA
3- 'kqdk% onfUrA
4- osQ [kknfUr\
5- ,rs v'ok%A
,dopu vkSj cgqopu osQ okD;ksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA nksuksa opuksa esa
dkkZ vkSj fozQ;kin osQ :i ij ;ku nsaA
24

S- ()

4- mnkgj.k ns[ksaf;kin [kknfUr cgqopu esa] vr% dkkZin Hkh cgqopu

gksxkA okujk% cgqopu gksus osQ dkj.k 'kq :iA
mkj 1- lgk% ^xtZfUr*fozQ;kin cgqopu esa gksus osQ dkj.k dkkZin
cgqopuA
2- fid%
^owQtfr*,dopu esa gksus osQ dkj.kA
3- Nk=kkS
^iBr%*f}opu esa gksus osQ dkj.kA
4- ckydk% ^[ksyfUr*cgqopu gksus osQ dkj.kA
5- v'o% ^kkofr*,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kA
fjDr LFkku iwfrZ osQ mijkUr okD;ksa dk okpu djsaA
5- iz'uokpd 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ le> ysa
d% dkSu,dopu dkS dkSu nksf}opu osQ dkSucgqopuA
mnkgj.k ns[ksa^firkeg%* 'kCn ,dopu] vr% iz'u esa ^d%*,dopu
dk iz;ksxA
iz'u&fuekZ.k djus ls igys okD; dk okpu djsa fiQj iz'u dkA
mkj 1- osQ---------\ (D;ksafd ^ckydk%* cgqopu gSA)
2- d% [kknfr\ (D;ksafd ^okuj%* 'kCn ,dopu gSA)
3- d% fy[kfr\ (D;ksafd ^Nk=k%* 'kCn ,dopu gSA)
4- dkS iBr%\ (D;ksafd ^Nk=kkS* 'kCn f}opu gSA)

ikBla xre~ ijh{k.ke~

2- fp=k osQ vk/kj ij iz'u o mkj
oqQN mnkgj.k
1- [ksyrs gq, ckyd dk fp=k fn[kkdj
iz'u ,"k% d%\
mkj ,"k% ckyd%A
iz'u l% foaQ djksfr\
mkj l% [ksyfrA
2- ,d dks;y dk fp=k fn[kkdj
,"k% d%\ ,"k% fid%A
l% foaQ djksfr\ l% owQtfrA
S- ()

25

vge~ Nk=k% vfLe

fga nh vuqokn (eSa Nk=k gw)

D;k rqe Nk=k gks\
gk] eSa Nk=k gwA
og dkSu gS\
og dks;y gSA
og dkSu gS\
og fCkYyh@fcyko gSA

og dkSu gS\
og fgj.k gSA
os nksuksa dkSu gSa\
os nksuksa dks;ysa gSaA
rqe dkSu gks\
eSa ga l gwA
eSa rSjrk@rSj jgk gwA

os fgj.k gSaA
os pjrs@pj jgs gSaA
os dkSu gSa\
os dks;ysa gSaA
ge ga l gSaA
ge rSjrs gSaA

D;k rqe 'ksj gks\

ugha] eSa ck?k gwA
D;k rqe eksj gks\
ugha] eSa dcwrj gwA
rqe rksrs gksA
rqe cksyrs gksA

D;k rqe ?kksM+s gks\

ugha] ge gkFkh gSaA
;g eksj gSA
ns[kks] ;g ukprk@ukp jgk gSA
D;k rqe nksuksa rksrs gks\
gk] ge nksuksa rksrs gSaA

rqe dkSu gks\

eSa [kjxks'k gwA
rqe (cgqopu) dkSu gks\
ge dcwrj gSaA
rqe (cgqopu) rksrs gksA
rqe lc cksyrs gksA

mkjkf.k
ekSf[kde~
1-izR;sd okD; dks nks ckj i<+saA ;ku nsa
mkj (i) Nk=k% ,dopu esaA
(ii) Nk=kk% cgqopu esaA
izFke iq#"k] e;e iq#"k vkSj mke iq#"krhuksa esa ^vl~* kkrq dk iz;ksx
le> ysaA

fyf[kre~
1- etw"kk esa fn, x, fozQ;kinksa dks ns[ksaA okD; i<sa+] dkkZ osQ vuqlkj
mfpr fozQ;kin pqusaA
mkj (d) 1- vfLe dkkZvge~ gksus osQ dkj.kA
2- vfl dkkZRoe~ gksus osQ dkj.kA
26

S- ()

3- vfl dkkZRoe~ gksus osQ dkj.kA

4- vfLe dkkZvge~ gksus osQ dkj.kA
([k) 1- vfLr dkkZ^l%* izFke iq#"k] ,dopuA
2- lfUr dkkZ^rs* izFke iq#"k] cgqopuA
3- LFk
dkkZ^;w;e~*e;e iq#"k] cgqopuA
4- Le% dkkZ^o;e~mke iq#"k] cgqopuA
okD; dh iwfrZ osQ mijkUr okD; nksgjk,A 'kq iz;ksx dk vH;kl
Lor% gh gks tk,xkA
2- vius fe=kksa osQ lkFk [ksy&[ksy esa i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ uke lh[ksaA 'ksj]
phrk vkfn cudj ijLij okrkZyki djsaA vkuUn vk,xkA

mkj 1- diksr%
2- O;k?kz%

3- e`x%

4- xt%

5- Nk=k%

fp=k ns[krs gq, 'kq fodYi pqusa vkSj izR;sd okD; dk mPpkj.k djsaA
S- ()

27

ikBla xre~ ijh{k.ke~

oqQN mnkgj.ky?kq laokneksj] gal] fgj.k] [kjxks'k vkfn cus
Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa osQ chp
1- Roe~ d% vfl\
2- l% d% vfLr\
vge~ e;wj% vfLeA
l% gal% vfLrA
Roe~ foaQ djksf"k\
gal% foaQ djksfr\
vge~ u`R;kfeA
l% rjfrA

28

S- ()

vge~ laLre~ iBkfe

fganh vuqokn (eSa laLr i<+rk@i<+rh gw )

rqe D;k i<+ jgs gks\
eSa ikB i<+ jgk gwA
eSa laLr i<+ jgk gwA

jk/k D;k dj jgh gS\

og LowQy dk dke
dj jgh gSA
og ys[k fy[k jgh gSA

firk th D;k fy[k jgs gSa\

og i=k fy[k jgs gSaA

vej [kk jgk gSA

vej D;k [kk jgk gS\
og osQyk [kk jgk gSA

rqe ih jgh gks\

rqe D;k ih jgh gks\
eSa nw/ ih jgh gwA

lanhi dgk tk jgk gS\

og LowQy tk jgk gSA
og v;kid dks
ueLdkj djrk gSA
D;k foHkk lso [kk jgh gS\ firk th D;k dj jgs gSa\ nknk th dgk tk jgs gSa\
ugha] og larjk [kk jgh gSA og nwdku dks tk jgs gSaA og cxhps esa tk jgs gSaA
og lSj dj jgs gSaA
rqe yksx dgk tk jgs gks\
Nk=k dgk tk jgs gSa\
ge efUnj tk jgs gSaA
Nk=k ykbczsjh esa tk jgs gSaA

mkjkf.k
'kh"kZd dk mPpkj.k djsaA 'kq iz;ksx lgt lh[k tk, xsA

ekSf[kde~
mPpkj.k djsa vkSj ikB esa vk, deZdkjd inksa osQ :i dks uksV djsaA

fyf[kre~
1- ckb vksj iz'u vkSj nkb vksj muosQ mkj fn, x, gSaA izR;sd iz'u
dk okpu djsa] fiQj nkb vksj fn, okD;ksa esa ls lgh mkj <w<+saA
feyku djrs le; mPpkj.k djsaA izR;sd in ij ;ku nsa] fo'ks"k :i ls
deZin ij_ tSlsnqXke~] Hkkstue~ vkfnA
dkkZ&fozQ;k leUo; dks Hkh ns[ks_a ;Fkk Roe~-----[kknfl vkSj vge~-----[kknkfe vkfnA
S- ()

29

mkj

2-

mkj

3mkj

30

iz'u
mkjkf.k
1- Roe~ fde~ [kknfl\
vge~ Hkkstue~ [kknkfeA
2- Roe~ oqQ=k xPNfl\
vge~ fo|ky;a xPNkfeA
3- Roe~ fde~ fy[kfl\
vga fucU/a fy[kkfeA
4- Roe~ fde~ ficfl\
vga nqXka fickfeA
5- Roe~ fde~ djksf"k\
vge~ O;k;kee~ djksfeA
6- Roa oa Q uefl\
vge~ v;kioa Q uekfeA
7- Roe~ fde~ iBfl\
vga la Lra iBkfeA
etw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dks i<+saA ;ku nsalc 'kCnksa osQ vUr
esa ^e~* vk;k gSA ;s deZin gSa (Words denoting object in the
sentence)A
vH;kl osQ okD;ksa dks ns[ksa(i) dkkZin (Subject of the sentence
Agent of the action) vkSj (ii) fozQ;kin(Verbs) fn, x, gSaA deZin
dk LFkku fjDr gSA
mnkgj.k ns[ksafozQ;kin ^iBfr* (i<+rh gS) osQ lkFk deZin ^ ikBe~*
(ikB dks) mfpr gSA
dkkZ rFkk fozQ;kin osQ vuqlkj mfpr deZin pqusa
1- tye~
^ficfl*(ihrs gks)fozQ;kin osQ ;ksx esa ^tye~*
mfpr deZA
2- m|kue~
^xPNfr*fozQ;kin osQ lkFk ^m|kue~* mfpr deZA
3- iqLrdky;e~ ;gk ^iqLrdky;e~*mfpr D;ksfa d dkkZ ^Nk=k%*
(fo|kFkhZ)A
4- i=ke~
^fy[kfr*osQ lkFk ^i=ke~* mfpr deZinA
5- lsoe~
^[kknfr* osQ lkFk ^lsoe~* mfpr deZin gSA
okD;ksa dk okpu lko/kuh ls djsaA izR;sd in ij ;ku nsaA
mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sa^iQyjl* ewy 'kCn ^iQyjle~*deZin
f}rh;k] ,dopu esa] vr% okD; esa^iQyjle~*'kq iz;ksxA
1- ckyde~ (ckyd dks)^onfr* (cksyrh gS) dk deZ(object
of the sentence)A
2- ys[ke~
(ys[k dks)^fy[kfUr* (fy[krs gSa) dk deZ(f}rh;k]
foHkfDr dk in)A
S- ()

3- fo|ky;e~ (LowQy dks)f;kin (xPNkfe) osQ lkFkA

4- v;kide~ (v;kid dks)f;kin ^ueke%* dk deZ] vr% f}rh;k
foHkfDr esaA
5- Hkze.ke~
f;kin oqQoZfUr dk deZ] vr% f}rh;k foHkfDr esaA
4- mnkgj.k ns[ksa o le>saA okD; osQ dkkZin osQ vuqlkj dks"Bd ls
f;kin dk 'kq :i pquuk gSA ^ lq/hj% lqohj% p*dkkZ nks gksus
osQ dkj.k ^xPNr%* (f}opu) mfpr :iA
mkj 1- [kknfl dkkZ ^Roa* osQ lkFkA
2- iBke% dkkZ ^o;e~* osQ ;ksx esaA
3- xPNFk dkkZ ^;w;e~* osQ ;ksx esaA
4- vkxPNfr dkkZ ^v;kfidk*,dopu vr% f;kin Hkh ,dopu esAa
(fga nh Hkk"kk esa vknj izn'kZu osQ fy, ,dopu osQ dkkZ osQ lkFk
cgqopu dk f;kin iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsv;kfidk vkrh
gSa] fdUrq laLr esa opu dh n`f"V ls dkkZ&f;k&leUo;
vko';d gSA
5- ficko%

dkkZ ^vkoke~* osQ ;ksx esaA

5- iQyksa osQ fp=k ns[ksaA ckb vksj fn, x, iQy osQ uke osQ lkFk izR;sd
fp=k dk feyku djrs gq, mPpkj.k djsaA mPpkj.k Li"V rFkk
'kq gksA
mkj dnyhiQye~

ukje~

ve`riQye~

S- ()

