Coal Combustion-Final Project

N TT NGHIP
LI CM N
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy c trong Vin KH&CN Nhit Lnh, c
bit l thy gio hng dn TS. L c Dng tn tnh hng dn, truyn
t kin thc, gip em trong sut thi gian hon thnh ti ny.
Em cng chn thnh cm n thy PGS.TS Nguyn Vit Hng lun
to iu kin cho em c s dng phn mm bn quyn ANSYS
WORKBENCH trong sut qu trnh em lm n v anh Trn Minh Ngc v
anh Vng Vn Hi tn tnh hng dn v ch bo v phn mm ANSYS
FLUENT.
Qua y, em cng gi li cm n n Nh my nhit in Ninh Bnh v
Vin Nng lng cung cp s liu em c th thc hin c n ny.
Trong qu trnh lm n, kin thc v kinh nghim cn thiu, nn bn
n ny khng trnh khi nhng sai st. Em rt mong c s ch bo ca
cc thy c em hon thin hn kin thc chuyn ngnh cng nh b sung
bn n ny c hon chnh hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
NGUYN HU LINH
K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55
N TT NGHIP
LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan bn n ny do ti t tnh ton, thit k v nghin
cu di s hng dn ca thy gio TS. L c Dng.
hon thnh n ny, ti ch s dng ti liu ghi trong mc ti
liu tham kho, ngoi ra khng s dng bt k ti liu no khc m khng
c ghi.
Nu sai, ti xin chu mi hnh thc k lut theo quy nh.
Sinh vin thc hin

(K tn)
Nguyn Hu Linh
NGUYN HU LINH
ii
N TT NGHIP
MC LC
MC LC ............................................................................................................. i
CHNG I: M U ....................................................................................... 1
1.1. Tng quan v nhu cu than cho nh my in t than Vit Nam....... 1
1.2. Tng quan v tnh hnh nghin cu trn than ngoi nc v trong nc 2
1.2.1. Tnh hnh nghin cu ngoi nc ......................................................... 2
1.2.2. Tnh hnh nghin cu trong nc.......................................................... 4
1.3. Tng quan v ti .................................................................................. 6
1.3.1. Mc ch nghin cu............................................................................. 7
1.3.2. Phng php nghin cu ...................................................................... 8
1.3.3. Ni dung n ...................................................................................... 8
CHNG II. C S L THUYT V NGUYN L HNH THNH V
K THUT X L NOx TRONG QU TRNH CHY THAN TRONG
L HI ................................................................................................................ 9
2.1. C ch hnh thnh NOx ............................................................................ 9
2.1.1. C ch hnh thnh NOx theo nguyn l phn hy nhit..................... 10
2.1.2. C ch hnh thnh NOx nhin liu ...................................................... 11
2.1.3. C ch hnh thnh NOx theo nguyn l phn ng tc thi. ................ 15
2.1.4. Khng ch s hnh thnh NOx khi t than ........................................ 16
2.2. nh hng ca phng php t i vi s pht thi NOx .................. 17
2.3. Cng ngh x l NOx trong qu trnh chy ........................................... 18
2.3.1. t h s khng kh tha thp ............................................................ 19
2.3.2. t phn cp khng kh ...................................................................... 20
2.3.3. t phn cp nhin liu ...................................................................... 21
2.3.4. Ti tun hon khi............................................................................... 22
2.3.5. Vi phun bt than c nng NOx thp ............................................. 23
NGUYN HU LINH
iii
N TT NGHIP
CHNG III. PHN MM M PHNG ANSYS FLUENT ..................... 25

