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    6 views13 pages

    Phy294h1s - 2014 - Quantum and Thermal Physics

    Uploaded by

    Joseph Sebastian
    Thermal Physics

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Family Name (Please print) Given Name(s) ‘Student Number UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FINAL EXAMINATIONS—APRIL 2014 Duration — 2.5 hours PHY 294H1S — QUANTUM AND THERMAL PHYSICS Calculator Type: 2 (non-programmable calculator) Exam Type: B (Closed book examination) Examiners: R. Marjoribanks, B. Wilson Before starting, please print your name and student number at the top of this page, on the Scantron sheet and on the test booklet. Also, fill in the bubbles on the Scantron sheet corresponding to your student number. + This examination has five questions; the value of each question is shown in the left margin, e.g., [15]. An- swer all questions. «© For the multiple choice question, please use only the Scantron sheet ‘Answers to all other questions must be written on the ruled side in the examination booklet; use the unruled side for rough work only, which will not be graded. ‘# The questions may be answered in any order. It is your responsibility to indicate clearly the question and part number for each of your answers © Do not separate the three stapled sheets of this question paper. # Al the end of the examination, put the question paper and Scantron sheet inside your answer booklet before handing it to the invigilator. « Please remain seated until ALL examination papers have been collected and counted and the class is released. Good luck! Possibly useful equations Speed of ight © = 3.00 x 108 mvs Mass of electron me = 9.11 x 10-8 kg = 511 keVic? Elementary charge e = 1.602 x 107°C Mass of proton mp = 1.67 x 10-27 kg = 939MeVic? Coulomb constant ke = 8.99 x 10° Jm/C2 Planck's constant h = 6.626 x 10-4 Js = 4.14 x 1078 he = 1.240keV nm N= h/ow Boltzmann constant kg = 1.381 x 10723) /K eV = 1.602 107195 eVeomesponds to T = 11,600 ee P x 2 Srye,1) + UU a Fm ED + UE He) = HVE) = hw) Vu(r) = V(r, thee = cos(k-r— cit) + i sin(k-7 — at) = elk root) = er Fait Walr,t) = valrye™**/™ — forany U(r) I, joopar = [sa sce flee etn (pea) -asese mea? We! (x,t) (neven) -asra 2 entEat/n - (Viet Seth ocest L © 2m Bm? [%m{E— Uo) 1BiP Apel? 4 Byewibe jy = (E > Up = constant) Fo AP (2) = fe 4 2m beth Ad? sr nt ky = B < Uy = constant = Ape + Boe ky Vi (E (A) = YO 1B? ax, z ries (1-72) ex {—2yRni05= BY/n} ‘Observable | Operator | Eigenfunction Baca AA = JR - TP Position [ar —r0) | a, = 224 We), Momentum: prin Energy [ina a Jono = 1K 2? = }nu?s? Uswo = 5 3 1 ap ( ws) = ae vals) = (FY (net my? +n) ‘ reo) hi? met =186eV yg a (ina U(z) = Ulzo) + Zatvca) (eo 20 B= - 7 = * ~ Deareg) PH? ni? me page 2 of 7 [= V&EFIA €=0,1,2, nok Om (9) = Lz = mh — me =0, 41, 42, ..., 4 z= Re® = Reosd+iRsind =a+ib a= Reosd Ra@sv b= Reino 6 = tan“"(b/a) sind fe cos(az)dz = cea) zsinlet) 4 ¢ a(N,3) © g(N,0) exp {-2s?/N} o(U) = 09 — U? /2m? BN, o(s) = log g(N,0) — 257/N where 29 = log (N0) (N+n-D! g(N,n) = Wor log N'~ NlogN —N Nhu (NU) = Zatm Uadotnesd = 09) alteiyat 3a.) (2) _ dy = (28) gat 9, (2%) dee where dth + a2 = 0 ~ (on), Cai), ~ Cae) ~ 2 \2) 5, Ui In, Wr Iv, log g(N.U) Bn\ _ (der a Bi)y, ~ \2) v5 1L_ (ae fundamenta: + = (2% ie, r= he? ndamenta + (i), . x eB exp(q)-1 15 we a fis 2, 5) = = ()tw= . (9) = Spleyy = OO rrr -75) ao Me 2 '= Gata "OV =e B= MM Ba rlogZ 2 = exp(-F/2) Ples) = sels) = exp{(F~&4)/7] aU = 7do — pa + pan au) av ao o=~ (Gr), +*(), Vv ak 8 GORE U(oV,N) F(r,V,N) z) Be (2 en (ris indep. variable) oF (ar), -P (2 n= (& IE ON (8). ON, page 3 0f7 fs} 1. Definitions and terms — Define cach of the following terms or concepts. as used in this course, in one or two sentences written in your test booklet. Then give the significance or importance as well, and provide equations if immediately relevant a) degeneracy, in quantum mechanics b) fundamental assumption of thermal physics ° ibbs sum. in thermal physics 2. Multiple Choice — In each part below, select the best single choice, and mark your answers on the accompanying multiple-choice sheet by filling in the bubbles. No explanations are required; part- marks may be awarded for partially correct answers. All parts (i)-(viii) below have equal weight. i) Anelectron in an unknown potential U(x) has the one-dimensional wavefunction w0x) drawn at right. Take L= 10.nm. How does U/x) change, going from the region x<0100 iii) Given 1000 spins that can be ‘up’ or ‘down’, and