31

vkeze~

lsoe~

ikBla xre~ ijh{k.ke~

ikpksa iQyksa osQ fp=kksa osQ uhps muosQ uke fy[ksaA ikB~;iqLrd dh lgk;rk ys
ldrs gSaA vFkok oqQN vU; iQyksa osQ uke dk irk yxk, A

1- ukfjosQye~ (ukfj;y)

2- nzk{kkiQye~ (vaxwj)

3- tEchje~ (uhacw)

4- vkeze~ (vke)

5- ukje (larjk)

32

S- ()

l% dyesu fy[kfr

fganh vuqokn (og dye ls fy[krk gS)

ckyd [ksyrk@[ksy jgk gSA
og xsan ls [ksyrk@[ksy
jgk gSA
ckyd fdlls [ksy jgk gS\
og xsan ls [ksy jgk gSA

jksfgr LowQy tkrk gSA

og ys[k fy[krk gSA
og oSQls (fdlls) LowQy og dye ls fy[krk gSA
tkrk gS\
og ;ku ls i<+rk gSA
og cl ls LowQy tkrk gSA

vf.kZdk [ksyrh gSA

vuqjkx Hkh [ksyrk gSA
vf.kZdk vuqjkx osQ lkFk
[ksyrh gSA
os nksuksa izfrfnu [ksyrs gSaA
gSA

rqe fdlosQ lkFk [ksyrs gks\ vf.kZdk [kkuk [kkrh gSA

eSa fe=k osQ lkFk [ksyrk gwA og oSQls [kkrh gS\
ge nksuksa vkuUn ls [ksyrs og gkFk ls [kkrh gSA
gSa\
o`{k pyrk gSA
og ykBh@NM+h ls pyrk

mkjkf.k
'kh"kZoQ dk mPpkj.k djsaA mPpkj.k 'kq Hkk"kk&iz;ksx esa lgk;d gksxkA
ikB dk okpu nks rhu ckj dj ysaA
ekSf[kde~
mPpkj.k djsa_ ikB esa vk, dj.kdkjd (r`rh;k foHkfDr) osQ inksa osQ :i
dks uksV djsaA lHkh inksa osQ var esa ^ ,u* vk;k gSA
fyf[kre~
1- mnkgj.k ns[ksa] okD;ksa dk okpu djsal%] Roe~] vge~dkkZinksa osQ
okD;ksa osQ fozQ;kin esa :ikUrj vk;k gS_ ;FkkxPNfr] xPNfl] xPNkfe]
fdUrq ^cl;kusu* r`rh;k foHkfDr in dk :i rhuksa iq#"kksa (izFke] e;e]
mke) esa ,dleku gSA
Lej.k jgs dkkZ osQ iq#"k rFkk opu osQ vuqlkj fozQ;kin esa :ikUrj
vkrk gS] fdUrq okD; osQ vU; inksa ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rkA
mnkgj.kkuqlkj okD; iwjs djsa
mkj (d) 2- --------- dyesu fy[kflA ([k) 2- --------- dUnqosQu ozQhMflA
S- ()

33

2-

mkj

3-

mkj
4-

mkj

34

3- --------- dyesu fy[kkfeA

3- --------- dUnqosQu hMkfeA
mnkgj.k lfgr lHkh okD;ksa dk okpu djsaA okpu djus ls 'kq iz;ksx dk
vH;kl Lor% gks tk,xkA
izR;sd iz'u dks ;kuiwoZd i<sa+A iz'uokpd 'kCn dk vFkZ tku ysaA
d% dkSu,dopu osQu fdlls] fdlosQ }kjk] fdl lkku lsA
dFke~ fdl izdkj@oSQls_ osQu lg fdlosQ lkFkA
mnkgj.k ns[ksa^d%* osQ mkj esa ^ckyd%* vFkkZr~ ckyd% dUnqosQu
ozQhMfrA iz'uokpd 'kCn osQ vk/kj ij ikBkuqlkj mkj nsaA
1- dUnqosQu
2- cl;kusu
3- dyesu
4- vuqjkxs.k lg
5- vkuUnsuA
;ku nsaiz'uokpd 'kCn ^osQu* esa] vUr esa ^,u* vk;k gSA mkj esa]
'kCn dk :i Hkh mlh izdkj gS_ ;Fkkdyesu] dUnqosQu vkfnA
etw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dks i<sa+nks laKkin vkSj nks fozQ;kin
fn, x, gSaA mnkgj.k ns[ksavge~@gLrsu@[kknkfefjDr LFkku esa ^gLrsu*
vk;k gSA [kkus dh fozQ;k ([kknkfe) gkFk ls lEHko gksus osQ dkj.k
^gLrsu* mfpr inA
fdl lkku ls dkSu&lh fozQ;k gksrh gS;g le>dj etw"kk dh
lgk;rk ls fjDr LFkku HkjsaA
fy[kkfe (dyesu)] ozQhMkfe (dUnqosQu)] dkj;kusu (xPNkfe)] ;kusu
(iBkfe)A
mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sadks"Bd esa nks fodYi gSagLre~ (gkFk dks)
vkSj ^gLrsu* (gkFk ls) ^vga Hkkstua [kknkfe* (eSa Hkkstu [kkrk gw ) okD;
esa ^gLrsu* mfpr :i gSA
blh izdkj izR;sd okD; dk vk'k; le>dj mfpr fodYi }kjk fjDr
LFkku HkjsaA
1- ;kusu (;ku ls)
2- fe=ks.k (lg osQ ;ksx esa r`rh;k foHkfDr)
3- dUnqosQu (xsan ls)
4- vuqtsu (lg osQ ;ksx esa r`rh;k foHkfDr)
5- jsy;kusu (jsyxkM+ h ls)
okD; iwfrZ osQ i'pkr~ okD;ksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA dj.kdkjd vFkkZr~ r`rh;k

S- ()

foHkfDr osQ 'kCn :i rFkk iz;ksx dks ;kn j[ksaA

5- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sadkkZin esa opu&ifjorZu vkus ij f;kin
osQ opu esa mlosQ vuqlkj ifjorZu vkrk gS_ ;Fkk^l%* osQ LFkku ij ^rs*
(cgqopu) vkus ij ^xPNfr* (,dopu) f;kin osQ LFkku ij ^xPNfUr*
(cgqopu) mi;qDr gSA blh izdkj vU; okD;ksa esa dkkZin esa opu&ifjorZu
djrs le; f;kin esa ifjorZu djuk u HkwysaA
;ku jgs ,slh fLFkfr esa okD; osQ vU; in izHkkfor ugha gksrsA tSls ;gk
^fo|ky;e~* 'kCn esa dksbZ :ikarj ugha vk;kA
mkj 1- Nk=kk% ;kusu iBfUrA
2- o;e~ vkuUnsu [ksyke%A
3- ;w;e~ cl;kusu xPNFkA
4- ckydk% dUnqosQu hMfUrA
5- rk% tuosQu lg xPNfUrA
mnkgj.k lfgr nksuksa LrEHkksa (,dopu rFkk cgqopu) osQ okD;ksa dk
lgt jhfr ls okpu djsaA

ikBla xre~ ijh{k.ke~

iz'ukskjoqQN mnkgj.k
1- Roa osQu lg hMfl\
vga tuosQu lg hMkfeA

S- ()

2- jksfgr% osQu hMfr\

jksfgr% dUnqosQu hMfrA

35

ikBk% 6&9 iqujko`fk%

1- vl~ kkrq osQ :i dh vko`fk dj ysaA mnkgj.k ns[ksaA
mkj 1- vfl ^Roe~* osQ ;ksx esaA
5- Le% ^o;e~* osQ lkFkA
2- vfLe ^vge~* dkkZ osQ lkFkA 6- vfLr dkkZ^l%* osQ lkFkA
3- lfUr ^rs* dkkZ osQ lkFkA 7- vfLr dkkZ^l%* osQ lkFkA
4- LFk ^;w;e~* osQ lkFkA
2- mnkgj.k ns[ksadks"Bdnk ^Nk=k%* (,dopu) mfpr :i] D;ksafd ;g
fozQ;kin ^iBfr* ,dopu dk dkkZ gSA vFkkZr~ fozQ;kin ,dopu gksus osQ
dkj.k dkkZ Hkh ,dopuA dkkZ&f;kin dk leUo; ;kn j[ksaA
mkj 1- v'ok% ^kkofUr* fozQ;kin cgqopu] vr% dkkZ^v'ok%* cgqopuA
2- laLo`Qre~ ^iBkfe* fozQ;kin dk deZ gksus osQ dkj.kf}rh;k foHkfDr
in mfprA
3- fucU/e~ ^fy[kfUr* dk deZ gksus osQ dkj.k f}rh;k foHkfDr in
dk iz;ksxA
4- dUnqosQu (xsan ls)^ls* osQ vFkZ esa^dUnqd* 'kCn r`rh;k foHkfDr
esa dUnqde~ (xsan dks)A
5- gLrsu (gkFk ls)^ls* osQ vFkZ esa r`rh;k foHkfDr in dk iz;ksxA
gLre~ (gkFk dks)A
okD;ksa dk ;kuiwoZd okpu djsaA 'kq iz;ksx lgt gks tk,xkA
3- mnkgj.k ns[ksa o le>saf;kin dk :i okD; osQ dkkZ ij fuHkZj gksrk
gSA vr% ^o;e~* dkkZ osQ lkFk ^iBke%* mfpr :iA dks"Bd esa fn,
x, fodYiksa dks ns[ksa vkSj okD; osQ dkkZ osQ vuqlkj f;kin dk 'kq
:i pqusaA
mkj 1- owQtfUr dkkZ ^fidk%* cgqopu esa gksus osQ dkj.kA
2- u`R;r% dkkZ ^e;wjkS* f}opu esa gksus osQ dkj.kA
3- ficFk dkkZ ^;w;e~* e;e iqjQ"kcgqopu gksus osQ dkj.kA
4- /kokfe dkkZ ^vge~* mke iqjQ"k,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kA
5- uefl dkkZ ^Roe~* e;e iqjQ"k,dopu osQ dkj.kA
36

S- ()

4- ns[ksa] izR;sd fp=k esa dkSu D;k dj jgk@jgh gSA ckb vksj fn, x,
okD; i<s+a] vk'k; le>sa] okpu djrs gq, lgh feyku djsaA
mkj 1- firkeg% m|kue~ xPNfrA

