Bài giảng cấu kiện điện tử

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI GING MN
CU KIN IN T &
QUANG IN T
Ging vin:
ThS. Trn Thc Linh
in thoi/E-mail:
0914932955/thuclinh_dt@yahoo.com
B mn:
K thut in t - Khoa K thut in t 1
Hc k/Nm bin son: 2/2009
BI GING MN
CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T
Ni dung mn hc
Chng 1- Gii thiu chung
Chng 2- Cu kin th ng
Chng 3- Vt l bn dn
Chng 4- Diode (it)
Chng 5- BJT (Transistor lng cc)
Chng 6- FET (Transistor hiu ng trng)
Chng 7- Thyristors: SCR Triac Diac - UJT
Chng 8- Cu kin quang in t
www.ptit.edu.vn
GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

B MN: K thut in t - KHOA KTT1
Trang 2
BI GING MN
Ti liu hc tp
Ti liu chnh:
Slide bi ging
Bi ging Cu kin in t v quang in t, Mnh H,
Hc vin CNBCVT, 2009-2010
Ti liu tham kho:

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Ninth edition,
Robert Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky, Prentice - Hall
International, Inc, 2006.
Linh kin bn dn v vi mch, H vn Sung, NXB GD, 2005
Gio trnh Cu kin in t v quang in t, Trn Th Cm,
Hc vin CNBCVT, 2002
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 3
BI GING MN
Yu cu mn hc
Sinh vin phi c trc cc slide bi ging trc khi ln lp
Tch cc tr li v t cu hi trn lp hoc qua email ca GV
Lm bi tp thng xuyn, np v bi tp bt c khi no Ging
vin yu cu
T thc hnh theo yu cu vi cc phn mm EDA
im mn hc:
Kim tra :
- Cu hi ngn
Chuyn cn
: 10 %
- Bi tp
Kim tra gia k: 10 %
Thi kt thc:
- L thuyt: + Trc nghim
Th nghim
: 10 %
+ Cu hi ngn
Thi kt thc
: 70 %
- Bi tp
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 4
BI GING MN
Chng 1- Gii thiu chung

1. Gii thiu chung v cu kin in t
2. Phn loi cu kin in t
3. Gii thiu v vt liu in t
4. Gii thiu cc phn mm EDA h tr mn hc
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 5
BI GING MN
1. Gii thiu chung v Cu kin in t

Cu kin in t l cc phn t linh kin ri rc, mch
tch hp (IC) to nn mch in t, h thng in t
Cu kin T ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc. Ni bt nht
l ng dng trong lnh vc in t - vin thng, CNTT
Cu kin T rt phong ph, nhiu chng loi a dng
Cng ngh ch to linh kin in t pht trin mnh m,
to ra nhng vi mch c mt rt ln (Vi x l Pentium
4: > 40 triu Transistor,)
Xu th cc cu kin in t c mt tch hp ngy
cng cao, tnh nng mnh, tc ln
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 6
BI GING MN
Vi mch v ng dng
Processors
CPU, DSP, Controllers
Memory chips
RAM, ROM, EEPROM
Analog
Thng tin di ng,
x l audio/video
Programmable
PLA, FPGA
Embedded systems
Thit b t, nh my
Network cards
System-on-chip (SoC)
www.ptit.edu.vn

nh: amazon.com
Trang 7
BI GING MN
ng dng ca linh kin in t
Chips
Sand
www.ptit.edu.vn
Chips on Silicon wafers

Trang 8
BI GING MN
Lch s pht trin cng ngh (1)

Cc cu kin bn dn nh diodes, transistors v mch tch hp
(ICs) c th tm thy khp ni trong cuc sng (Walkman, TV,
t, my git, my iu ho, my tnh,). Nhng thit b ny c
cht lng ngy cng cao vi gi thnh r hn
PCs minh ho rt r xu hng ny
Nhn t chnh em li s pht trin thnh cng ca nn cng
nghip my tnh l vic thng qua cc k thut v k nng cng
nghip tin tin ngi ta ch to c cc transistor vi kch
thc ngy cng nh gim gi thnh v cng sut
Bi hc khm ph cc c tnh bn trong ca thit b bn dn
SV hiu c mi quan h gia cu to hnh hc v cc
tham s ca vt liu; hiu c cc c tnh v in ca chng
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 9
BI GING MN

Audion (Triode)
1906, Lee De Forest
First point contact transistor

(germanium)
1947, John Bardeen and Walter
Brattain
Bell Laboratories
www.ptit.edu.vn
1883 Thomas Alva Edison (Edison Effect)

1904 John Ambrose Fleming (Fleming
Diode)
1906 Lee de Forest (Triode)
Vacuum tube devices continued to evolve
1940 Russel Ohl (PN junction)
1947 Bardeen and Brattain (Transistor)
1952 Geoffrey W. A. Dummer (IC concept)
1954 First commercial silicon transistor
1955 First field effect transistor - FET

Trang 10
BI GING MN

1958
First integrated circuit

(germanium), 1958
Jack S. Kilby, Texas
Instruments
Contained five components,
three types:
Transistors, resistors and
capacitors
www.ptit.edu.vn
1958 Jack Kilby (Integrated circuit)

1959 Planar technology invented
1960 First MOSFET fabricated
At Bell Labs by Kahng
1961 First commercial ICs
Fairchild and Texas Instruments
1962 TTL invented
1963 First PMOS IC produced by RCA
1963 CMOS invented
Frank Wanlass at Fairchild
Semiconductor
U. S. patent # 3,356,858

Trang 11
BI GING MN
c im pht trin ca mch tch hp (IC)

T l gi thnh/tnh nng ca IC gim 25% 30% mi
nm.
S chc nng, tc , hiu sut cho mi IC tng:
Kch thc wafer hp tng
Mt tch hp tng nhanh
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 12
BI GING MN

nh lut MOORE
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 13
BI GING MN
2. Phn loi cu kin in t

2.1 Phn loi da trn c tnh vt l
2.2 Phn loi da trn chc nng x l tn hiu
2.3 Phn loi theo ng dng
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 14
BI GING MN
2.1 Phn loi da trn c tnh vt l

Linh kin hot ng trn nguyn l in t v hiu ng b
mt: in tr bn dn, DIOT, BJT, JFET, MOSFET, in dung
MOS IC t mt thp n mt siu c ln UVLSI
Linh kin hot ng trn nguyn l quang in: quang tr,
Photoiot, PIN, APD, CCD, h linh kin pht quang LED, LASER,
h linh kin chuyn ho nng lng quang in nh pin mt tri,
h linh kin hin th, IC quang in t
Linh kin hot ng da trn nguyn l cm bin: h sensor
nhit, in, t, ho hc; h sensor c, p sut, quang bc x,
sinh hc v cc chng loi IC thng minh da trn c s t hp
cng ngh IC truyn thng v cng ngh ch to sensor
Linh kin hot ng da trn hiu ng lng t v hiu ng
mi: cc linh kin c ch to bng cng ngh nano c cu
trc siu nh: B nh mt in t, Transistor mt in t, ging
v dy lng t, linh kin xuyn hm mt in t,
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 15
BI GING MN
2.2 Phn loi da trn chc nng x l tn hiu
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 16
BI GING MN
2.3 Phn loi theo ng dng
Linh kin th ng: R,L,C

Linh kin tch cc: DIOT, BJT, JFET, MOSFET
Vi mch tch hp IC: IC tng t, IC s, Vi x l
Linh kin chnh lu c iu khin
Linh kin quang in t: Linh kin thu quang, pht quang
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 17
BI GING MN
3. Gii thiu v vt liu in t

3.1. Cht cch in
3.2. Cht dn in
3.3. Vt liu t
3.4. Cht bn dn (Chng 3)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 18
BI GING MN
C s vt l ca vt liu in t
L thuyt vt l cht rn
L thuyt vt l c hc lng t
L thuyt di nng lng ca cht rn
L thuyt vt l bn dn
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 19
BI GING MN
L thuyt vt l cht rn
Vt liu ch to phn ln cc linh kin in t l loi vt liu
tinh th rn
Cu trc n tinh th: trong tinh th rn nguyn t c sp
xp theo mt trt t nht nh, ch cn bit v tr v mt vi c
tnh ca mt s t nguyn t ta c th on v tr v bn cht
ha hc ca tt c cc nguyn t trong mu
mt s vt liu ngi ta nhn thy rng cc sp xp chnh
xc ca cc nguyn t ch tn ti chnh xc ti c vi nghn
nguyn t. Nhng min c trt t nh vy c ngn cch bi
b bin v dc theo b bin ny khng c trt t - cu trc a
tinh th
Tnh cht tun hon ca tinh th c nh hng quyt nh n
cc tnh cht in ca vt liu
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 20
BI GING MN
L thuyt vt l c hc lng t
Trong cu trc nguyn t, in t ch c th nm trn cc mc
nng lng gin on nht nh no - cc mc nng lng
nguyn t
Nguyn l Pauli: mi in t phi nm trn mt mc nng
lng khc nhau
Mt mc nng lng c c trng bi mt b 4 s lng t:
n s lng t chnh: 1, 2, 3, 4.
l s lng t qu o: 0, 1, 2, (n-1) {s, p, d, f, g, h}
ml s lng t t: 0, 1, 2, 3, l
ms s lng t spin: 1/2
n, l tng th mc nng lng ca nguyn t tng, e- c sp
xp lp, phn lp c nng lng nh trc
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 21
BI GING MN
S hnh thnh vng nng lng (1)

to thnh vt liu gi s c N nguyn t ging nhau xa v tn
tin li gn lin kt vi nhau:
Nu cc NT cch xa nhau n mc c th coi chng l hon ton
c lp vi nhau th v tr ca cc mc nng lng ca chng l
hon ton trng nhau (mt mc trng chp)
Khi cc NT tin li gn nhau n khong cch c Ao th chng bt
u tng tc vi nhau khng th coi chng l c lp na. Kt
qu l cc mc nng lng nguyn t khng cn trng chp na
m tch ra thnh cc mc nng lng ri rc khc nhau. VD: mc
1s s to thnh 2N mc nng lng khc nhau
Nu s lng cc NT rt ln v gn nhau th cc mc nng lng ri
rc rt gn nhau v to thnh mt vng nng lng gn nh lin
tc
S tch mt mc nng lng NT ra thnh vng nng lng rng hay
hp ph thuc vo s tng tc gia cc in t thuc cc NT khc
nhau vi nhau
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 22
BI GING MN

C
1s22s22p2
Si
14
1s22s22p63s23p2
Ge
32
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p2
Sn
50
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p2
(Si)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 23
BI GING MN

Cc vng nng lng cho php xen k nhau, gia chng l
vng cm
Cc in t trong cht rn s in y vo cc mc nng
lng trong cc vng cho php t thp n cao
Xt trn lp ngoi cng:
Vng nng lng c in y cc in t ha tr Vng ha tr
Vng nng lng trng hoc cha in y trn vng ha
tr - Vng dn
Vng khng cho php gia Vng ha tr v Vng dn Vng cm
Ty theo s phn b ca cc vng m tinh th rn c tnh cht
in khc nhau: Cht cch in, Cht dn in, Cht bn dn
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 24
BI GING MN
Cu trc vng nng lng ca vt cht

Vng E
dn
in t
E
EC
EG > 2 eV
EV
L trng
E
EC Vng
dn
EG < 2 eV
EV
EC
EG = 0
Vng
ho tr
a- Cht cch in;
b - Cht bn dn;
EV
Vng
ho
tr
c- Cht dn in
dn in ca ca vt cht cng tng theo nhit

Cht bn dn: s mt 1 in t trong vng ha tr s hnh thnh mt l trng
Cu trc vng nng lng ca kim loi khng c vng cm, di tc dng
ca in trng ngoi cc e- t do c th nhn nng lng v di chuyn ln
cc trng thi cao hn, s di chuyn ny to nn dng in
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 25
BI GING MN
Cc loi vt liu in t
Cht cch in (cht in mi)
Cht dn in
Vt liu t
Cht bn dn (Chng 3)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 26
BI GING MN

3.1 CHT CCH IN (CHT IN MI)
a. nh ngha
L cht dn in km, l cc vt cht c in tr sut cao (107
1017.m) nhit bnh thng. Cht cch in gm phn ln
cc vt liu v c cng nh hu c
Tnh cht nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca linh kin
b. Cc tnh cht ca cht in mi
b.1 thm thu in tng i (hng s in mi - )
b.2 tn hao in mi (Pa)
b.3 bn v in ca cht in mi (E.t)
b.4 Nhit chu ng
b.5 Dng in trong cht in mi (I)
b.6 in tr cch in ca cht in mi
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 27
BI GING MN

b.1 Hng s in mi
Cd
=
C0
(khng th nguyn)
Cd : in dung ca t in s dng cht in mi

C0 : in dung ca t in s dng cht in mi l chn
khng hoc khng kh
biu th kh nng phn cc ca cht in mi.
Cht in mi dng lm t in cn c hng s in mi
() ln, cn cht in mi dng lm cht dn in c nh
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 28
BI GING MN

b.2 tn hao in mi (Pa)
l cng sut in tn hao lm nng cht in mi khi t n trong
in trng, c xc nh thng qua dng in r.
Pa = U 2Ctg
Trong :
U l in p t ln t in (V)
C l in dung ca t in dng cht in mi (F)
l tn s gc (rad/s)
tg l gc tn hao in mi
Nu tn hao in mi trong t in c bn l do in tr ca cc bn
cc, dy dn v tip gip (vd: lp bc mng trong t mi ca v t gm)
th tn hao in mi s tng t l vi bnh phng ca tn s:
Pa = U22C2R
Thc t, cc t in lm vic tn s cao cn phi c cc bn cc,
dy dn v tip gip c trng bc gim in tr ca chng
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 29
BI GING MN

b3. bn v in ca cht in mi (E.t)
t mt cht in mi vo trong mt in trng, khi tng
cng in trng ln qu mt gi tr gii hn th cht
in mi mt kh nng cch in hin tng nh
thng cht in mi
Cng in trng tng ng vi im nh thng gi l
bn v in ca cht in mi (E.t)
E .t
U .t
=
d
[KV / mm; KV / cm]
U.t - in p nh thng cht in mi

d - dy ca cht in mi
Hin tng nh thng cht in mi c th do nhit, do in
v do qu trnh in ha
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 30
BI GING MN

b5. Dng in trong cht in mi (I)
Dng in chuyn dch IC.M (dng in cm ng):
c to ra do qu trnh chuyn dch phn cc ca cc in
tch lin kt trong cht in mi xy ra cho n khi t c
trng thi cn bng
Dng in r Ir : c to ra do cc in tch t do v in
t pht x ra chuyn ng di tc ng ca in trng
Nu dng r ln s lm mt tnh cht cch in ca cht in
mi
Dng in tng qua cht in mi s l: I = IC.M + Ir
Sau khi qu trnh phn cc kt thc th qua cht in mi ch
cn dng in r
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 31
BI GING MN

Phn loi v ng dng ca cht in mi
Cht in mi th ng (vt liu cch in v vt liu t in):
l cc vt cht c dng lm cht cch in v lm cht in
mi trong cc t in nh mi ca, gm, thu tinh, plyme tuyn
tnh, cao su, sn, giy, bt tng hp, keo dnh,...
Cht in mi tch cc l cc vt liu c c th iu khin
c bng:
in trng (VD: gm, thu tinh,..)
C hc (cht p in nh thch anh)
nh sng (cht hunh quang)

www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 32
BI GING MN

3.2 CHT DN IN
a. nh ngha
l vt liu c dn in cao. Tr s in tr sut ca n
(khong 10-8 10-5 m) nh hn so vi cc loi vt liu khc
Trong t nhin cht dn in c th l cht rn kim loi, cht
lng kim loi nng chy, dung dch in phn hoc cht kh
in trng cao
b. Cc tnh cht ca cht dn in
b.1 in tr sut
b.2 H s nhit ca in tr sut ()
b.3 H s dn nhit :
b.4 Cng thot ca in t trong kim loi
b.5 in th tip xc
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 33
BI GING MN

b.1 in tr sut
in tr ca vt liu trong mt n v thit din v chiu di:
=R
S
[.m] , [.mm] , [.m]
l
b.2 H s nhit ca in tr sut ()

biu th s thay i ca in tr sut khi nhit thay i 100C. Khi
nhit tng th in tr sut cng tng ln theo quy lut:
t = 0 (1 + t)
b.3 H s dn nhit : [w/ (m.K)]
l lng nhit truyn qua mt n v din tch trong mt n v thi
gian khi gradien nhit bng n v
Q=
www.ptit.edu.vn
T
St
l

Trang 34
BI GING MN

b.4 Cng thot ca in t trong kim loi:
Cng thot ca kim loi biu th nng lng ti thiu cn
cung cp cho in t ang chuyn ng nhanh nht
00K in t ny c th thot ra khi b mt kim loi.
EW = EB - EF
b.5 in th tip xc
S chnh lch th nng EAB gia im A v B c tnh
A B
theo cng thc:
VAB= EAB = EW2 - EW1
2
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 35
BI GING MN
Phn loi v ng dng ca cht dn in

Cht dn in c in tr sut thp Ag, Cu, Al, Sn,
Pb v mt s hp kim: thng dng lm vt liu dn
in
Cht dn in c in tr sut cao - Hp kim
Manganin, Constantan, Niken-Crm, Cacbon: thng
dng ch to cc dng c o in, cc in tr, bin
tr, cc dy may so, cc thit b nung nng bng in
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 36
BI GING MN

3.3 VT LIU T
a. nh ngha
Vt liu t l vt liu khi t vo trong mt t trng th
n b nhim t
b. Cc tnh cht c trng cho vt liu t
b.1 T tr v t thm
b.2 t thm tng i (r)
b.3 ng cong t ha
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 37
BI GING MN

Phn loi v ng dng ca vt liu t
Vt liu t mm c t thm cao v lc khng t nh ( ln v Hc
nh) lm li bin p, nam chm in, li cun cm
Vt liu t cng c t thm nh v lc khng t cao
Theo ng dng th vt liu t cng c 2 loi:
- Vt liu ch to nam chm vnh cu.
- Vt liu t ghi m, ghi hnh, gi m thanh, v.v..
Theo cng ngh ch to th chia vt liu t cng thnh:
- Hp kim thp c ti thnh Martenxit (l vt liu n gin v
r nht ch to nam chm vnh cu)
- Hp kim l t cng
- Nam chm t bt
- Ferit t cng: Ferit Bari (BaO.6Fe2O3) ch to nam chm
dng tn s cao
- Bng, si kim loi v khng kim loi dng ghi m thanh
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 38
BI GING MN
4. Cc phn mm EDA h tr mn hc
OrCAD: Phn tch, m phng cu kin v mch in t dng Pspice.
Ci t cc tool sau:
+ OrCAD Capture CIS
+ OrCAD Capture CIS Option
+ PSpice A/D
+ PSpice Optimizer
+ PSpice Advanced Analysis
+ SPECCTRA 6U for OrCAD
(Hng dn s dng Pspice: Tutorial on Pspice (McGill), Pspice Tutorial
(UIUC), CircuitMaker User Manual )
Multisim (R 7)-Electronic Workbench, Circuit Maker, Proteus
TINA 7
(Sinh vin nn s dng Tina/ Circuit Maker/ OrCAD (R 9.2) thc
hnh phn tch, m phng cu kin v mch in t nh)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 39
BI GING MN
Chng 2- Cu kin th ng
1. in tr (Resistor)
2. T in (Capacitor)
3. Cun cm (Inductor)
4. Bin p (Transformer )
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 1
BI GING MN
1. in tr (Resistors)
1.1. nh ngha
1.2. Cc tham s k thut c trng ca in tr
1.3. K hiu ca in tr
1.4 Cch ghi v c tham s trn thn in tr
1.5. in tr cao tn v mch tng ng
1.6. Phn loi
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 2
BI GING MN
1.1 nh ngha
in tr - phn t c chc nng ngn cn dng in trong mch
Mc ngn cn dng in c c trng bi tr s in tr
U
R=
I
n v o: , m, , k, M, G, T
ng dng: nh thin cho cc cu kin bn dn, iu khin h s
khuych i, c nh hng s thi gian, phi hp tr khng,
phn p, to nhit
Kt cu n gin ca mt in tr thng:
M chp v chn in tr
V bc
www.ptit.edu.vn
Li
Vt liu cn in

Trang 3
BI GING MN

1.2 Cc tham s k thut v c tnh ca in tr
Tr s in tr v dung sai
H s nhit ca in tr
Cng sut tiu tn danh nh
Tp m ca in tr
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 4
BI GING MN

a. Tr s in tr v dung sai
Cng thc tnh tr s ca in tr:
l
R = ( )
S
- in tr sut ca v/liu dy dn cn in
l - chiu di dy dn
S- tit din ca dy dn
Dung sai hay sai s (Resistor Tolerance): biu th mc

chnh lch ca tr s thc t ca in tr so vi tr s danh
nh v c tnh theo %
R t . t R d .d
100%
R d .d
5 cp chnh xc ca in tr (tolerance levels):
Cp 005: sai s 0,5 %
Cp 01: sai s 1 %
www.ptit.edu.vn
Cp I: sai s 5 %
Cp II: sai s 10 %
Cp III: sai s 20 %

Trang 5
BI GING MN

b. H s nhit ca in tr - TCR
TCR (temperature coefficient of resistance): biu th s
thay i tr s ca in tr theo nhit
1 R
TCR = . .106
R T
[ppm/ C]
R
R = 6 TCR.T
10
TCR c th m, bng 0 hoc dng ty loi vt liu:

Kim loi thun thng c TCR >0
Mt s hp kim (constantin, manganin) c TCR = 0
Carbon, than ch c TCR <0
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 6
BI GING MN

c. Cng sut tiu tn danh nh ca in tr (Pt.t max )
Pt.t max: cng sut in cao nht m in tr c th chu
ng c trong iu kin bnh thng, lm vic trong
mt thi gian di khng b hng
Pt.t.max = R.I2max
2
U max
=
R
[W ]
Pt.t.max tiu chun cho cc in tr dy qun nm trong khong

t 1W n 10W hoc cao hn nhiu. ta nhit cn yu cu
din tch b mt ca in tr phi ln cc in tr cng sut
cao u c kch thc ln
Cc in tr than l cc linh kin c cng sut tiu tn danh
nh thp, khong 0,125W; 0,25W; 0,5W; 1W v 2W
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 7
BI GING MN

d. Tp m ca in tr
Tp m ca in tr gm:
Tp m nhit (Thermal noise): sinh ra do s chuyn ng
ca cc ht mang in bn trong in tr do nhit
E RMS = 4.k .R.T .f

ERMS = the Root-Mean-Square hay in p hiu dng
k = Hng s Boltzman (1,38.10-23)
T = nhit tnh theo Kelvin (nhit phng = 27C = 300K)
R = in tr
f = Bng thng ca mch tnh theo Hz (f = f2-f1)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 8
BI GING MN

Tp m dng in (Current Noise): sinh do cc thay i bn trong
ca in tr khi c dng in chy qua n
ERMS = U DC .10
NI / 20
f2
log
f1
U noise
NI = 20 log10
U DC
Trong :
+ NI: Noise Index (H s nhiu)
+ UDC: in p khng i t trn 2 u in tr
+ Unoise: in p tp m dng in
+ f1 > f2: khong tn s lm vic ca in tr
Mc tp m ph thuc ch yu vo loi vt liu cn in. Bt than nn
c mc tp m cao nht. Mng kim loi v dy qun c mc tp m rt
thp.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 9
BI GING MN

1.3 K hiu ca in tr trn cc s mch
in tr thng
in tr cng sut
0,25W
0,5W
1W
10 W
Bin tr
www.ptit.edu.vn

Sn nhm
Trang 10
BI GING MN

1.4 Cch ghi v c tham s trn thn in tr (1)
Ghi trc tip: ghi y cc tham s chnh v n v o trn
thn ca in tr, vd: 220K 10%, 2W
Ghi theo quy c: c rt nhiu cc quy c khc nhau. Xt
mt s quy c thng dng:
Quy c n gin: Khng ghi n v m, R (hoc E) = ,
M = M, K = K
V d: 2M=2M, 0K47 =0,47K = 470, 100K = 100 K,
220E = 220, R47 = 0,47
Quy c theo m: M ny gm cc ch s v mt ch ci ch
% dung sai. Trong cc ch s th ch s cui cng ch s s 0 cn
thm vo. Cc ch ci ch % dung sai qui c gm: F = 1 %, G =
2 %, J = 5 %, K = 10 %, M = 20 %
Vd: 103F = 10000 1% = 10K 1%
153G =
4703J =
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 11
BI GING MN

Mu
1.4 Cch ghi v c tham s

trn thn in tr (2)
Quy c mu:
Loi 4 vng mu:
1 2 3 4
(Nu-en--Khng mu) =
Loi 5 vch mu:
1 2 3 4 5
(Nu-cam-vng--Bch kim) =
en
Nu
Cam
Vng
Lc
Lam
Tm
Xm
Trng
Vng kim
0,1 / 5%
Bch kim
0,001 / 10%
Khng mu
www.ptit.edu.vn
Gi tr

- / 20%
Trang 12
BI GING MN

1.5 in tr cao tn v mch tng ng
Khi lm vic tn s cao in cm v in dung k sinh l
ng k, S tng ng ca in tr tn s cao nh
sau:
Tn s lm vic hiu dng ca in tr c xc nh sao

cho s sai khc gia tr khng tng ng ca n so vi
gi tr in tr danh nh khng vt qu dung sai
c tnh tn s ca in tr ph thuc vo cu trc, vt liu
ch to... Kch thc in tr cng nh th c tnh tn s
cng tt, in tr cao tn thng c t l kch thc l t 4:1
n 10:1
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 13
BI GING MN

1.6 Phn loi in tr (1)
in tr c tr s c nh
in tr c tr s thay i
a. in tr c nh
Thng c phn loi theo vt liu cn in
in tr than tng hp (than nn): cu trc t hn hp bt
cacbon (bt than ch) c ng thnh khun, kch thc nh
v gi thnh rt r
in tr than nhit gii hoc than mng (mng than tinh th)
in tr dy qun
in tr mng hp kim, mng oxit kim loi hoc in tr ming.
in tr cermet (gm kim loi)
Ngoi ra cn phn loi theo kt cu u ni phc v lp rp; phn
loi theo loi v bc dng nhng mi trng khc nhau; phn
loi theo loi ng dng.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 14
BI GING MN