3.1. Mt s vn v phng php CFD ..................................................... 25
3.1.1. Tng quan v CFD .............................................................................. 25
3.1.2. M phng CFD ................................................................................... 25
3.1.3. Vai tr v ng dng ca CFD ............................................................. 28
3.2. Phn mm ANSYS FLUENT ................................................................ 29
3.2.1. Gii thiu v phn mm ANSYS FLUENT phn mm m hnh ha
dng chy ............................................................................................................ 29
3.2.2. M hnh dng phn ng v m hnh chy c trong ANSYS FLUENT
c s dng trong qu trnh m phng chy than v hnh thnh NOx ............. 30
CHNG IV: XY DNG M HNH M PHNG QU TRNH CHY
THAN V S HNH THNH NOx TRONG L HI BNG PHN MM
M PHNG ANSYS FLUENT ....................................................................... 43
4.1. Gii thiu m hnh l hi dng trong qu trnh m phng.................... 43
4.2. Thit lp v gii m hnh chy than v m hnh NOX ........................... 48
4.2.1. Tng quan v m hnh chy than ........................................................ 48
4.2.2. Thit lp v gii m hnh .................................................................... 49
4.2.3. X l v nh gi kt qu ................................................................... 61
4.2.4. nh hng ca t l trn than n s hnh thnh NOx ....................... 66
CHNG V: KT LUN ............................................................................... 75
5.1. Tm tt ni dung .................................................................................... 75
5.2. Kt lun .................................................................................................. 75
5.3. xut ................................................................................................... 76
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................ 77
NGUYN HU LINH
iv
N TT NGHIP
NGUYN HU LINH
N TT NGHIP
CHNG I: M U
1.1. Tng quan v nhu cu than cho nh my in t than Vit Nam
Theo Quy hoch pht trin ngnh than v ngnh in (Quy hoch in VII)
cho giai on 2011 2020, c xt n trin vng n 2030 th nhu cu than
sn xut in nh sau:
Bng 1.1. Sn lng in v sn lng than cp cho nh my in
Ni dung
Nm 2020
Nm 2030
- Sn lng khai thc than
65 triu tn
75 triu tn
- Kh nng cp than cho in
30 triu tn
35 triu tn
- Sn lng in (kch bn c s):
330 t kWh/nm 695 t kWh/nm
trong : do nh my nhit in t than 156 t kWh./nm 392 t kWh/nm
chim t trng
47,27%
56,40%
- Lng than yu cu
78 triu tn/nm 170 triu tn/nm
Thiu ht
48 triu tn/nm 135 triu tn/nm
Lng than thiu ht c b p bng than nhp khu. Than ni a cp
cho NMN l than antraxit cm xu (than tt nht cp cho sn xut in l cm
5, cn li l cm 6 c tro t 30 40%), cht bc thp (< 6%), nn rt kh t
chy. i vi cc l hi t than bt (chin t trng ch yu trong sn xut in)
ph ti nh hn 70% nh mc phi t km du, ph ti nh hn hoc bng
50% nh mc phi t ton du, lng cacbon cha chy cn li trong tro
rt cao, t 15 20%, lm gim hiu sut nng lng ca nh my in ti 3
4%. D bo cht lng than ni a cp cho nh my in trong tng lai cng
khng c ci thin hn.
Tnh hnh ny i hi phi c nhng nghin cu khn trng, cp bch
c nhng khuyn ngh kp thi cho vic khng nh chng loi v cht lng
than cp n nh cho ni NMN, bo m cc NMN lm vic n nh, tin
cy, t hiu sut cao khi s dng loi than c cp.
Quyt nh s 5964/Q-BCT ngy 9/12/2012 ca B Cng Thng Xc
nh nhu cu v cc ngun than cho sn xut in ti nm 2030, ti u phng
php cung cp than cho cc NMN than c duyt trong Quy hoch in
NGUYN HU LINH
N TT NGHIP
VII, cng vi ph lc nh km ca Quyt nh ny th hin tng v

mong mun cp mt chng loi than n nh trong sut i ca mi NMN.
Tuy nhin thc hin tng ny rt cn phi c nhng nghin cu ton din
v vic t chc t chy than, c bit l vic phi trn cc loi than khng
nh loi than cp cho NMN l ti u ng vi mi cu to l hi ca NMN.
1.2. Tng quan v tnh hnh nghin cu trn than ngoi nc v trong nc
1.2.1. Tnh hnh nghin cu ngoi nc
Trong nhng nm gn y, cht lng than cp cho sn xut in c xu
hng ngy cng gim, nn cng ngh t than cht lng thp c nhiu
hng ch to l hi nghin cu v thc hin c hiu qu.
Mt trong nhng gii php t hiu qu than cht lng thp, hm lng
tro cao l p dng cng ngh l hi lp si tun hon. Tuy vy, l hi than phun
vn l cng ngh t ch o v n c nhiu u im nh cng sut ln, hiu
sut cao ph hp vi cc loi than t lu hunh. Trong khi l hi CFB vn
cn hn ch v mt cng sut.
Ti Vit Nam, do hm lng cht bc trong than antraxit thp, kh t
chy, cho nn t l cc bon cha chy ht trong tro bay ti cc l hi t theo
cng ngh than phun vn mc cao, i khi hm lng ln n 18%, gy lng
ph ln ngun ti nguyn than.
t hiu qu than antraxit c cht bc thp, tro cao, mt trong nhng
phng n m cc nh ch to l hi ln trn th gii (nh Nht c
Mitsubishi, IHI, Idemitsu, Marubeni; M c Foster Wheeler; Trung Quc,
) la chn l trn than antraxit vi than bitum hoc bitum c cht bc cao
hn, tro thp hn, t trong cc l hi ca NMN. in hnh l nh my
in Hanfeng ca Trung Quc, vn hnh t nm 2000, c 2 t my, cng sut
660 MW, t than antraxit m Wannian trn vi than bitum c cht bc cao ca
tnh Shanxi.
Ty Ban Nha l nc c nhiu than antraxit, vi cc c tnh than (nht l
m, cht bc v tro) tng t than antraxit Vit Nam. V vy kinh nghim
NGUYN HU LINH
N TT NGHIP
t than ca cc nh my in Ty Ban Nha l rt ng ch . Mt trong cc