2- l% fo|ky;e~ xPNfrA

3- vge~ fo|ky;dk; djksfeA

4- lk ukje~ [kknfrA

5- etw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dks ns[ksaA fiQj fjDr LFkku NksM+dj izR;sd
okD; i<+sa] vk'k; le>sa rRi'pkr~ etw"kk ls mfpr in pqudj
fjDr LFkku HkjsaA
mkj 1- n.Msu (NM+ h ls)
'ks"k okD; dk vk'k;o` pyrk gSA
2- hMk{ks=ke~
([ksy osQ eSnku dks) 'ks"k okD; dk vk'k;rqe tkrs gksA
3- ;kusu (;ku ls)
'ks"k okD; dk vk'k;rqe ikB i<+rs gksA
4- vkeze~ (vke dks)
'ks"k okD; dk vk'k;ckfydk [kkrh gSA
5- v;kid% (v;kid) 'ks"k okD; dk vk'k;eSa ugha gwA
okD;iwfrZ osQ mijkUr okD;ksa dk okpu djsaA izR;sd in ij ;ku nsaA
okpu&iquokZpu djus ls Hkk"kk&cks/ vius&vki iq"V gks tk,xkA
S- ()

37

10

vej% iBuk; xPNfr

fga nh vuqokn (vej i<+us osQ fy, tkrk gS)

vej LowQy tkrk gSA
og i<+us osQ fy, tkrk gSA
vej fdlfy, LowQy tkrk gS\
og i<+us osQ fy, LowQy tkrk gSA

og lsc ys tkrk gSA

vej Hkkstu [kkrk gSA
og vYikgkj djrk gSA og Hkkstu osQ fy,
og vYikgkj (Snacks) ?kj vkrk gSA
osQ fy, lsc ys tkrk gSA

vej foJke osQ fy, tkrk gSA

og 'k;ud{k (lksus osQ dejs)
esa tkrk gSA
;gk ,d iyax gSA
,d ?kM+ h Hkh gSA

nknh losjs nsork dks

ueLdkj djrh gSA
og dgrh gSnsork
dks iz.kkeA
og efUnj tkrh gSA
og iwtu osQ fy,
tkrh gSA

nknk th ckx+ esa tkrs gSaA

og fdlfy, ckx+ esa tkrs gSa\
og ?kweus osQ fy, ckx+ esa tkrs gSaA

'kke dks vej [ksyrk gSA

og [ksy osQ eSnku esa
tkrk gSA
og [ksyus osQ fy,
ogk tkrk gSA
og gkWdh [ksy [ksyrk
gSA

eSa dye osQ fy, nwdku ij tkrk gwA

rqe xsan osQ fy, (xsan [kjhnus osQ fy,)
nwdku ij tkrs gksA

mkjkf.k
'kh"kZd dk okpu djsaA lgt jhfr ls 'kq iz;ksx lh[ksaA

ekSf[kde~
mPpkj.k djsaA 'kCn :i uksV djsaizR;sd in osQ vUr esa ^vk;* vk;k gSA

fyf[kre~
ikB dk okpu nks&rhu ckj dj ysAa iz'uokpd vO;;ks
a fdeFkZe~
(fdlfy,)] dnk (dc)] oqQ=k (dgk)dks le> ysAa ikB dh
fo"k;&oLrq osQ vk/kj ij mfpr fodYi pqudj mkj nsAa
fgUnh okD; esa ;gk] ijlxZ ^esa* dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA fdUrq laLr okD;&jpuk esa ;g deZin
gS ] vr% f}rh;k foHkfDr in ('k;ud{ke~ ) iz ; q D r gq v k gS A ikB es a vU; okD;ks a es a
Hkh ,slk iz;ksx vk;k gS_ ;Fkkm|kue~ (to the garden) hMk{ks=ke~ (to the playground)
vki.ke~ (to market) bR;kfnA D;ksafd ;s lc okD; esa deZ @object gSa] vr% deZdkjd@f}rh;k
foHkfDr esa A

38

S- ()

mnkgj.k ns[ksaiz'u esa ^fdeFkZe~*---mkj esa ^iBuk;* D;ksafd okD; esa

fo|ky; tkus dk mYys[k vk;k gSA blh izdkj izR;sd iz'u dk mkj
izlaxkuqlkj mfpr fodYi pqu dj nsaA
mkj 1- foJkek; D;ksafd 'k;ud{k esa tkus dh ckr vkbZ gSA
2- lk;e~
3- [ksyuk;
4- m|kue~
5- nsoky;e~A
2- (d) fdl fozQ;k osQ fy, dgk tk;k tkrk gSbl ckr dk ;ku
j[kdj feyku djsa_ ;Fkk^iBuk;fo|ky;e~*A
mkj Hkze.kk; (?kweus osQ fy,) m|kue~
(cX+khps dks@esa)
[ksyuk; ([ksyus osQ fy,) ozQhMk{ks=ke~ ([ksy osQ eSnku dks@esa)
foJkek; (vkjke djus osQ 'k;ud{ke~ (lksus osQ dejs dkss @ esa)
fy,)
Hkkstuk; (Hkkstu osQ fy,) Hkkstuky;e~ (Hkkstuky; dks@esa)
([k) mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saf;kin dk :i dkkZin osQ
vuqlkj gksrk gS_ ;Fkk^vge~* osQ lkFk ^xPNkfe*A blh izdkj
vU; okD;ksa esa dkkZin dks ;ku esa j[kdj f;kin fy[ksaA
okD;ka'k ogh gSa tks [k.M ^d* esa feyku djus ls vk, gSaA
1- xPNfr -------------- dkkZ ^l%* gksus osQ dkj.kA
2- Hkze.kk; -------------- xPNfUrD;ksafd dkkZ ^rs*A
3- -------------- Hkkstuk; -------------- xPNke%D;ksafd dkkZ ^o;e~*A
4- -------------- [ksyuk; -------------- xPNFkD;ksafd dkkZ ^;w;e~*A
5- -------------- foJkek; -------------- xPNflD;ksafd dkkZ ^Roe~*A
mi;qZDr okD;ksa dk okpu djsaA izR;sd in ij ;ku nsaA iz;ksx
le>sa_ ;Fkk
(i) ^osQ fy,* osQ vFkZ esa prqFkhZ foHkfDr dk iz;ksx('kCn osQ vUr esa
^vk;* vkrk gS_ tSlsiBuk;] Hkze.kk; vkfnA)
(ii) tgk tk;k tkrk gSxUrO; LFkku (destination) esa f}rh;k dk
iz;ksx('kCn osQ vUr eas ^e~* vk tkrk gS_ tSlsfo|ky;e~] m|kue~
vkfnA)
S- ()

39

3- izR;sd okD; dks i<sa+vk'k; le>samfpr fodYi dks pqusaA

mkj 1- foJkek; -------------- ^os Q fy,* os Q vFkZ esa ^foJkek;* mfpr :iA
2- ozQhMk{ks=ke~ -------------- xUrO; LFkku (tgk tk;k tkrk gS) esa f}rh;k
foHkfDr 'kq :iA
3- nsoe~ -------------- ^uefr* esa ue~ /krq gS] (ue~ osQ lkFk f}rh;k]
vr% ^nsoe~* 'kq gS)A
4- x.ks'kk; -------------- okD; esa ^ue%* gksus osQ dkj.k prqFkhZ dk iz;ksxA
5- firkeg% -------------- ikB osQ vk/kj ij 'kq fodYiA
4- etw"kk esa fn, x, fozQ;kin i<+sa] vFkZ le>saA fjDr LFkku NksM+dj
okD; i<sa+] vk'k; le>sa] mfpr fozQ;kin pqusaA mnkgj.k ns[ksaA
mkj (d) 1- uekfe (ueLdkj djrk gw ) okD; esa deZin^v;kfidke~*
(v;kfidk dks)A
2- [kknkfe ([kkrk@[kkrh gw ) okD; esa deZin ^Hkkstue~*
(Hkkstu dks)A
3- djksfe (djrk@djrh gw ) okD; esa ^foJkee~* (foJke
dks)deZA
4- ozQhMkfe ([ksyrk@[ksyrh gw ) okD; esa ^lk;e~*~ ('kke dks)
dkyokpdA
5- xPNkfe (tkrk@tkrh gw ) okD; esa ^ozQhMk{ks=ke~*xUrO;
LFkku osQ lkFk mfprA
([k) etw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dks ;kuiwoZd i<+saA lHkh 'kCn ikB
esa vk, gSaA mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA fdl dke osQ fy,
dkSu dgk tkrk gSA bl ckr dks ;ku esa j[kdj mfpr
fodYi }kjk okD; iwfrZ djsaA
1- iwtuk; 2- Hkze.kk; 3- dyek; 4- foJkek; 5- Hkkstuk;A
fjDr LFkku iwfrZ osQ mijkUr okD;ksa dk okpu lko/kuh ls djsaA
okpu&iquokZpu dk ego le>saA

40

S- ()

ikBla xre~ ijh{k.ke~

mke iq#"k] ,dopu osQ LFkku ij e;e iq#"k ,dopu vFkok izFke iq#"k
,dopu dk dkkZin yxkdj okD;&ifjorZu
1- (d) Roe~ fo|ky;e~ xPNflA ([k) l%@lk fo|ky;e~ xPNfrA
Roe~ v;kfidka ueflA
l%@lk v;kfidka uefrA
Roe~ Hkkstua [kknflA
l%@lk Hkkstua [kknfrA
Roe~ foJkea djksf"kA
l%@lk foJkea djksfrA
lk;a Roe~ hMflA
lk;a l%@lk hMfrA
Roe~ hMk{ks=ka xPNflA
l%@lk hMk{ks=ka xPNfrA
2- vge~ iBuk; fo|ky;a xPNkfeA
vge~ iwtuk; fo|ky;a xPNkfeA
vge~ Hkze.kk; xPNkfeA
vge~ dyek; vki.ka xPNkfeA
vge~ foJkek; 'k;ud{ka xPNkfeA
vge~ Hkkstuk; x`ge~ vkxPNkfeA
bl izdkj okD;&jpuk djosQ rFkk okpu@iquokZpu djosQ ljyrk ls Hkk"kk&iz;ksx
lh[ksaA

S- ()

41

11

vej% x`gkr~ xPNfr

fga nh vuqokn (vej ?kj ls tkrk gS)

vej ?kj ls tkrk@tk jgk gSA
og LowQy tk jgk gSA
ogk og i<+rk gSA fiQj og LowQy
ls vkrk gSA

vej dgk ls vkrk gSA

og LowQy ls vkrk gSA
ns[kks] ogk vej dk LowQy gSA
LowQy ?kj osQ ikl gSA

'kke dks vej [ksy osQ eSnku dks

tkrk gSA
ogk og [ksyrk gSA
og xsan ls [ksyrk gSA
fiQj og [ksy osQ eSnku ls vk tkrk gSA

tc vej [ksyrk gS] rc xsan fxj

tkrh gSA
xsan dgk ls fxjrh gS\
xsan gkFk ls fxjrh gSA
ckyd o`{k ls fxjrk gSA

esjs ekek th fons'k tkrs gSaA

ogk os dke djrs gSaA
vkt os fons'k ls vk jgs gSaA
os gokbZ tgkk ls vk jgs gSaA

firk th nwdku dks tkrs gSaA

os feBkbZ ykrs gSaA
os nwdku ls feBkbZ ykrs gSaA
eSa nwdku ls xsan ykrk gwA

;g xko gSA ogk oqQvk gSA

efgyk, ikuh ykrh gSaA
os oqQ, ls ikuh ykrh gSaA

mkjkf.k
'kh"kZd dk okpu djsaA foHkfDr&iz;ksx le>saA

ekSf[kde~
mPpkj.k djsaA uksV djsa^ x`gkr~*] ^fo|ky;kr~*lHkh 'kCnksa osQ vUr esa
^vkr~ * vk;k gSA ^ls*@vyx gksus (from) osQ vFkZ esa bl 'kCn :i dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA
42