1.6 Phn loi in tr (2)
b. Bin tr
Dng kim sot dng cng sut ln dng dy qun (t gp trong
cc mch in tr)
Chit p: so vi in tr c nh th chit p c thm mt kt cu
con chy gn vi mt trc xoay iu chnh tr s in tr. Con
chy c kt cu kiu xoay (chit p xoay) hoc theo kiu trt
(chit p trt). Chit p c 3 u ra, u gia ng vi con trt
cn hai u ng vi hai u ca in tr
a. loi kim sot dng

www.ptit.edu.vn
b. loi chit p

Trang 15
BI GING MN

Mt s in tr c bit
in tr nhit: Tecmixto
Tecmixto
t0
in tr Varixto:
VDR
in tr Mgm: c tr s in tr t 108 1015

in tr cao p: in tr chu c in p cao 5 KV 20 KV
in tr chun: cc in tr dng vt liu dy qun c bit c
n nh cao
Mng in tr: l mt loi vi mch tch hp c 2 hng chn. Mt
phng php ch to l dng cng ngh mng mng, trong
dung dch cht dn in c lng ng trong mt hnh dng
theo yu cu.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 16
BI GING MN
2. T in (Capacitors)
2.1. nh ngha
2.2. Cc tham s k thut c trng ca t in
2.3. K hiu ca t in
2.4 Cch ghi v c tham s trn t in
2.5. S tng ng
2.6. Phn loi
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 17
BI GING MN

2.1 nh ngha
T in l linh kin dng cha in tch. Mt t in l tng c
in tch bn cc t l thun vi hiu in th t trn n theo cng
thc:
Q = C.U
[culng]
Bn cc
in dung ca t in C [F]
Chn t
Q .S
Cht in mi
C= = r 0
V bc
n v o C: F, F, nF, pF
r - hng s in mi ca cht in mi
0 - hng s in mi ca khng kh hay chn khng
1
12
=
8
,
84
.
10
36 .10 9
S d/tch hu dng ca bn cc [m2]; d kh/cch gia 2 bn cc [m]
0 =
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 18
BI GING MN

2.2 Cc tham s k thut c trng ca t in
Tr s dung lng v dung sai
in p lm vic
H s nhit
Dng in r
S phn cc
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 19
BI GING MN

a. Tr s dung lng (C)
Dung sai ca t in: l tham s ch chnh xc ca tr
s dung lng thc t so vi tr s danh nh ca n
Dung sai ca t in:
C t . t C d .d
.100%
C d .d
b. in p lm vic: in p cc i c th cung cp cho
t in hay cn gi l "in p lm vic mt chiu, nu
qu in p ny lp cch in s b nh thng v lm
hng t
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 20
BI GING MN

c. H s nhit ca t in
Mi mt loi t in chu mt nh hng vi khong
nhit do nh sn xut xc nh. Khong nhit tiu
chun thng t:
-200C n +650C
-400C n +650C
-550C n +1250C
nh gi s thay i ca tr s in dung khi nhit
thay i ngi ta dng h s nhit ca t din TCC
TCC =
www.ptit.edu.vn
1 C 6
.10
C T
[ppm/ 0 C]

Trang 21
BI GING MN

d. Dng in r
Do cht cch in t gia 2 bn cc nn s c mt dng in
r rt b chy qua gia 2 bn cc ca t in. Tr s Ir ph
thuc vo in tr cch in ca cht in mi
T in mng Plastic c in tr cch in cao hn 100000
M, cn t in in gii th dng in r c th ln ti vi A
khi in p t vo 2 bn cc ca t ch 10 V
i vi in p xoay chiu, tn hao cng sut trong t c
th hin qua h s tn hao D:
1 Pth
D= =
Q Ppk
T tn hao nh dng s tng ng ni tip
T tn hao ln dng s tng ng song song
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 22
BI GING MN

e. S phn cc
Cc t in in gii cc chn t thng c nh du
cc tnh dng (du +) hoc m (du -) gi l s phn
cc ca t in
Khi s dng phi u t vo mch sao cho ng cc tnh
ca t. Nh vy ch s dng loi t ny vo nhng v tr
c in p lm vic khng thay i cc tnh
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 23
BI GING MN

2.3 K hiu ca t
+
T thng
T in gii
T c in dung thay i
T in ln thng c tham s in dung ghi trc tip, t

in nh thng dng m: XYZ = XY * 10Z pF
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 24
BI GING MN

2.4 Cch c v ghi tr s trn t
Hai tham s quan trng nht thng c ghi trn thn t in l tr
s in dung (km theo dung sai sn xut) v in p lm vic (in
p ln nht). C 2 cch ghi c bn:
Ghi trc tip: cch ghi y cc tham s v n v o ca chng.
Cch ny ch dng cho cc loi t in c kch thc ln.
V d: trn thn mt t mi ca c ghi: 5.000PF 20% 600V
Ghi gin tip theo qui c:
+ Qui c s: Cch ghi ny thng gp cc t Plystylen
V d 1: Trn thn t c ghi 47/ 630: tc gi tr in dung l 47 pF,
in p lm vic mt chiu l 630 Vdc.
V d 2: Trn thn t c ghi 0.01/100: tc l gi tr in dung l 0,01
F v in p lm vic mt chiu l 100 Vdc.
+ Quy c theo m: Ging nh in tr: 123K/50V =12000 pF
10% v in p lm vic ln nht 50 Vdc
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 25
BI GING MN

+Quy c theo mu:
Loi c 4 vch mu:
Hai vch u l s c ngha thc ca n
Vch th ba l s nhn (n v pF) hoc s s 0 cn thm vo
Vch th t ch in p lm vic.
Loi c 5 vch mu:

Ba vch mu u ging nh loai 4 vch mu
Vch mu th t ch % dung sai
Vch mu th 5 ch in p lm vic
TCC
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
1
3
2
4
+
T hnh ng
www.ptit.edu.vn
T hnh ko

T Tantan
Trang 26
BI GING MN

2.5 S tng ng ca t
L
RS
RP
RL
a. S tng ng
tng qut
b. S tng ng
song song
RS
c. s tng ng
ni tip
L - l in cm ca u ni, dy dn ( tn s thp L 0)
RS - l in tr ca u ni, dy dn v bn cc (RS thng rt nh)
RP - l in tr r ca cht cch in v v bc.
RL, RS - l in tr r ca cht cch in
C - l t in l tng
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 27
BI GING MN

2.6 Phn loi t in
T in c tr s in dung c nh
T in c tr s in dung thay i c
a. T in c tr s in dung c nh:
T giy: cht in mi l giy, thng c tr s in dung
khong t 500 pF n 50 F v in p lm vic n 600
Vdc. T giy c gi thnh r nht so vi cc loi t c
cng tr s in dung.
u im: kch thc nh, in dung ln.
Nhc im: Tn hao in mi ln, TCC ln.
T mng cht do: cht in mi l cht do, c in tr
cch in ln hn 100000 M. in p lm vic cao
khong 600V. T mng cht do nh hn t giy nhng
t hn. Gi tr in dung ca t tiu chun nm trong
khong t 5 pF n 0,47 F
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 28
BI GING MN

T mi ca: cht in mi l mi ca, t mi ca tiu chun c gi tr
in dung khong t 1 pF n 0,1 F v in p lm vic cao
n 3500V Nhc im: gi thnh ca t cao.
u im:Tn hao in mi nh, in tr cch in rt cao, chu
c nhit cao.
T gm: cht in mi l gm. Gi tr in dung ca t gm
tiu chun khong t 1 pF n 0,1 F, vi in p lm vic mt
chiu n 1000 Vdc.
c im ca t gm l kch thc nh, in dung ln, c tnh
n nh rt tt, c th lm vic lu di m khng lo ho.
T du: cht in mi l du. T du c in dung ln, chu
c in p cao
C tnh nng cch in tt, c th ch to thnh t cao p
Kt cu n gin, d sn xut
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 29
BI GING MN

T in gii nhm: Cu trc c bn ging t giy. Hai l nhm
mng lm hai bn cc t cch nhau bng lp vi mng c
tm cht in phn (dung dch in phn), sau c qun
li v cho vo trong mt khi tr bng nhm bo v.
Thng lm vic vi in p mt chiu > 400 Vdc, trong trng
hp ny in dung khng qu 100 F. in p lm vic thp v
dng r tng i ln
T tantan (cht in gii Tantan): l mt loi t in gii. Bt
tantan c c c thnh dng hnh tr, sau c nhn
chm vo mt hp cha cht in phn. Dung dch in phn
s thm vo cht tantan. Khi t mt in p mt chiu ln hai
chn t th mt lp oxit mng c to thnh vng tip xc
ca cht in phn v tantan.
T tantan c in p lm vic ln n 630 Vdc nhng gi tr
in dung ch khong 3,5 F.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 30
BI GING MN

b. T in c tr s in dung thay i
Loi a dng cn gi l t xoay: T xoay c dng lm t
iu chnh thu sng trong cc my thu thanh, v.v.. T xoay c
th c 1 ngn hoc nhiu ngn. Mi ngn c cc l ng xen
k, i nhau vi cc l tnh (l gi c nh) ch to t nhm.
Cht in mi c th l khng kh, mi ca, mng cht do, gm...
T vi iu chnh (Trimcap) c nhiu kiu. Cht in mi cng
dng nhiu loi nh khng kh, mng cht do, thu tinh hnh
ng... Trong cc loi Trimcap chuyn dng, thng gp nht l
loi cht in mi gm. thay i tr s in dung ta thay i
v tr gia hai l ng v l tnh. Khong iu chnh ca t t
1,5 pF n 3 pF, hoc t 7 pF n 45 pF v t 20 pF n 120
pF tu theo h s nhit cn thit
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 31
BI GING MN

ng dng
T lin lc: ngn cch c dng mt chiu gia mch ny
vi mch khc nhng li dn dng in xoay chiu i qua
T thot: dng trit b tn hiu khng cn thit t mt im
trn mch xung t (v d: tp m)
T cng hng: dng lm phn t dung khng trong cc
mch cng hng LC
T lc: dng trong mch lc.
Cc t trong nhm a dng dng lin lc, lc ngun in,
thot tn hiu ... ngoi ra t cn dng tr nng lng, nh
thi...
Do c tnh np in v phng in, t cn dng to mch
nh gi, mch pht sng rng ca, mch vi phn v tch phn.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 32
BI GING MN

Mt s hnh nh ca T in
T ho (Electrolytic Capacitors)
T Tantan (Tantalum Capacitors)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 33
BI GING MN

T gm ( Ceramic Capacitors )
T Mica
www.ptit.edu.vn
T gm nhiu tng (Multilayer

Ceramic Capacitors )
T film nha (Polystyrene

Film Capacitors)

Trang 34
BI GING MN

Bin dung
T gm dn b mt
T Tantan
T ha
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 35
BI GING MN
3. Cun cm (Inductor)
3.1. nh ngha
3.2 K hiu ca cun cm
3.3 Cc tham s k thut c trng ca cun cm
3.4 Cch ghi v c tham s trn cun cm
3.5 Mch tng ng
3.6 Phn loi
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 36
BI GING MN
3.1 nh ngha
Cun cm l phn t sinh ra hin tng t cm khi dng
in chy qua n bin thin.
Khi dng in qua cun cm bin thin s to ra t thng
thay i v mt sc in ng c cm ng ngay trong
cun cm hoc c th cm ng mt sc in ng sang
cun cm k cn vi n
Mc cm ng trong mi trng hp ph thuc vo t

cm ca cun cm hoc s h cm gia hai cun cm. Cc
cun cm c cu trc c gi tr cm ng xc nh.
Cun cm cng c th u ni tip hoc song song. Ngay c
mt on dy dn ngn nht cng c s cm ng.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 37
BI GING MN
3.2 K hiu ca cun cm

L
Cun dy li Ferit
L
Cun dy li st t
L
Cun dy li khng kh
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 38
BI GING MN

3.3 Cc tham s k thut c trng ca cun cm
t cm (L)
H s phm cht ca cun cm (Q)
Tn s lm vic gii hn (fg.h)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 39
BI GING MN

a. t cm (L)
S
L = .N .
l
2
Trong :
S - tit din ca cun dy (m2)

N - s vng dy
l - chiu di ca cun dy (m)
- t thm tuyt i ca vt liu li (H/ m);
= r. 0
n v o: ...H, mH, H
t thm tuyt i ca mt s loi vt liu:
Chn khng: 4 x 10-7 H/m
Ferrite T38 1.26x10-2 H/m
Khng kh: 1.257x10-6 H/m
Ferrite U M33 9.42x10-4 H/m
Nickel 7.54x10-4 H/m
Iron 6.28x10-3 H/m
Silicon GO steel 5.03x10-2 H/m
supermalloy 1.26 H/m
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 40
BI GING MN

Dung sai ca t cm: l tham s ch chnh xc ca t
cm thc t so vi tr s danh nh ca n
Lt .t Ld .d
.100%
Ld .d
Mt cun cm l tng khng c tn hao khi c dng in chy
qua, thc t lun c tn hao do cng sut in tn hao lm
nng cun dy. Tn hao ny biu th bi in tr tn hao RS
b. H s phm cht ca cun cm (Q)

Q dng nh gi cht lng ca cun cm. Cun cm tn hao
nh dng s tng ng ni tip, cun cm tn hao ln
dng s tng ng song song.
L
L
RS
Rp
1 Ppk X L L
Qnt = =
=
=
D Pth
RS
RS
www.ptit.edu.vn
1 Ppk RP R p
=
=
Q// = =
D Pth
X L L

Trang 41
BI GING MN

c. Tn s lm vic gii hn (fg.h)
Khi tn s lm vic nh, b qua in dung phn tn gia cc
vng dy ca cun cm, nhng khi lm vic tn s cao in
dung ny l ng k
Do tn s cao cun cm tr thnh mt mch cng
hng song song. Tn s cng hng ca mch cng hng
song song ny gi l tn s cng hng ring ca cun dy f0
Nu cun dy lm vic tn s > tn s cng hng ring ny
th cun dy mang dung tnh nhiu hn. Do tn s lm vic
cao nht ca cun dy phi thp hn tn s cng hng ring
ca n.
f lv max < f gh = f 0 =
www.ptit.edu.vn

1
2 LC
Trang 42
BI GING MN

3.4 Cch ghi v c tham s trn cun cm
Ghi trc tip: cch ghi y cc tham s t cm L, dung
sai, loi li cun cm Cch ny ch dng cho cc loi cun
cm c kch thc ln.
Ghi gin tip theo qui c :
Quy c theo mu: Dng cho cc cun cm nh
1,2,3,4
Vng mu 1: ch s c ngha th nht hoc chm thp phn

Vng mu 2: ch s c ngha th hai hoc chm thp phn
Vng mu 3: ch s 0 cn thm vo, n v o l H
Vng mu 4: ch dung sai %.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 43
BI GING MN
3.5 Phn loi v ng dng

Da theo ng dng:
Cun cng hng cun cm dng trong cc mch cng
hng LC
Cun lc cun cm dng trong cc b lc mt chiu.
Cun chn dng ngn cn dng cao tn, v.v..
Da vo loi li ca cun cm:
Cun dy li khng kh: Loi cun dy khng li hoc cun
trn cc ct khng t tnh, thng dng l cc cun cng
hng lm vic tn s cao v siu cao. Cc yu cu
chnh: in cm phi n nh tn s lm vic, Q cao, in
dung ring nh, h s nhit ca in cm thp
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 44
BI GING MN

Cun cm li st bi: Dng bt st nguyn cht trn vi cht
dnh kt khng t tnh l li cun cm, thng dng tn s
cao v trung tn. Cun dy li st bi c tn tht thp, c bit
l tn tht do dng in xoy ngc, v t thm thp hn
nhiu so vi loi li st t
Cun cm li Ferit : thng l cc cun cm lm vic tn s
cao v trung tn. Li Ferit c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau nh:
thanh, ng, hnh ch E, ch C, hnh xuyn, hnh ni, ht
u,v.v.. Dng li hnh xuyn d to in cm cao, tuy vy li
d b bo ha t khi c thnh phn mt chiu
Cun cm li st t: Li ca cun cm thng hp cht st silic, hoc st- niken . y l cc cun cm lm vic tn s
thp. Dng dy ng c trng men cch in qun thnh
nhiu lp c cch in gia cc lp v c tm chng m
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 45
BI GING MN
4. Bin p (Transformer)
4.1. nh ngha
4.2. Cc tham s k thut ca bin p
4.3. K hiu ca bin p
4.6. Phn loi v ng dng
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 46
BI GING MN
4.1. nh ngha
Bin p l thit b gm 2 hay nhiu cun dy ghp h cm vi
nhau bin i in p. Cun dy u vo ngun in gi l
cun s cp, cc cun dy khc u vo ti gi l cun th cp
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 47
BI GING MN
Nguyn l hot ng ca bin p

Hot ng da theo nguyn l cm ng in t
H s t cm ca cun s cp, th cp:
L1 = .N12
S
S
L 2 = .N 22
l
l
Khi dng in I1 bin thin to ra t thng bin thin, t thng

ny lin kt sang cun th cp v to ra in p cm ng eL
trn cun th cp theo h s t l - h s h cm M. Lng t
thng lin kt gia cun s cp sang cun th cp c nh
gi bng h s ghp bin p K
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 48
BI GING MN
4.2. Cc tham s k thut ca bin p

H s ghp bin p K
in p cun s cp v cun th cp
Dng in s cp v dng in th cp
Hiu sut ca bin p
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 49
BI GING MN
a. H s ghp bin p K
K =
M
L1 L 2
M - h s h cm ca bin p
L1 v L2 - h s t cm ca cun s cp v cun th cp
tng ng
Khi K = 1 l trng hp ghp l tng, khi ton b s
t thng sinh ra do cun s cp c i qua cun th
cp v ngc li
Thc t, khi K 1 gi l hai cun ghp cht
K<<1 gi l hai cun ghp lng
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 50
BI GING MN
b. in p cun s cp v cun th cp
in p cm ng cun s cp v th cp quan h vi nhau

theo t s:
N
U2
N2 N2
=K
U1
N1 N1
N1
:H s bin p
N1 = N2 th U1 = U2 bin p 1 : 1
N2 > N1 th U2 > U1 bin p tng p
N2 < N1 th U2 < U1 bin p h p
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 51
BI GING MN
c. Dng in s cp v dng in th cp
d. Hiu sut ca bin p
Quan h gia dng in cun s cp v cun th cp:
I1 U 2
N2 N2
=
=K
I 2 U1
N1 N1
Hiu sut ca bin p l t s gia cng sut ra v cng sut

vo tnh theo %:
P2
P2
.100% =
.100%
P1
P2 + Ptn tht
P1 - cng sut a vo cun s cp

P2 - cng sut thu c cun th cp
Ptn tht - CS in mt mt do tn tht ca
li & ca dy cun
gim tn hao nng lng trong li st t, dy ng v t

thng r ngi ta dng loi li lm t cc l st t mng, c
qut sn cch in, dng dy ng c tit din ln & ghp cht
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 52
BI GING MN
4.3. K hiu ca bin p
a. Bin p m tn
b. Bin p ngun li st v bin p t ngu
c. Bin p cao tn khng li
d. Bin p li Ferit
e. Bin p trung tn
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 53
BI GING MN
4.4 Phn loi v ng dng

ng dng:
bin i in p xoay chiu
dng cch ly gia mch cc mch in (dng loi bin
p c hai cun dy s cp v th cp cch in vi nhau)
bin i tng tr: dng bin p ghp cht
bin p cao tn: dng truyn tn hiu c chn lc (dng
loi ghp lng
Phn loi theo ng dng:
Bin p cng hng

Bin p cp in (bin p ngun)
Bin p m tn
Bin p xung
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 54
BI GING MN
Chng 3- Cht bn dn
(Semiconductor)
nh ngha cht bn dn
Cu trc mng tinh th cht bn dn
Cht bn dn thun
Cht bn dn khng thun
Dng in trong cht bn dn
dn in ca cht bn dn
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 1
BI GING MN
1. nh ngha
Cht bn dn l vt cht c in tr sut nm gia tr s in tr sut
ca cht dn in v cht in mi khi nhit phng, = 10-4 107 .m
Cht bn dn l cht m trong cu trc di nng lng c rng vng
cm l 0<EG<2eV.
Cht bn dn trong t nhin: Bo (B), Indi (In), Gali (Ga) nhm 3, Silic
(Si), Gecmani (Ge) thuc nhm 4, Asen (As), P, Sb (Antimony) thuc
nhm 5, Selen (Se), lu hunh (S) nhm 6,... hoc hp cht nh clorua
ng (CuCl), Asenic Canxi CaAs, Oxit ng CuO, ...
Trong k thut in t hin nay s dng mt s cht bn dn c cu trc
n tinh th. Quan trng nht l hai nguyn t Gecmani v Silic.
c im ca cu trc mng tinh th ny l dn in ca n rt nh
khi nhit thp v s tng theo ly tha vi s tng ca nhit v tng
gp bi khi c trn thm t tp cht. Do c im c bn ca cht bn
dn l dn in ph thuc nhiu vo nhit mi trng v nng tp
cht, ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo nh sng, bc x ion ha, ...
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 2
BI GING MN
2. Cu trc mng tinh th cht bn dn n Si

Mi nguyn t Si lin
kt vi 4 nguyn t bn
cnh
o
2.35 A
o
5.43 A
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 3
BI GING MN
Cu trc mng tinh th ca cht bn dn ghp
Ga
As
Cht bn dn ghp: Hp cht ca cc nguyn t thuc phn nhm

chnh nhm III v phn nhm chnh nhm V: GaAs, GaP, GaN,
Chng c ng dng quan trng trong cc cu kin quang in v IC tc
cao
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 4
BI GING MN
3. Cht bn dn thun (Intrinsic semiconductor)

Cht bn dn m mi nt ca mng tinh th ca n ch c
nguyn t ca mt loi nguyn t, v d nh cc tinh th Ge
(gecmani) Si (silic) nguyn cht ...
VD: tinh th Si, EG= 1,1eV (ti nhit 3000K)
Si
+4
Si
+4
Si
+4
www.ptit.edu.vn
Si
Si
Si
+4
+4
+4
Si
Si
Si
+4
Di E
dn
in t
EC
+4
EV
L trng
+4
Di
ho tr

EG < 2 eV
Trang 5
BI GING MN
S to thnh l trng v in t t do
nhit phng mt s lin kt cng
Si
ha tr b ph v to ra in t t do v
+4
l trng
L trng cng c kh nng dn in
Si
nh in t t do
+4
Bn dn thun c nng ht dn l L
trng v nng ht dn in t bng trng
Si
nhau: p = n = pi = ni
+4
dn in ca cht bn dn :
n - linh ng ca in t t do
p - linh ng ca l trng
q in tch ca in t q=1,6.10-19C
J mt dng in khi cht bn dn

t trong in trng ngoi E:
www.ptit.edu.vn
Si
Si
Si
+4
+4
+4
Si
Si
Si
+4
+4
in t
t do
+4
= (n. n + p. p ).q
J = (n. n + p. p ).q.E = .E

Trang 6
BI GING MN
Cc thut ng
Nng in t t do trong cht bn dn (Electron Concentration):
n [cm-3] - s lng in t t do trong mt n v th tch cht bn dn (ni, nn,
np)
Nng l trng trong cht bn dn (Hole Concentration):p [cm-3] - s lng
l trng trong mt n v th tch cht bn dn (pi, pn, pp)
linh ng ca in t t do (Electron Mobility): n[cm2/(V.s)] Tham s
xc nh mc phn tn ca in t trong cht bn dn, t l thun vi vn
tc khuych tn ca in t v cng trng in t, cng nh t l gia
nng in t v dn in ca cht bn dn
linh ng ca l trng (Hole Mobility) : p[cm2/(V.s)] - Tham s xc nh
mc phn tn ca l trng trong cht bn dn, t l thun vi vn tc
khuych tn ca l trng v cng trng in t, cng nh t l gia
nng l trng v dn in ca cht bn dn
dn in (Electrical conductivity): [.m]-1 - tham s o kh nng dn
dng in thng qua mt n v vt liu, = 1/
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 7
BI GING MN
Qu trnh to ht ti in v qu trnh ti hp
Qu trnh to ra ht ti in trong cht bn dn thun:
do nng lng nhit thermal generation
do nng lng quang hc optical generation
Qu trnh ti hp gia in t t do v l trng v gii phng nng
lng 2 theo cch:
To ra nhit lng lm nng cht bn dn: thermal recombinationTi hp to nhit
Pht x ra photon nh sng : optical recombination- Ti hp pht
quang
Optical recombination rt him xy ra trong trong cht bn dn
thun Si, Ge m ch yu xy ra trong cc loi vt liu bn dn ghp
Qu trnh to v ti hp lin tc xy ra trong cht bn dn, v t trng
thi cn bng khi tc ca 2 qu trnh bng nhau
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 8
BI GING MN

- Tc to ht ti in ph thuc vo T nhng li c lp vi n v p nng ca in t t do v ca l trng :
G = Gthermal (T ) + Goptical
- Trong khi tc ti hp li t l thun vi c n v p
R np
- Trng thi n nh xy ra khi tc to v ti hp cn bng
G=R
np = f (T )
- Nu trong trng hp khng c cc ngun quang v ngun in trng

ngoi, trng thi n nh c gi l trng thi cn bng nhit
thermal equilibrium
np = n (T )
2
i
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 9
BI GING MN
Hm phn b Fermi-Dirac
Xt mt h gm nhiu ht ging ht nhau c th nm trn nhiu
mc nng lng khc nhau hm phn b, bi v xt cc
tnh cht khc nhau ca h trc ht ta cn phi bit cc ht ny
phn b theo cc mc nng lng trn nh th no?
Xt h gm N in t t do nm trng thi cn bng nhit ti
nhit T. Phn b cc in t tun theo nguyn l loi tr
Pauli. Tm phn b ca cc in t theo cc mc nng lng?
p dng nguyn l nng lng ti thiu: xc sut mt h
gm N ht ging ht nhau nm trong trng thi nng lng E t
l nghch vi E theo hm m exp, c th l:
PN(E) ~ exp(-E/kT)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 10
BI GING MN
Hm phn b Fermi-Dirac (1)

Xc sut mc nng lng E [eV] b in t lp y ti nhit T tun
theo hm phn b Fermi- Dirac:
f (E ) =
1
E EF
exp
+1
KT
K: Hng s Boltzmann (eV/ 0K)

K= 8,6210-5 eV/0K
T - Nhit o bng 0K
EF - Mc Fermi (eV)
f(E)
T=00K
T=3000K
0,5
T=25000K
0
-1
0,2
(E-EF)
EF - mc nng lng Fermi l mc nng lng ln nht cn b e- lp

y ti T=00 K
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 11
BI GING MN
Hm phn b Fermi-Dirac (2)

E
1
f (E ) =
E EF
exp
+1
KT
Vng dn
T = 00K
E > EF => f(E) = 0 E < EF => f(E) = 1
T > 00K (T=3000K; KT=26.10-3eV)
E - EF >> KT f ( E ) e
( EF E )
E - EF << - KT f ( E ) 1 e
www.ptit.edu.vn
EC
EF
EV
KT
F
T=
EG
00K
Vng ho tr
( E EF )
1
f ( EF ) =
2
T = 10000K
T = 3000K
KT
0.5
f(E)
EC [eV]- y ca vng dn
EV [eV]- nh ca vng ha tr
EF [eV]- Mc nng lng Fermi

Trang 12
BI GING MN
4. Cht bn dn khng thun

Cht bn dn m mt s nguyn t nt ca mng tinh th ca n
c thay th bng nguyn t ca cht khc gi l cht bn dn khng
thun. C hai loi cht bn dn khng thun:
Cht bn dn khng thun loi N gi tt l Bn dn loi N
Cht bn dn khng thun loi P gi tt l Bn dn loi P
Donors: P, As, Sb
www.ptit.edu.vn
Acceptors: B, Al, Ga, In