a very high temperature T+ ©, what is the probability that 600 are up and 400 are down? sx10" 0.40 0.60 10" 00 none of A-E given are correct mmoam> (Question #2 continues...) page 4 of 7 iv) An electron in an unknown potential fz U(x) has the -—_ one-dimensional Ve AN ii ThA A wavefunction ya) drawn at right: Which in | hi Ay figure below best approximates the ¥) O THA —— potential U(x) which leads to. this z yyy {| VATFELY ‘wavefunction? ~E 0 x L A = ie B Ulx) Ulex) ic lx) Ux) | F. None of A-E, v) If the absorptivity a and emissivity ¢ of the Earth were both half of what they really are (ie., 0.375 rather than 0.75), the average temperature of our sun-warmed planet would be: about twice its present value of 280 K about 16 times 280 K the same as now, 280 K about half its present value, or 140 K about 1/16th of its present value, or 17.5 K none of A-E given are correct amoOR> (Question #2 continues...) page 5 of 7 (20) ‘The following questions refer to the graph at right here: vi) a plot of a: Fermi-Dirac distribution Classical regime distribution of probabilities for two states in H Bose-Einstein distribution heat capacity of electromagnetic radiation density of states for NV quantum-mechanical simple harmonic oscillators (QM-SHO) vii) In the graph, the feature marked ‘A’ is associated with, or the result of: A. the ultraviolet catastrophe B. the way we count electromagnetic modes C. the partition function of quanturn-mechanical simple harmonic oscillators Bose condensation the Ideal Gas equation the Pauli Exclusion Principle mio viii) In the graph, the feature marked “B’ is associated with, or the result of: ‘A. the thermal average energy of all orbitals B. the zero-temperature cutoff of occupation of states C. the onset of the classical regime D. the median energy of quantum-mechanical simple harmonic oscillators at zero temperature E. the temperature at which the two lowest-energy orbitals are equally likely to be occupied F. the highest energy for which Planck's constant is important in finding the heat capacity 3. ‘Half-infinite’ Well — Consider the potential = function U(x) defined below and illustrated at right: © xs0 U(x)=40 O. Use it to derive the thermal-average energy of a single EM mode. b) Consider the normal modes for an EM mode of a cubic box with perfectly conducting walls. You may assume the form L (i sna 262 (82) 222) ( Ee=E,, snoren(” a (my 1 \ nny £, sinonsin{ 2a Use this to find an approximation for the number of modes having a frequency lying between w and corde, valid for large values of ©. ©) Combine the results of (a) and (b) to find the total energy U of EM modes in the box in equilibrium at temperature 1, and from that the Stefan-Boltzman radiation law for the energy density UIV of EM modes in the box. (END OF QUESTIONS) [100] TOTAL MARKS page 7 of 7 UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FINAL EXAMINATION, APRIL 2014 PHY335S - INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM MECHANICS Examiner: Willy Wong Exam type: A (Non-programmable calculator only) Duration: 2.5 hours Answer all questions. Total value of the exam is 100 marks. A collection of useful results can be found at the back the exam Question #1 Schrédinger's Equation The radial portion of the 3D Schrédinger’s equation for a spherically-symmetric potential V = V(r) is given by Bd (8) [res where A(r) is the radial wave function. Q) A. [2 marks] In Bq. (1) there is an additional ‘potential’ of the form h?1(I+1)/2mr*. Why does it appear in the equation? (J am looking for a short, 7-10 word answer. If you forgot the name, just describe the circumstances under which this potential arises.) B. [2 marks] Which quantum operator has the eigenvalue f?1( + 1)? C, [8 marks} Show that a change of variables u(r) = rii(r) leads to the equation Earl )ee [ror + a ul = Bu(r) 2) 2m dre D. {6 marks] From this point onwards, we will consider the case where | = 0. For the infinite well problem oo forr>a vine {2 forOsrsa solve for u(r) from Eq. (2). Use k= VImE/h to simplify the math and remember to set 1 = 0. Finally, don’t forget to write your solution in terms of R(r) = u(r)/r E. [2 marks] The potential provides one boundary condition at r = a. For r = 0 we need a different constraint. What property of the wave function will lead to the boundary condition R(0) = 0? F. [6 marks} Use the boundary conditions from Part E to determine the unknown co- efficients of your solution in Part D. You do not, however, need to normalize your wave function. There