S- ()

fyf[kre~
1- ikB dk okpu ;kuiwoZd dj ysaA iz'uokpd vO;; oqQ=k (dgk)
vkSj oqQr% (dgk ls) HkyhHkkfr le> ysaA mkj esa dfBukbZ gks rks
ikB esa ns[ksaA
iz'u ;ku ls i<+sa vkSj ikB osQ vk/kj ij dks"Bd ls 'kq fodYi
pqudj mkj nsaA mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA
mkj 1- gLrkr~ 2- ekrqy% 3- fe"VkUue~ 4- owQikr~ 5- hMk{ks=ke~A
2- etw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCn i<+saA ;s ikB esa vk pqosQ gSaA fjDr LFkku
NksM+dj okD; i<+saA vk'k; le>sa] mfpr fodYi pqudj okD;
iwjs djsaA
mnkgj.k ns[ks
a fjDr LFkku esa ^fo|ky;e~* 'kCn fn;k x;k gS_ dkj.kokD;
esa ^xPNkfe* f;kin vk;k gSA
mkj 1- vge~
D;ksfa d ^iBkfe* ^[ksykfe* osQ lkFk ;g dkkZin mfpr gSA
2- x`ge~
D;ksfa d okD; esa ^vkxPNkfe* (vkrk@vkrh gw) f;kin gSA
3- Hkkstue~ f;kin ^[kknkfe* osQ lkFk mfpr deZ (object)A
4- xPNkfe xUrO; LFkku ^vki.ke~* (nwdku dks) osQ ;ksx esa mfpr
f;kinA
5- fe"VkUue~ ^vku;kfe* (ykrk@ykrh gw) osQ ;ksx esa mfpr deZin
okD;ksa dk okpu djsaA ;ku nsa buesa fnup;kZ of.kZr gSA
3- mnkgj.k ns[ksa o le>saA ,dopu osQ dkkZin osQ lkFk ,dopu dk
f;kinA dkkZin cgqopu esa ifjofrZd djus ij f;kin Hkh
cgqopu esa pyk tkrk gS] fdUrq okD; osQ vU; inksa esa dksbZ
:ikUrj ugha vkrkA
mkj 1- efgyk% owQie~ xPNfUrA
2- o;e~ iqLrdky;e~ xPNke%A
3- rk% tye~ vku;fUrA
4- ;w;e~ fe"VkUue~ [kknFkA
5- Nk=kk% fo|ky;kr~ vkxPNfUrA
S- ()

43

 (isM+ ls @from the tree) D;ksafd okD; esa ckyd osQ

fxjus dk mYys[k gSA (tgk ls vyx gqvk tkrk gS]
mlesa ipeh foHkfDr dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA o`{k% dk vFkZ
gS,d isM+ vr% ^o`{kkr~* mfpr fodYi gSA
2- tye~
^vku;fUr* dk deZ (object) (ty ewy 'kCn gS] deZdkjd
esa ^tye~* :i 'kq gSA)
3- fons'kkr~ (fons'k ls @ from abroad) ^vkxPNfr* (vkrk gS) osQ
;ksx esa mfpr fodYiA (fons'ke~ = fons'k dks@to a
foreign country)
4- fo|ky;e~ (LowQy dks@to school) f;kin ^xPNfr* (tkrk gS)
osQ ;ksx esa mfpr fodYiA (fo|ky;kr~ = LowQy ls@
from school)
5- vki.kkr~ (nwdku ls @ from the shop) f;kin ^vku;kfe* (ykrk
gw ) osQ ;ksx esa mfprA (vki.ke~nwdku dks @to the
shop)
fjDr LFkku iwfrZ osQ mijkUr okD;ksa dk okpu djsa vkSj lgt jhfr ls 'kq
iz;ksx dk vH;kl djsaA

mkj 4- 1- o`{kkr~

ikBla xre~ ijh{k.ke~

okD;&jpuk@iz;ksx dk vH;kl
l% ckyd%@lk ckfydk fo|ky;e~ xPNfrA
r=k l%@lk iBfr [ksyfr pA
rr% lk@l% x`ge~ vkxPNfrA
l%@lk Hkkstua [kknfrA lk;a l%@lk hMfrA
l%@lk vki.ke~ xPNfrA
l%@lk fe"VkUue~ vku;frA
izLrqr okD;ksa esa l%@lk osQ LFkku ij O;fDrokpd laKk dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tk
ldrk gS_ ;Fkkv.kZo%@vf.kZdk fo|ky;e~ xPNfrA

44

S- ()

12

vejL; dye%

fga nh vuqokn (vej dh dye)

vfEcdk ;g dye fdldh gS\
vuqiek D;k ;g vjfoUn dh dye gS\
vkjrh ugha] ;g dye rks vej dh gSA
vuqiek vjs] esjh dye dgk gS\
vfEcdk rqEgkjh dye ;gk gSA
vej firk dks ueLdkj djrk gSA
firk iq=k dks dgrs gSa
^^liQy gksoks**A

vej dk LowQy ogk gSA

LowQy ?kj osQ ikl gSA
LowQy osQ Nk=k losjs vkrs gSaA

vkt
vkt
firk
vkt

vej dk tUefnu gSA

tUefnu dk mRlo gSA
th vfr izlUu gSaA
iq=k dk tUefnu gSA

nknk th vkrs gSaA

vej nknk th dks Hkh iz.kke djrk gSA
nknk th vej dks dgrs gSa
^^izlUUk jgksA fpjdky rd thvks**A
nknk th osQ vk'khokZn ls vej izlUu gksrk gSA

mkjkf.k
ikB dk okpu ;kuiwoZd dj ysaA

ekSf[kde~
mPpkj.k djsaA ^vejL;* ^x`gL;* vkfn lHkh 'kCn ikB esa LFkwyk{kjksa esa vk
pqosQ gSaA ;ku nsalHkh osQ vUr esa ^L;* vk;k gSA ^dk* ^osQ* ^dh* osQ vFkZ
esa blh 'kCn :i dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ikBxr loZuke ^dL;* (fdldk)
ee (esjk) ro (rqEgkjk) osQ iz;ksx ij fo'ks"k ;ku nsaA

fyf[kre~
iz'u ;kuiwoZd i<+saA
1- iz'uokpd loZuke dL; (fdldk@fdldh) de~ (fdldks) dk
vFkZ le> ysaA
S- ()

45

mkj

2mkj

3-

mkj

4mkj

46

mnkgj.k ns[ksaiz'u esa ^dL;* osQ mkj esa ^vejL;*nksuksa esa vUr esa
^L;* vk;k gSA blh izdkj ikB dh fo"k;&oLrq osQ vk/kj ij 'kq
fodYi pqudj mkj fy[ksaA
1- vejL; 2- x`gL; 3- firkegL; 4- veje~ 5- tude~A
(okD; 4 o 5 esa] ^de~* osQ mkj esa ^veje~* o ^tude~* vk;k gSnksuksa
osQ vUr esa ^ve~*] nksuksa deZin gSaA)
mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sa^iq=kL; tUefnol%* lEcfUkr 'kCn gSa]
lEcU/kuqlkj feyku djsaA mPpkj.k djuk ykHkizn gksxkA
vejL;
fo|ky;%
fo|ky;L; Nk=kk%
ee
dye%
tUefnolL; mRlo%]
firkegL; vk'khokZn%
mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sadks"Bd esa fn, 'kCn dk] okD; osQ vxys]
'kCn ls lEcU/ gS_ tSls ^nq;ksZku dk ^firk* lsvr% ^nq;ksZkuL;* :i
okD; esa vk;k gS
(nq;ksZkuL; firk nq;ksZku dk firk)A
1- jkeL; (jke dh) ekrk ------------------A
2- fo|ky;L; (LowQy dk) iz/kukpk;Z% ------------------A
3- egkHkkjrL; (egkHkkjr dk) ys[kd% ------------------A
4- x`gL; (?kj osQ) lehis ------------------A
5- iz.koL; (iz.ko dk) fe=ke~ ------------------A
;ku nsa lEcU/ n'kkZus osQ fy, vFkkZr~ ^dk@osQ@dh* osQ vFkZ esa ,dopu
esa] 'kCn (vdkjkUr) osQ lkFk ^L;* yx tkrk gSA mkj esa vk, lHkh 'kCn
lEcUkokpd gksus osQ dkj.k "k"Bh foHkfDr esa gSaA
etw"kk esa fn, 'kCnksa dks i<sa+] vFkZ le>saA laokn esa fjDr LFkku
NksM+dj] okD; i<sa+] vk'k; le>dj mfpr 'kCn pqusaA
ee] ro] uke] oqQ=k] x`ge~ ] nwjsA
bl izdkj [ksy&[ksy esa ijLij okrkZyki djosQ laLo`Qr lh[kus dk
vkua n ysaA
^x`ge~* osQ LFkku ij vki.k% ^fo|ky;%* rFkk ^lehis* osQ LFkku ij ^nwjs*
vFkok r=k dk iz;ksx djosQ okrkZyki dk vH;kl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
S- ()

ikBla xre~ ijh{k.ke~

1- ikBxr laokn dk vfHku; djsaA
2- laokn&mnkgj.k
(i) ,"k% dUnqd% dL; vfLr\
,"k% dUnqd% v.kZoL; vfLrA
ee dUnqd% oqQ=k vfLr\
ro dUnqd% v=k vfLrA
(ii) ,"kk dye&etw"kk@lfpdk dL; vfLrA
,"kk dye&etw"kk@lfpdk iz.koL; vfLrA
le dye &etw"kk@lfpdk oqQ=k vfLr\
ro dye&etw"kk@lfpdk r=k vfLrA
3- iz.ko% Roa oqQ=k xPNfl\
izKk
vga vki.ka @ ekrqy&x``ga@ fe=kL; x`ga xPNkfeA Roa oqQ=k xPNfl\
iz.ko% vga hMk{ks=ka xPNkfeA
izKk
r=k Roa foa Q djksf"k\
iz.ko% r=k vga fe=ks.k lg hMkfeA
izKk
Roa oaQ [ksya [ksyfl\
iz.ko% vga gkWdh&[ksye~ @ ikndUnqd[ksya @ dch [ksya [ksykfeA
izKk
i';] ro fe=ke~ vfi vkxPNfrA

S- ()