Trang 13
BI GING MN
a. Cht bn dn loi N (1)

Thm mt t tp cht l nguyn t thuc nhm 5 (As, P, Sb) vo cht bn dn
thun Ge (Si). Trong nt mng nguyn t tp cht s a 4 in t trong 5 in
t ha tr ca n tham gia vo lin kt cng ha tr vi 4 nguyn t Ge (hoc Si)
bn cnh; cn in t th 5 s tha ra v lin kt ca n trong mng tinh th l
rt yu, nhit phng cng d dng tch ra tr thnh in t t do trong tinh
th v nguyn t tp cht cho in t tr thnh cc ion dng c nh
E
Si
+
4
Si
+
4
Si
+
4
www.ptit.edu.vn
Si
Sb
Si
+
4
+
5
+
4
Si
e5
Si
Si
Vng dn
+
4
+
4
+
4
EC
ED
EV
0,01e
V
Mc cho
EG
Vng ho tr

Trang 14
BI GING MN
a. Cht bn dn loi N (2)

Nng in t t do trong cht bn dn loi N tng nhanh nhng tc
ti hp tng nhanh nn nng l trng gim xung nh hn nng
c th c trong bn dn thun
Trong cht bn dn loi N, nng ht dn in t (nn) nhiu hn
nhiu nng l trng pn v in t c gi l ht dn a s, l trng
c gi l ht dn thiu s.
nn >> pn
nn=Nd+pn Nd
ni2 ni2
=
pn =
nn N d
Nd Nng ion nguyn t tp cht cho (Donor)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 15
BI GING MN
b. Cht bn dn loi P
Thm mt t tp cht l nguyn t thuc nhm 3(In, Bo, Ga) vo cht bn dn
thun Ge (Si). Trong nt mng, nguyn t tp cht ch c 3 in t ha tr a ra
to lin kt cng ha tr vi 3 nguyn t Ge (Si) bn cnh, mi lin kt th 4
trng v to thnh mt l trng. in t ca mi lin kt gn c th nhy
sang hon chnh mi lin kt th 4 cn trng . Nguyn t tp cht va
nhn thm in t s tr thnh ion m v ngc li nguyn t Ge/Si va c 1
in t chuyn i s to ra mt l trng v nguyn t ny s tr thnh ion dng
c nh
Si
+4
E
Vng dn
Si
+4
EC
EA
EV
www.ptit.edu.vn
EG
Mc nhn
Vng ho tr
0,01eV
Si
+4
Si
In
Si

+4
+3
+4
Si
Si
Si
+4
+4
+4
Trang 16
BI GING MN
b. Cht bn dn loi P
Nng l trng trong cht bn dn loi P tng nhanh nhng tc ti
hp tng nhanh nn nng in t t do gim xung nh hn nng
c th c trong bn dn thun
Trong cht bn dn loi P, nng ht dn l trng (pp) nhiu hn
nhiu nng in t t do np v l trng c gi l ht dn a s,
in t t do c gi l ht dn thiu s
pp >> np
pp=Na+np Na
ni2 ni2
np =
=
pp Na
Na Nng ion nguyn t tp cht nhn (Acceptor)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 17
BI GING MN
Nng ht ti in trong bn dn khng thun (1)

Thc t Silicon thng c pha tp c cht Donor v Acceptor. Gi s
nng pha tp tng ng l Nd, Na .
to thnh bn dn N th Nd>Na, in t cho ca nguyn t Donor s
ion ha tt c cc nguyn t Acceptor hon thnh lin kt cn thiu
in t qu trnh b Compensation. in tch trong cht bn dn N
trung ha nn: Nd- Na + p - n = 0
nn
(
N d N a ) (N d N a )
=
+
2
4ni2
1+
(N d N a )2
Nu Nd>>Na nn Nd-Na>>ni th c th tnh gn ng nng cc loi

ht ti in nh nh sau:
ni2
n Nd Na ;
p
Nd Na
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 18
BI GING MN
Nng ht ti in trong bn dn khng thun (2)

Tng t to thnh bn dn P th Na>Nd, trong bn dn cng
xy ra qu trnh b, tnh ton tng t ta c nng l trng
trong trng hp ny c tnh nh sau:
pp
(
N a N d ) (N a N d )
=
+
2
4ni2
1+
(N a N d )2
Nu Na>>Nd nn Na-Nd>>ni th c th tnh gn ng nng

cc loi ht ti in nh nh sau:
pp Na Nd
www.ptit.edu.vn
ni2
np
Na Nd

Trang 19
BI GING MN
Mc Fermi trong cht bn dn khng thun (1)

Mc Fermi trong cht bn dn N (Nd cng tng mc Fermi cng
tin gn ti y ca di dn):
n n = N C .e
( E F EC )
KT
= Nd
NC
EF = EC KT ln
Nd
EF
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 20
BI GING MN
Mc Fermi trong cht bn dn khng thun (2)

Mc Fermi trong cht bn dn P (Na cng tng mc Fermi
cng tin gn xung nh ca di ha tr):
p = N V .e
( EV E F )
KT
= Na
NV
EF = EV + KT ln
Na
EF
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 21
BI GING MN
5. Dng in trong cht bn dn (1)

Dng in khuch tn: to ra do s chuyn ng ngu nhin do
nhit ca cc ht ti in (thng c gi tr trung bnh =0) v s
khuch tn cc ht ti in t vng c mt cao sang vng c
mt thp hn:
2
3
J diff
DP Dn
(n)
dn
= q .D n
dx
[m2/sec]
J diff
( p)
dp
= q .D p
dx
1
electron
4
5
- l h s khuch tn ca l trng; in t
dp/dx, dn/dx gradient nng l trng v in t t do
1
electron
E
Dng din tri (Dng in cun): Dng chuyn dch ca cc ht
ti in do tc ng ca in trng E:
Jdriff =Jdriff(n) + Jdriff(p) = .E = q(nn + pp).E
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 22
BI GING MN
5. Dng in trong cht bn dn (2)

Dng tng cng trong cht bn dn:
J = Jdriff + Jdiff = Jn + Jp
dn
J n = J driff ( n ) + J diff (n ) = qn n E + qDn
dx
dp
J p = J driff ( p ) + J diff ( p ) = qp p E qD p
dx
Einstein Relation: linh ng v h s khuch tn D c xc

theo m hnh vt l da trn c s mt s lng ln ht ti chu nhng
chuyn ng nhit ngu nhin vi s va chm thng xuyn, 2 hng
s ny t l vi nhau theo Einstein Relation nh sau:
D
in p nhit Thermal Voltage:
V th
www.ptit.edu.vn
kT
=
q
kT
q
k - hng s Boltzmann, k =1,38.10-23 [J/0K]

q [C] in tch ht ti, T [0K ]
Trang 23
BI GING MN
6. dn in ca cht bn dn
dn in ca cht bn dn khi c c 2 ht ti in tham gia:
= q(nn + pp)
Vi bn dn loi n, n>>p, dn in l:
n = qNDn [(.m)-1]
Vi bn dn loi p, p>>n, dn in l:
p = qNAp [(.m)-1]
Tp cht cng nhiu th in tr sut cng gim, tuy nhin linh ng

nv p li gim khi nng cht pha tp tng, nh vy c ch dn in
trong vng pha tp mnh tng i phc tp
Nng gii hn cc nguyn t tp cht mun a vo tinh th bn
dn c quyt nh bi gii hn ha tan ca tp cht y. Nu vt qu
gii hn ny th hin tng kt ta s xy ra, khi tp cht s khng
cn c cc tnh cht nh mong mun na
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 24
BI GING MN
Tng kt
Cht bn dn thun, khng thun

Hm phn b Fermi-Dirac, Mc Fermi
Nng ht ti trong cht bn dn:
p = ni e ( EFi EF ) / kT
n . p = n i2 = p i2
n = n i e ( E F E Fi ) / kT
Mc Fermi trong cht bn dn thay i theo nng pha tp

Cht bn dn thun c dn in nh, cht bn dn khng thun
dn in ln = q ( n . + q . )
n
dp
dn
J p = J driff ( p ) + J diff ( p ) = qp p E qD p
dx
dx
kT
kT
kT
= n
V th =
Dp = p
q
q
q
J n = J driff ( n ) + J diff (n ) = qn n E + qDn
J = Jn + J
www.ptit.edu.vn
Dn

Trang 25
BI GING MN
Chng 5- it (Diode)
it bn dn
3.0 Gii thiu chung
3.1 Cu to ca it v k hiu trong s mch
3.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca it
3.3 c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca it bn dn
3.4 Cc tham s tnh ca it
3.5 S ph thuc ca c tuyn Vn- Ampe vo nhit
3.6 Phn loi it
3.7 ng dng ca it
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 1
BI GING MN
3.0 Gii thiu chung

p
A ID
+ ID
VD
VD
SiO2
metal
p-type Si
SiO2
n-type Si
metal
it bn dn l cu kin in t c mt chuyn tip p-n

Theo cng ngh ch to cu kin bn dn, ngi ta ly mt mu tinh
th bn dn loi p c nng pha tp NA, sau cho khuych tn vo
mu bn dn tp cht Donor vi nng ND>NA t mt pha b
mt tinh th vi su ph thuc vo qu trnh khuych tn to ra mt
lp bn dn n c nng pha tp ND= ND-NA to thnh tip gip PN
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 2
BI GING MN

Nguyn l lm vic da trn cc hiu ng vt l ca chuyn
tip PN:
it chnh lu: da vo hiu ng chnh lu ca chuyn tip PN
it n p Zener: Da vo hiu ng nh thng thc l v
nh thng Zener
it ngc, it tunen: Da vo hiu ng xuyn hm trn
chuyn tip PN pha tp nhiu
it Varicap: a vo hiu ng in dung ca chuyn tip PN
thay i khi in p phn cc ngc thay i
Nguyn l lm vic, c tuyn V-A, ng dng ca mi loi
it l rt khc nhau
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 3
BI GING MN
3.1 Cu to v k hiu ca it chnh lu

Vng chuyn
tip
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 4
BI GING MN
3.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca it

Vng chuyn tip hp
UAK
Vng chuyn tip rng
UAK
Phn cc thun (UAK>0): thc y cc e- trong bn dn n v cc l trng trong

bn dn p ti hp vi cc ion gn ng bao ca vng chuyn tip v lm gim
rng ca vng chuyn tip. Thng thng UAK< 1V
Phn cc ngc (UAK<0): s lng cc ion dng trong vng chuyn tip ca
bn dn n tng ln do mt s lng ln cc e- t do b ko v cc (+) ca in p
cung cp. S lng cc ion m trong vng chuyn tip ca bn dn p cng tng
ln. Vng chuyn tip c m rng. Dng in trong k phn cc ngc - dng
bo ho ngc Is
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 5
BI GING MN
3.3 c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca it bn dn

U D Uth
I D = f (U AK ) = I S e
1
UT -in p ngng ca it
(/p thng thun)
UT = 0,5V-0,8V (it Si)
iD=ith
= 0,2-0,4V (it Ge)

Uth- in p nhit
- h s pht x:
=12 i vi it Si
1 i vi it Ge, GaAs
www.ptit.edu.vn
UD=UAK
Ut

UT
iD= ing
Trang 6
BI GING MN
C ch nh thng trong chuyn tip PN

Dng phn cc ngc rt nh, nhng khi Ungc t trn chuyn tip PN tng
vt qua mt gi tr nht nh dng ngc s tng t ngt hin tng nh
thng, hin tng ny c th lm hng dng c nhng c mt s loi dng c
hot ng da trn c ch ny
Hai c ch nh thng chuyn tip PN:
C ch thc l: Ungc tng E trong min in tch khng gian tng, ht dn
thiu s b cun qua in trng c ng nng ngy cng ln, khi chuyn ng
chng va p vi cc nguyn t lm bn ra in t lp ngoi ca chng, s in
t t do mi pht sinh do va chm ny cng c in trng mnh gia tc v
tip tc p vo cc NT mi lm bn ra in t t do. Hin tng ny xy ra lin
tc v nhanh s ht dn trong bn dn tng t ngt, in tr sut chuyn tip
gim i, dng qua chuyn tip PN tng t ngt
C ch xuyn hm: E ngc tng ln cung cp nng lng cho cc in t lp
ngoi cng ca NT bn dn, nu cc in t ny c nng lng ln chng
tch ra khi NT to thnh in t t do, NT b ion ha. Nu in trng ngc
ln hin tng ion ha xy ra nhiu dn n s lng ht dn trong bn dn
tng t ngt, lm cho dng ngc tng nhanh
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 7
BI GING MN
3.4 Tham s c bn ca it (1)

a. in tr mt chiu hay cn gi l in tr tnh (R0)
L in tr ca it khi lm vic ch ngun mt chiu
hoc ti ch tnh (ti im lm vic tnh trn c tuyn)
Ro =
UM
= cot g1
IM
iD
b. in tr ng (Ri ):
dU
Ri =
dI
Ri =
Vth
I0e
U
Vth
Vth
I M +I0
Do ch phn cc thun IM >> I0 v

Ri =
www.ptit.edu.vn
Vth
IM
U
>>1
Vth
IM

UD
UM
Trang 8
BI GING MN

c. H s chnh lu: k
L thng s c trng phi tuyn ca it v c xc nh bng biu
thc sau:
R 0nguoc
I th
k =
=
I0
R 0thuan
d. in dung chuyn tip: C0
in dung chuyn tip PN khi phn cc ngc
e. in p ngc cc i cho php: Ungc max
L gi tr in p ngc ln nht c th t ln it m n vn lm vic
bnh thng. Thng thng tr s ny c chn khong 0,8U.t.
in p ngc cc i Ung. ma x c xc nh bi kt cu ca it v n
nm trong khong vi V n 10.000 V
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 9
BI GING MN

f. Khong nhit lm vic:
L khong nhit m bo it lm vic bnh thng. Tham
s ny quan h vi cng sut tiu tn cho php ca it
Pttmax = ImaxUAKmax
it Ge : - 600C n +850C
it Si : - 600C n +1500C.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 10
BI GING MN
3.5. Cc m hnh tng ng ca it
3.5.1. M hnh tng ng trong ch mt chiu v xoay chiu

tn hiu ln:
a. Cc m hnh tng ng ca it phn cc thun
b. Cc m hnh tng ng ca it phn cc ngc
3.5.2 M hnh tng ng xoay chiu tn hiu nh
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 11
BI GING MN
Cc m hnh tng ng ca it
phn cc thun (1)
1. S mt kha in t trng thi ng: it lm vic in
p ln, tn s nh. in p phn cc thun c th b qua v UT =
0,6V cho it Si, v UT = 0,2V cho it Ge l qu nh. c tuyn
Vn- Ampe lc ny coi nh trng hp ngn mch
c tuyn Vn-Ampe l ng thng trng vi trc I
I
I
A
U = UT
I
K
VT 0
K
0
www.ptit.edu.vn

UAK
Trang 12
BI GING MN
phn cc thun (2)
2. S mt ngun p l tng :
I
A
+ K
K
UT = 0,6V
U = UT
UT = 0,6V
UAK
3. S mt ngun in p thc: it c coi nh mt ngun

in p thc gm c ngun in p v ni tr ca n chnh l
RT (in tr trong ca it v n l in tr thun)
I
RT =
U D U M U T
=
IM
I D
www.ptit.edu.vn
RT
U = UT
IM
UT
UT UM

UAK
Trang 13
BI GING MN
phn cc ngc
S mt kha trng thi h
S mt ngun dng l tng
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 14
BI GING MN
Cc m hnh tng ng xoay chiu

tn hiu nh (1)
a. S mt in tr ng Ri ch tn hiu nh tn s thp: Trong
trng hp ny it lun phn cc thun, i vi tn hiu xoay chiu
bin nh p ng ca it c coi nh mt phn t tuyn tnh:
e
u = Ri i = Ri
R + Ri
dU
Ri =
dI
www.ptit.edu.vn
Ri =
Vth
I0e
U
Vth
Vth
I M +I0
Ri
Vth
IM

Trang 15
BI GING MN

tn hiu nh (2)
b. S tng ng ch tn hiu nh tn s cao: ch
ny it c coi nh mt in tr thun Ri mc song song vi mt
in dung khuch tn Ck.t.. Ck.t. xut hin trong khong thi gian
l khong thi gian lch pha gia i v u. Ck.t. l in dung khuch
tn ca tip xc P-N v c xc nh:
C k .t =
Ri
= vi ns s
Ck.t
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 16
BI GING MN

tn hiu nh (3)
c. S mt in dung chuyn tip ch tn hiu nh
(Phn cc ngc)
C tx =
C0
Vnguoc
www.ptit.edu.vn
1
n
n = 2 3

Trang 17
BI GING MN
3.6 Phn loi it (1)

it chnh lu: s dng tnh dn in mt chiu chnh lu dng
in xoay chiu thnh mt chiu
A
KA
it xung: ch xung, it c s dng nh kha in t gm

c hai trng thi: "dn" khi R it rt nh v "kha" khi R it rt ln.
Yu cu thi gian chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc phi
tht nhanh. Thi gian chuyn trng thi xc nh tc hot ng ca
it v do xc nh tc lm vic ca thit b
Gm: it hp kim, it mza, it Stky. Trong it Stky c
dng rng ri nht. it Stky s dng tip xc bn dn - kim loi.
Thi gian phc hi chc nng ngt ca it Stky c th t ti
100psec. in p phn cc thun cho it Stky khong UD = 0,4V,
tn s lm vic cao n 100 GHz
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 18
BI GING MN
3.6 Phn loi it (2)

it n p: Ngi ta s dng ch nh thng v in ca
chuyn tip P-N n nh in p. it n p c ch to t
bn dn Silc v n bo m c c tnh k thut cn thit
VD: it Zener
it bin dung (varicap): L loi it bn dn c s dng
nh mt t in c tr s in dung iu khin c bng in
p. Nguyn l lm vic ca it bin dung l da vo s ph
thuc ca in dung ro th ca tip xc P-N vi in p ngc
t vo n
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 19
BI GING MN
3.4 Phn loi it (3)

it tunen (hay it xuyn hm): c ch to t cht bn dn
c nng tp cht rt cao thng thng n = (1019 1023)/cm3.
Loi it ny c kh nng dn in c chiu thun v chiu
ngc.
it cao tn: x l cc tn hiu cao tn

it tch sng
it trn sng
it iu bin
Cc it cao tn thng l loi it tip im

www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 20
BI GING MN
Mt s hnh nh ca it
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 21
BI GING MN
it Zener (1)
Vng Zener c dng thit k it Zener
in p Zener (VZ): l in p phn cc ngc m ti
dng in c xu hng tng t bin trong khi in p tng
khng ng k
in p Zener rt nhy cm i vi nhit lm vic
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 22
BI GING MN
it Zener (2)
Cc c tnh ca it Zener vi m hnh tng ng mi
vng
+
+
+
-
0,7 V
-
+
VZ
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 23
BI GING MN
3.7 Mt s ng dng ca it (1)

it c s dng trong nhiu ng dng khc nhau.
Mt s ng dng n gin ca it:
Mch chnh lu in p xoay chiu
Mch nhn i in p
Mch ghim v mch hn bin
Mch n p
Mch tch sng
Mch logic
...
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 24
BI GING MN

Mch chnh lu mt
na chu k n gin
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 25
BI GING MN

Chnh lu 2 na chu k
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 26
BI GING MN

Mch nhn i bin in p
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 27
BI GING MN

Mch dch mc v
mch hn ch (ghim
nh)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 28
BI GING MN

Mch hn ch dng it Zener
(Zener Limiter):
Mt it Zener c th hn ch 1 pha
ca mt sng sin ti in p Zener
(VZ), trong khi ghim pha kia ti
gn gi tr 0
Vi hai it Zener mc ngc nhau
(hv), sng sin c th b hn ch c 2
pha ti in p Zener
Mch n p dng it Zener

(Zener Regulator):
-in p ngc khng i (VZ) ca
it Zener c dng n nh in
p ra chng li s thay i ca in p
u vo t mt ngun in p thay i
hay s thay i ca in tr ti. I chy
qua it Zener s thay i gi cho
in p nm trong gii hn ca ngng
ca vng lm vic ca it Zener
R
RL
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 29
BI GING MN

Mch hn bin 1 pha
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 30
BI GING MN

Mch gii hn bin 2 pha
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 31
BI GING MN
Chng 5 - BJT (Transistor lng cc)

1. Cu to v k hiu ca Transistor lng cc trong cc s
mch
1.1. Cu to BJT loi pnp, npn,
1.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca BJT
1.3. M hnh Ebers-Moll
2. Cc cch mc BJT v cc h c tuyn tng ng
3. Phn cc cho BJT
4. Cc m hnh tng ng ca BJT.
5. Phn loi BJT
6. Mt s ng dng ca BJT
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 1
BI GING MN
1.1. Cu to BJT loi pnp, npn

Collector (N)
Base (P)
Emitter (N+)
IC
IB
+
VBE
+
VCE
IE
Emitter (P+)
Base (N)
Collector (P)
+
VEB
IB
IE
+
VEC
IC
Transistor gm c 2 tip gip PN do 3 lp tng ng 3 min pht, gc,

gp v c 3 in cc ni ti 3 min: Cc Pht-E (Emitter), Cc Gc B (Base), Cc Gp-C(Collector)
BJT thun c 3 min PNP, BJT ngc c 3 min NPN
Chuyn tip PN gia min E-B l chuyn tip Emitter TE, gia B-C l
chuyn tip collector TC
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 2
BI GING MN
1.1. Cu to BJT loi pnp, npn

Nng pha tp ca min E l kh cao, Min B c nng va
phi kch thc kh mng, min C c nng pha tp thp. Min
pht c kh nng pht x cc ht dn sang min gc B, min gp
c kh nng thu nhn tt c cc ht dn c pht x t min pht
E qua min gc B ti
Min C thng c nui trn phin bn dn , c lp bn dn
vi su c nng cao (Buried layer n++) gim tr s in tr
ni tip
rng ca min B nh hn di khuch tn trung bnh rt
nhiu
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 3
BI GING MN
K hiu v cc dng ng v khc nhau ca BJT
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 4
BI GING MN

trng thi cn bng nhit, I qua cc cc = 0
Mun cho Transistor lm vic ta phi cung cp mt in p mt chiu
thch hp cho cc chn cc. Tu theo in p t vo cc cc m
Transistor lm vic cc ch khc nhau:
+ Ch ngt: Hai tip gip PN u phn cc ngc. Transistor c
in tr rt ln v ch c mt dng in qua cc chn cc rt nh.
+ Ch dn bo ha: C hai tip gip PN u phn cc thun.
Transistor c in tr rt nh v dng in qua n l rt ln.
+ Ch tch cc: Tip gip BE phn cc thun, tip gip BC phn
cc ngc, Transistor lm vic nh mt phn t tch cc, c kh nng
khuch i, pht tn hiu... L ch thng dng nht ca Transistor
+ Ch tch cc o (Ch o): Tip gip BE phn cc ngc,
tip gip BC phn cc thun, y l ch khng mong mun
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 5
BI GING MN

Transistor pnp v npn c nguyn l lm vic ging ht nhau, ch c
chiu ngun in cung cp l ngc du nhau. Ch cn xt vi BJT
npn, vi loi BJT pnp tng t
ch ngt v ch dn bo ha, BJT lm vic nh mt phn t
tuyn tnh trong mch in. Trong BJT khng c qu trnh iu khin
dng in hay in p. Transistor lm vic ch ny nh mt kha
in t v n c s dng trong cc mch xung, cc mch logic
BJT - npn Cc vng lm vic ca BJT: BJT - pnp
Tch cc
o
Ngt
www.ptit.edu.vn
VBC
Bo ha
VBE
Tch cc
Tch cc
o
Ngt

VC
B Bo ha
VEB
Tch cc
Trang 6
BI GING MN
a. BJT lm vic trong ch tch cc (1)

E TE B TC C
n
VBE
n
VBC
E TE B TC C
p
VBE
p
VBC
-Tip gip BE
phn cc thun
- Tip gip BC
phn cc ngc
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 7
BI GING MN

TE phn cc thun nn ht dn a s l in t t min E c khuch tn
sang min B qua chuyn tip TE, tr thnh ht dn thiu s, do s chnh
lch nng chng tip tc khuch tn n min chuyn tip TC, ti y
n c cun sang min C (do in trng ca tip gip TC c tc dng
cun ht thiu s)
Ht dn a s l l trng ti min B cng khuch tn ngc li min E
nhng khng ng k so vi dng khuch tn in t do nng l trng
min B t hn rt nhiu (do nng pha tp min B t hn nhiu)
in t khuch tn t E sang B lm cho mt in t rt cao min B
ti v tr gn lp tip xc TE v y in t v l trng s ti hp vi
nhau
cc in t b ti hp t, ngi ta ch to phn pht (E) c nng tp
cht ln hn rt nhiu so vi phn gc (B) thnh phn dng in cc
pht do cc in t to nn ln hn nhiu thnh phn dng in do cc l
trng to nn
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 8
BI GING MN

Hiu sut ca cc pht: - l t s gia thnh phn dng in
ca ht a s vi dng in cc pht:
BJTnpn :
I nE
I nE
=
0,98 0,995
I E I pE + I nE
H s khuch i dng in cc pht tnh : F (0) hay cn gi

l h s truyn t dng in cc pht :
IC
F = 0 = = *
IE
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 9
BI GING MN

Dng in IB ch yu gm dng ngc ca tip xc gp TC, dng cun
cc ht thiu s qua tip xc pht TE v cc thnh phn dng in do
hin tng ti hp trong lp tip xc pht v trong min gc to nn
IB=IpE- InE-InC-ICB0
Quan h gia 3 thnh phn dng in trong BJT trong ch 1 chiu:
IC = InC+ ICBo= 0IE + ICBo
IB = (1-0)IE - ICBo
IE = IC + IB
Thc t thng dng h s khuch i dng in cc pht tn hiu nh
hay cn gi l h s truyn t vi phn dng in cc pht :
I C
=
I E
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 10
BI GING MN

H s K dng Emitter chung (tnh) mt chiu F (0):
IC
F
0 = , m I E = I B + I C 0 =
IB
1F
H s khuch i dng Emitter chung tn hiu nh:

I C
=
=
I B 1
M hnh kch thc
n gin ca BJT npn:
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 11
BI GING MN
Phn b nng ht dn trong BJT
iu kin
cn bng nhit:
ch tch cc:
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 12
BI GING MN
Tnh ton dng Collector : IC

Dng in ch yu trong BJT l cc dng khuch tn ht dn
Dng IC ch yu l dng cc ht dn thiu s khuch tn trong
min B v c cun sang min C qua chuyn tip collector
qDn n pB 0 AE
IS =
W
B
IS- dng Collector bo ha
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 13
BI GING MN
Tnh ton dng Base : IB