should be one unknown coefficient left in your solution. G. [3 marks} Determine the allowable energy states of the system for I = 0. Question #2 Symmetry and Indistinguishability Two identical electrons with mass m are in a one-dimensional infinite square well potential ‘The barriers are at x = 0 and x =a. Assume that the electrons do not interact with each other. For the following questions, show your work so that even if you get the wrong answer you can still be awarded part marks. A. [6 marks] Calculate the energy of the two lowest energy singlet states. B. [6 marks] Calculate the energy of the two lowest energy triplet states, Question #3 Miscellany A. [6 marks] The exchange operator £12 has the following property: E,2y(m1.:t2) = (ra. t). Prove that the the eigenvalues of E12 are equal to +1. B. (6 marks] A gamma ray with energy 1 MeV is scattered off of an unknown particle which is at rest. The gamma ray is reflected directly backward with a final energy of 0.98 MeV. Using Compton scattering, calculate the rest energy of the unknown parti £. Moe, Question #4 Uncertainty Principle and Commutation A. [6 marks] Prove that the angular 1 operators Ly = ZP,— XP, and L, = XP, —Y P, do not commute. B, [6 marks} Light of a single frequency (4 x 10"* Hz) passes through a shutter that is open for 10"! seconds. Is the light that emerges still monochromatic (i.e. light of a ingle frequency)? If so, why? If not, what is the spread in frequency? Question #5 Superposition of States A particle in an infinite square-well extending between x = 0 and x =a is in a superposition of two states and has the following time-dependent wave function Wet)=4 [psn (22) 78 4 sin (=) ora] A. [8 marks] For ¢ = 0, find the normalization coefficient A. Recall that f sin? x dx = 1/2 —sin(2n)/4 + €. B, [6 marks] A measurement of the energy is made. What are the possible values of ‘energy and what are the probabilities associated with each value? From this calculate the average measured energy. C. [6 marks] Show that you will get the same answer if you instead calculate the average of the energy operator {V|E|W). Recall that E = jha/at. Question #6 Spin An electron is placed in a time-varying magnetic field B= Beos(ut)z (3) where B and w are cons A. [10 marks} Given V time-dependent Schrddinger’s equations for yy andy. B. [5 marks} At / = 0, the electron is pointing in the -+x direction. Solve the equations from Part A using the appropriate initial conditions. 42B -S and the spin state vector |y(t)} ta) derive the 8 C. [5 marks] What is the probability of finding electron in the —r direction? 3 SOME USEFUL RESULTS FUNDAMENTAL QUANTUM MECHANICS Reduced Planck's constant N= 1.05 x 10-8 Speed of light c= 3.00 x 10%m/s Blackbody energy density p= (7.56 x 107 Jm- K~4) 4 Mass of electron | me = 0.511MeV Wien’'s displacement law Apeak = (2.90 x 10-8m K) /T sav? Rayleigh-Jeans formula plv) = KT Planck formula 00) = Compton scattering formula yoM= = (1 — cos 0) Balmer spectral line series 1/A = (1.10 x 10-7) (1/m? Quantum momentum p=hk Quantum energy | P=he Photoelectric effect Emaz = hv - Ep Energy-mass equivalence B= (po) + (moe) Bohr atom energy met/32n2fin? Kinetic energy 7 /2m Wave relationships k= 2n/d, w = 2nv and ¢=u/k 1D SCHRODINGER EQUATION AND RELATED FORMULAE 1D momentum and energy operators. | P = —jhd/dr and B = jho/at Time-dependent. SE Time-independent SE Stationary state wave function Normalization Mean of observable ‘Tunnelling formula Infinite square-well wave function Infinite square-well energy SHO potential SHO wave functions for n = 0,1 SHO normalization coefficient SHO energy nee +Vp= Ey W(x, t) = o(x) exp (—jRt/h) fwwde =1 (0) = f WOWdr T= [1+ [V@/4E(Vo ~ E)] sinh?(ka)]* Unt) = y2Jasin(nzz/a) Ey = Wx?n?/2ma?,n = 1,2,3. V(x) = Ka? vols) = Goer? Ya(s) = Cr2sje*? 1) («4 V¥Fal) sn=0,1,2. (ot Bho C, 3D SCHRODINGER EQUATION AND RELATED FORMULAE, 3D Schréidinger equation 3D rect. box (dimension: a x b xc) 3D rectangular box energy Angular momentum = operator Angular momentum + operator Square angular momentum operator Position-momentum commutation Kronecker delta Radial Schrédinger equation EV v(r) + Vr) = Ever) (x,y, 2) = Asin (tex e=(#) (3+ L, = XP, — YP, and cyclic permntations sin (228) sin (as 1; otherwise 6,, Rr) + LED R(r) + Vir) R(r) = ER(r) Coloumb potential Hydrogen atom wave function (1.0,0) Hydrogen atom wave function (2,0,0) Bohr radius Quantum numbers w-ae(é)” (2- day = Amreoh je? n=1,2,3. I

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