47

ikBk% 10&12 iqujko`fk%

iwoZnk ikBksa dh vko`fk dj ysaA vH;kl&iz'u bu ikBksa dh dFkk&oLrq rFkk
Hkk"kk&roksa ij vkkkfjr gSaA dfBukbZ gksus ij ikB esa vk, okD;ksa dks iqu% ns[k ysaA
1- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA ikB osQ vk/kj ij 'kq fodYi pqusaA
mkj 1- iBuk; (i<+us osQ fy,)D;ksafd okD; esa ^fo|ky;e~* (LowQy dks)A
2- 'k;ud{ke~ ('k;u&d{k dks)D;ksafd okD; esa ^foJkek;* (vkjke
djus osQ fy,)A
3- fons'kkr~ (fons'k ls)(ikB osQ vk/kj ij)A
4- iq=kL; (iq=k dk)(ikBkkkfjr)A
5- fe"VkUue~ (feBkbZ)(ikB esa mYys[k)A
vo/s;e~izR;sd dks"Bd esa fn, nksuksa 'kCn ,d gh foHkfDr rFkk opu
esa gSaA 'kq fodYi pquus ls igys nksuksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA lgt :i ls
Hkk"kk dk vH;kl gks tk,xkA
2- fjDr LFkku NksM+dj okD; i<sa+] vk'k; le>sa_ rnuqlkj dks"Bdnk
'kCn dk mfpr :i fjDr LFkku esa HkjsaA lHkh okD; ikBksa ls fy,
x, gSaA mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA*
mkj 1- gLrkr~ (gkFk ls from handvyx gksus osQ vFkZ esa ipeh iz;ksx)A
2- vjfoUnL; (vjfoUn dk^dk (lEcU/) osQ vFkZ esa "k"Bh iz;ksx)A
3- fo|ky;kr~ (LowQy ls from schoolvyx gksus osQ vFkZ esa ipeh iz;ksx)A
4- Hkkstuk; (Hkkstu osQ fy,^osQ fy,* osQ vFkZ esa prqFkhZ iz;ksx)A
5- nsok; (^ue%* osQ ;ksx esa ^nso* 'kCn esa prqFkhZ iz;ksx)A
3- etw"kk esa fn, 'kCnksa dks i<sa+A vFkZ le>saA (;s lc ikBksa esa vk pqosQ
gSaA) fjDr LFkku NksM+dj laokn dk okpu djsa] mfpr in }kjk
okD; iwjs djsaA mnkgj.k ns[ksaA
mkj ee (esjk)] ro (rqEgkjk)] uke (uke)] oqQ=k (dgk)A
x`gL; (?kj osQ)] iBuk; (i<+us osQ fy,)] vke~ (gk)] v| (vkt)A
* izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa] ikB&iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij okD; esa 'kCn dk :i le>saA fu;e /hjs&khjs vxyh
d{kkvksa esa vf/d Li"V gksus yxsxkA bl n`f"V ls ikBksa dk okpu&iquokZpu ykHkizn gksxkA fofHkUu
foHkfDr;ksa osQ 'kCn :i ikB~;iqLrd osQ ifjf'k"V esa ns[k ldrs gSaA lc vdkjkUr 'kCnksa osQ :i
,dleku gksrs gSans[ksa ^ckyd* osQ 'kCn :iA

48

S- ()

4- etw"kk esa fn, x, f;kinksa dks i<+saA vFkZ le>saA fjDr LFkku
NksM+dj izR;sd okD; dk okpu djsaA vk'k; le> dj] izlaxkuqlkj
mfpr f;kin pqusa vkSj okD;iwfrZ djsaA
mkj 1- xPNfr (tkrk gS) okD; esa ^vki.ke~* (nwdku dks) osQ lkFk mfpr
f;kinA
2- vkxPNfr (vkrk gS)okD; esa ^vki.kkr~* (nwdku ls] from the shop)
osQ lkFk mfprA
3- vku;fr(ykrk gS)okD; esa ^dyee~* (dye dks) osQ lkFk mfprA
4- vfLr(gS)okD; dk dkkZ^vki.k%* (nwdku)] vr% izlaxkuqlkj
mfpr f;kinA
5- irfr(fxjrh gS)okD; esa ^vejL;* (vej dh dye) fxjrh@fxj
jgh gSA

S- ()

49

13

vge~ fo|ky;s iBkfe

fga nh vuqokn (eSa LowQy esa i<+rk@i<+rh gw)

rqe dgk jgrs gks\
eSa ?kj esa jgrk gwA

rqe dgk i<+rs gks\

eSa LowQy esa i<+rk gwA

rqe dgk [ksyrs gks\

eSa [ksy osQ eSnku esa [ksyrk gwA
eSa ekxZ@lM+d ij pyrk gwA
nknk th ckx esa lSj djrs gSaA
i{kh vkdk'k esa mM+ rs gSaA

i{kh dgk jgrs gSa\

os ?kksalys esa jgrs gSaA
?kksalyk dgk gS\
?kksalyk isM+ ij gSA
isM+ ckx esa gSA

vkdk'k esa ckny gSaA

ckny esa ikuh gSA
ckny ls o"kkZ gksrh gSA

leqnz esa eNfy;k rSjrh gSaA

leqnz osQ ikuh esa dNq, vkSj exjePN Hkh
rSjrs gSaA

izKk rSjrh gSA

D;k rqe rSjrs gks\
dkxk dh ukosa fdlesa rSjrh@rSj jgh gSa\
gk] eSa Hkh rSjrk gwA
dkxk dh ukosa o"kkZ osQ ty esa rSj jgh gSaA
eSa LowQy osQ rj.k&rky esa rSjrk gwA ns[kks] ckyd [ksy jgs gSaA os [kq'k gSaA

mkjkf.k
'kh"kZd dk okpu djsaA lgt jhfr ls foHkfDr&iz;ksx lh[ksaA

ekSf[kde~
ikBxr LFkwyk{kjksa esa vk, ja xhu inksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; ;ku
nsa^fo|ky;s* ^x`gs* vkfn lHkh in osQ var esa ^,* vk;k gSA ^esa* ^ij* osQ
vFkZ esa ge blh 'kCn :i dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

fyf[kre~
1- mnkgj.k ns[ksa^oqQ=k* (dgk) osQ mkj esa ^o`{ks* (isM+ ij)A
izR;sd iz'u dk okpu djsa] ikB osQ vk/kj ij mkj nsaA
50

S- ()

mkj 1- [kxk% uhMs olfUrA [ ^oqQ=k* osQ mkj esa ^uhMs* (?kksalys esa)]
2- es?kk% vkdk'ks lfUrA [ ^oqQ=k* osQ mkj esa ^vkdk'ks* (vkdk'k esa)]
3- eRL;k% leqnzs rjfUrA
[ ^dfLeu~* (fdl esa) osQ mkj esa
^leqnzs* (leqnz esa) ]
4- dxZn&ukSdk% o"kkZ&tys rjfUrA [ ^dfLeu~* osQ mkj esa ^o"kkZ&tys*
(o"kkZ osQ ikuh esa) ]
5- vge~ ekxsZ pykfeA
[ oqQ=k (dgk) osQ mkj esa ekxsZ
(lM+ d ij)]
;ku nsa^oqQ=k* ^dfLeu~* osQ mkj esa tks 'kCn iz;ksx esa vk, gSa] os lc
lIreh foHkfDr (,dopu) esa gSaA lc osQ vUr esa ^,* yxk gS_
tSls^o`{ks* ^tys* vkfnA (^esa@ij* dk vFkZ n'kkZus osQ fy, lIreh
(vfkdj.k dkjd) dk iz;ksx gksrk gS)A
2- etw"kk esa fn, x, lIreh foHkfDr osQ 'kCnksa dks i<sa+ vkSj vFkZ
le>saA
mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saokD; esa ^pyke%* (pyrs gSa)] vr% ^ekxsZ*
(ekxZ esa) mfpr in gSA blh izdkj izR;sd okD; dks i<+sa] vk'k; le>dj
fjDr LFkku HkjsaA
mkj 1- x`gs (?kj es)a okD; esa fozQ;kin ^olke%* (ge jgrs gS)a gksus os Q dkj.kA
2- fo|ky;s (LowQy esa)D;ksafd fozQ;kin ^iBfUr* (i<+rs gSa)A
3- uhMs (?kksalys esa)D;ksafd okD; esa [kxk% (i{kh) vk;k gSA
4- ozQhMk{ks=ks ([ksy osQ eSnku esa)fozQ;kin ^ozQhMfr* ([ksyrk gS) gksus
osQ dkj.kA
5- vkdk'ks (vkdk'k esa)okD; esa cknyksa (es?kk%) dk mYys[k gSA
bu okD;ksa dk lko/kuh ls okpu djsaA izR;sd in ij ;ku nsaA
3- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sa^Hkkjro"ksZ* (Hkkjro"kZ esa) 'kq fodYi gSA
izR;sd okD; ;kuiwoZd i<+dj] vk'k; le>dj 'kq in pqusaA
mkj 1- fnYyhuxjs (fnYyh 'kgj esa) 2- x`gs (?kj esa)
3- vkdk'ks (vkdk'k esa)
4- fons'ks (fons'k esa)

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51

5- ljksojs (rkykc esa)A

4- etw"kk esa fn, x, fozQ;kin i<sa+] vFkZ le>saA fjDr LFkku NksM+dj
izR;sd okD; ;kuiwoZd i<sa+] okD; osQ dkkZ dks igpkusa] okD; osQ
nwljs 'kCnksa dk vk'k; le>sa] rnuqlkj mfpr fozQ;kin pqusaA
mkj 1- olfl dkkZ ^Roe~* gksus osQ dkj.k_ okD; esa ^x`gs* (?kj esa)A
2- rjfUr dkkZ in^ckydk%* cgqopu gksus osQ dkj.k_ okD; esa
^rj.krkys*A
3- pyfr dkkZ^cl;kue~*,dopu_ okD; esa ^ekxsZ*A
4- vfLr dkkZin^fo|ky;%*,dopu] vr% fozQ;kin ,dopuA
5- lfUr dkkZ^edjk%*cgqopu] okD; esa ^leqnzs* (leqnz esa)A
6- ozQhMke% dkkZ^o;e~*gksus osQ dkj.k_ okD; esa ozQhMk{ks=k dk
mYys[kA
okD;ksa dk okpu djsaA izR;sd in ij ;ku nsaA

ikBla xre~ ijh{k.ke~

iz'u rFkk mkjoqQN mnkgj.k
(d) 1- Roa oqQ=k iBfl\
vga fo|ky;s iBkfeA
2- Roa oqQ=k [ksyfl\
vge~ hMk{ks=ks [ksykfeA
3- Roa oqQ=k olfl\
vga x`gs olkfeA
4- Roa oqQ=k pyfl\
vga ekxsZ pykfeA

52

([k) 1- uhM% oqQ=k vfLr\

uhM% o`{ks vfLrA
2- es?k% oqQ=k vfLr\
es?k% vkdk'ks vfLrA
3- edj% oqQ=k vfLr\
edj% tys@leqs vfLrA

S- ()

14

,rr~ m|kue~

fga nh vuqokn (;g cxhpk gS)

;g D;k gS\
;g ckX+k gSA
ckX+k esa cPps [ksyrs gSaA

;g D;k gS\
;g iwQy gSA
iwQy f[kyrk gSA

;s D;k gSa\
;s iwQy gSaA
iwQy f[kyrs gSaA

;g ikk gSA
;s nks iks gSaA
;s iks gSaA
;g iQy gSA ;s nks iQy gSaA
ikk fxjrk gSA nks iks fxjrs gSaA iks fxjrs gSaA ;g larjk gSA ;s nks larjs gSaA
;s iQy gSaA
;g ikS/k gSA
;gk vke] lsc vkSj osQyk gSAa ikS/s ij iwQy f[kyrs gSaA
vaxwj vkSj vukukl Hkh gSaA

gok pyrh gSA

isM+ ls iks fxjrs gSaA

;g iqLrd gSA
ckyd iqLrd i<+rk gSA

;s iqLrosaQ gSaA
iqLrdky; esa vusd iqLrosaQ gSaA

;g
?kj
;g
;g
;g

;g o`{k gSA o`{k iQyrk gSA

o`{k ij D;k gSa\
o`{k ij iQy gSaA iks Hkh gSaA
;g vke dk isM+ gSA ;s vke osQ iQy gSaA
ge vke osQ iQy [kkrs gSaA
ge izlUu gksrs gSaA

?kj gSA
esa yksx
ifjokj
ifjokj
ifjokj

jgrs gSaA
gSA
;gk jgrk gSA
izlUu gSA

mkjkf.k
'kh"kZd dk mPpkj.k djsaA lgt jhfr ls fYakx&iz;ksx lh[ksaA

ekSf[kde~
mPpkj.k djsaA iqfYa yx o uiqaldfya x 'kCnksa esa vUrj uksV djsaA ;kuiwoZd
mPpkj.k djus ls Hkk"kk&cks/ lgt gks tk,xkA

fyf[kre~
1- dks"Bd esa fn, x, la Kk IknksaiqYyx rFkk uiqaldyx dks ns[ksa]
vFkZ le>saA
S- ()