IB ch yu do dng khuch tn l trng sang min E v dng ti hp
ti TE v min B, tnh ton dng in trn cc B b qua dng ti hp.
Gi s s phn b ht thiu s l trng trong min E l tuyn tnh
V VBE>>KT/q ta c IB=IC/0 :
qDn n pBo AE

WB
IC
Dn n pB 0 WE
F = =
=

qD
p
A
I B p nEo E D p pnE 0 WB
W
E
n pB 0
pnE 0
N
= dE
N aB
www.ptit.edu.vn
F = 0 =
Dn N dEWE
D p N aBWB

Trang 14
BI GING MN
Dng in trn cc pht IE

Vi quy c chiu cc dng in nh hnh v, dng in trn
cc pht c xc nh nh sau:
qVBE I S
qVBE
I E = I C + I B = I S exp
+
exp
F
kT
kT
DN W
F = 0 = n dE E
D p N aBWB
qDn n pB 0 AE
IS =
W
B
www.ptit.edu.vn

IC
IB
IE
Trang 15
BI GING MN
a. BJT lm vic trong ch tch cc

Dn N dEWE
F = 0 =
D p N aBWB
Nhn xt 0 :
0 ln chn: NdE>>NaB; WE>>WB hay gim ti a kch thc
min Base WB v pha tp ti a min Emitter NdE
Thc t 0 ca npn lun ln hn 0 ca pnp v lun c Dn>Dp
Hin nay ngi ta ch to c BJT c 0 t khong 50 300
0 c lp vi IC
Vic n nh 0 trong khi sn sut rt kh do cn s dng k
thut mch in t gii quyt
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 16
BI GING MN
Tm tt: BJT lm vic trong ch tch cc

Ch lm vic tch cc: tip gip BE phn cc thun, tip gip
BC phn cc ngc
I
I
Quan h gia cc dng in trong BJT-npn l:
IE=IB+IC
q D n n pB 0 AE
IS =
WB
IE
Trong ch tnh (ch 1 chiu):

F = 0 =
IC
IE
F = 0 =
Trong ch ng: = I C
I E
www.ptit.edu.vn
IC
F
=
IB 1F
F =
Dn N dEWE
D p N aBWB
I C
=
=
I B 1

Trang 17
BI GING MN
b. BJT ch ngt (Cut-off )

S phn cc BJT npn
trong ch ngt
E TE B TC C
n
VBE
n
VBC
E TE B TC C
p
VBE
www.ptit.edu.vn
p
VBC
EC
ICBo
RC
UCE
B
EB
S tng ng n gin
ca BJT npn ch ngt
C
ICBo
B
E
Cung cp ngun sao cho hai tip xc PN u

c phn cc ngc. in tr ca cc chuyn
tip rt ln, ch c dng in ngc bo ha rt
nh ca tip gip gp ICB0. Cn dng in ngc
ca tip gip pht IEB0 rt nh so vi ICB0 nn c
th b qua. Nh vy, mch cc E coi nh h mch.
Dng in trong cc gc B: IB= -I CB0

Trang 18
BI GING MN
Tnh dng in trong BJT ch ngt

Dng qua cc tip gip ch yu l dng ngc - dng cun cc
ht thiu s l trng ca cc min qua cc tip gip. L trng
c cun t min B sang min E to ra dng IB1, v l trng t
min B cun sang min C to ra dng IB2, cc dng ny rt nh
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 19
BI GING MN
c. BJT ch bo ha (Saturation)
E TE B TC C
p
n
n
VBE
VBC
E TE B TC C
p
VBE
p
VBC
S phn cc BJT npn

trong ch bo ha
RC
C
IC
B
EB
UBE E
S tng ng n
gin ca BJT npn ch
bo ha EC
EC
IC
B
UCE
UCE 0V
RC
C
E
IC
EC
RC
Cung cp ngun in mt chiu vo cc cc ca Transistor sao cho hai tip xc

PN u phn cc thun. Khi in tr ca hai tip xc pht TE v tip xc gp
TC rt nh nn c th coi n gin l hai cc pht E v cc gp C c ni tt.
Dng in qua Transistor IC kh ln v c xc nh bi in p ngun cung
cp EC v khng ph thuc g vo Transistor ang s dng, thc t UCE 0,2V
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 20
BI GING MN
Tnh dng trong BJT ch bo ha

Ch bo ha c th coi nh l s xp
chng ca 2 ch tch cc v ch o
Dng in cc cc ch bo ha:
ch bo ha min B v C d tha cc ht dn thiu s nn s mt

mt thi gian tr BJT ra khi ch bo ha
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 21
BI GING MN
1.3 M hnh Ebers-Moll (1)

Phng trnh Ebers-Moll: Vit biu thc dng trn E v C
theo dng qua cc chuyn tip
VBC Vth
I S VBE Vth
e
1 + I S e
1
IE =
F
IC
V BE V th
I
= I S e
1 S
V BC V th
e
1
t IS=FIES= RICS , ta c h phng trnh Ebers-Moll:
I E = I ES e V BE
I C = F I ES e
www.ptit.edu.vn
V th
V BE V th
1 + R I CS e V BC
1 I CS e V BC
V th
V th

)
Trang 22
BI GING MN
1.3 M hnh Ebers-Moll (2)

M hnh c th s dng cho
BJT c 3 ch lm vic
khc nhau: ch tch cc, ch
ngt, ch bo ha
Thng dng cho cc trng
hp mt chiu v trng hp
tn hiu ln
c xy dng trn t h
phng trnh Ebers-Moll
IC
IB
IE
www.ptit.edu.vn
IS=FIES= RICS
I E = I ES eVBE
I C = F I ES e
Vth
VBE Vth
1 + R I CS eVBC
1 I CS eVBC

Vth
Vth
Trang 23
BI GING MN
M hnh Ebers-Moll n gin cho cc C lm vic

a. M hnh Ebers-Moll n gin cho BJT npn trong ch tch cc:
VBE = 0.7
VCE > 0.2
IC
IB
B
IC = F I B
VBE = 0.7
b. M hnh Ebers-Moll n gin cho BJT npn

trong ch bo ha (2 it phn cc thun):
IB
B
VBE = 0.7
www.ptit.edu.vn

IC
VCE = 0.1
E
Trang 24
BI GING MN

Trong cc mch in, BJT c xem nh mt mng 4 cc: tn
hiu c a vo hai chn cc v tn hiu ly ra cng trn hai
chn cc
BJT c 3 cc l E, B, C nn khi s dng ta phi t mt chn cc
lm dy chung ca mch vo v mch ra. Ta c th chn mt trong
3 chn cc lm cc chung cho mch vo v mch ra. Do ,
Transistor c 3 cch mc c bn l mch cc pht chung (CE),
mch cc gc chung (CB), v mch cc gp chung (CC).
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 25
BI GING MN

i2
i1
u1
4C
IB
u2
IC
UEB
IE
UCE
UBE
IE
(CE)
IB
IC
UCB
IB
(CB)
UBC
IE
UEC
IC
(CC)
c trng ca mng 4 cc dng h phng trnh tr khng, dn

np, hn hp. H phng trnh hn hp:
u1 = f (i1, u2 )
i2 = f (i1, u2 )
www.ptit.edu.vn
u1 = h11.i1 + h12.u2
i2 = h21.i1 + h22.u2

Trang 26
BI GING MN

I2
I1
U1
4C
IB
U2
IC
UEB
IE
UCE
UBE
IE
c tuyn
Tng qut
UCB
IB
(CE)
(CB)
CE
IB
IC
CB
UBC
IE
UEC
IC
(CC)
CC
c tuyn
vo
u1 = f (i1 ) |u2
UBE = f (IB ) |UCE
UEB = f (IE ) |UCB UBC = f (IB ) |UEC
c tuyn
phn hi
u1 = f (u2 ) |i1
UBE = f (UCE ) |IB
UEB = f (UCB) |IE UBC = f (UEC ) |IB
c tuyn
truyn t
i2 = f (i1 ) |u2
IC = f (IB ) |UCE
IC = f (IE ) |UCB IE = f (IB ) |UEC
c tuyn ra
www.ptit.edu.vn
i2 = f (u2 ) |i1
IC = f (UCE ) |IB IC = f (UCB) |IE IE = f (UEC ) |IB

Trang 27
BI GING MN

Cc h c tuyn c trng cho tham s, c tnh ca BJT mi
cch mc, chng c vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh cc
im lm vic, nh thin, ch lm vic ca BJT. v cc h
c tuyn ny thng dng m hnh BJT l tng, vi cc /k:
c tuyn V-A ca mi chuyn tip PN u c m t bng biu
thc: I= IS [exp(U/Uth) 1]
Cng in trng trong chuyn tip PN nu phn cc ngc
phi nh hn nhiu in trng gy ra nh thng
in tr sut ca cc min E, B, C coi nh l rt nh. Ngoi in
trng tn ti cc chuyn tip PN khng c in trng tn ti
cc ni khc
Nng phun cc ht dn thp
Trong BJT l tng c tuyn ca mi chuyn tip PN chu nh
hng tuyn tnh ca dng in i qua chuyn tip kia
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 28
BI GING MN
Cc tham s c trng cho BJT mi ch mc (1)

Ngoi cc c tuyn tng ng vi tng ch mc, cn cn phi
xc nh cc tham s c trng nh sau:
h dn S : biu th mi quan h gia dng in ra trn mch
v in p vo
dI ra
S=
dU Vao
khi U ra = const
in tr ra vi phn rra : biu th quan h gia dng in trn mch

ra vi in p trn mch ra.
dU
rra =
ra
dI ra
khi I vo = const
in tr vo vi phn rvo : biu th quan h gia dng in trn

mch vo vi in p trn mch vo
rvo =
www.ptit.edu.vn
dU vao
dI Vao
khi U ra = const

Trang 29
BI GING MN
Cc tham s c trng cho BJT mi ch mc (2)

H s khuch i dng in tnh: Ki0
H s khuch i in p: Ku
H s khuch i cng sut: KP
www.ptit.edu.vn
I ra
Ki0 =
I vo
KU =
dU ra
dU vo
KP =
Pra
Pvo

Trang 30
BI GING MN
2.1 S BJT npn mc cc pht chung - CE

Xc h nh c tuyn ra tnh: IC = f (UCE ) |IB
Gi IB mt tr s c nh, thay i UCE v ghi li gi tr tng ng ca
IC, v c c tuyn IC=f(UCE)
Thay i IB n gi tr khc nhau v
thc hin tng t, kt qu thu c
l h c tnh ra tnh ca BJT mc CE
UBE = f (IB ) |UCE
Xc nh h s truyn t
(c tuyn khuch i):
C th c xc nh t c tuyn ra
www.ptit.edu.vn
IB
UBE

IC
UCE
IE
Trang 31
BI GING MN
c tuyn ra v c tuyn khuch i (CE)

c tuyn ra
c tuyn khuch i
Tng tuyn tnh
UCE=5V
Vng nh thng
UCE=2V
IB(
A)
-Bo ha
IB =0A
IB =-ICB0
ch ngt ch tch cc
(Tr khng ra rt cao)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 32
BI GING MN

Nhn xt c tuyn ra
Ti min khuch i, dc ca c tuyn kh ln. Khi UCE tng lm
cho rng hiu dng ca min B hp li, lm cho s ht dn c
cun sang min C cng nhiu, do dng IC tng nhanh
Khi UCE gim, n im un ca c tuyn khi UCB=UCE-UBE=0,
lm cho chuyn tip BC phn cc thun, BJT chuyn sang ch lm
vic bo ha. Khi UEC=0 thi in p phn cc thun UCB=-UBE y ht
dn thiu s min C tr li min B do IC=0, c tuyn cng i qua
gc ta
Khi UEC tng qu ln, lc UCB qu ln dn ti nh thng tip gip
TC, lm cho dng IC tng t ngt
Nhn xt c tuyn truyn t:
c tuyn truyn t biu th mi qua h gia dng ra IC v dng vo
IB khi gi UCE c nh. c tuyn ny c th suy ra t h c tuyn ra
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 33
BI GING MN

Xc h nh c tuyn vo tnh:
U BE = f (I B ) |U CE
Gi UCE =const., thay i UBE v ghi li gi tr tng ng ca IB, v c c

tuyn IB=f(UBE), Thay i UCE n gi tr khc nhau l thc hin tng t, kt
qu thu c h c tnh vo tnh ca BJT mc CE
Nhn xt c tuyn vo tnh:

+ Khi UBE < 0 th tip xc pht TE phn 1
UBE
[V]
UCE= 10V
UCE= 5V
UCE= 2V
UCE= 0,1V
cc ngc, trong lc tip xc gp phn

0,8
cc ngc (UCE < 0) Transistor lm
vic ch ngt IE = 0 IB = - ICBo 0,5
+ Khi UBE > 0 th tip xc pht TE phn 0,4
cc thun, c tuyn ging nh c 0,2
tuyn ca it phn cc thun, v dng
IB l mt phn ca dng IE qua chuyn
tip TE phn cc thun IB = (1- )IE - ICBo
www.ptit.edu.vn
UCE= 0V
1

IB [A]
Trang 34
BI GING MN
Cc tham s c trng (CE)

h dn S :
S=
dI ra
dI C
=
khi U ra = U CE = const
dU Vao dU BE
U BE
I C = I S .e
in tr ra vi phn rra :
Vth
rra = rCE =
in tr vo vi phn rvo :
I S U BE Vth
S=
e
Vth
dU CE
dI C
rvo = rBE =
khi I vo = I B = const
dU BE
dI B
H s khuch i dng in tnh: K i 0 =
khi U ra = U BE = const
I ra
I
= C = DC = hFE
I vo I B
Ki0 kh ln, mch CE c th khuch i dng in

c im ca mch CE (Xem gio trnh)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 35
BI GING MN
2.2 S BJT npn mc cc pht chung - CB

Xc h nh c tuyn ra tnh: IC = f (UCB) |I
E
Gi IE =const., thay i UCB v ghi li gi tr tng
UEB
ng ca IC, v c c tuyn IC=f(UCB). Thay i IE

n gi tr khc nhau v thc hin tng t, ta
thu c l h c tnh ra tnh ca BJT mc B chung
IE
IC
UCB
IB
(CB)
Xc h nh c tuyn vo tnh: UEB = f (IE ) |UCB

Gi UCB = const., thay i UEB v ghi li gi tr tng ng ca IE, v
c c tuyn IE=f(UEB). Thay i UCB n gi tr khc nhau v thc
hin tng t, ta thu c h c tnh vo tnh ca BJT mc B chung
Xc nh h s truyn t: IC = f (IE ) |UCB

www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 36
BI GING MN
c tuyn ra tnh (CB)

i vi dng IE c nh, IC IE,
khi UCB tng ln, IC tng nhng
khng ng k
IC (mA)
Vng tch cc
40
IE5 = 40mA
30
IE4 = 30mA
Vng
dn
bo
20
ha
10
IE3 = 20mA
(IE3 - IE2)
-2
-4
-6
Vng ngt
-8
IE2 = 10mA
IE1= 0
UCB (V)
- Khc so vi c tuyn ra ca BJT mc CE, khi UCB gim ti 0, IC vn

cha gim ti 0, do bn thn chuyn tip TC vn cn in th tip xc,
chnh in th tip xc ny cun nhng ht dn t min B sang min
C lm cho dng IC tip tc chy. IC =0 th TC phi c phn cc
thun. Min c tuyn trong TC phn cc thun gi l min bo ha
- Khi UCB tng n gi tr no th IC tng ln t ngt do hin tng
nh thng xy ra
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 37
BI GING MN
Nhn xt c tuyn vo tnh (CB)

Chuyn tip EB lun phn
cc thun nn c tuyn vo
ca mch CB c bn ging
nh c tuyn thun ca it.
ng vi in p m vo UEB
c nh dng vo IE cng ln
khi in p UCB cng ln, v
min in tch khng gian ca
chuyn tip TC phn cc
ngc cng tng, lm cho
khong cch hiu dng gia
chuyn tip Emitter v
Collector ngn li, do
dng IE tng ln
www.ptit.edu.vn
UEB [V]
-1
UCB= 0V
UCB= 1V
UCB= 2V
UCB= 6V
-0,8
-0,5
-0,4
-0,2
-1
-2

-3
-4
IE [mA]
Trang 38
BI GING MN
Cc tham s c trng (CB)

h dn S :
S=
dI ra
dI C
=
khi U ra = U CB = const
dU Vao dU EB
U BE
I C = I S .e
Vth
I S U BE Vth
S = e
Vth
rra = rCB =
dU CB
dI C
in tr vo vi phn rvo : rvo = rEB =
khi I vo = I E = const
dU EB
dI B
H s khuch i dng in tnh: K i 0 =
khi U ra = U CB = const
I ra
I
= C = 0 < 1
I vo I E
Ki0 < 1, mch CB khng th dng lm mch khuch i dng in

c im ca mch CB (Xem gio trnh)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 39
BI GING MN
2.3 S BJT npn mc cc gp chung - CC

Xc nh h c tuyn ra tnh: IE = f (UEC ) |IB
Gi IB mt tr s c nh, thay i
UEC v ghi li gi tr tng ng ca IE,
v c c tuyn IE=f(UEC). Thay i IB
n gi tr khc nhau l thc hin tng t,
ta thu c h c tnh ra tnh ca BJT mc C chung
IB
IE
UEC
UBC
IC
(CC)
Xc h nh c tuyn vo tnh: UBC = f (IB ) |UEC

Gi UEC mt tr s c nh, thay i UBC v ghi li gi tr tng ng ca
IB, v c c tuyn IB=f(UBC). Thay i UEC n gi tr khc nhau l
thc hin tng t, ta thu c h c tnh vo tnh ca BJT mc C chung
Xc nh h s truyn t (c tuyn khuch i): IE = f (IB ) |UEC
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 40
BI GING MN
c tuyn vo tnh (CC)

IB(A)
40
UCE=2V UCE=4V
30
20
10
UCB(V)
-1
-2 -3
-4
c tuyn vo ca mch mc CC khc hn vi trng hp mc

CE v CB. Trng hp ny in p vo UCE ph thuc rt nhiu
vo in p ra UCB,
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 41
BI GING MN
c tuyn ra (CC)
c tuyn khuch i IE
c tuyn ra
Tng tuyn tnh
UCE=5V
Vng nh thng
UCE=2V
IB(A
)
2
-Bo ha
IB =0A
IB =-ICB0
0
ch ngt
www.ptit.edu.vn
ch tch cc
(Tr khng ra rt cao)

Trang 42
BI GING MN
Cc tham s c trng (CC)

h dn S :
S=
dI ra
dI E
=
khi U ra = U EC = const
dU Vao dU BC
rra = rEC =
in tr vo vi phn rvo :
dU EC
dI E
rvo = rBC =
dU BC
dI B
H s khuch i dng in tnh: Ki0
khi I vo = I B = const
khi U ra = U EC = const
Ki0 =
I ra
I
= E
I vo I B
dU ra
H s khuch i in p : KU =
dU vo
c im ca mch CC (Xem gio trnh)

www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 43
BI GING MN
3. Phn cc cho BJT

3.1. Khi nim phn cc cho cc ch lm vic ca BJT
3.2. Phn cc bng dng c nh
3.3. Phn cc bng hi tip m
3.4. Phn cc bng mch nh thin t cp
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 44
BI GING MN
3.1 Khi nim phn cc cho cc C lm vic ca BJT

Phn cc (nh thin Biasing) cho BJT:
Mun BJT lm vic nh mt phn t tch cc th cc tham s ca BJT phi
tha mn k thch hp, nhng tham s ny ph thuc nhiu vo in p phn
cc cc chuyn tip Collector v Emitter. Nh vy cc tham s ca BJT ph
thuc nhiu vo in p nh thin ban u (im lm vic tnh) ca n
Mun BJT lm vic ch tch cc th chuyn tip B-E phn cc thun,
chuyn tip B-C phn cc ngc (BJT npn: UE<UB<UC, BJT pnp:
UE>UB>UC).
ng ti tnh, im lm vic tnh: ng ti tnh (ng ti 1 chiu) c
v trn c tuyn ra tnh ca BJT nghin cu mi quan h gia dng in ra
v in p ra ca BJT ch mt chiu.
im lm vic tnh (im phn cc 1 chiu) l im nm trn ng ti tnh,
n xc nh dng in, in p 1 chiu trn BJT khi khng c tn hiu xoay
chiu t vo
minh ha xt v d vi mch BJTnpn mc CE, xc nh ng ti tnh v
im lm vic ca chng
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 45
BI GING MN
3.1 Khi nim phn cc cho cc C lm vic ca BJT

Xt v d vi mch BJTnpn mc CE, xc
nh ng ti tnh v im lm vic
Phng trnh ng ti tnh:
UCE=EC-IC.RC
(ti 1 chiu: Rt0=RC), th nh hnh v
+ Ec
RB
C1
Uvao
IB
RC
IC
T1
C2
Ura
UCE
Ty theo cc gi tr phn cc m im lm vic tnh c ta khc nhau,

im lm vic tnh Qi(UCEi,ICi,IBi) l giao im ca ng ti tnh v c
tuyn ra tng ng vi dng phn cc IB=IBi
Khi c tn hiu t vo, IB bin i IC bin i, kt qu l Ura trn ti
bin i. Cn phi chn im lm vic tnh Q in p ra trn ti khng
b mo. Thng thng bin in p ra cc i, khng lm mo dng
tn hiu, im lm vic tnh thng c chn gia ng ti tnh.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 46
BI GING MN

ICmax
EC/Rt0
IC
3
EC/Rt02
im bo ha
IC
2
IC
IC(mA
)
im lm vic tnh
Qi(UCEi,ICi,IBi)
I
Q3
Pmax
ng ti tnh
Q2
IB2
IB2
Q1
IB1
IB1
-IB2
IB0=0
-IB1
UCE3
UCE2 UCE1 E UCEmax UCE(V)
C
-UCE2 UCE2
im ct
UCE1
-UCE1
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 47
BI GING MN

Ch khi chn im lm vic tnh cn quan tm n cc gi tr
danh nh ca BJT nh: Pcmax, UCmax, ICmax, UBEmax, di nhit
lm vic TminTmax
im lm vic tnh phi la chn nm trong gii hn ng Pmax.
n nh im lm vic tnh v n nh nhit: BJT rt nhy cm
vi nhit , nht l UBE v ICB0, m IC=0.IB+ICB0/(1-) , nn
khi nhit thay i im lm vic tnh cng thay i.
dIC
H s n nh nhit: S = d I
CB0
o hm 2 v theo IC phng
trnh IC=0.IB+ICB0/(1-), rt gn ta c:
www.ptit.edu.vn
1+ 0
S=
dI
1 0. B
dI C

Trang 48
BI GING MN
M hnh tng ng mt chiu

Khi tnh ton phn cc cho BJT c th s dng m hnh tng ng
mt chiu. Thng s dng m hnh Ebers-Moll. Trong mi ch lm
vic c th s dng s tng ng Ebers-Moll n gin.
Khi tnh ton ch 1 chiu n gin c th dng cc cng thc:
+ Ch tch cc: I C = I B 0
U BE cont
( eg. 0,7V npnSi ; 0,7V pnpSi )
+ Ch bo ha:
U CE 0
+ Ch ngt:
IC 0
www.ptit.edu.vn
IB >
IC
IB 0
Trang 49
BI GING MN
3.2 Mch nh thin bng dng c nh (/thin cc gc)

Dng IB t ngun mt chiu cung cp cho BJT khng i, c th dng mch 1
ngun mt chiu EC hoc hai ngun mt chiu UBB v EC. in tr RB u t cc
+ ca ngun cung cp v cc B sao cho tip gip BE phn cc thun.. + Ec
+ Ec
RB
C1
IB
RC
IC
Uvao
T1
IC
RB IB
C1
C2
Ura
Uvao
UCE
RC
T1
C2
Ura
UBB
(b Mch hai ngun)
(a- Mch 1 ngun)
IB= (EC-UBE)/RB EC/RB
IB= (UBB-UBE)/RB UBB/RB
+ Phng trnh ng ti: EC=IC.Rt0+UCE (Rt0=RC)

+ Mc theo cc s trn IB=const => IB/IC=0
+ H h s n nh nhit l: S= 0+1, S ph thuc vo h s K dng Emitter tnh
,vy S ph thuc vo tng loi BJT v thng ln, n nh km nht.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 50
BI GING MN
3.3 Mch phn cc hi tip m

Khi tn hiu u ra thay i cng s tc ng n u vo lm thay i
tn hiu u vo gi l mch c hi tip.
Nu tn hiu ra tng li lm tn hiu u vo gim th gi l hi tip m.
Vi mch phn cc cho BJT nu gi s khi nhit thay i lm cho
dng in ra IC v IE tng ln, s tng ny nu lm gim in p t
trn tip gip BE hoc CE th s lm cho IB gim, nh vy IC v IE
gim, im lm vic c n nh.
Ty theo phng php dng hi tip m in p m c cc loi mch
phn cc hi tip m khc nhau:
a. Mch nh thin hi tip m Collector.
b. Mch nh thin hi tip m Emitter.
c. Mch nh thin hi tip m Collector v Emitter.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 51
BI GING MN
a. Mch nh thin hi tip m Collector

+
IB+IC
C1
RB
RC
IC
(a)
C3
RB2
RB1
C2
T1
Uvao
+ Ec
Ec
C1
Ura
Uvao
RC
C2
T1
Ura
(b)
- Mch nh thin c nh c n nh nhit khng cao, v khi dng IC

tng lm in p UCE gim, c th dng c tnh ny lm cho dng IB
gim do n nh c dng IC bng cch dng in tr hi tip RB
t cc C v B, ta c mch Collector-Feedback Bias (CFB) hnh (a).
- IB, IC = ?
- Phng trnh ng ti tnh: EC=(IC+IB)RC+UCE= ICRC(0+1)/0+UCE
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 52
BI GING MN
a. Mch nh thin hi tip m Collector

- H s n nh nhit:
S=
0 + 1
1 + 0
RC
RB + RC
- Nh vy S< 0+1, ci thin c tnh n nh nhit.

- Nu chn RB<<RC th S1.
- in p phn hi m qua RB trong mch phn cc lm tng n nh
nhit ng thi li lm gim h s khuch i tn hiu xoay chiu, RB
gim th n nh tng nhng h s khuch i gim. Nh vy
khc phc mu thun ny RB c chia thnh 2 phn R1 v R2 v dng
t ni t im ni gia 2 in tr ny nh hnh (b). C h mch i vi
tn hiu nh thin 1 chiu nhng ngn mch tn hiu xoay chiu khng
cho phn hi tr li u vo.
- Mch nh thin hi tip m Collector vn khng th tng c n
nh ln cao v S v im cng tc tnh ph thuc ln nhau.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 53
BI GING MN
b. Mch nh thin hi tip m Emitter

EC
EC
IB
C1
RB
IC
RC
RB
C2
C1
Ura
RC
T
C2
Ura
Uvao
Uvao
(a)
RE
D dng tnh c: I B =
RE
(b)
( EC U BE )
RE ( 0 + 1) + RB
IC =
CE
0 ( EC U BE )
RE ( 0 + 1) + RB
Phng trnh ng ti tnh ?

U CE = ?
www.ptit.edu.vn
S =?
Trang 54
BI GING MN
c. Mch nh thin hi tip m Collector v Emitter

Phng trnh ng ti tnh ?
IB = ?
IB+IC
IC = ?
S =?
U CE = ?
C1
RB
Ec
RC
IC
C2
T1
Ura
Uvao
RE
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 55
BI GING MN
3.4 Phn cc bng mch nh thin t cp

+ Ec
Ipa1
C1
R1
IB
UB
Uvao
Ipa2
R2
IC
C2
RE
IC
R1
RC
T1
+ Ec
Ura
UB
R2
RB IB
+E
(a)
UB
IE
Ec
RC
T1
RE
(b)
- Mch nh thin t cp (cn c gi l mch phn p, mch phn cc

bng dng Emitter, mch phn cc bng hi tip m dng in) c s
nh hnh (a). S tng ng tnh nh hnh (b) (p dng bin i
Norton, Thevenin vi c cu ngun EC v in tr phn p R1, R2.
- R1, R2 to thnh mch phn p to in p UB t vo cc B ca BJT.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 56
BI GING MN

-RE hi tip m dng in. Uht= UE=IE.RE
-Gi tr ca ngun bin i tng ng: E = R2 .EC
B
R1 + R2
RB =
R1 R2
R1 + R2
-Cn chn R1, R2 m bo UB n nh v UB<<EC, nhng RB khng

ln hn nhiu RE, nu khng th s phn cc ca mch ging nh trng
hp phn cc dng c nh. (Thng thng chn RB=RE)
EB=IBRB+UBE+(IC+IB)RE=UBE+IB(RB+(0+1)RE
-Trong trng hp ny khng c b qua UBE
E B U BE
-Tnh ton im phn cc:
IB =
;
IC = 0 I B
RB + ( 0 + 1) RE
- Phng trnh ng ti tnh: EC=IC(RC+RE)+UCE+IB.RE (b qua IB.RE)
EC = IC(RC+RE)+UCE
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 57
BI GING MN

S =
0 +1
RE
1+ 0
RE + RB
= (1 + 0 )
1+
RB
RE
1 + 0 + RB
RE
S1 khi RB<<RE, v S1+ 0 khi RB>>RE

S khng ph thuc vo Rt0=RC.
- Bn cht ca s n nh nhit ca mch nh thin t cp chnh l dng
phn hi m qua in tr RE. Tng RE ngha l tng phn hi m, do
lm gim h s khuch i tn hiu xoay chiu ca mch. C th loi
tr phn hi m ca tn hiu xoay chiu bng cch mc thm t in CE
ngn mch i vi tn hiu xoay chiu nh hnh c, d.
- Trong thc t 0 cng thay i theo nhit , do cng nh hng
n n nh ca im lm vic tnh
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 58
BI GING MN
Ipa1
C1
R1
IB
RC
R1
IC
C2
T
Uvao
Ipa2
(c)
www.ptit.edu.vn
+ Ec
R2
RE
C1
Ura
RC
C2
T
Uvao
R2
CE
Ec
(d)

Ura
RE1
RE2
CE
Trang 59
BI GING MN
Tng kt s ci thin cc mch nh thin cho BJT

+ EC
RB
RC
EC
+ EC
+ EC
RB
RC
RC
RC
(1)
RE
(2)
RB
(3)
(1) : BB - Base Bias
RB
(4)
RE
+ EC
R1
RC
T
(5) R2 RE
n nh tng dn
(2) : EFB - Emitter-Feedback Bias

(3) : CFB - Collector-Feedback Bias
(4) : CEFB Collector- and Emitter- Feedback Bias
(5) : VDB Voltage Divider Bias
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 60
BI GING MN
Mch nh thin cho BJTpnp

Ch : Mch phn cc cho BJTpnp cng tng t, ch khc nhau v chiu ca
ngun cung cp, v ch chiu dng in ca cc cc cng ngc li
-
EC
EC
RB
RC
RB
RC
RC
RC
RE
EFB
EE
BB
EE
RE
T
T
RB
RC
www.ptit.edu.vn
RB
RC
RB
EC
CFB
RB
RB
T
RC
RB
R1
RC
T
R2 RE
RE
CEFB
+ EE
- EC
EC
VDB
+ E
E
RE
T
RC

+ EC
R2
RE
T
R1
RC
Trang 61
BI GING MN
3.5 BJT trong ch chuyn mch (ch xung)

VD: BJT hot ng trong cc mch xung, mch s, mch logic
BJT trong trng hp ny lm vic nh mt mt kha in t, BJT lm
vic 2 ch : ng ch ngt (ngt mch khng c dng i qua
BJT), m - ch dn bo ha (ni mch cho dng i qua BJT)
Do cc tham s, c tnh ca BJT chuyn dng cho cc ng dng ny
cng c nhiu c tnh khc so vi BJT chuyn hot ng ch tch cc.
Cc tham s ca BJT lm vic ch chuyn mch :
+ in p thun UBEbh : l in p UBE khi BJT mc CE trng thi bo
ha.
+ in p bo ha UCEbh: l in p UCE khi BJT mc CE trng thi bo
ho
+ Thi gian qu ca BJT : ton - thi gian qu khi BJT chuyn t ch
ngt sang ch bo ho, toff thi gian qu khi BJT chuyn t ch
bo ha sang ch ngt.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 62
BI GING MN
3.5 BJT trong ch chuyn mch

- Vd mch BJT lm vic ch chuyn mch nh hnh (a)
- Khi Ui =0V => tip gip BE, BC phn cc ngc, Q lm vic ch ngt, IB=IB0=ICB00, IC 0 => UO= EC=5V
- Khi Ui=5V, chn RC, RB sao cho Q lm vic ch bo ha, Khi : Uo=UCE 0V.
Nh vy BJT lm vic chuyn i gia 2 im bo ha v ngt.
I CSat =
EC U CESat EC
RC
RC
Ec =+5V
IB =
Ui
I
U i U BE
iu kin Q bo ha: I B > CSat
RB
5V
0V
RC
Ui
RB
68 k
0.82k
UO
UO
www.ptit.edu.vn
Ngt
im bo
ha
IB
IB2
5V
Q (=125)
(a)
ICSat
IC(mA
)
0V
C
R
R 0
ha
UCESa
E Bo
E GING VIN:
ThS. Trn Thc Linh
t
IB
im
1
ngtIB0=-ICB0
E
C
UCE(V
Trang
) 63
BI GING MN

t on = t d + t r
Thi gian qu ca BJT

- Gin thi gian minh hot cc thi
gian qu ca BJT lm vic ch
chuyn mch.
- Ban u BJT trng thi ngt, ti thi
im t0 khi c xung dng t vo,
chuyn tip BE c phn cc thun BJT
m, tuy nhin IC vn rt nh nh trng
thi ngt trong thi gian tr td, sau mi
bt u tng v sau thi gian tng tr mi
t gi tr bo ha ICS, v trng thi bo
ha trong khong thi gian tn, sau t
ngt xung vo mt Ui=0, v dng IB chy
theo chiu ngc li, dng IC khng gim
nh ngay m tip tc duy tr gi tr bo
ha trong thi gian tn tch tS, sau mt
thi gian hi phc tf mi gim dn n
gi tr ban u nh trng thi ngt
www.ptit.edu.vn
toff = t s + t f
Ui
U1
t0
-U2
iB
IB1
-IB2
ICS
0,9ICS
0,1ICS
0
t0
iC
t
t tr
tn
ts tf to

Trang 64
BI GING MN
4. Cc m hnh tng ng ca BJT

a. M hnh tng ng mt chiu
b. M hnh tham s Hybrid (Hybrid parameter/hParameter
Model)
c. M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh hybrid-
d. M hnh tng ng re
e. M hnh Spice
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 65
BI GING MN
b. M hnh tham s Hybrid

- T h phng trnh hn hp H ca 4C c th suy ra m hnh tng ng
ca 4C nh hnh v. u = h .i + h .u
1
11 1
12 2
i2 = h21.i1 + h22 .u2

u1
Tr khng vo khi
h
h
=
=
I2
I1
11
i
u ra ngn mch
i1
U1
4C
U2
u2 =0
h12 = hr =
h21 = h f =
u1
u2
i2
i1
i1 = 0
khuch i in
p ngc h mch
H s khuch i dng
thun ngn mch
u2 =0
i2
h dn ra khi
h22 = ho =
u2 i =0 u vo h mch
1
Tham s h s c k hiu v tnh theo mi cch mc BJT khc nhau
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 66
BI GING MN
b1. M hnh mch tng ng Hybrid mch CE

i2
i1
u1
4C
iB
h12 = hre =
h21 = h fe =
h22 = hoe =
u BE
iB
u BE
uCE
ic
ib
hie
iC
uCE
u2 u
BE
h11 = hie =
www.ptit.edu.vn
iE
= re
uBE
hreuCE
hfeiB
hoe uCE
E
Tr khng tip gip emitter
u CE = 0
iB = 0
Ch s ph thuc ca uBE vo uCE,

hre rt nh thng b qua
= 0
u CE = 0
ic
u CE
iB = 0

Trang 67
BI GING MN
b2. M hnh mch tng ng Hybrid mch

mc CB,CC
I2
I1
U1
4C
IB
U2
IC
IE
UBE
IE
IB
IC
UCE
(CE)
www.ptit.edu.vn
UEB
UCE
IB
(CB)

UBC
IE
UEC
IC
(CC)
Trang 68
BI GING MN
c. M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh hybrid-

M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh ca BJT xc nh mi quan h gia
tn hiu xoay chiu bin nh trong BJT: ib,ube, ic, uce.
Cc phng trnh c tnh tng ng xc nh cc m hnh tng
ng ca BJT:
Tn hiu ln
iC = f (vBE , vCE )
I C + iC = f (VBE + vBE , VCE + vCE )

Tn hiu nh
DC (bias)
im lm vic tnh
(bias)
iC= I C + ic = f (VBE + vbe , VCE + vce )
Q = (VBE , VCE )
f
ic
vBE
f
vbe +
vCE
Q
Transconductance- h dn gm
www.ptit.edu.vn
vce
Q
Tn hiu nh
ic = g m u be + g o u ce
Output conductance
(in dn u ra g0)

Trang 69
BI GING MN
h dn gm, in tr vo
h dn gm: Tng t nh dn ca it, gm l dc ca phng
trnh c tnh iC=f(uBE) ti im lm vic tnh Q(IC,UBE,UCE)
ch tch cc: iC = I S e (u BE / Vth ) ; iC = I C + ic
; u BE = U BE + ube
iC
gm =
u BE
I S U BE Vth I C
q
=
=
=
IC
e
Vth kT
Vth
gm,lin kt gia cp cc B-E v dng collector, t l thun vi dng

tnh IC v t l nghch vi nhit , n l phn t trung tm trong m
hnh
.V th
=
=
r
in tr vo ng r c xc nh nh sau:
gm
IC
in tr vo t l nghch vi dng in phn cc mt chiu IC v t l

thun vi h s khuch i dng tn hiu nh
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 70
BI GING MN
in p Early
Trong ch tch cc dng in iC tng khng ng k khi in p in p uCE
tng. xc nh mi tng quan xt s iu ch rng hiu dng min B.
Khi uCE tng, in p phn cc ngc uCB t trn chuyn tip BC tng:
uCB = uCE-uBE uCE-0,7V
xc nh tc ng ca in p phn cc ngc n dng iC thc hin tnh
ton rng ca min B thay i theo uCE v thay vo biu thc tnh iC(uBE,
uCE), biu thc ny rt phc tp. n gin hn trong vic tnh ton, ngi ta
thng dng xp x thun ty theo kinh nghim xc nh s ph thuc ca
dng iC vo in p uCE.
Da vo th c tnh ca IC theo in p UCE
trong ch tch cc, ngoi suy v xc nh giao
im ca chng vi trc UCE, cc c tuyn u i
qua im VAn (VAn- Early Voltage)
IC
slope~1/ro
-V
An
www.ptit.edu.vn

UBE3
UBE2
UBE1
UCE
Trang 71
BI GING MN
in tr u ra
T th c tuyn IC, hiu chnh phng trnh iC nh sau:
uCE
1 +
iC = I S e
VAn
- in dn u ra g0 c xc nh nh sau:
iC
1
r0 : in tr u ra
g0 =
=
uCE Q r0
u BE
Vth
U BE
1
IC
1
V
th
g0 = = I S e
r0
VAn VAn
r0 =
VAn
IC
- Mi loi BJT c in p VAn khc nhau, ph thuc vo cu to ca

BJT, ngi ta thng xc nh in p ny bng thc nghim v dng
phng php ngoi suy t th c tuyn ca BJT.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 72
BI GING MN
M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh hybrid-

Da vo cc p/trnh c tnh v tham s xc nh trong ch tn hiu
nh, nu b qua cc thnh phn tch in, ta c th xy dng m hnh
BJT ch tn hiu nh nh hnh v (m hnh ny thng dng cho
BJT hot ng tn s thp):
Ti im lm vic tnh: Q(UBE/IB, UCE, IC)

r =
gm
www.ptit.edu.vn
.Vth
IC
gm =
IC
q
=
IC
Vth kT
r0 =
VAn
IC
vbe u
ib =
=
r
r
1
ic = g m vbe + vce
ro

Trang 73
BI GING MN
M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh hybrid-

ca BJT pnp
M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh ca BJTpnp c th c
suy ra t m hnh ca BJTnpn trnh by. Sinh vin t v v
tnh tham s cho m hnh ny?
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 74
BI GING MN
d. M hnh tng ng re
CE
CB
+
+
R1 1k
Ic
re
Iin = -Ie
E
+
re
Ib
Io = Ic
+
R1 1k
Ib
Ic=Ie
Mi quan h gia cc tham s ca cc m hnh tng ng (mc

CE):
26m V
re =
IE
www.ptit.edu.vn
r = re
1
gm =
re

1
ro =
hoe
Trang 75
BI GING MN
M hnh tng ng re ca BJT pnp

M hnh tng ng re ca BJT pnp c th c suy ra t
m hnh ca BJT npn trnh by. Sinh vin t v v tnh
tham s cho m hnh ny?
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 76
BI GING MN
5. Phn loi BJT

C nhiu cch phn loi BJT da trn cc c s khc nhau. Thng
thng ta c th phn loi BJT theo cc ch tiu sau
Da theo vt liu ch to c cc loi: BJT Gecmani, BJT Silic, v.v..
Da vo cng ngh ch to ta c: BJT khuch tn, BJT tri, BJT hp
kim.
Da vo tn s cng tc c: BJT m tn, BJT cao tn
Da vo chc nng lm vic c: BJT cng sut, BJT chuyn mch,
v.v..
Da vo din tch mt tip xc P-N c: BJT tip im, BJT tip mt.
BJT c s dng nhiu trong cc ng dng nh trong mch khuch
i tn hiu, trong cc mch to dao ng, trong cc mch n p, cc
mch khuch i c bit, cc chuyn mch in t...
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 77
BI GING MN
6. Mt s mch ng dng dng BJT

BJT c s dng trong nhiu ng dng khc nhau. V d mt s
ng dng nh sau:
Mch khuch i in p, dng in
Mch iu khin Rle.
Chuyn mch in t.
Mch to ngun dng khng i
Mch logic (cng logic)
Mch cnh bo
Mch ngun
Cc mch ng dng c th SV c th tham kho phn bi tp

www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 78

Chng 6- FET (Transistor hiu ng trng)
1. Gii thiu chung v FET
2. Transistor trng loi tip gip JFET
3. Cu trc MOS
4. Transistor trng loi cc ca cch ly IGFET
www.ptit.edu.vn
Ging vin: ThS. Trn Thc Linh B mn KTT
Trang 1
1. Gii thiu chung v FET

Transistor hiu ng trng FET (Field Effect Transistor) l mt dng
linh kin bn dn ng dng hiu ng in tr sut ca bn dn c iu
khin bng in trng,y l mt loi cu kin iu khin bng in th.
Nguyn l hot ng c bn ca Transistor trng l dng in i qua
mt mi trng bn dn c tit din dn in, in tr sut hoc nng
ht dn thay i di tc dng ca in trng vung gc vi lp bn
dn , do iu khin c dng in i qua n. Lp bn dn ny
c gi l knh dn in.
Khc vi BJT, FET ch c mt loi ht dn c bn tham gia dn in.
FET c ba chn cc l cc.
BJT
FET
S
Source
Cc ngun: cc ht dn a s i vo knh to ra dng in

ngun IS.
Gate
Cc ca: cc iu khin dng in chy qua knh
Drain
Cc mng: cc ht dn a s ri khi knh to ra dng ID
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 2
Phn loi chung v FET

FET chia thnh cc loi theo cu trc ca cc ca v ca knh dn nh
sau:
JFET (Junction FET) : Transistor hiu ng trng iu khin bng
chuyn tip PN, cc iu khin G ngn cch vi knh dn bng vng
ngho ca chuyn tip PN phn cc ngc.
IGFET (Isolated Gate FET) : Transistor hiu ng trng cc ca cch
ly vi knh dn, in hnh l linh kin MOSFET (Metal-OxideSemiconductor FET) v MESFET (Metal-Semiconductor FET).
* MESFET: cc iu khin ngn cch vi knh dn bng vng ngho
ca chuyn tip kim loi-bn dn.
* MOSFET cc iu khin cch ly hn vi knh dn thng qua mt
lp in mi (SiO2). y mi ng l Transistor trng theo ng
ngha ca thut ng ny, v ch c loi ny dng chy qua knh dn mi
c iu khin hon ton bng in trng, dng iu khin hu nh
bng khng tuyt i, trong khi dng r ca chuyn tip PN hoc
Schottky phn cc ngc, cha hon ton bng khng).
Mi loi FET cn c chia thnh loi knh N v knh P.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 3
c im ca FET
Mt s u im ca FET:
FET l loi linh kin mt loi ht dn (unipolar device).
FET c tr khng vo rt cao.
Nhiu trong FET t hn nhiu so vi Transistor lng cc.
FET khng b in p ti dng ID = 0, do n l linh kin chuyn
mch tuyt vi.
C n nh v nhit cao.
Tn s lm vic cao.
Kch thc ca FET nh hn ca BJT nn c nhiu u im trong IC.
Mt s nhc im:
Nhc im chnh ca FET l h s khuch i in p thp hn
nhiu so vi BJT
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 4
2. Transistor trng loi tip gip - JFET

2.1. Cu to ca JFET
2.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca JFET
2.3. Cc cch mc v h c tuyn ca JFET
2.4. Phn cc cho JFET
2.5. Cc m hnh tng ng ca JFET
2.6. Mt s ng dng ca JFET
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 5
2.1 Cu to ca JFET (1)

D
G
G
D
G
P+
D
S
Knh dn N
P+
S
Knh N
S
Knh P
Chuyn tip P-N
N+
Knh dn P
N+
JFET cu to gm:
Mt knh dn c lm t bn dn N (JFET knh dn N) hoc P (JFET knh
dn P), c 2 in cc 2 u l cc ngun S v cc mng D.
in cc th 3 l cc cng G, gia cc ny v knh dn c mt chuyn tip
PN, trong min bn dn cc cng c pha tp mnh hn nhiu so vi
knh dn vng in tch khng gian (vng ngho) ca chuyn tip PN lan
ch yu v pha knh dn.
JFET hu ht u l loi i xng, c ngha l khi u trong mch ta c th
i ch hai chn cc S v D cho nhau th cc tnh cht v tham s ca JFET
khng h thay i
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 6
2.1 Cu to ca JFET (2)

JFET cng sut thp
JFET v kim loi
JFET v nha
JFET cng sut cao
JFET v nha tng hp vi u

nhit kim loi
www.ptit.edu.vn
JFET v hon ton bng kim loi
Trang 7
2.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca JFET (1)

Nguyn l hot ng ca JFET knh loi N v knh loi P ging nhau.
Chng ch khc nhau v chiu ca ngun in cung cp l ngc du
nhau.
JFET c phn cc sao cho vng chuyn tip PN bao quanh knh dn
lun c phn cc ngc, v dng cc ht dn a s i vo knh to
ra dng IS.
Nh vy ngun phn cc mc sao cho: vi JFET knh n: UDS > 0 v
UGS < 0 v vi JFET knh p: UDS < 0; UGS > 0. D
a) JFET knh N
b) JFET knh P
ID
UDS
EG +
www.ptit.edu.vn
UGS
ID
G
RD
+
ED
UDS
EG+
UGS
RD
+ ED
Trang 8
2.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca JFET (2)

Trong phn ny chng ta s trnh by v nguyn l hot ng ca
JFET knh N, sau suy ra nguyn l hot ng ca JFET knh P.
Do tc dng ca cc in p UGS v UDS, trn knh dn xut hin 1
dng in (l dng in t vi JFET knh N) hng t cc D ti cc S
gi l dng in cc mng ID. Dng ID c ln ty thuc vo cc gi
tr UGS v UDS v phn cc ngc ca chuyn tip PN ph thuc
mnh vo c 2 in p ny nn dn in ca knh ph thuc mnh
vo c 2 in trng ny. Nh vy v c bn c th ni rng JFET l
mt in tr c tit din thay i c, v tit din ny c thay i
bi in p iu khin.
Nu xt ring s ph thuc ca ID vo tng in p khi gi cho in p
cn li khng i (coi l mt tham s) ta nhn c hai quan h hm
quan trng nht ca JFET l:
I D = f1 ( U D S )
U
GS = co nst
I D = f 2 (U GS )
U D S = co nst
www.ptit.edu.vn
c tuyn ra
c tuyn truyn t
Trang 9
c tuyn ra ca JFET knh N (1)

UGS
12
10
P+
P+
(a)
UGS<0V
IDbh
8
Vng bo ho
(Pinchoff Region)
P+
N
2 UP 4
Vng m tnh
(Ohmic Region)
10
D A
ID = f1(UDS ) UGS=const
(e)
12 UDS (V)
P+
N
P+
(c)
UDS=Udt
UGS
UGS
G
UDS
N S
B
P+
P+
www.ptit.edu.vn
P+
UGS
(b)
UGS
B
G
G
D ID
Vng nh thng
(Avalanche Region)
ID (mA)
P+
N
P+
UDS= Up
(d)
UDS
Trang 10

a/ im 0: ng vi mt gi tr nht nh no ca UGS0,vng chuyn tip PN
gia G v knh phn cc ngc, nu UDS=0 th ID=0, rng ca min in
tch khng gian ng u v c nh
b/ Vng ohmic (Vng Triot): Khi UDS tng dn, ID tng dn, lc u UDS cn nh,
st p ca n gy trn in tr knh nh hng khng ng k n rng ca
min in tch khng gian ( c xc nh bi UGS), nn ID tng tuyn tnh
theo UDS, vng ny c gi l vng m tnh, lm vic ging nh in tr thun
c/ im tht A: Khi UDS tng ln lm cho ID ln n mc st p do dng ny gy
ra trn knh lm tng ng k U phn cc ngc chuyn tip PN gia cc G v
knh, min in tch khng gian lan su vo knh, lm cho in tr knh tng
dn, ID tng chm li. Nu tip tc tng UDS n thi im UDS=UP, th hu
nh ID khng tng mc d tip tc tng UDS.. im UDS=UP c gi l im
tht A, UP l in p tht ca knh, dng in ID ng vi im tht gi l dng
bo ho IDbh
d/ Vng bo ho (vng lm vic tch cc): Khi UDS tip tc tng vt qua im
tht A, UDS>UP, th ID hu nh khng tng, ID=IDbh, do khi UDS tng vng in
tch khng gian cng lan su vo knh v in tr knh cng tng ln t l vi
UDS, do dng khng i. Nhng gi tr dng IDbh li tng nhanh theo UGS.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 11

e/ im nh thng B: Khi UDS tng qu ln, in p phn cc ngc gia G
v knh tng mnh, n khi UDS=Udt th hin nh thng theo hiu ng thc l
xy ra, do dng ID tng t ngt khi UDS tng. im B gi l im nh
thng, vng ngoi im B gi l vng nh thng ca knh
H c tuyn ra ca JFET
Khi UGS m dn s phn cc I12
DSS
ngc ca G v knh cng tng, 10
in p tht UP knh t ti
im tht cng nh, ng t nt 8
trn h c tuyn ni cc im
6
tht vi nhau
Tng t, vi im nh thng B, 4
khi UGS cng m vic nh thng
2
chuyn tip PN xy ra sm hn,
in p nh thng cng nh hn
www.ptit.edu.vn
ID (mA)
Vng
ohmic
Vng bo ho
UGS = 0V
Gim dn UGS
0,5 V
1,0 V
Vng
nh
thng
1,5 V
UGS0
2
4 UP0 6
10
12
Trang 12
UDS (V)
c tuyn truyn t ca JFET knh N (1)

I D = f1 (U GS ) U DS =const
D
ID
UDS
ID (mA)
ID (mA)
12
UDS = 10V IDSS
10
tng
8
UGS = 0V
IDSS
S
Knh N
12
Gim dn UGS
0,5 V
10
8
1,0 V
6
1,5 V
4
2
UGS0
3
0 UGS (V)
4
2
UGS0
2
4 UP0 6
10
12
UDS (V)
c tuyn truyn t ca JFET m t mi quan h gia ID v in p UGS

ng vi mt gi tr nht nh ca UDS. Dng c tuyn truyn t khi JFET lm
vic vng bo ho nh hnh bn tri. c tuyn xut pht t mt gi tr UGS0,
ti ID = 0, gi l in p kho. Khi tng UGS, ID tng gn nh t l do dn
in ca knh tng theo mc gim phn cc ngc ca tip gip PN. Lc
UGS = 0, ti vng bo ho ID = IDSS, , vy IDSS l dng tnh cc mng khi khng
c in p cc ca
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 13
c tuyn truyn t ca JFET knh N (2)

ID (mA)
Quan h gia ID v UGS c xc nh

bi phng trnh Shockley:
Phng trnh Shockley:
U U
U GS
GS
DS
I DSS 21
U GS 0 U GS 0 U GS 0
ID =
2
U GS
khi U GS 0 U GS 0
I DSS 1
U GS 0
UDS
Vng ohmic
12
UDS = 10V IDSS
10
tng
8
6
4
Vng bo ho
UGS0
3
0 UGS (V)
Trong : IDSS l dng cc mng bo ho khi UGS= 0, khi knh m rng nht
v lc ny ID t gi tr ln nht ca n, nn nh vy c ngha l IDSS l dng cc
mng cc i c th t c ca JFET
UGS0 l in p kho knh hay in p ngt knh, v ID=0 khi rng ca knh
dn bng 0, nn nh vy c ngha l UGS0 l th p t ln cc cng lm cho
JFET b kho li hon ton.
IDSS v UGS0 l 2 tham s quan trng ca JFET dng nhiu khi thit k mch.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 14
Cc h c tuyn ca JFET knh N

ID (mA)
ID (mA)
12
I
UDS = 10V DSS
10
UDS1
12
IDSS
8
6
UGS = 0V
Gim dn UGS
0,5 V
10
8
1,0 V
6
1,5 V
4
2
UGS0
3
0 UGS (V)
4
2
UGS0
2
4 UP0 6
10
12
UDS (V)
IDSS>0 Dng IDbh khi UGS=0V