53

mkj

2-

mkj

mkj 3-

mnkgj.k ns[ksafjDr LFkku esa ^iQykfu* 'kCn vk;k gS] D;ksafd okD;
esa ^o`{ks* (isM+ ij) 'kCn osQ lkFk ;g mfpr gS] fozQ;kin ^lfUr* Hkh
cgqopu gSA
izR;sd okD; dks i<+sa] vk'k; le>sa vkSj mfpr in pqusaA
1- iq"ikf.k (iwQy) D;ksafd fozQ;kin ^fodlfUr* (f[kyrs gSa)_ ^iknis*
(ikS/s ij) 'kCn Hkh blh vksj laosQr djrk gSA
2- iou%
fozQ;kin ^ogfr* (cgrh gS) osQ lkFk mfpr dkkZinA
3- i=kkf.k
^irfUr* (fxjrs gSa) osQ lkFk mfpr dkkZinA
4- o`{k%
^iQyfr* (iQy nsrk gS) osQ ;ksx esa mfpr dkkZA
5- [kxk% (i{kh) fozQ;kin ^olfUr* (jgrs gS)a ] okD; esa ^uhMs* (?kksl
a ys
esa) 'kCn dk iz;ksxA
okD;ksa dk ;kuiwoZd okpu djsaA fjDr LFkku esa Hkjs 'kCnksa osQ yx
(iqfYayx vFkok uiqaldfYakx) dk fo'ks"k ;ku j[ksaA
mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sa
1- v=k iq"ikf.k fodlfUrA
,"k% ikni%A
(;gk iwQy f[kyrs gSaA)
(;g ikS/k gSA)
nkb vksj osQ LrEHk esa LFkku dk funsZ'k gSA
ckb vksj fozQ;k dk o.kZu] tks ogk gksrh gSA
ckb vksj dk okD; i<sa+] vk'k; le>sa] fiQj nkb vksj osQ mfpr okD; ls
esy djsaA
2- v=k Nk=kk% iBfUrA
,"k% fo|ky;%A
3- v=k tuk% olfUrA
,rr~ x`ge~A
4- v=k ckydk% hMfUrA
,rr~ ozQhMk{ks=ke~A
5- v=k ckydk% rjfUrA
,"k% rj.k&rky%A
6- v=k tuk% HkzefUrA
,rr~ m|kue~A
mi;qZDr nksuksa vksj osQ okD;ksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA
1- i=kkf.k irfUrA 2- iq"ikf.k fodlfUrA 3- pkf.k pyfUrA
4- r=k o`{kk% lfUrA (^r=k* vO;; gksus osQ dkj.k mlesa :ikUrj ugha)
5- ,rkfu x`gkf.kA
okD;ksa dk mPpkj.k djsa_ ;Fkki=ka irfrA i=kkf.k irfUrA bR;kfnA

54

S- ()

iz'u 4- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saiz'u osQ mkj esa ^iqLrde~* 'kCn dk iz;ksx
vk;k gS] D;ksafd lkeus iqLrd dk fp=k fn;k x;k gSA
izR;sd iz'u dks i<sa+ vkSj fp=k osQ vuqlkj mkj fy[ksaA
mkj 1- ---iqLrdkfulkeus fp=k esa vusd iqLrosaQ gksus osQ dkj.kA

2- ,rkfu iq"ikf.kA

3- ,"k% o`{k%A

4- ,rkfu iQykfuA
5- ,rr~ i=ke~A
iz'u rFkk mkjnksuksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA laKk vkSj loZuke nksuksa osQ iz;ksx
dk vH;kl gks tk,xkA
Lej.k jgslaKk vkSj loZuke esa] yx rFkk opunksuksa dh n`f"V ls
rkyesy vko';d gS_ ;Fkk,"k% o`{k%nksuksa iqYyx] ,dopu esa_ ,rr~
iQye~&nksuksa uiqaldfyax ,dopu esaA blh izdkj cgqopu esa,rs o`{kk%
(iqfYayx)_ ,rkfu iQykfu (uiqaldfYakx)A

ikBla xre~ ijh{k.ke~

1. ikp iQyksa osQ fp=k lfpdk esa yxkdj uhps@lkeus uke fy[ksaA
mnkgj.kr%

1- vkeze~ (vke)

2- dnyhiQye~ (osQyk)

S- ()

3- nkfMee~ (vukj)
55

4- ukfjosQye~ (ukfj;y)

5- vUukukle~ (vukukl@ Pineapple)

;k dksbZ vU; iQyksa osQ ukeA

2. 1- ,rr~ fde~\
,rr~ iq"ie~A
iq"ie~ oqQ=k vfLr\
iq"ie~ iknis vfLrA

2- ,rr~ fde~\
,rr~ iQye~A
iQye~ oqQ=k vfLr\
iQye~ o`{ks vfLrA

v;kid@v;kfidk bl izdkj dk vH;kl djk,A Nk=k uiqaldfYakx 'kCnksa

dk :i@iz;ksx rFkk foHkfDr&iz;ksx ljyrk ls lh[k ysaxsA

56

S- ()

15

ee o.kZ&dyek%

(la [;kokfpu% o.kZokfpu% p)

fga nh vuqokn (esjh jaxhu dyesa)

;g dye gSA
;g esjh dye gSA

;s dyesa gSaA
;g rqEgkjh dye gSA
;s ja xhu dyesa gSaA ;g dye uhyh gSA
;s esjh fp=k (cukus) dh dyesa gSaA

esjh (esjs ikl) nl ja xhu dyesa gSaA

,d nks
rhu
pkj
ikp
N%
lkr
;g dye yky gSA
;g dye gjh gSA
;g esjh xsan gSA
;g ga l gSA gal rSjrk gSA
;g yky vkSj uhyk gSA
ga l lI+ksQn gksrk gSA
xsan dk ja x yky vkSj uhyk gSA ga l dk ja x lI+ksQn gSA
;g dkSok gSA
dkSok isM+ ij cSBrk gSA
dkSok Hkh dkyk gksrk gSA
;g ikk gSA
ikk gjk gSA
iks dk jax gjk gSA

vkB
ukS nl
;g dye ihyh gSA
;g dks;y gSA
dks;y dkyh gksrh gSA
dks;y ehBk owQdrh gSA

;g o`{k gSA
isM+ ij iks gSaA
o`{k gjk gksrk gSA
;g lksus dk gkj gSA
lksuk ihyk gksrk gSA
lksus dk jax ihyk gSA

;g dey gSA
dey rkykc esa f[kyrk gSA
dey dk jax yky gSA
dey yky gSA

mkjkf.k
'kh"kZd dk mPpkj.k djsaA Li"V mPpkj.k ij cy nsaA

ekSf[kde~
la[;kokph 'kCnksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA nks&rhu ckj mPpkj.k djus ls 'kCn
d.BLFk gks tk,xsA
mkj fgUnh] vaxzsth vFkok ekr`Hkk"kk esa iz;qDr la[;kokph 'kCnksa esa laLo`Qr osQ
'kCnksa ls feyrh&tqyrh ofu <w<+us dk iz;kl djsa_ vkuUn vk,xk vkSj
Lej.k Hkh gks tk,xk_ ;Fkk ip ikp] v"V vkB vkfnA
S- ()

57

fyf[kre~
1- fp=k ns[ksa] oLrqvksa@O;fDr;ksa dh fxurh djosQ laLo`Qr 'kCnksa esa fy[ksaA

mkj
"kV~ (dyek%)]

pRokj% (Nk=kk%)]

=k;% (ga lk%)]

v"V (dUnqdk%)]
,d% (v;kid%)A
2- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>salkeus uhys ja x dk la osQr] vr% ^uhy%*
'kCn fjDr LFkku esa vk;k gSA
mkj 1- gfjr% (gjk)
3- jDr% (yky)
5- ".k% (dkyk)
+
2- 'osr% (lIksQn)
4- ihr% (ihyk)
mnkgj.k lfgr lHkh okD;ksa dk mPpkj.k djsa_ o.kZokph 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx
dh vksj ;ku nsaA
voks;e~o.kZokph 'kCn Hkh fo'ks"k.k gksrs gSa] vr% fo'ks";&in ls rkyesy
jgrk gSA bl vH;kl esa lHkh fo'ks";&in iqYyx ,dopu gksus osQ
dkj.k] o.kZokph 'kCn Hkh iqYyx ,dopu gS_ ;Fkkvkdk'k% uhy% vfLrA
3- ,d ls nl rd la[;kokph 'kCnksa dh iqujko`fk dj ysaA fjDr LFkku
iwfrZ ljyrk ls gks tk,xhA
mkj 1- ip
2- lIr
3- uo
4- n'k
5- v"VA

ikBla xre~ ijh{k.ke~

iz'ukskjoqQN mnkgj.k
1. 1- i=kL; o.kZ% d%\ gfjr% vFkok i=kL; o.kZ% gfjr%A
2- galL; o.kZ% d%\ 'osr% vFkok galL; o.kZ% 'osr%A
3- dkdL; o.kZ% d%\ ".k% vFkok dkdL; o.kZ% ".k%A
2. Nk=k NksVs cM+s lewg (nl vFkok nl ls de la[;k esa) cuk dj fxurh dk
vH;kl djsa lewg esa izR;sd Nk=k dks x.kuk dk volj miyC/ djk,A
58

S- ()

ikBk% 13&15 iqujko`fk%

bu ikBksa dk iquokZpu dj ysaA mkj nsuk ljy gks tk,xkA
1- etw"kk esa fn, x, loZuke 'kCnksa dks le> ysa
,dopu ,rr~ (uiqaldfYakx) ,"k% (iqfYayx) (;g)
cgqopu ,rkfu (uiqaldfYakx) ,rs (iqfYayx) (;s)
laKkin osQ yx o opu dks igpkurs gq, mfpr loZuke 'kCn (;gk
fo'ks"k.k osQ :i esa) dk iz;ksx djsaA
mkj 1- ,rr~ D;ksafd ^m|kue~*uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu gSA
2- ,"k% ^vkezo`{k%*iqYyx] ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kA
3- ,rr~ ^vkeze~* 'kCn uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kA
4- ,rkfu ^vkezkf.k*uiqaldfYakx] cgqopu gksus osQ dkj.kA
5- ,rs ^o`{kk%* iqfYayx] cgqopu 'kCn osQ lkFkA
6- ,rr~ ^fde~* uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu osQ lkFkA
2- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saes?k (ckny) vkdk'k esa gksrs gSa] vr% 'kq
fodYi^vkdk'ks*A
fjDr LFkku NksM+dj okD; i<sa+] vk'k; le>dj dks"Bd esa ls 'kq fodYi
pqusaA
mkj 1- x`gs (?kj esa) D;ksafd okD; esa ^tuk% olfUr* (yksx jgrs gSa)A
2- o`{ks (isM+ ij) D;ksafd okD; esa ^uhM%* (?kksalyk) vk;k gSA
3- jDre~ (yky) D;ksafd okD; esa ^deye~ (dey) 'kCn gSA
4- o`Q".k% (dkyh) D;ksafd ^fid%* (dks;y) dk mYys[k gSA
5- gfjr% (iqfYayx) ^o`{k%* iqYyx 'kCn dk fo'ks"k.k iqYyx esaA
(gfjre~uiqaldfYakx)
3- la[;kokph 'kCnksa dh iqujko`fk djosQ mkj fy[ksaA orZuh dh vksj
;ku nsaA
mkj 2- }kS
3- =k;%
4- pRokj%
5- ip
6- "kV~
7- lIr
8- v"V
9- uo
10- n'kA
4- fjDr LFkku NksM+dj okD; i<+sa] vk'k; le>sa] fiQj dks"Bd esa fn,
x, inksa dk okpu djsaA izlaxkuqlkj mfpr fodYi pqudj okD;
iwjk djsaA mnkgj.k ns[ksa^iq"ikf.k* mfpr] D;ksafd ^ fodlfUr*
f;kin cgqopu gSA
S- ()