UGS0<0 - in p kha knh
ID
S
Knh N
www.ptit.edu.vn
U U
U
GS
DS
GS
I DSS 2 1
1
ID =
2
U GS
I DSS 1
khi U GS 0 U GS 0
U GS 0
Vng ohmic
Vng bo ho
Trang 15
Cc h c tuyn ca JFET knh P

ID (mA)
ID (mA)
A
UGS = 0V
IDSS
IDSS
0,5 V
Gim dn UGS
1,0 V
UDS1
1,5 V
UGS
UDS
UGS0
UGS0
UDS1 UP0
IDSS>0 Dng IDbh khi UGS=0V

UGS0>0 - in p kha knh
D
ID
G
S
www.ptit.edu.vn
U U
U
GS
DS
GS
I DSS 21
ID =
2
U GS
khi
0 U GS U GS 0
I DSS 1
U
GS 0
Vng ohmic
Vng bo ho
Trang 16
Tham s c bn ca JFET knh N

Tham s gii hn:
Dng cc mng cc i cho php: IDmax - l dng in ng vi im B
trn c tuyn ra khi UGS = 0; IDmax 50mA.
Dng in D - S cc i cho php v in p UDSmax
UDS.max = UB /(1,2 1,5) (c vi chc vn)
UB : in p nh thng ti im B
in p kho cc i UGS0 . Nu UGS<UGS0, knh b kho ID=0, RDS
Tham s lm vic gm c:
U DS
ri = rd =
U = const
I D
in tr trong hay in tr vi phn u ra:
( 0,5 M), ri th hin dc ca c tuyn ra trong vng bo ho.
H dn ca c tuyn truyn t:
I D
S = gm =
U = const
U GS DS
(gm cho bit kh nng iu khin in p cc ca ti dng cc mng , gi
tr in hnh gm=(7 10) mA/V)
GS
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 17
Tham s c bn ca JFET knh N

h dn cc i:
S0 = g m0 =
in tr vi phn u vo:
2 I DSS
U P0
rvao =
U GS
I G
rvo do tip gip P-N quyt nh, c gi tr khong 109

H s khuch i in p :
=
UDS
UDS
u
= DS
UGS I =const
UGS I =const
uGS I =const
D
D
D
So snh cc cng thc tnh h dn gm, in tr trong ri v h s

khuch i in p , ta c cng thc sau:
= S.ri
c tr s khong vi trm ln ( s mc S chung)
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 18
So snh gia BJT v FET

BJT
JFET
S dng c 2 loi ht ti in, hot Ch s dng 1 loi ht dn chnh,

ng bng cch phun ht ti
khng c hin tng phun ht ti
Linh kin iu khin bng dng (Dng Linh kin iu khin bng th (Th li
li vo iu khin dng li ra
vo iu khin dng li ra)
in tr li vo nh (v dng li vo in tr li vo rt ln (v dng li
l dng ca chuyn tip PN phn cc vo l dng ca chuyn tip PN phn
thun)
cc ngc), IG rt nh (1pA1nA)
in tr li ra nh hn
in tr li ra ln hn
S dng cho cc tn hiu ln hn (cc S dng cho cc tn hiu nh (Cc

tng u trong h khuch i)
tng cui trong h khuch i)
Nhiu ln hn
Nhiu nh
n nh nhit km hn
n nh nhit tt
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 19
2.3 Cc cch mc v h c tuyn ca JFET

Cng tng t nh BJT, JFET cng c 3 cch mc ch yu l: Chung
cc ngun (CS), chung cc mng (DC), v chung cc ca (CG)
Trong kiu CS thng c dng nhiu hn c v kiu mc ny cho
h s khuch i in p cao, tr khng vo cao. Cn cc kiu mc CD,
CG thng c dng trong tng khuch i m v khuch i tn s
cao
RD
C1
Uvao
RG
Q1
RS
(CS)
www.ptit.edu.vn
+ED
RD C
+ED
+ED
C2
C1
Ura
Uvao
Q1 C2
RG
C3
RS
Ura
(CD)
C1
Uvao
Q
RS
(CG)
Trang 20
Ura
So snh v ch lm vic gia JFET v BJT

BJT
JFET
Vng bo ho
Vng Ohmic
Vng tch cc
Vng bo ho
Vng ct
Vng ct
Vng nh thng
Vng nh thng
CS
CG
CD
u vo/ u ra
G/D
S/D
G/S
Khuch i dng
khng
C (=1/10 BJT)
khng
o pha
ng pha
ng pha
Rt ln (RGS)
nh
Rt ln (RGD)
Nh (RD//ri)
Ln
Nh (RS//1/gm)
Khuch i p
Pha tn hiu
Tr khng u vo
Tr khng u ra
ng dng
www.ptit.edu.vn
Hu nh khng
s dng
Trang 21
2.4 Phn cc cho JFET (1)

Cng ging nh BJT, JFET cng cn c thit lp im lm vic mt
chiu trc khi c s dng. Vic phn tch, thit k mch phn cc
cho JFET n gin hn ca BJT. V khi phn tch thit k cng thng
dng phng php gn ng bng th.
ng ti tnh ca JFET cng c v trn c tuyn ra ca n. im
lm vic cn xc nh Q(UGS, UDS, ID). im lm vic tch cc cn
phi nm trn vng c tuyn bo ho.
C nhiu kiu mch phn cc khc nhau, phn tch, tnh ton mch
phn p cho JFET s c da trn cc iu kin sau:
Dng cc cng rt nh, b qua, coi nh cc ca h mch
in p UDS ln JFET lm vic trong vng bo ho (vng pinchoff), khi ID =IDbh const ng vi mi gi tr UGS xc nh.
c tnh truyn t s c s dng phn tch theo phng php
th , kt hp vi cc phng php phn tch mch KVL, KCL.
S dng phng trnh Schockley
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 22
2.4 Phn cc cho JFET (2)

Cc phng php phn cc cho JFET (c so snh vi BJT) nh sau:
BJT
JFET
Dng IB c nh
nh thin cc cng (Gate bias/ Fixed bias)
nh thin t cp
nh thin t cp (Voltage-divider bias)
Khng tng ng
T nh thin (Self bias)
nh thin hi tip m Emitter
Khng tng ng
nh thin hi tip m Collector Khng tng ng

nh thin hi tip m E v C
www.ptit.edu.vn
Khng tng ng
Trang 23
nh thin in p cc G c nh (Gate bias/Fixed bias)

Mch nh thin nh hnh v: S dng
ngun p EG phn cc ngc cho
chuyn tip PN gia cc G v knh
dn.
+ED
RD
C1
Ura
RG
EG= - 2V; ED= +20V
EG
Tham s ca JFET:
UGS0= -3,5V;IDSS= 5mA
ED/RD
ID (mA)
Tnh ton im lm vic tnh n

nm gia ng ti tnh.
Ch : do phi dng 2 ngun v n
nh khng cao nn mch phn p ny
t c s dng.
IDQ
Q UGSQ= -2V
UDS (V)
UDSQ
www.ptit.edu.vn
C2
Q1
Uvao
Tham s ca mch:
ID
ED
Trang 24
Mch t nh thin (Sefl bias)

Mch nh thin nh hnh v: S dng mt in
tr thch hp mc ni tip vi cc S cung cp
in p cho cc G. ED= +20V, Tham s ca
JFET: UGS0= -3,5V; IDSS= 5mA
Uvao
Tnh ton im lm vic tnh nu UDSQ=10V
+ED
RD
ID
C2
Ura
C1
Q1
IS
RG
RS
ID (mA)
IDSS
UDS = 10V
RS2
Q2
RS1
Q1
IDQ1
UGS (V)
UGS0=-3V UGSQ1 UGSQ1

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 25
Mch nh thin t cp
S dng 2 in tr phn p R1, R2 to ra
in p nh thin cho cc G.
Cho ED= +20V, Tham s ca JFET:
UGS0= -3,5V; IDSS= 5mA
Tnh ton im lm vic tnh nu UDSQ=10V
+ED
ID
R1
C1
RD
C2
Ura
Q1
Uvao
RS
R2
ID (mA)
IDSS
UDS = 10V
RS2
Q2
RS1
2mA
Q1
UGS
UGS0=-3V UGSQ1 UGSQ1
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 26
UG
2.5 M hnh tng ng ca JFET

a/ M hnh tng ng 1 chiu v tn hiu ln
b/ M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 27
a/ M hnh tng ng 1 chiu v tn hiu ln

N_JFET
P_JFET
a/ M hnh tng ng JFET lm vic vng bo ho

UGS
+
RGS
K.IDSS
UDS
UGS
RGS
U
K = 1 GS
U GS 0
U
K = 1 GS
U GS 0
b/ M hnh tng ng JFET lm vic vng ohmic
+ R = Vp
DS
UGS
RGS
RDS
UDS
-
+
www.ptit.edu.vn
UDS
+
K.IDSS
I Dbh
UGS
RGS
RDS
UDS
Trang 28
b/ M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh tn thp (1)

M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh ca JFET xc nh mi quan h
gia tn hiu xoay chiu bin nh trong JFET: id, ugs.
ng ca JFET:
Tng qut :
i D = f ( u GS , u DS ) = I D + i d = f (U GS + u gs , U DS + u ds )
Gi s im lm vic Q(UGS,UDS,ID)
f
f
id =
u gs +
uds = g mu gs + g d uds
uGS Q
u DS Q
gm - h dn vo, gd - h dn ra
M ta c:
www.ptit.edu.vn
uGS
iD = f (uGS ) = I DSS 1
U GS 0
Trang 29

h dn vo:
gm
f
=
u GS
2 I DSS
Q =
U GS 0
U
1 GS
U GS 0
2 I DS . I DSS
=
U GS 0
in p UGS cc i l UGS0, Nh vy h dn cc i l :
gm0 =
2 I DSS
U GS 0
gm
U
= g m 0 1 GS
U GS 0
Thc t th IDbh cng s thay i theo UDS mc d s thay i ny

l khng ng k. Phng trnh tnh dng ID c hiu chnh c
tnh n nh hng ca in p UDS nh sau:
u GS
i D = f (u GS , u DS ) = I DSS 1
U GS 0
www.ptit.edu.vn
u
1 + DS
V An
VAn - in p Early
(30 300V)
Trang 30

h dn ra :
gd =
i DS
u DS
in tr vi phn u ra:
u
= I DSS 1 GS
U GS 0
ri = rd =
u DS
iD
=
Q
I
1
= D
V An V An
1 VAn
=
gd
ID
M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh tn thp ca JFET

N_JFET
gm.ugs
S
www.ptit.edu.vn
gm0 =
rd
2 I DSS
U GS 0
U
g m = g m 0 1 GS
U GS 0
P_JFET
2I DSS UGS 2 I DS.I DSS

1
=
gm =
UGS0
UGS0 UGS0
gm.ugs
rd
Trang 31
2.6 Mt s mch ng dng n gin ca JFET

B khuch i xoay chiu dng JFET
Mch n dng dng JFET

VDS
RL
CC
u v o
m c h
www.ptit.edu.vn
u r a
m c h
D
Q1
VDD
RS
CS
S
RG
RL
VS
I DS(b o ho)
Trang 32
VRL
3. Cu trc MOS
3.1 Cu trc MOS trong iu kin cn bng nhit
3.2 Cu trc MOS khi c in p phn cc
3.3. c tuyn Q-V
3.4. Mt s hiu ng bc hai
3.5. Cc m hnh dng cho linh kin MOS
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 33
3. Cu trc MOS
Oxide (SiO2)
ox =3.90
Gate (n+ poly)
Rt mng!
tox ~1nm
Body (p-type substrate) x
s =11.70
MOS = Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor: Cu trc t in MOS gm c

lp in cc kim loi ph ln lp bn dn c nng pha tp rt cao
(n+ hoc p+) tng ng nh lp Metal (Min Gate), v lp bn dn
nn (loi p hoc n)-lp Semiconductor (min Body), gia chng c lp
cch in rt mng dng Oxide SiO2.
Lp kim loi Metal thng dng lp bn dn pha tp cao n+ hoc p+
Lp bn dn nn dng loi p ta c cu trc NMOS, nu dng loi n ta
c cu trc PMOS
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 34
ng dng ca cu trc MOS

Cu trc MOS v ang l cng ngh ch o to ra cuc cch
mng v lnh vc in t. ng dng ca cu trc MOS:
Dng trong nhiu vi mch tng t v s: MOSFET l phn t c bn
trong h vi mch CMOS
Dng nhiu trong cc vi mch nh: DRAM, EPROM
Dng c cc thit b nh nh camera CCD (Charge-Couple Device)
Dng trong cc loi mn hnh ch th nh Mn hnh ma trn tinh th
lng tch cc
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 35
3.1 in trng ca N-MOS trong iu kin cn bng nhit (1)

M hnh cu trc N-MOS l
tng nh hnh v:
Min kim loi Metal (Min
Gate) khng to thnh mt vng
tch in m n ch tch in trn
b mt
Lp oxide l cht in mi,
cch in hon ton, khng tch
in
Vng bn dn nn (Min Body): c th hnh thnh vng in tch
khng gian.
iu kin cn bng khng th c thit lp thng qua lp oxide nn
cn phi c dy dn chuyn in tch gia lp kim loi v lp bn dn.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 36

log p0, n0
+
V ox
+ + + + + + + + +
+
VB
Body (p-type substrate)
Eox
Xd0
+ Ion Donor +
- Ion Acceptor -
Qua dy dn s c s khuch tn in t t min kim loi G sang min bn dn

B v l trng t min B sang min G.
Min B s tch in -, min G tch in +, gia chng hnh thnh in trng Eox
hng t G sang B. in trng ny lm hnh thnh lp in tch dng ngay
di y ca min G v min in tch m trong min B ngay di lp oxide
(Do Eox cun in t v l trng ngc vi dng ktn)
Min in tch trong min bn dn to ra mt vng chuyn tip c rng
Xd0 ngay st lp oxide.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 37

Mt in tch khng gian:
Vng in tch khng gian ti lp bn dn
ngay st lp oxide c xp x (xp x
chuyn tip) c nng in tch ng
u l qNa
Ti min G c lp in tch + mng ngay
st tch in QG (C/cm2)
Vy mt in tch khng gian trong

MOS nh sau:
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 38

in trng trong cu trc N-MOS
Tch phn 2 v biu thc Gauss ta c:
Ti gianh gii gia bn dn v oxide,

hng s in mi thay i, nh vy in
trng cng thay i:
Thay biu thc ca 0(x) vo biu thc

tch phn ta tnh c biu thc tnh phn
b in trng trong cu trc MOS:
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 39

0
khi xd0 < x
qNa
khi 0 < x < xd0
(x xdo)
S
E0(x) =
qN x
S E0 x = 0+ = a d0 khi tox < x < 0
0x
0x
0
khi x < t0x
in th tnh in:
in th tnh in ti min G (n+)
?
in th tnh in ti min B:
Hiu in th ni:
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 40
in th tip xc
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 41
3.2 in trng ca N-MOS khi c phn cc (1)
Khi c in p phn cc UGB t vo nMOS, tu theo gi tr in p phn cc

UGB vng in tch khng gian thay i v c th tn ti cc trng thi khc
nhau.
Khi c in p phn cc, in th ni t qua cu trc MOS thay i t :
B > B+UGB
Do lp oxide cch in nn dng in ti bt k v tr no trong cc lp bn
dn J=0, nh vy Jdriff = -Jdiff
Ti bin gia lp oxide v bn dn, in trng pha lp oxide Eox v in
trng pha bn dn nn ES lun tho mn iu kin sau:
Eox/ES 3
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 42
3.2 in trng ca N-MOS khi c phn cc (2)

Khi UGB>0, ban u ngun cun in t t do t G sang B v l
trng t B sang G, nh vy vng chuyn tip s c m rng hn v
khng i khi t trng thi cn bng.
Ngc li nu UGB<0, ban u ngun cun in t t do t B sang G
v l trng t G sang B, nh vy vng chuyn tip s thu hp v khng
i khi t trng thi cn bng.
Nh vy tu theo in p phn cc m cu trc MOS c th tn ti
cc trng thi nh sau:
Trng thi bng phng (Flatband): UGB= UFB = -B
Trng thi tch lu (accumulation): UGB< UFB
Trng thi chuyn tip (depletion): UFB < UGB< 0
Trng thi chuyn tip (depletion ): 0< UGB < UT
Trng thi ngng (threshold): UGB = UT
Trng thi o (inversion): UGB > UT
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 43
Trng thi nng lng bng phng (Flatband):UGB=UFB = -B

UGB=VFB= -B<0
QG (VGB =VFB ) = 0
+Body (p-type substrate)
Khi t in p phn cc UGB=VFB=-B<0, in p phn cc b vi

hiu in th ni B,, c tc dng cun in t t min B sang min G,
in tch ca cc min G v B gim dn n bng 0, v cc vng tch
in bin mt.
Vi in kin phn cc nh vy MOS c di nng lng bng phng
flatband. in p VFB gi in p flatband.
Mt in tch min G: QG(VFB) = 0.
Trng hp ny ban u, dng cun do UGB to ra ngc vi dng
khuch tn.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 44
Trng thi tch lu (accumulation): UGB< UFB
UGB<VFB
QG = Cox (VGB VFB )
++++++++++++++++++
QB = QG
(+) L trng
(-) in t t do
Nu in p phn cc gim nh hn VFB, cu trc nMOS ging nh t
in 2 bn cc song song. Min G tch in (in tch do in t t do
to ra), min B tch in + (in tch do l trng to ra)
Mt in tch ca min G:
QG = Cox (VGB VFB )
Cox - mt in dung ca t MOS

Trng hp ny ban u dng cun do UGB to ra ln hn v ngc
chiu dng khuch tn
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 45
Trng thi chuyn tip (depletion): UFB < UGB< 0

+-
0>UGB>VFB
QG (VGB ) =QB
+ Ion Donor +
- Ion Acceptor + + + + + + +
QB =qNa Xd (VGB )
Tng t nh iu kin cn bng nhit, mc d UGB<0, nhng do

UGB>VFB nn vn tn ti dng khuch tn in t t min kim loi G
sang min bn dn B v l trng t min B sang min G qua dy dn v
vt qua in th ca ngun cung cp. Nh vy Min B s tch in +,
min G tch in -, gia chng hnh thnh in trng Eox hng t G
sang B. in trng ny lm hnh thnh lp in tch dng ngay di
y ca min G v min in tch m trong min B ngay di lp oxide
to ra mt vng chuyn tip c rng xd ngay st lp oxide
Trng hp ny ban u dng cun do UGB to ra ngc chiu v nh
hn dng khuch tn.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 46
Trng thi chuyn tip (depletion ): 0< UGB < UT

QG (VGB ) = QB
0<UGB
+
+ + + + + + ++ +

QB = qNa X d (VGB )
Khi 0 < UGB < UT, tng t nh trng hp UFB < UGB< 0, Vng chuyn tip
c hnh thnh ngay st lp oxide c rng c m rng hn. Min tch
in + c hnh thnh pha y ca min G ngay st lp oxide v min in
tch - c hnh thnh pha nh ca min B ngay st lp oxide. in tch m
to ra do cc Ion Acceptor v nng in t t do tng ln.
Khi UGB tng th vng chuyn tip cng c m rng.
Ti vng chuyn tip pha min B bn dn p, khi UGB tng nng in t
tng dn, nng l trng gim dn.
Trng hp ny ban u dng cun do UGB to ra cng chiu vi chiu dng
khuch tn
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 47
Trng thi ngng (threshold): UGB = UT
VGB = VT
+ + + + + + + + ++ +

- - - - -
Khi tng UGB, ti min in tch chuyn tip trn nh min B, nng in t
tng dn, nng l trng gim dn.
Khi UGB =UT ti nh ca min B nng in t bng nng l trng vng
bn dn cn trung ho n(0)=Na, cn nng l trng bng nng in vng bn
dn cn trung ho p(0)=ni2/ Na. Trng thi ny gi l trng thi ngng - Bn dn
bt u chuyn t loi p sang loi n.
in p UT c gi l in p ngng.
- H s nn
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 48
Trng thi o (inversion): UGB > UT
VGB = VT
s
+ + + + ++ ++ + + +
- - Body (p-type substrate)
(Lp o ht dn, tng ng bn dn n)
Khi UGB>UT nng in t t do ti b mt ca min bn dn B tip

gip vi lp oxide tng ln hn Na, trng thi o ht dn xy ra. Lp
in t ti b mt c gi l lp o, bn dn ti tng ng bn
dn n
Nng in t t do ti b mt c iu ch theo in p UGB, nu
UGB tng th n(0) tng => in tch ca lp o Qn tng.
vi
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 49
3.3 ng cong Q-V ca cu trc N-MOS

QG
v
in
tion
e
l
p
de
ac
u
m
cu
si
r
e
on
QN (VGB )
QB,max
n
io
t
la
VFB
VTh
VGB (V )
Trong trng thi tch lu v trng thi o in tch ca vng chuyn

tip pha min G tng tuyn tnh theo in p phn cc UGB.
Trong trng thi chuyn tip in tch tng rt chm do in p phn
cc ch yu ri trn in tr ca vng in tch chuyn tip.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 50
4. Transistor trng loi cc ca cch ly IGFET

4.1 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca MOSFET loi knh t sn
(Depletion Type MOSFET- DMOSFET)
4.2 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca MOSFET loi knh cm
ng (Enhancenment Type MOSFET- EMOSFET)
4.3 Cc cch mc v h c tuyn ca MOSFET
4.4 Phn cc cho MOSFET
4.5 Cc m hnh tng ng ca MOSFET
4.6 Cu trc MOS
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 51
4.1 Cu to ca MOSFET (1)

MOSFET l loi linh kin in hnh trong h FET c cc ca G cch ly.
MOSFET v c bn c cu to da trn cu trc MOS nh sau:
Trn bn dn (bn dn nn B), ngi ta to ra 2 vng bn dn khc

vi bn dn nn. V d loi nn loi p, th to ra 2 vng bn dn loi n+
cch nhau mt khong nht nh, 2 vng bn dn n ny c dn ra
ngoi thnh 2 in cc S v D
Vng bn dn gia S v D hoc bng cch pha tp (MOSFET knh t
sn) hoc do thin p trong khi hot ng (MOSFET knh cm ng)
bao gi cng c loi ht dn o so vi . Vng ny c gi l vng
knh dn, nh vy tc l bao gi ta cng c mt chuyn tip p-n gia
v knh dn
Pha trn knh dn ngi ta ph lp in mi mng (SiO2), v trn lp
in mi ny ph tip lp kim loi to ra in cc G ca MOSFET, G
c cch ly hon ton vi knh dn, tng t nh cu trc MOS
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 52

+ MOSFET thng c thm in cc th 4 gi l cc B (substrate),
cc (cc nn) ngn cch vi knh dn bng chuyn tip p-n nn
cng c th dng n nh mt cc iu khin na bn cch G. Tuy
nhin tch cht iu khin ca cc B thng khng c s dng v n
thng c ni tt vi cc ngun.
- Ngoi cch phn loi theo knh dn loi n v p, MOSFET cn c
phn loi theo cch to ra knh dn nh sau:
+ D-MOSFET (Depletion MOSFET): MOSFET knh t sn (MOSFET
kiu lm ngho). Knh dn c ch to sn l loi bn dn khc vi
bn dn nn. in p gia cc G v cc S lm ngho mt phn knh
dn (tng t nh JFET).
+ E-MOSFET (Enhancement MOSFET): MOSFET knh cm ng
(MOSFET kiu lm giu), knh dn cha c ch to trc. Knh dn
s c to ra khi in p t ln cc G thch hp v c gi tr ln hn
in p ngng no th s to lp o ht dn pha di cc cng,
lp ht dn o ny tng t nh mt knh dn ni cc S v D.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 53

E-MOSFET
D-MOSFET
G
D
G
n+ Knh dn (n) n+
p+ Knh dn (p) p+
Substrate (n)
B
www.ptit.edu.vn
S
D
G
S
S
D
S
B
G
S
D
p+
p+
Substrate (n)
n+
Substrate (p)
n+
S
D
Substrate (p)
B
G
B
Trang 54
4.1 Hnh nh ca MOSFET
MOSFET v kim loi
MOSFET v nha
MOSFET cng sut cao
MOSFET v nha tng hp vi u

nhit kim loi
www.ptit.edu.vn
MOSFET v hon ton bng kim

loi
Trang 55
4.2 Nguyn l lm vic ca MOSFET

Nguyn l hot ng ca MOSFET knh loi N v knh loi P ging
nhau. Chng ch khc nhau v chiu ca ngun in cung cp l ngc
du nhau.
MOSFET c phn cc sao gia (cc B) v knh to ra vng
chuyn tip ngho bao quanh knh dn, v dng cc ht dn a s i
vo knh t cc S v ra khi knh t cc D to ra dng ID.
Nguyn l hot ng c bn ca MOSFET l cc cng G kt hp vi
lp in mi nm di n v knh dn bn dn nm di lp in mi
chnh l cu trc t in MOS. in p iu khin tc dng ln cc
cng s to ra mt in trng lm bin thin nng ht ti t do
trong knh dn, hoc thit din ca knh dn, dn ca knh s thay
i. Dng in ID ph thuc vo in p UGS v UDS. c tuyn quan
trng ca MOSFET cng l c tuyn ra v c tuyn truyn t tng
t nh JFET.
c tnh ca MOSFET v c bn tng t c tnh ca JFET nhng c
nhiu im u vit hn.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 56
Nguyn l lm vic ca D-MOSFET (1)

Trong D-MOSFET bng cng ngh ch to sn knh dn bn di
cc G, in p cc G iu khin dng gia cc ngun v cc mng
bng cch lm ngho mt phn knh (thit din ca knh b thu
hp), tng t nh JFET. V khi D-MOSFET hot ng knh dn c
sn ng dn li nn D-MOSFET cn c gi l MOSFET thng
m.
Thng thng cc nn B c ni tt vi cc ngun S. Ngun phn
cc sao cho chuyn tip PN gia cc bn dn nn v knh dn lun
phn cc ngc, dng ht a s ca knh dn i ra cc D
a) D-MOSFET
knh N
G
D
ID
UDS
EG +
www.ptit.edu.vn
UGS
RD
+
b) D-MOSFET
knh P
G
ED
D
ID
UDS
+
EG
UGS
RD
+ ED
Trang 57
Nguyn l lm vic ca D-MOSFET (2)

D-MOSFET knh n lm vic theo 2 nguyn l sau:
Nguyn l tn hao: Khi UGS0, nhng in tch dng s c cm ng vo knh dn
n, nhng in tch dng ny trung ho bt in t trong knh n v hnh thnh mt
vng chuyn tip ngho ht dn ti knh ngay pha di cc G lm cho in tr ca
knh tng ln, dng ID gim xung. UGS cng gim th vng chuyn tip cng m rng
v ID cng gim. S thay i in tr knh dn do cc ht dn mi cm ng ra bi in
trng cc G trung ho bt ht dn vn c ca knh do in tch tri du nhau
ngha l lm tn hao ht dn.
Vi UGS=const, khi UDS tng dn th vng chuyn tip PN gia B v knh phn cc
ngc lan su hn vo knh v vng chuyn tip ngho ht dn cng s m rng, knh
s b tht dn v pha cc D. c tuyn ra ca D-MOSFET cng tng t nh ca
JFET. Cu trc MOS gia G v knh lm vic trng thi chuyn tip
Nguyn l tng cng: Khi UGS>0, khi y di tc dng ca in trng cc G cc
in t c cm ng vo knh dn lm tng nng ca in t trong knh dn do
lm gim in tr sut ca knh. Nu UGS tng th ID cng s tng. Cu trc MOS gia
G v knh lm vic trng thi tch lu.
Vi UGS=const, khi UDS tng dn th vng chuyn tip PN gia B v knh phn cc
ngc lan su hn vo knh, v nng in t trong knh cng gim dn v pha cc
D, nh vy knh cng s b tht dn v pha cc D.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 58
D-MOSFET lm vic theo nguyn l lm vic tn hao

Lp chuyn tip UGS<0
G
D
S
12
n+
B
UGS<0
Substrate (p)
www.ptit.edu.vn
UGS<0
S
+ ++ +
n+
2 UP 4
+ ++ +
n+
(b)
Vng bo ho
Substrate (p)
UGS
UGS<0V
IDbh
8
n+
10
+ + + +
n
(a)
Vng nh thng
(Avalanche Region)
ID (mA)
n+
n+
Substrate (p)
UGS=UP B
10
12 UDS (V)
UGS<0
S
n + ++ +
n+
n+
Substrate (p)
(c)
UGS>UP
B (d)
Trang 59
D-MOSFET lm vic theo nguyn l tng cng

Lp in tch
tch lu G
UGS>0
12
IDbh
n+
B
UGS>0
n+
Substrate (p)
www.ptit.edu.vn
UGS>0
S
-------
n+
2 UP 4
- - - - - --------
UGS
Vng bo ho
Substrate (p)
(a)
UGS>0V
10
-----------
n+
ID (mA)
(b)
n+
12 UDS (V)
Substrate (p)
UGS>0
S
- ---
n+
UGS=UP B
10
n+
n+
Substrate (p)
(c)
UGS>UP
B (d)
Trang 60
Cc h c tuyn ca D-MOSFET knh N

ID (mA)
ID (mA)
IDmax
Ch
ngho hd
IDmax
UGS = +1V
Vng Ohmic
A
UGS = 0 V
IDSS
IDSS
1,0 V
Ch
giu hd
2V
UGS0
UGS0
3
UGS (V)
UGSmax
4 UP 6
10
U GS
khi
I D = I DSS 1
U GS 0
www.ptit.edu.vn
U GS 0 U GS U GS max
12
Ch
giu
hd
Ch
ngho
hd
UDS (V)
Vng bo ha
Trang 61
Cc h c tuyn ca D-MOSFET knh P

UGS = -1V
IDmax
UGS = 0 V
IDSS
1,0 V
ID (mA)
Vng Ohmic
ID (mA)
IDmax
IDSS
2V
UGS
-1
UGSmin
UGS0
UGS0
UDS
U GS
khi
I D = I DSS 1
U GS 0
www.ptit.edu.vn
U GS min U GS U GS 0
Vng bo ha
Trang 62
Nguyn l lm vic ca E-MOSFET

Trong E-MOSFET khng c sn knh dn gia S v D m knh dn ny s
c to ra khi t in p ln cc cng thch hp ln hn gi tr in p
ngng no UT th s c s to thnh lp o ht dn ngay di cc cng
to thnh knh dn ni gia S v D (tng t nh cu trc MOS trong trng
thi o). V knh dn ch c to ra khi c in p trn cc G nn loi
MOSFET ny cn gi l MOSFET thng ng.
Thng thng cc nn B c ni tt vi cc ngun S. Ngun phn cc sao
cho to thnh lp o ht dn ti bn dn nn, dng ht a s ca knh dn i
ra cc D.
a) E-MOSFET D
knh N
G
ID
UDS
+
EG>0 www.ptit.edu.vn
UGS
b) E-MOSFET
knh P
G
RD
+
ED
EG <0
+
UGS
ID
UDS
S
RD
+ ED
Trang 63
UGS>UT>0
S
---------
n+ - - - - - n+
Vng Ohmic
c tuyn ra ca E-MOSFET knh N

12
---------
n+ - - - - - n+
- -
UDS<Up
www.ptit.edu.vn
2 UP 4
G UGS>UT>0
S
------
n+ -- - - - - n+
- -
- -
Substrate (p)
Substrate (p)
Vng bo ho
(Pinchoff Region)
B
G UGS>UT>0
S
- -
UGS>UT
IDbh
Substrate (p)
10
- - - Lp o
Lp chuyn tip
(a)
Vng nh thng
(Avalanche Region)
ID (mA)
(b)
UDS=Up
10
12 UDS (V)
G UGS>UT>0
S
D
n+
- -
+
-
----
- -
n+
- -
Substrate (p)
(c)
UDS>Up
B
Trang 64
(d)
Cc h c tuyn ca E-MOSFET knh N

H c tuyn ra
H c tuyn
truyn t
Khi UGS<UT - in p ngng, knh b kho hon ton (cha hnh thnh knh
cm ng): ID= IDbh=0.
Khi UT<UGS = const, nu UDS >Up th ID =IDbh=const
Biu thc tnh ID theo UGS ti vng bo ho thng c tnh nh sau:
I D = k .(U GS U T )
www.ptit.edu.vn
k: hng s knh. k =
W
n C ox
2.L
W, L rng v
chiu di ca G
Trang 65
Cc h c tuyn ca E-MOSFET knh P
-UDS
Khi UGS>UT - in p ngng, knh b kho hon ton (cha hnh

thnh knh cm ng): ID= IDbh=0.
Khi UGS<UT<0, nu -UDS >Up th ID =IDbh=const
Biu thc tnh ID theo UGS ti vng bo ho thng c tnh nh sau:
I D = k .(U GS U T )
www.ptit.edu.vn
k =
W
p C ox
2.L
Cox: in dung ca MOS
Trang 66
Bng so snh c tuyn truyn t ca cc cu kin FET
IDSS
UGS0
I D = I DSS (1
U GS 2
)
U GS 0
IDSS
UGS0
I D = I DSS
U
(1 GS ) 2
U GS 0
ID = k.(UGS UT )2
k=
UGS0 UGS0/2
www.ptit.edu.vn
UGS0
I D ( on )
(U GS ( on ) U T ) 2
UT
Trang 67
4.4 nh thin (Phn cc) cho MOSFET

MOSFET lm vic ch xung, s thng c phn p chng
lm vic vng c tuyn kho hon ton v vng ohmic hoc gn
bo ho.
Khi MOSFET lm vic ch tch cc (ch khuch i tn hiu)
th chng c nh thin lm vic vng c tuyn bo ho.
Trong phn ny ch yu tnh ton mch nh thin MOSFET lm
vic ch tch cc.
Khi tnh ton mch nh thin s dng cc gi thit sau: IG=0, Khi
UGS=const, dng ID=IDSbh=const mc d UDS thay i.
Cc cch nh thin cho D-MOSFET:
+ A1/ T nh thin
+ A2/ nh thin bng mch phn p
+ A3/ nh thin cc cng
Cc cch nh thin cho E-MOSFET
+ B1/ nh thin bng mch hi tip
+ B2/ nh thin bng mch phn p
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 68
A1. Mch t nh thin D-MOSFET

ED
RD
IDSS=8mA
UGS0=-8V
RG
www.ptit.edu.vn
RS
Trang 69
Xc nh im lm vic Q
UGS0
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 70
A2. nh thin bng mch phn p cho D-MOSFET
R1
RD
IDSS=6mA
UGS0=-3V
R2
www.ptit.edu.vn
RS
Trang 71
im lm vic Q
UGS0
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 72
A3. nh thin cc G c nh
EG = 2V
RD
IDSS=10mA
UGS0=-4V
EG
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 73
B1. nh thin cho E-MOSFET bng mch hi tip
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 74
S 1 chiu tng ng
IG = 0
UGS = UDS
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 75
c tuyn truyn t
UT
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 76
Xc nh im lm vic Q
UT
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 77
V d
UT=UGSTH = 4V
UGSon = 7.5V
IDon = 5mA
UDD = 22V
k=
IDon
(VGSon - VGSTH)2
ID = k(VGS - VGSTH)2
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 78
B2. nh thin cho E-MOSFET knh N dng mch phn p (1)
R2
VG = VDD
R
+R
1
2
IDon
k=
(VGSon - VGSTH)2
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 79
R2
VG = VDD
R
+R
1
2
KVL Input
-VG + VGS + IDRS = 0
k=
IDon
(VGSon - VGSTH)2
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 80
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 81
4.5 M hnh tng ng ca MOSFET

a/ M hnh tng ng mt chiu v tn hiu ln
b/ M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh
Xt trng hp cc S v B ni tt
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 82
a/ M hnh tng ng 1 chiu v tn hiu ln ca D-MOSFET

D
D
G
S
S
+ M hnh tng ng D-MOSFET lm vic vng bo ho
UGS
+
RGS
K.IDSS
UDS
UGS
RGS
K.IDSS
U
K = 1 GS
U GS 0
U
K = 1 GS
U GS 0
+ M hnh tng ng D-MOSFET lm vic vng ohmic
+ R = Vp
DS
UGS
RGS
RDS
UDS
-
+
www.ptit.edu.vn
UDS
I Dbh
UGS
RGS
RDS
UDS
Trang 83
a/ M hnh tng ng 1 chiu v tn hiu ln ca E-MOSFET

D
D
G
S
S
+ M hnh tng ng E-MOSFET lm vic vng bo ho
+
UGS
+
RGS
ID
UDS
UGS
RGS
.ID
UDS
+
ID = k.(UGS UT )2
+ M hnh tng ng E-MOSFET lm vic vng ohmic
+ R = Vp
DS
+
UGS
RGS
RDS
UDS
-
www.ptit.edu.vn
I Dbh
UGS
RGS
RDS
UDS
Trang 84
b/ M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh tn thp

M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh ca MOSFET xc nh mi quan h
gia tn hiu xoay chiu bin nh trong JFET: id, ugs.
ng ca MOSFET:
Tng qut :
i D = f ( u GS , u DS ) = I D + i d = f (U GS + u gs , U DS + u ds )
Gi s im lm vic Q(UGS,UDS,ID)
f
f
id =
u gs +
uds = g mu gs + g d uds
uGS Q
u DS Q
gm - h dn vo, gd - h dn ra
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 85
M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh tn thp ca D-MOSFET (1)
uGS
iD = f (uGS ) = I DSS 1
uGS 0
+ Ta c
+ h dn vo:
gm
f
=
u GS
gm0 =
2 I DSS
Q =
U GS 0
U
1 GS
U GS 0
2 I DSS
U GS 0
2 I DS . I DSS
=
U GS 0
U
g m = g m 0 1 GS
U GS 0
+ Thc t th IDbh cng s thay i theo UDS mc d s thay i ny

l khng ng k. Phng trnh tnh dng ID c hiu chnh c
tnh n nh hng ca in p UDS nh sau:
u GS
i D = f (u GS , u DS ) = I DSS 1
U GS 0
www.ptit.edu.vn
u DS
1 +
V An
VAn - in p Early
(30 300V)
Trang 86
M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh tn thp ca D-MOSFET (2)

+ h dn ra :
gd =
i DS
u DS
u
= I DSS 1 GS
U GS 0
+ in tr vi phn u ra: ri = rd = u DS
iD
=
Q
I
1
= D
V An V An
1 VAn
=
gd
ID
+ M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh tn thp ca D-MOSFET

D
D
G
G
gm0 =
gm.ugs
S
www.ptit.edu.vn
rd
2 I DSS
U GS 0
U
g m = g m 0 1 GS
U GS 0
G
G
2I DSS UGS 2 I DS.I DSS

1
=
gm =
UGS0
UGS0 UGS0
gm.ugs
rd
Trang 87
M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh tn thp ca E-MOSFET (1)

+ M ta c
iD = f (uGS ) = k (uGS U T )
+ h dn vo:
f
2.ID
gm =
Q =2.k.(UGS UT ) =
uGS
(UGS UT )
+ Thc t th IDbh cng s thay i theo UDS mc d s thay i ny l

khng ng k. Phng trnh tnh dng ID c hiu chnh c tnh n nh
hng ca in p UDS nh sau:
iD = f (uGS ) = k (uGS U T ) (1 + .u DS )
2
+ h dn ra :
gd =
i DS
u DS
+ in tr vi phn u ra:
www.ptit.edu.vn
= k (U GS U T
)2 .
= I D .
ri = rd =
u DS
iD
=
Q
1
1
=
gd
.I D
: H s iu ch
chiu di knh
Trang 88
M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh tn thp ca E-MOSFET (2)

+ M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh tn thp ca E-MOSFET
D
D
G
gm.ugs
S
gm.ugs
rd
f
2.ID
gm =
Q=
uGS
(UGS UT )
rd
1
1
=
rd =
gd
.I D
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 89
4.6 Cu trc CMOS

G
G
B
p+
S
n+
n+
+VDD
D
PEMOS
xj
n+
p+
p+
xj
n-type well
UD
UG
NEMOS
PMOS
NMOS
p-type substrate
B o CMOS
Cng ngh CMOS- Complementary MOS: Hai MOSFET b nhau

NMOS (MOSFET knh N) v PMOS (MOSFET knh P) c ch to
ng thi trn mt bn dn duy nht
Gia PMOS v NMOS c cch ly vi nhau bi chuyn tip PN
phn cc ngc
Cng ngh CMOS hin l cng ngh ph bin trong cc vi mch s
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 90
BI GING MN
CHNG 7. Thyristor
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hin tng tr
it Shockley
DIAC
Cu kin chnh lu c iu khin Silic - SCR (SiliconControlled Rectifier)
5. TRIAC
6. Transistor n ni UJT (Unijunction Transistor)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 1
BI GING MN
Hin tng tr
Thyristor thuc lp cu kin bn dn c tr. Do c tnh tr m mt
h thng s khng tr v trng thi ban u sau khi nguyn nhn gy
ra s thay i trng thi khng cn na
Thyristor l cu kin bn dn c xu hng trng thi m mi khi
c bt, v c xu hng trng thi tt mi khi c tt. Mt s
kin nht thi c th lt thyristor sang trng thi m hoc trng
thi tt v n s t duy tr trng thi thm ch sau khi nguyn
nhn gy ra s thay i trng thi khng cn na
Do Thyristor c s dng nh mt cu kin chuyn mch bt/tt
v n khng th c s dng nh l mt b khuch i tn hiu
tng t
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 2
BI GING MN
it Shockley (1)
Khi u cho vic ch to ra thyristor bt ngun t mt cu kin
c tn l it 4 lp, cn gi l PNPN it, hay it Shockley
Mt it Shockley bao gm 2 transistor lng cc, mt transistor
PNP v mt transistor NPN mc vi nhau nh hnh v 7.1
Ant
Ant
Catt
Catt
S vt l
S tng ng
K hiu
Hnh 7.1 - it Shockley: S vt l, S tng ng, K hiu

www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 3
BI GING MN
it Shockley (2)
Nguyn l hot ng:
Cp ngun cho mch tng ng ca it Shockley nh h/v
Khi khng c in p ca ngun cung cp khng c dng in
Khi U bt u tng ln th vn s khng c dng in bi v
khng c transistor no ch dn (m): c hai transistor s
u ch ngt
Dng cc gc chy qua transistor pha di
c iu khin bi transistor pha trn, v
dng cc gc chy qua transistor pha trn
c iu khin bi transistor pha di. Ni
cch khc chng transistor no c th dn in
cho n khi transistor kia dn (hnh 7.2)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Hnh 7.2
Trang 4
BI GING MN
it Shockley (3)
Vy lm th no m mt it Shockley c th dn in ?
Nu hai transistor tht c ni theo kiu to ra mt it Shockley th
mi transistor s dn khi c mt in p ln gia ant v catt
khin mt trong s chng thot ra khi trng thi ngt
Mi khi mt transistor thot ra khi trng thi ngt v bt u dn, n s
cho php dng cc gc chy qua transistor cn li lm cho transistor ny
dn in theo cch thng thng, v sau cho php dng cc gc chy
qua transistor u tin. Cui cng th c hai transistor s u bo ho v
s gi cho nhau trng thi dn (on) thay v trng thi ngt (off).
Nhng lm cch no hai transistor li tr li trng thi ngt?
Gim U cung cp ti mt gi tr rt nh sao cho ch c dng in rt nh
chy qua cc cc ca transistor mt trong hai transistor s ngt, dn
n vic lm ngng dng cc gc chy qua transistor kia, khin cho c
hai transistor u ri vo trng thi ngt
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 5
BI GING MN
it Shockley (4)
c tuyn Vm/Ampe l ng tr kinh in, khi tn hiu in
p u vo tng ln v gim xung, dng in u ra khng i
theo cng mt con ng i xung ging nh khi n i ln
it Shockley c xu hng duy tr trng thi dn (on) mt khi
n dn in, v trng thi tt mt khi n ngt in. Khng
c ch gia hay tch cc trong hot ng ca n: n ch
thun tu l cu kin bt (on) hoc tt (off), ging nh tt c cc
Thyristor.
Dng
trong
mch
Hnh 7.3 ng cong tr

www.ptit.edu.vn

in p cung cp
Trang 6
BI GING MN
DIAC (1)
DIAC: hai it Shockley c th c mc song song vi nhau
theo 2 hng ngc nhau. Diac c th c hot ng song hng
(AC)
Mch tng ng ca DIAC
K hiu ca DIAC
Hnh 7.4 DIAC
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 7
BI GING MN
DIAC (2)
Nguyn l hot ng:
Khi cp mt in p mt chiu vo hai u ca DIAC th n hot
ng ging ht nh mt it Shockley.
Tuy nhin, khi cp mt in p xoay chiu (AC) vo hai u ca
DIAC th n hot ng hon ton khc. Do dng in lin tc
o chiu, cc DIAC s khng duy tr trng thi cht lu
hn mt na chu k. Nu mt DIAC bt u cht, n s ch
tip tc dn dng chng no in p ln a dng in
theo hng . Khi in p AC o chiu, DIAC s ngt do
khng dng in v n cn phi c mt in p ln
(breakover voltage) khc khin n dn tr li. Hnh 7.4 m t
dng sng ca DIAC
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 8
BI GING MN
DIAC (2)
in p khin DIAC dn
Dng DIAC
in p ngun
cung cp
Hnh 7.6 c tuyn Vn Ampe

ca mt DIAC song hng
Dng Ant: +IA
in p khin
DIAC dn
Hnh 7.5 Cc dng sng ca DIAC
Cc DIAC khng bao gi c

s dng mt mnh, m thng
c s dng kt hp vi cc
cu kin Thyristor khc.
www.ptit.edu.vn
in p nh thng, thng
thng 2040V
Dng in khin DIAC dn,

thng thng 50200 A
Dng in nh thng,
thng thng 50200 A

in p khin DIAC dn,

thng thng 20-40V
Trang 9
BI GING MN
SCR: Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (1)

Cu to: qu trnh bin it Shockley thnh SCR ch cn thm
mt si dy th 3 ni vo cu trc PNPN nh m t hnh v 7.7
Ant
Ant
Ant
Cc
ca
Cc
ca
Cc
ca
Catt
Catt
Catt
S vt l
S tng ng
K hiu
Hnh 7.7 Cu kin chnh lu c iu khin Silic (SCR)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 10
BI GING MN
SCR (2)
Nguyn l hot ng
Nu cc cng G ca mt SCR h (khng ni) th n hot ng
ging nh mt it Shockley.
Do cc cng G ni trc tip vi cc gc ca transistor pha di, n
c th c s dng nh mt phng tin thay th cht SCR
Cung cp mt U nh gia cc cng v catt, transistor pha di s
buc phi dn do c dng cc gc ln, ko theo transistor pha
trn cng dn, v n li cung cp dng in cho cc gc ca
transistor pha di. Kt qu l sau SCR khng cn cn c kch
hot bi mt in p cng na
Tt nhin, dng cc cng cn thit khi ng vic cht s nh
hn rt nhiu so vi dng in chy qua SCR t catt n ant, do
SCR s c kh nng khuch i
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 11
BI GING MN
SCR (3)
Phng php buc SCR dn in c gi l kch hot (triggering) v
trong thc t n l cch thng thng nht SCR c cht.
tt mt SCR, dng ant phi gim xung di dng gi (holding
current). Trong cc mch mt chiu (DC) mt s ph kin thm vo
phi c s dng m bo iu ny. Trong cc mch xoay chiu
(AC) mt SCR s tt khi in p cung cp (in p ant) i qua im 0
hng ti cc gi tr m.
(Dng gi)
(trng thi dn)
(in p nh
thng ngc)
(trng thi tt)
Hnh 7.8 c tuyn V- A

ca mt SCR
www.ptit.edu.vn
(trng thi chn ngc)

in p dn

in p khin mt transistor
chuyn sang trng thi dn
Trang 12
BI GING MN
GTO (Gate-Turn-Off Thyristor : Thyristor cng tt)

Cu to: Cc SCR v GTO c cng s tng ng (gm hai
transistor ni theo kiu hi tip dng), iu khc bit duy nht l
cu trc c thit k cho php mt transistor NPN c h s
ln hn h s ca transistor PNP. iu ny cho php mt I cc
cng nh hn (thun hoc ngc) to ra mt mc iu
khin ln hn p dng cho vic dn t catt sang ant, vi trng
thi cht ca transistor PNP tr nn ph thuc nhiu hn vo
trng thi cht ca NPN v ngc li.
Ant
GTO cn c gi l chuyn mch c iu
khin bng cng- Gate-Controlled Switch ( GCS)
Cc ca
Catt
Hnh 7.9 GTO

www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 13
BI GING MN
TRIAC
SCR l cu kin n hng (mt chiu), do n ch hu ch
cho vic iu khin mt chiu (DC). Nu hai SCR c ni vi
nhau theo kiu song song nh hnh v 8.34 th ta c mt cu kin
mi gi l TRIAC
Hnh 7.10 - Mch tng ng ca Triac (a) v k hiu ca Triac (b)

www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 14
BI GING MN
c tuyn Vn Ampe ca mt Triac

in p ri (vT) ti
dng c nh r
(iT)
Dng gi nh nht (IH)
Dng cht (IL)

Dng r trng thi tt
(IDRM) ti in p
nh r VDRM
in p chn
trng thi tt
(VDRM) nh nht
c nh r
in p
khin TRIAC
dn
Hnh 7.11 - c tuyn Vn Ampe ca mt Triac

www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 15
BI GING MN
TRANSISTOR N NI (UJT)
Cu to: gm mt thanh bn dn Silic loi N c mt u ni loi P
chnh gia. Cc u ni ti hai u cui ca thanh bn dn c gi l
cc cc ca B1 v B2; im ni gia loi P l cc pht (emitter). Khi
cc pht h, in tr ton phn l RBB0 (mt thng s trong bn thng s
(data sheet) ca linh kin) bng tng ca hai in tr RB1 v RB2.
Hnh 7.12 - Transistor n ni: (a) Cu to, (b) M hnh, (c) K hiu
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 16
BI GING MN

ng cong c tuyn gia dng cc pht n ni v in p c m
t nh sau: khi VE tng, dng IE tng n IP (im nh peak point).
Sau khi tng n im nh (IP), trong vng in tr m (negative
reisistance region) dng IE tng tip mc d in p gim. in p t
gi tr nh nht ti im y (valley point). in tr ca RB1, in tr
bo ho l nh nht ti im y
im
nh
Tr khng
m
Bo ha
im y
Hnh 7.13 - Transistor n ni: (a) ng cong c tuyn pht, (b) M hnh cho VP
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 17
BI GING MN
ng dng ca UJT:
Dng ch to b to dao ng hi phc (relaxation). in p ngun
cung cp VBB s np in cho CE qua RE cho n im nh (peak
point). Cc pht n ni khng c tc ng g n t in cho n khi
im nh c t ti.
Mi khi in p ca t (VE) t ti im in p nh VP, in tr cc
pht -cc ca1 (E-B1) b nh i s khin t phng mt cch nhanh
chng. Mi khi t phng in n di im y VV, in tr E-B1
quay tr li thnh in tr cao, v t in li c np
Trong khi t phng in qua in tr bo ho E-B1, mt xung c

th xut hin trn cc in tr ti ngoi B1 v B2 (Hnh v 7.14).
in tr ti ti B1 cn phi nh khng nh hng n thi
gian phng in. in tr ngoi ti B2 l tu chn. N c th
c thay th bi mt ngn mch. Tn s xp x c cho bi
1/f = T = RC
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 18
BI GING MN

in tr np RE phi gim i trong cc gii hn nht nh. N buc
phi nh cho php dng IP chy da trn vic ngun cung cp
VBB nh hn VP. N cng buc phi ln cung cp dng IV da
trn vic ngun cung cp VBB nh hn VV.
Hnh 7.14 - B to dao ng hi phc (relaxation oscillator) dng UJT

v cc dng sng. B to dao ng iu khin SCR
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 19
BI GING MN
CHNG 8
CU KIN QUANG IN T
1. GII THIU
2. CC CU KIN BIN I IN QUANG
2.1 it pht quang (LED)
2.2 Laser bn dn
2.3 Mt ch th tinh th lng (LCD)
3. CC CU KIN CHUYN I QUANG IN
3.1 in tr quang
3.2 it quang
3.3 Transistor quang lng cc
4. CC B GHP QUANG (OPTO- COUPLERS)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 1
BI GING MN
Gii thiu chung (1)

1. Khi nim chung v k thut quang in t
a. nh ngha v k thut quang in t:
Quang in t l nhng hiu ng tng h gia bc x nh sng
v mch in t. Bc x nh sng l mt dng ca bc x in
t c di tn s dao ng rt cao ( = 50nm 100m)
Cc bc x quang c chia ra thnh ba vng:
Vng cc tm c = 50nm 380nm.
Vng nh sng nhn thy c = 380nm 780nm.
Vng hng ngoi c = 780nm 100m.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 2
BI GING MN
Gii thiu chung (2)

b. Phn loi linh kin quang in t:
Linh kin quang in t gm c linh kin bn dn

quang in t v linh kin khng bn dn quang in t
Linh kin bn dn quang in t: l nhng linh kin
c ch to t vt liu bn dn nh in tr quang, it
quang, tranzito quang, LED, LASER bn dn,v.v..
Linh kin khng phi bn dn quang in t: nh si
quang dn, mt ch th tinh th lng LCD, ng nhn
quang v.v..
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 3
BI GING MN
Gii thiu chung (3)

2. H thng truyn dn quang
S khi ca cc h thng thng tin:
Ngun
tn
hiu
Mch
in t
Khi
iu ch
Si ng
Khi gii
iu ch
Tn
hiu
Mch
thu
in t
a. H thng thng tin in