59

mkj 1- iqLrde~ dkj.k ^irfr* f;kin ,dopuA

2- i=ks
dkj.k ^irr%* f;kin f}opuA
3- pe~ dkj.k ^pyfr* f;kin ,dopuA
4- deykfu dkj.k ^lfUr* f;kin cgqopuA
5- x`ge~
dkj.k ^vfLr* f;kin ,dopuA
fjDr LFkku iwfrZ osQ mijkUr okD;ksa dk okpu djsaA
5- (d) mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sackb vksj osQ okD; i<sa+] vk'k; le>saA
ftl fozQ;k dk ogk o.kZu gks jgk gS] og fozQ;k tgk gksrh gS]
mldk uke lkeus fjDr LFkku esa fy[ksaA lqfokk osQ fy, loZuke
,"k%@,rr~ ns fn, x, gSa] blls vuqeku yxk ysa fd 'kCn iqYyx
gS vFkok uiqaldyxA
mkj 1- ozQhMk{ks=ke~ ([ksy dk eSnku) D;ksafd okD; esa ckydksa osQ ;gk
[ksyus dk mYys[k gSA
2- uhM% (?kksalyk)
D;ksafd ;gk i{kh jgrs gSaA
3- fo|ky;% (LowQy)
D;ksafd ;gk Nk=k i<+rs gSaA
4- rj.krky% (rSjus dk rkykc) D;ksafd ;gk ge rSjrs gSaA
5- x`ge~ (?kj)
D;ksafd ;gk eSa jgrk gwA
([k) mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sa[k.M (d) esa mnkgj.k okD; esa
^ikni%* 'kCn vk;k gSA (,"k% ikni%) ^esa@ij* osQ vFkZ esa ^iknis*
'kCn dk iz;ksx 'ks"k okD; osQ lkFk gqvk gS_ ;Fkkiknis (ikSks ij)
iq"ikf.k fodlfUrA
blh izdkj [k.M (d) ls laoQs r ysdj] 'kCn esa lIreh foHkfDr (,dopu)
yxkdj izR;sd okD; dks iwjk djsaA
mkj 1- ozQhMk{ks=ks -----------------------A ([ksy osQ eSnku esa)
2- [kxk% uhMs -----------------------A (?kksalys esa)
3- ckydk% fo|ky;s -----------------------A (LowQy esa)
4- o;e~ rj.krkys -----------------------A (rj.krky esa)
5- vge~ x`gs -----------------------A (?kj esa)
okD;ksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA izR;sd in ij ;ku nsaA lIreh foHkfDr dk
iz;ksx le>sa vkSj ;kn j[ksaA
;kn jgsLi"V vkSj 'kq mPpkj.k djus ls Hkk"kk&iz;ksx vrho ljy
yxsxkA
60

S- ()

16

ee 'kjhje~

fga nh vuqokn (esjk 'kjhj)

;g 'kjhj gSA
;g gkFk gSA
;g eq[k gSA
;g ukd gSSA
ge eq[k ls cksyrs gSaA

;g iSj gSA
;g dku gSA
ge (nks) dkuksa ls lqurs gSAa

;g mxyh gSA

gkFk esa ikp mxfy;k gSaA

ikp vkSj ikp nl gksrs gSaA

esjs nks gkFk gSaA

esjh nl mxfy;k gSaA

;g vk[k gSA

ge (nks) vk[kksa ls ns[krs gSaA ;g flj gSA

flj ij cky gSaA

eSa (nks) gkFkksa ls ueLdkj djrk gwA

yksx (nks) gkFkksa ls ueLdkj djrs gSaA

esjs nks iSj gSaA

eSa (nks) iSjksa ls pyrk gwA

gkFkh osQ pkj iSj gksrs gSaA

gkFkh iSjksa (nks ls vf/d) ls pyrk gSA
ge nks iSjksa ls pyrs gSaA
dey yky gSA

mkjkf.k
'kh"kZd dk mPpkj.k djsaA Li"V mPpkj.k ls 'kq iz;ksx lgt gks tk,xkA

ekSf[kde~
ikB dk okpu ;kuiwoZd djsaA ;ku nsa'kjhj osQ vaxksa osQ uke oqQN
iqfYa yx] oqQN L=khfyax rFkk oqQN uiqaldfyax 'kCn gSaA rnuqlkj izR;sd osQ
lkFk yxs loZuke esa :ikUrj vk;k gS_ ;Fkk,"k% gLr%] ,rr~ eq[ke~ vkfnA

S- ()

61

fyf[kre~
1- etw"kk esa fn, x, loZuke ns[ksalc dk vFkZ gS^;g*] fdUrq
^ ,"k%* iqfYayx] ^,"kk* L=khfYakx vkSj ^,rr~* uiqaldfYakx loZuke gSA
mnkgj.k ns[ksa^eq[ke~* uiqaldfYakx gksus osQ dkj.k ^,rr~* dk iz;ksxA
mkj 1- ,"k% ^gLr%* iqYyx 'kCn gksus osQ dkj.kA
2- ,rr~ ^'kjhje~* uiqaldfYakx 'kCn gksus osQ lkFkA
3- ,"k% ^ikn%* iqfYayx 'kCnA
4- ,rr~ ^us=ke~* uiqaldfYakx 'kCnA
5- ,"k% ^d.kZ%* uiqaldfYa kx 'kCnA
6- ,"kk ^ukfldk* L=khfYa kx 'kCnA
7- ,rr~ ^eLrde~*uiqaldfYa kx 'kCnA
2- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA ijLij esy djrs le; mPpkj.k djsaA
mkj mnkgj.ke~

1- ,"kk ukfldk

2- ,rr~ us=ke~

3- ,"k% ikn%

4- ,"k% d.kZ%
3- etw"kk esa fn, 'kCnksa dks i<sa+] vFkZ le>saA fp=k ns[kdj mfpr in
pqudj okD;iwfrZ djsaA
?
U
62

S- ()

mnkgj.k ns[ks
a fp=k esa ,d ckyd py jgk gS] okD; esa fozQ;kin ^pykfe*
vk;k gS] vr% fjDr LFkku esa ^iknkH;ke~* (nks iSjksa ls) mfpr fodYiA
mkj 1- us=kkH;ke~ (nks vk[kksa ls) okD; esa ^i';kfe* (ns[krk gw) fozQ;kinA
2- iknS% (iSjksa ls)
okD; esa ^xt% ------- pyfr* (gkFkh pyrk
gS) D;ksafd gkFkh pkj iSjksa ls pyrk gS]
blfy, iknS%cgqopu iz;ksx mfprA
3- gLrkH;ke~ (nks gkFkksa ls) fozQ;kin ^uekfe*(ueLdkj djrk gw)
gksus osQ dkj.kA
4- eq[ksu
okD; esa ^onkfe* (cksyrk gw ) f;kin gSA
5- d.kkZH;ke~
okD; esa vkd.kZ;kfe (lqurk gw) f;kin
gSA dku nks gksus osQ dkj.k f}opu dk
iz;ksx mfprA
4- etw"kk esa vk, fozQ;kin osQ vFkZ le>sa
vfLr (,dopu)gS] (is)A lfUr (cgqopu)gSa] (are)A
okD;ksa esa dkkZin dk opu igpkus]a rnuqlkj fozQ;kin fjDr LFkku esa HkjsAa
mnkgj.k ns[ks
a dkkZ ^o`{k%*,dopu] vr% ^vfLr*,dopufozQ;kin
dk iz;ksxA
mkj 1- lfUr D;ksafd dkkZ^o`{kk%* cgqopuA
2- vfLr D;ksafd ^oL=ke~* ,dopu dk dkkZinA
3- lfUr ^v.Mkfu*cgqopu gksus osQ dkj.kA
4- lfUr ^v~ xqY;%*cgqopu gksus osQ dkj.kA
5- vfLr ^eq[ke~* ,dopu dk dkkZinA

ikBla xre~ ijh{k.ke~

1. 1232. 123-

,"k% ee gLr%A ,rkS ee gLrkSA

,"k% ee ikn%A ,rkS ee iknkSA
,"k% ee d.kZ%A ,rkS ee d.kkSZ bR;kfnA
Roe~ dFka uefl\ vge~ gLrkH;ke~ uekfeA
Roa dFka pyfl\ vga iknkH;ke~ pykfeA
xt% dFka pyfr\ xt% iknS% pyfrA

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63

17

ee ns 'k%

fga nh vuqokn (esjk ns'k)

Hkkjro"kZ esjk ns'k gSA
eSa Hkkjro"kZ esa jgrk gwA
;g ns'k esjh tUeHkwfe gSA
eSa Hkkjrh; gwA Hkkjro"kZ eq>s fiz; gSA
ohj HkDr flag (Hkxrflag) egku
ns'kHkDr FkkA
ohj lSfud ns'k dh j{kk djrs gSaA
ns'k osQ fgr osQ fy, os izk.k&R;kx
djrs gSaA
os ns'kHkDr gSaA

vktdy@vc esjk ns'k LorU=k@vkkkn gSA

;gk x.krU=k dk jkT; gSA
vkt x.krU=k&fnol gSA
x.krU=k&fnol ij mRlo gksrk gSA
eSa jk"Vh; >.Ms dks iz.kke@lyke djrk gwA
vkSj jk"Vxhr xkrk gwA
esjk ns'k egku gSA
ns'k esa Kku&foKku osQ {ks=k esa fodkl gks
jgk gSA
hMk osQ {ks=k esa mUufr gks jgh gSA
lfpu rsUnwydj fo'o&izfl fosQV
f[kykM+ h gSaA

mkjkf.k
ekSf[kde~
mPpkj.k djsaA ;ku nsaA ;gk fn, x, lHkh 'kCn fga nh Hkk"kk esa rRle :i esa
iz;ksx esa yk, tkrs gSaA foHkfDr vkfn osQ dkj.k la Lr esa :ikUrj vkrk gSA

fyf[kre~
1- etw"kk esa vk, fozQ;kin (/krq vl~ osQ :i) ns[ksa
vfLrizFke iq#"k] ,dopu] vfLemke iq#"k] ,dopu] vfle;e
iq#"k] ,dopuA
mkj (d) mnkgj.k ns[ksa ^vfLr* dk iz;ksx D;ksafd dkkZ ^l%*A
1- vfl
^Roe~* osQ ;ksx esaA
2- vfLe
vge~ osQ ;ksx esaA
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([k)