Ngun
tn
hiu
Mch
in t
Khi
E/ O
Khi
O/ E
Mch
in t
Tn
hiu
thu
Si quang
b. H thng thng tin quang
Hnh 8-1: a. H thng thng tin in .
b. H thng thng tin quang.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 4
BI GING MN
Gii thiu chung (4)

u im ca h thng truyn dn quang:
Si quang nh, nh hn dy kim loi, d un cong, tn t vt liu
Si quang ch to t thu tinh thch anh khng b nh hng ca
nc, axit, kim nn khng b n mn. ng thi, si l cht in
mi nn cch in hon ton, tn hiu truyn trong si quang
khng b nh hng ca nhiu bn ngoi ti v cng khng gy
nhiu ra mi trng xung quanh
m bo b mt thng tin, khng s b nghe trm
Kh nng truyn c rt nhiu knh trong mt si quang c
ng knh rt nh. Tiu hao nh v khng ph thuc tn s nn
cho php truyn dn bng rng v tc truyn ln hn nhiu so
vi si kim loi
Gi thnh rt r
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 5
BI GING MN
Cc cu kin bin i in Quang

(Cu kin pht quang)
S tng tc gia nh sng v vt cht
S tng tc gia nh sng v vt cht gm c 3 qu trnh: qu trnh
hp th, qu trnh pht x t pht v qu trnh pht x kch thch
a. Qu trnh hp th
b. Qu trnh pht x t pht c. Qu trnh pht x kch thch
hf = Ei Ek
Ei: Mc nng lng kch thch
Hnh 8- 2: Ba qu trnh ch yu ca s tng tc gia nh sng v vt cht

www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 6
BI GING MN
S tng tc gia nh sng v vt cht

Qu trnh hp th: qu trnh m ti khi c mt photon tng tc vi vt
cht th mt in t mc nng lng c bn Ek s nhn thm nng lng ca
photon (quang nng) v nhy ln mc nng lng kch thch Ei
Qu trnh pht x t pht: qu trnh m cc in t nhy ln mc nng
lng kch thch Ei, nhng chng nhanh chng tr v mc nng lng c bn
Ek v pht ra photon c nng lng h. Mi mt pht x t pht ta thu c mt
photon. Hin tng ny xy ra khng c s kch thch bn ngoi no gi l
qu trnh pht x t pht. Pht x ny ng hng v c pha ngu nhin
Qu trnh pht x kch thch:
Nu c mt photon c nng lng h ti tng tc vi vt cht m trong lc
c mt in t ang cn trng thi kch thch Ei, th in t ny c kch
thch v ngay lp tc n di chuyn tr v mc nng lng c bn Ek v pht x
ra mt photon khc c nng lng cng ng bng. Photon mi pht x ra ny
c cng pha vi photon i n v c gi l pht x kch thch (hay pht x
cm ng)
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 7
BI GING MN
it pht quang (LED) ch th (1)

it pht quang l linh kin bn dn quang in t. N c kh
nng pht ra nh sng khi c hin tng ti hp xy ra trong tip
xc P-N.
Tu theo vt liu ch to m ta c nh sng bc x ra cc vng
bc sng khc nhau
Trong mc ny ta s trnh by trc ht v LED bc x ra nh
sng nhn thy gi l LED ch th.
LED ch th c u im l tn s hot ng cao, kch thc nh,
cng sut tiu hao nh, khng st p khi bt u lm vic. LED
khng cn knh lc m vn cho ra mu sc. LED ch th rt r khi
tri ti. Tui th ca LED khong 100 ngn gi
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 8
BI GING MN
LED ch th (2)
Tip xc P-N
a. Cu to v k hiu ca LED:
Hnh 8- 3 : M hnh cu to v k
hiu ca LED.
Vt liu ch to it pht quang u l cc lin kt ca cc

nguyn t thuc nhm 3 & nhm 5 ca bng tun hon
Menlep nh GaAs, hoc lin kt 3 nguyn t nh GaAsP
v.v.. y l cc vt liu ti hp trc tip, c ngha l s ti hp
xy ra gia cc in t st y di dn v cc l trng st
nh di ha tr.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 9
BI GING MN

Cc cu trc ca LED
Light output
Light output
n
Dome LED
ohmic
contacts
diffused
p-type
p type
epitaxial layer
n type
substrate
Planar LED
ohmic contacts
LED vm v LED phng c s dng trong phn ln cc thit b

hin th vi li ch l rt c lng nh sng cc i t thit b =>
nh sng c pht ra theo tt c cc hng v s dng cc ng
knh c sp xp theo trt t nht nh hi t nh sng.
Burrus LED v LED pht x cnh ch yu c dng trong cc h
thng thng tin si quang
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 10
BI GING MN

Burrus LED
Metal tab
Etched
well
50m
SiO2
250 m
Multimode
optical fiber
~ 250 m
50 m
Epoxy
resin
n-AlGaAs
p-GaAs
p-AlGaAs
p+-GaAs
n-GaAs
substrate
Metal contact
SiO2
Edge-emitting
+
p -AlGaAs
LED
p-AlGaAs
Gold stud
AlGaAs (Active layer)
n-AlGaAs
Metal contact
Primary lightn-GaAs
~ 50 m
emitting region
Cc lp gii hn ht dn :
p-AlGaAs and n-AlGaAs
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 11
BI GING MN
LED ch th (3)
b. Nguyn l lm vic:
+
Hnh 8- 4 : S nguyn l
ca LED
LED
U
R
_
Khi LED phn cc thun, cc ht dn a s khuch tn t qua tip xc P-N,

chng gp nhau s ti hp v cc photon c pht sinh.
Tc ti hp trong qu trnh bc x t pht ny t l vi nng in t
trong phn bn dn P v nng l trng trong phn bn dn N. y l cc
ht dn thiu s trong cht bn dn. Nh vy, tng s photon bc x ra cn
phi gia tng nng ht dn thiu s trong cc phn bn dn.
Cng dng in ca it t l vi nng ht dn c "chch" vo cc
phn bn dn, do cng pht quang ca LED t l vi cng dng
in qua it
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 12
BI GING MN
LED ch th (4)
in p phn cc cho LED gn bng rng vng cm ca vt liu
cc LED bc x cc bc sng khc nhau s c ch to t cc
vt liu bn dn c rng vng cm khc nhau v in p phn cc
cho chng cng khc nhau
Tuy nhin LED c in p phn cc thun tng i cao (1,6V 3V)
v c in p ngc cho php tng i thp (3V 5V)
c tuyn Vn - Ampe ca LED:
c tuyn Vn - Ampe ca it pht quang biu din mi quan h gia
I
dng in quang vi in p t ln LED.
Ungc max
0
www.ptit.edu.vn
UD
UAK

8- 5: c tuyn Vn - Ampe ca LED
B MN: K thut in tHnh
- KHOA
KTT1
Trang 13
BI GING MN
LED ch th (5)
Mt s loi LED ch th:
LED n: linh kin mt LED
LED i: dng cho nhng ng dng c bit
1
Xanh/Vng
LED1
3
LED2
Hnh 8- 6 : LED i
A
a
f
b
g
c
d
Hnh 8- 7: Cu trc ca mt LED 7 on sng u kiu Ant chung
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 14
BI GING MN
LED hng ngoi (1)

Cc h thng thng tin quang yu cu tc bit xp x 100 n 200Mbit/s cng
si quang a mt vi cng sut quang khong vi chc W th cc it pht
quang bn dn thng l cc ngun sng tt nht
Cu to: Cu to ca LED hng ngoi c bn l ging cc LED ch th. bc
x nh sng hng ngoi, LED hng ngoi c ch to t vt liu Galium Asenit
(GaAs) vi rng vng cm EG = 1,43 eV tng ng vi bc x bc sng
khong 900nm. Hnh 8- 8 m t cu trc ca mt LED hng ngoi bc x nh
sng 950nm.
nh sng pht ra
Trong phn epitaxy lng trong sut GaAs
Chn cc
GaAs (P)
= 950nm
Tip xc P-N
GaAsSi
(N) (N)
GaAsSi
GaAs (N) trong sut
Chn cc
Mt mi nhn
Hnh 8- 8 : Cu trc ca LED hng ngoi bc x =950nm
www.ptit.edu.vn
(N) to mt lp tinh th c tnh cht lng

tnh vi tp cht Silic l GaAsSi (N) v mt
tip xc P-N c hnh thnh.
Vi s pha tp cht Silic ta c bc x vi
bc sng 950nm. Mt di ca LED c
mi nhn to thnh mt gng phn chiu
tia hng ngoi pht ra t lp tip xc P-N

Trang 15
BI GING MN
LED hng ngoi (2)

Nguyn l lm vic v c im:
Khi phn cc thun cho it, cc ht dn a s s khuch tn qua tip xc PN, chng ti hp vi nhau v pht ra bc x hng ngoi. Cc tia hng ngoi
bc x ra theo nhiu hng khc nhau. Nhng tia hng ngoi c hng i vo
trong cc lp cht bn dn, gp gng phn chiu s c phn x tr li i
ra ngoi theo cng hng vi cc tia khc tng hiu sut ca LED
nh sng hng ngoi c c tnh quang hc ging nh nh sng nhn thy,
ngha l n c kh nng hi t, phn k qua thu knh, c tiu c.... Tuy nhin,
nh sng hng ngoi rt khc nh sng nhn thy kh nng xuyn sut qua vt
cht, trong c cht bn dn. iu ny gii thch ti sao LED hng ngoi c
hiu sut cao hn LED ch th v tia hng ngoi khng b yu i khi vt qua
cc lp bn dn ra ngoi
Tui th ca LED hng ngoi di n 100.000 gi. LED hng ngoi khng
pht ra nh sng nhn thy nn rt c li trong cc thit b kim sot v khng
gy s ch
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 16
BI GING MN
Mt s hnh nh ca LED
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 17
BI GING MN
Mt ch th tinh th lng - LCD (1)

Khi nim:
Tinh th lng s dng trong LCD l nhng hp cht hu c c
bit. Cc phn t ca tinh th lng ny c phn b sao cho cc
trc dc ca chng nm song song vi nhau.
nhit thp LCD trng thi rn, khi t0 tng ln n nhit
nng chy th LCD chuyn sang trng thi lng. Pha trung gian gia
hai trng thi ny l trng thi tinh th lng
LCD khng phi l linh kin bn dn quang in t. LCD c ch
to di dng thanh v chm - ma trn. LCD l cu kin th ng,
n khng pht sng nn cng d c nu xung quanh cng sng
LCD: dng lm mt ch th cho ng h, my tnh con, cc thit b
o s, chi tr em, mn hnh ti vi.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 18
BI GING MN
LCD (2)
c im:
Khong nhit s dng: (- 100C + 600C)
in p: 3V 6V (chun l 4,5V)
Tn s: 30 Hz 200 Hz
Thi gian ng: 40 ms
Thi gian ngt: 80 ms
Dng in tiu hao khong 0,2 A
LCD c tui th kh cao t 10.000 n 100.000 gi v ngy
nay n thay th dn cc mt ch th loi LED hay hunh quang
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 19
BI GING MN
LCD (3)
Cu to ca thanh LCD:
o
o
o
Gm c 2 tm knh t cch nhau khong 10m. Mt pha trong ca 2 tm

knh trng mt lp oxit km (ZnO) trong sut lm hai in cc.
Xung quanh bn cnh hai tm knh c hn kn, sau tinh th lng
vo khong gia 2 tm knh v gn kn li.
Hai tm nha c tnh phn cc nh sng c dn bn ngoi hai tm knh
sao cho hnh nh phn chiu ca mt ch th c nhn t mt pha nh
gng phn chiu.
Tm nha phn cc th 2
Gng phn chiu
Knh
in cc
trong sut
Keo
Tinh th lng
Knh
Tm nha phn cc th 1
Hnh 8-9 : Cu to ca mt thanh LCD
nh sng chiu vo
Mt ngi quan st
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 20
BI GING MN
Laser = Light Amplification by Stimulated

Emission of Radiation
c im:
- Ph pht sng hp
- Kch thc nh
- n nh cao
- C bc sng nh sng trong cc ca s
quang 1, 2, 3
- iu ch trc tip c th ln n vi Gb/s
- Bn knh bc x nh (ghp vi si quang)
www.ptit.edu.vn
Relative optical power
Laser bn dn (1)
Diode
Laser

< 3 nm
LED
~ 75 nm
Hnh 8-10
Wavelength (nm)
Trang 21
BI GING MN

Light output (mW)
Laser bn dn (2)
7 Slope gives
external
efficiency
T
Lasing
emission
Ith
40
Bc x
kch
thch
Dng in (mA)
Hnh 8-11
- Gim dng in ngng

- Tng cng sut tng ca nh sng u ra
- Tng hiu sut quantum m rng
www.ptit.edu.vn
ci thin cht lng

ca thit b laser

Trang 22
BI GING MN

Kt ni in
Cu trc ca laser
Hnh 8-12 Laser vi cu trc d th kp

a) Index-Guided
b) Gain-Guided
Cc loi laser:
Laser a mode: Fabry-Perot Laser
Laser n mode: dng trong cc h thng thng tin tin tin
- DFB Laser (Distributed Feedback)
- DBR Laser (Distributed Bragg Reflector)
- MQW Laser (Multi Quantum Well)
Laser c th iu chnh c: iu chnh bc sng pht ra bng cch (i) thay
i chiu di h (ko dn c hc), (ii) thay i h s khc x (iu khin nhit )
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 23
BI GING MN
Cc cu kin chuyn i Quang in

Cc b thu quang in hot ng da trn nguyn l hiu ng
chuyn i quang in. s hp th photon bi vt liu bn
dn to ra cc cp in t - l trng to ra tn hiu quang
in di dng dng in hay in th c th o c
Thit b quan trng nht l it quang bn dn (photodiode)
Yu cu:
- nhy cao
- Nhiu trong nh
- Bng thng rng
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 24
BI GING MN
Quang tr (LDR-Light Dependent Resistor) (1)

Cu to & nguyn l:
L b thu tn hiu quang n gin nht. Quang tr thng c lm
bng cht Sunfit Cadimium (CdS), Selenid Cadimium (CdSe), Sunfit
ch (PbS) trong loi quang tr CdS c nhy ph gn vi mt
ngi nn thng dng nht
Quang tr c ch to bng cch to mt mn bn dn trn nn cch
in ni ra 2 u kim loi ri t trong mt v nha, mt trn c lp
thu tinh trong sut nhn nh sng bn ngoi tc ng vo
h
Bn in cc
Dy dn ni t
in cc ra ngoi
Bn dn
cch in
www.ptit.edu.vn
Hnh 8-13

Trang 25
BI GING MN
Quang tr (2)
Khi nh sng chiu vo b mt quang tr, cc cp e-l trng c sinh ra v
c in trng cun ra pha cc in cc. Ph thuc vo thng lng nh
sng chiu vo, dng in bn ngoi cng thay i theo.
Tr s in tr ca quang tr thay i theo sng chiu vo n. Khi b che ti
th quang tr c tr s in tr rt ln (vi M), khi c chiu sng th in tr
gim nh (vi chc vi trm ).
u im ca quang tr: c khuch i trong, ngha l dng quang in thu
c c s in t (hay l trng) ln hn s in t (hay l trng) do photon to
ra
RCdS
Hnh 8.14. K hiu, hnh dng ca quang tr
Lux
Hnh 8.15. c tnh ca quang tr
ng dng: dng trong cc mch thu tn hiu quang, trong bo ng, ng

ngt cc mch in, trong o c, iu khin v t ng ho
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 26
BI GING MN
Nguyn l ca it quang
p
Electric field
Cung cp mt in p phn cc ngc

ph hp cho mt tip gip P-N n gin
to ra mt in trng tch cc cp e--l
-V
trng do nh sng to ra (do s hp thu nh
sng trong cht bn dn)
Tc p ng c xc nh bi in
dung ca thit b b chi phi bi dy
ca vng chuyn tip thit b din tch
nh v cc vng tch cc c pha tp thp s
c in dung nh, ngha l tc cao
Nhiu: nhiu thp nu gim nh dng
in r (ch yu l dng r b mt) bng
cch dng cc vt liu c vng cm rng
b mt
www.ptit.edu.vn

n
+V
Distance (x)
Hnh 8-16
Trang 27
BI GING MN
PIN Diode (Photodiode c lp bn dn thun)

Hnh 8-17
(a) M hnh b thu quang PIN. (b) p ng / bc sng i vi b thu quang InGaAs/InP
it PIN bao gm lp P, lp I v lp N. Lp I l lp bn dn
thun c in tr rt cao khi it PIN c phn cc ngc,
lp ngho c th lan ra rt rng trong lp I hng phn ln cc
photon ri v hp th trong
Trong lp I c in trng cun rt cao cun ht ti nhanh
chng v 2 cc to nn dng quang in mch ngoi
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 28
BI GING MN
PIN Diode (2)

Hp th cc photon cp e-l trng dng in:
i ( t ) = R. p ( t ) R E ( t )
q
R =
R = p ng
hc
2
= hiu sut lng t < 1(vd: 0,95%), q = in
c tuyn ca PIN
tch e-; h = hng s Planck (6,63.10-34 J/Hz)

Cu trc PIN c thi gian p ng rt
nhanh v hiu sut lng t cao.
Nhc im: dng ti v nhiu
tng i ln, c bit l i vi cc
bn dn c vng cm nh nh Ge
Hnh 8-18
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 29
BI GING MN
APD
Min tng tc (min hp th nh sng) & min nhn ht ti l tch bit
nhau
Khi c nh sng chiu vo, cc ht ti i qua min hp th s c
tng tc, chng va p mnh vo cc nguyn t ca bn dn gy nn
s ion ho v to ra cc cp e - l trng mi. Qu trnh c lp i lp
li nhiu ln hiu ng thc l tng dng quang in bn ngoi,
tng khuch i (tng nhy ca APD)
in p phn cc ngc cao (>100V)
Photon to ra cc cp e-l trng cc cp
e/l trng tng thm do hiu ng thc l
M = khuch i thc l (vd: 100)
q
R A P D l
, R A P D = M .R ,
hc
khuch i cao, nhng bng thng

thng thp hn, nhiu nhiu trong hn so
vi it PIN
www.ptit.edu.vn
Hnh 8.19 M hnh APD vi

vng nhn v vng hp th
tch bit
Trang 30
BI GING MN
Cc c im ca it quang
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 31
BI GING MN
Transistor quang (1)

Cu to v nguyn l:
Transistor quang c cu trc 3 lp nh BJT thng thng
nhng min cc gc h, c mt din tch thch hp tip
nhn nh sng chiu vo qua ca s
Khi Transistor quang ch hot ng th tip gip BC c
phn cc ngc cn tip gip BE phn cc thun
Khi nh sng chiu vo Transistor quang, cc ht ti c sinh
ra v c khuch tn ti tip gip BC, tip gip ny s tch
in t v l trng gp phn to nn dng quang in
Tip gip BC c vai tr nh mt it quang, cc ht ti t pha
tip gip thun BE c tim chch vo cc gc B. Dng
quang in trong min B (dng r ICB) s tr thnh dng IB v
c khuch i ln (+1) ln collector
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 32
BI GING MN

K hiu:
(a)
(b)
!NPN
!NPN
Hnh 8.20 K hiu ca Transistor quang 2 cc (a) v Transistor quang 3 cc (b)
c im:
khuch i: 100 1000 ln v khuch i l khng tuyn
tnh theo cng nh sng chiu vo mi ni gia cc C v B
Tc lm vic chm do t in k sinh Ccb gy hiu ng Miller
Tn s lm vic max vi trm KHz
tng nhy ngi ta ch to loi Transistor lp theo kiu
Darlington
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 33
BI GING MN

(a)
(b)
+VCC
1m
1N1183
RY
RY
1k
R
!NPN
+VCC
+VCC
R
1k
(c)
1m
1N1183
ng dng:
!NPN
!NPN
!NPN
1m
1N1183
!NPN
!PNP
RY
Hnh 8.21
Mch in a) dng transistor quang lp Darlington vi transistor

cng sut iu khin rle RY. Khi c chiu sng transistor
quang dn lm transistor cng sut dn cp in cho rle
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 34
BI GING MN

Mch in hnh (b) ly in p Vc ca transistor quang phn
cc cho cc B ca transistor cng sut. Khi transistor quang c
chiu sng s dn in v lm in p Vc gim, cc B transistor
cng sut khng c phn cc nn ngng dn v rle khng
c cp in.
Mch in hnh (c) dng transistor loi PNP nn c nguyn l
ngc li mch in hnh (b) khi quang transistor c chiu
sng c dn in to st p trn in tr phn cc cho cc B
ca transistor cng sut loi PNP lm transistor cng sut dn,
cp in cho rle.
Hin nay ngi ta cn ch to JFET quang v Thyristor quang
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 35
BI GING MN
Cc b ghp quang (Opto- Couplers) (1)

Mc ch: dng cch in gia cc mch c s khc bit ln v
in p
VD: mch t ng iu khin cng sut c in p cao (U =
200V380V, 660V hay 1000V); mch iu khin thng c in p thp
nh cc mch logic, my tnh hay cc h thng phi tip xc vi con
ngi
Cu to:
B ghp quang gm 2 thnh phn gi l s cp v th cp. Phn s
cp l mt it loi GaAs pht ra tia hng ngoi, phn th cp l mt
Transistor quang loi Silic. Khi c phn cc thun, it pht ra bc x
hng ngoi chiu ln trn mch ca Transistor quang.
Nguyn l: Phn s cp l LED hng ngoi bin i tn hiu in
thnh tn hiu nh sng. Tn hiu nh sng ny s c phn th cp
(Transistor quang) bin i li thnh tn hiu in
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 36
BI GING MN
Cc b ghp quang (2)

!NPN
!NPN
Hnh 8.22 Nguyn l
1N1183
IC
1N1183
IF
2
3
!NPN
1N1183
6
5
4
Hnh 8.23. B ghp quang transistor
c im:
in p cch in gia s cp v th cp (vi trm vn hng

ngn vn)
B ghp quang c th lm vic vi IDC hoc IAC c tn s cao
in tr cch in gia s cp v th cp c tr s rt ln (vi chc
Mvi trm M) i vi IDC
H s truyn t dng in (IC/IF): vi chc % vi trm % tu loi
b ghp quang
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 37
BI GING MN
Cc b ghp quang (3)

Cc loi b ghp quang:
a) B ghp quang Transistor:
Phn th cp: Transistor loi Si. i vi b ghp quang

transistor c 4 chn th transistor khng c cc B, trng hp
b ghp quang transistor c 6 chn th cc B c ni ra
ngoi (hv). B ghp quang khng c cc B c u im l h
s truyn t ln, nhng c nhc im l n nh nhit
km.
Nu ni gia cc B v E mt in tr th cc b ghp quang
transistor ny lm vic kh n nh vi nhit nhng h s
truyn t b gim i.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 38
BI GING MN
Cc b ghp quang (4)

b) Transistor quang Darlington:
c nguyn l nh b ghp quang vi transistor quang nhng
vi h s truyn t ln hn vi trm ln nh tnh cht
khuch i ca mch Darlington.
NDAR1
1
2
3
1N1183
Nhc im: nh hng bi nhit

rt ln nn gia chn B v E ca
transistor sau thng c in tr
n nh nhit.
1k
6
5
Hnh 8.24 Transistor quang Darlington

www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 39
BI GING MN
Cc b ghp quang (5)
FD1 BP104S
c) B ghp quang vi Thyristor quang:

Gm mt it quang v 2 transistor lp theo nguyn l ca SCR
Khi c nh sng hng ngoi do LED s cp chiu vo it quang
th s c dng in IB cp cho transistor NPN v khi transistor NPN
dn th s iu khin transistor PNP dn in. Thyristor quang
c dn in th s duy tr trng thi dn m khng cn kch lin
tc s cp
tng kh nng chng nhiu ngi ta ni gia chn G v K bng
mt in tr t vi Kvi chc K
A
1N1183
Hnh 8.25 K hiu v cu trc

bn dn tng ng ca
2
Thyristor quang
3
www.ptit.edu.vn
2N1595
!PNP
5
4

!NPN
K
Trang 40
BI GING MN
Cc b ghp quang (6)

d) OPTO- Triac: c cu trc bn dn nh hnh v
T2
6
5
4
Hnh 8.26 K hiu v cu trc bn dn

tng ng ca Triac quang
G!PNP
FD1
BP104S
!NPN
!PNP
FD1
BP104S
!NPN
1k
1k
2N5444
1N1183
T1
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 41
BI GING MN
Cc b ghp quang (7)

ng dng:
Cc loi b ghp quang c dng in s cp cho LED
hng ngoi khong 10 mA
i vi transistor quang khi thay i tr s dng in qua
LED hng ngoi s cp s lm thay i dng in ra IC
ca transistor quang th cp.
Cc b ghp quang c th dng thay cho rle hay bin
p xung giao tip vi ti thng c in p cao v
dng in ln.
www.ptit.edu.vn

Trang 42
BI GING MN
Cc b ghp quang (8)

Mch in hnh 8.27 l ng dng ca transistor quang
iu khin ng ngt rle
Transistor quang trong b ghp quang c ghp Darlington
vi transistor cng sut bn ngoi
www.ptit.edu.vn
RY
NDAR1
1N1183
Khi LED hng ngoi s cp

c cp ngun 5V th transistor
quang dn, iu khin transistor
390
1k
cng sut dn cp in cho
rle RY
+5V
in tr 390 gii hn dng
qua LED hng ngoi khong
10mA
1m
1N1183
+24V
Hnh 8.27

Trang 43
BI GING MN
Cc b ghp quang (9)

Mch in hnh 8.28 l ng dng ca OPTO- Triac ng
ngt in cho ti dng ngun xoay chiu 220V
in tr 1k gii hn dng qua LED hng ngoi khong
10mA.
Khi LED s cp c cp ngun 12V th Triac quang s c
kch v dn in to dng kch cho Triac cng sut. Khi Triac cng
sut c kch s dn in nh mt cng tc ng in cho
ti.
1k
Ti
www.ptit.edu.vn
U1
D30
2N5444
1N1183
+12V
~220V
Hnh 8.28

Trang 44

Bài giảng cấu kiện điện tử

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bài giảng cấu kiện điện tử

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

ThS. Trn Thc Linh

K thut in t - Khoa K thut in t 1

Hc k/Nm bin son: 2/2009

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

Ti liu tham kho:

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

Chng 1- Gii thiu chung

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

1. Gii thiu chung v Cu kin in t

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

ng dng ca linh kin in t

Chips on Silicon wafers

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

Lch s pht trin cng ngh (1)

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

Lch s pht trin cng ngh (2)

First point contact transistor

1883 Thomas Alva Edison (Edison Effect)

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

Lch s pht trin cng ngh (3)

First integrated circuit

1958 Jack Kilby (Integrated circuit)

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

c im pht trin ca mch tch hp (IC)

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

2. Phn loi cu kin in t

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

2.1 Phn loi da trn c tnh vt l

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

2.2 Phn loi da trn chc nng x l tn hiu

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

2.3 Phn loi theo ng dng

Linh kin th ng: R,L,C

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

3. Gii thiu v vt liu in t

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T

GING VIN: ThS. Trn Thc Linh

CU KIN IN T & QUANG IN T