1- vfLr
dkkZ^l%* gksus osQ dkj.kA
2- vfl
dkkZ^Roe~* gksus osQ dkj.kA
3- vfLe
dkkZvge~ gksus osQ dkj.kA
fjDr LFkku iwfrZ djosQ okD;ksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA
2- ikB dk okpu&iquokZpu ;ku ls djsaA dks"Bd esa ls ikBkuqlkj
mfpr fodYi pqudj okD; iwjs djsaA
mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA izR;sd okD; dk okpu djsaA
mkj 1- LorU=k%
2- tUeHkwfe%
3- Hkkjrh;%
4- Hkkjro"kZ%
5- ns'k%A
3- mnkgj.k ns[ksa^jk"Vxhre~* 'kq :i_ okD; dk deZ] f}rh;k foHkfDr esaA
mkj 1- ns'kHkDr%
^HkDrflag%* izFkek] ,dopu esa gksus osQ dkj.kA
2- jk"Vote~
^uekfe* f;kin dk deZ gksus osQ oQkj.kA
3- LorU=k%
^ns'k%* dk fo'ks"k.k gksus osQ dkj.kleku :iA
4- ns'ks
(ns'k esa)
5- x.krU=k&fnols (x.krU=k fnol ij)
4- etw"kk esa vk, 'kCnksa dks i<sa+ vkSj vFkZ le>saA
mkj laokn dks i<sa+] okD;ksa dk vk'k; le>dj mfpr in pqusa vkSj okD;
iwjs djsaA
Nk=k% igys okD; esa vk, d% (dkSu) osQ mkj esaA
Roe~
fozQ;kin ^djksf"k* (e;e iq#"k ,dopu) osQ lkFk mfpr
dkkZinA
iqLrde~ fozQ;kin^iBkfe* dk deZA (object in the sentence)
iBfl dkkZ^Roe~* gksus osQ dkj.kA
iBkfe dkkZ^vge~* gksus osQ dkj.kA

ikBla xre~ ijh{k.ke~

1- vH;kl&laoknoqQN mnkgj.k
(d) izFke% Roa d% vfl\
f}rh;k vga hMd% vfLeA
izFke% Roa foa Q djksf"k\
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65

f}rh;k vga [ksykfeA

izFke% Roa foa Q [ksyfl\ vFkok Roa oaQ [ksya [ksyfl\
f}rh;k vga fosQV~&[ksye~@ikndUnqd&[ksye~@Vsful&[ksye~ [ksykfeA
([k) Roa oQ% vfl\
(x) Roa d% vfl\
vga pkyd% vfLeA
vga lSfud% vfLeA
Roa foa Q djksf"k\
Roa foa Q djksf"k\
vga pky;kfeA
vga j{kkfeA
Roa foa Q pky;fl\
Roa foa Q@de~ j{kfl\
vga ok;q;kue~ @ cl;kue~ pky;kfeA
vga ns'ke~ j{kkfeA
2- jkxhr dh jpuk cafdepU pVthZ us dh FkhA bldk izFke i|
laLr Hkk"kk esa gSA

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18

ee xzke%

fga nh vuqokn (esjk xk o)

lqjs'k
jkts'k
lqjs'k
jkts'k
lqjs'k
jkts'k

lqjs'k
jkts'k
lqjs'k
jkts'k
lqjs'k
jkts'k
lqjs'k
jkts'k
lqjs'k

jkts'k

fe=k] rqe dgk jgrs gks\

eSa gksLVy esa jgrk gwA
rqEgkjk ?kj dgk gS\
esjk ?kj xko esa gSA esjk xko nwj gSA
rqEgkjs ifjokj esa dkSu&dkSu gSa\
ifjokj esa esjh ekrk] firk] cM+k HkkbZ vkSj NksVh cgu gSaA nknk] nknh vkSj
pkpk Hkh ifjokj osQ lnL; gSaA lc ,d lkFk jgrs gSaA
vPNk] la;qDr&ifjokj gSA rqEgkjs firk D;k dke djrs gSa\
og fdlku gSaA [ksrh dk dke djrs gSaA og [ksr esa gy pykrs gSaA muosQ
ikl nks cSy gSaA rqEgkjs firk D;k dke djrs gSa\
og MkWDVj gSa] vLirky esa dke djrs gSaA ek LowQy esa Vhpj gSaA og
laLr i<+krh gSaA
esjh ek ?kj esa lc dke djrh gSaA og oqQ, ls ikuh ykrh gSA xko esa
thou dfBu gSA 'kgj esa lc oqQN vklkuh ls feyrk gSA
lpeqpA fdUrq 'kgj esa iznw"k.k cgqr ;knk gksrk gSA xko esa okrkoj.k
LoPN gksrk gSA rqe xko esa D;ksa ugha i<+rs\
esjs xko esa LowQy ugha gSA blfy, eSa i<+us osQ fy, ;gk vk;k gwA
D;k rqEgkjs xko esa vLirky gS\
esjs xko esa u LowQy gS] u vLirkyA ,d efUnj gSA
esjs ekek xko esa jgrs gSaA ogk LowQy gS] vkSj vLirky HkhA ,d cSad
Hkh gSA
vk'kk gS] esjs xko esa Hkh fodkl gks tk,xkA

mkjkf.k
ekSf[kde~
mPpkj.k djsa vkSj ;ku nsaA buesa ls vf/dre 'kCn fganh Hkk"kk esa iz;qDr
gksrs gSaA bl n`f"Vdks.k dks viukdj viuh laLr dh Hkk"kk&{kerk c<+k,A
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67

fyf[kre~
1- ikB dk okpu ;kuiwoZd dj ysa vkSj ikBxr rF;ksa osQ vk/kj ij
mkj nsaA mnkgj.k ns[ksadFku v'kq gS] D;ksafd ikB osQ vuqlkj
jkts'k uxj esa i<+rk gSA blh izdkj vU; dFkuksa dks ns[ksaA
mkj 1- 'kqe~ 2- v'kqe~ 3- v'kqe~ 4- v'kqe~ 5- v'kqe~A
2- ikB dh dFkkoLrq osQ vk/kj ij 'kq fodYi pqusa vkSj mkj fy[ksaA
orZuh dh vksj fo'ks"k ;ku nsaA mnkgj.k ns[ksaA mkj fy[kus ls igys
ikB dk iquokZpu dj ysa] ftlls mkj esa =kqfV u gksA
mkj 1- jkts'k% lqjs'kL; fe=ke~A
2- jkts'kL; xzke% nwjs vfLrA
3- l% iBuk; Nk=kkokls olfrA
4- uxjs iznw"k.ke~ vR;f/de~A
5- jkts'k% iBuk; Nk=kkokls olfrA
3- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA ikBkuqlkj 'kq fodYi pqusaA
mkj 1- gysu 2- dfBue~ 3- "kd% 4- xzkes 5- x`g&dk;Ze~A
4- ge lh[k pqosQ gSaf;kin dk :i dkkZ osQ iqjQ"k o opu osQ vuqlkj
gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sa;gk dkkZ osQ opu ifjorZu osQ
dkj.k f;kin esa Hkh :ikUrj vk;k gSA vH;klkFkZ fn, x, okD;ksa dks
;ku ls i<+dj] funs'Z kkuqlkj ifjorZu dj] okD; iwjs djsAa ;ku jgsdkkZin
cnyus ij osQoy f;kin esa ifjorZu vkrk gS] okD; osQ vU; inksa
esa ughaA
mkj 1- ------------- u lfUrA
2- ------------- uxja xPNfrA
3- ------------- Nk=kkokls olflA
4- ------------- {ks=ka d"kkZfeA
5- ------------- owQikr~ tye~ vku;fUrA

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ikBla xre~ ijh{k.ke~

oqQN mnkgj.k
1- "kd% gysu {ks=ka d"kZfrA
2- "kd% {ks=ks chtkfu oifrA
3- "kd% tysu {ks=ka flpfrA
4- efgyk% owQikr~ tye~ vku;fUrA
5- xzkes ,d% fo|ky;%@fpfdRlky;%@fokdks"k% vfLrA
Nk=k fn, x, okD;ksa osQ vuqlkj fp=kksa dks ,df=kr djosQ viuh lfpdk
esa yxk,A

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69

ikBk% 16&18 iqujko`fk%

bu ikBksa dk iquokZpu dj ysaA 'kCn osQ :i o iz;ksx ij ;ku nsaA ckj&ckj
okpu djus ls 'kq iz;ksx Lor% gh gksus yxsxkA
Lej.k jgsfu;e vFkok flkUr lkekU;&cks/ osQ fy, fn, x, gSaA 'kq iz;ksx
dk vH;kl vf/d ego j[krk gSA
1- etw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dk okpu djsaA ;s 'kCn ikBksa esa vk, gSa]
vr% vFkZ le>us esa dfBukbZ ugha gksxhA
mkj 1- gLrkH;ke~ (nks gkFkksa ls) ^uekfe* (ueLdkj djrk gw) osQ dkj.kA
2- ekxsZ (ekxZ ij)
^pykfe* (pyrk gw)f;kin osQ lkFk
mfprA
3- us=kkH;ke~ (nks vk[kksa ls) ^i';kfe* (ns[krk gw)osQ dkj.kA
4- gLrs (,d gkFk esa)
okD; esa 'ks"k iz;ksx (ikp mxfy;k) osQ
dkj.kA
5- gLrkS (nks gkFk)
(^gLr* dk f}opu :i tSls ^ckyd*
'kCn esa f}opu esa ckydkS)^}kS* osQ
dkj.kA
6- jk"Vxkue~
^xk;kfe* (xkrk gw)dk deZA (object
in the sentence)

mkj 2- 1- "kd% {ks=ks dk; djksfrA (^d%* osQ mkj esa ^"kd%* 'kq D;ksafd
'ks"k okD; ^{ks=ks dk; djksfr*[ksr esa dke
djrk gSA)
2- fpfdRld% fpfdRlky;s dk; djksfrA
3- jkts'k% iBuk; uxje~ xPNfrA
4- iznw"k.ke~ xzkes vR;f/oaQ u vfLrA
5- jkts'kL; ekrk owQikr~ tye~ vku;frA
;ku nsalHkh mkj ikBk/kfjr gSaA mkj fy[krs le; orZuh dh vksj
;ku nsaA
uksV djsaiz'u esa ja xhu in osQ vk/kj ij dks"Bd ls 'kq fodYi pquuk
gSA mlosQ vfrfjDr mkj esa 'ks"k lHkh in iz'u ls gh fy, x, gSaA
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3- etw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCn i<+saA fjDr LFkku NksM+dj laokn ;ku ls
i<+sa] vk'k; le>sa vkSj izlaxkuqlkj mfpr in pqudj laokn iwjk djsaA
mkj (d) vfl
dkkZ ^Roe~* gksus osQ dkj.kA
lSfud%
vge~ osQ lkFk izFkek&foHkfDr inA
(tSlsfiNys ikBksa esavge~ Nk=k%@
fid%@fla g% vfLe)
j{kkfe (j{kk djrk gw) ^vge~* osQ ;ksx es]a iwoZ iz'u osQ mkj esAa
ns'ke~* (ns'k dks)
^j{kkfe* f;kin dk deZA
([k) vfLr
dkkZ ^l%* gksus osQ dkj.kA
"kd%
iz'u esa vk, ^d%* osQ mkj esaA
f"k&dk;
iz'u ^fde~ djksfr* osQ mkj esaA
gysu
iz'u esa vk, ^osQu* osQ mkj esaA

*(fgUnh Hkk"kk esa^eSa ns'k dh j{kk djrk gwokD; esa ijlxZ ^dh* vkus ls Hkzfer u gksa] vkaXy Hkk"kk esa
I protect the country okD; esa ns'k (country)Li"Vr% deZ (object) osQ LFkku esa gSA laLr esa 'kq
iz;ksx lh[kus osQ fy, fgUnh esa iz;qDr] osQoy ijlxZ ij fuHkZj u gksaA ml 'kCn dk okD; esa D;k LFkku
gS;g tku ysaA ;Fkkl% bZ'oja (deZ) HktfrA (og bZ'oj dk Hktu djrk gS) bl fo"k; esa vkSj vfkd
cksk vxyh d{kkvksa esa djk;k tk,xkA

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