kinh nghim l trn than antraxit vi than bitum.V d: nh my in
Compostilla trc nm 1992 ch t than antraxit, nhng do cht lng nhin
liu suy gim v cc kh khn trong ti u qu trnh chy nn nh my nhp
khu than bitum ca Nam Phi v trn vi than antraxit trong nc t. Cng
ti Ty Ban Nha mt iu ng ch l l hi ca nh my in Puente Nuevo
s dng hai loi vi t ring bit. Cc vi t b tr ti vai l, phun than xung
di ch dng t than antraxit. Cc vi t than bitum l cc vi t nm
ngang, c b tr cc tng trc v sau. Trong vn hnh c hai loi vi cng
ng thi c s dng.
Gn y hng IHI (Nht Bn) theo chng trnh t than trn c B
METI (Nht Bn) ti tr thng qua t chc NEDO v JCOAL v ang nghin
cu, th nghim t than trn antraxit ca Vit Nam v than nhp khu nhm ti
i tng phc v l cc nh my in t than c ln ti Vit Nam trong tng
lai s dng cng ngh siu ti hn/trn siu ti hn ca Nht Bn. tin hnh
nghin cu phn tch than trn gia than antraxit Vit Nam (cm 5A Hn Gai)
v than nhp khu ( bitum Indonexia) v t th nghim hai giai on: Giai
on 1 quy m nh trong l lm mt bng nc hnh tr kiu ng, cng sut
1,2MW vi 1 vi t 150 kg/h (than bitum); Giai on 2 t th nghim
trong l lm mt bng nc kiu ng, cng sut 12MWth, dng 2 loi vi t,
gm vi t cho than cht bc thp v vi t IHI-DF, cng sut 1600 kg/h cho
than bitum. Theo chng trnh ca JCOAL, thng 12 nm 2012, Phng Nghin
cu, th nghim than v mi trng ca Cng ty Idemitsu (Nht Bn) c bo
co kt qu m phng trn my tnh qu trnh chy than trn antraxit ca Vit
Nam v than bitum ca Indonexia cho l hi hin c ca Ph Li 2 v l ang
lp t ti Vng ng 1. Theo , vic trn than cht bc cao bitum ca
Indonexia vi than antraxit Vit Nam s ci thin n nh chy ca than v
lm tng hiu sut ca l hi. Tuy nhin, t l trn theo khuyn co cn la chn
trn c s tnh ton m bo cc yu t: n nh ngn la, kh nng ng x,
NGUYN HU LINH
N TT NGHIP
nguy c n hn hp than trong my nghin, nguy c lm hng cc vi phun

than,...
Tuy nhin vic nghin cu t than trn gia than antraxit Vit Nam vi
than bitum c, bitum Indonexia ca Nht vn ch l nghin cu trn m hnh
vt l, ngoi ra vic nghin cu ny c hn ch i vi cc loi than nhiu cht
bc. Mt s ng dng hn ch vic dng ch yu than nhiu cht bc v ch t
l nh (xp x 15%) than antraxits. Cha c nghin cu trn than cm 6a, 6b hay
cm 7a ca Vit Nam vi cc loi than c hm lng cht bc thp (Anthracite
nhp khu). Nghin cu s dng cng ngh l hi hin c vi cc loi than
anthraxcite nhp c tnh tng thch kh cao, ngoi ra loi than nhp ny thng
thng c nhit tr cao hn nhiu so vi cc loi than bitum.
1.2.2. Tnh hnh nghin cu trong nc
Cc nghin cu v chy than trong nc hin nay cn kh hn ch, ch yu
l hiu chnh cc l hi xy dng theo kinh nghim. V c bn cha c n
v no nghin cu mt cch bi bn t khu nghin cu trong phng th nghim,
m hnh tng t thu nh, ri a ra p dng vo cc nh my nhit in thc
t. Ton b cc cng ngh l hi c p dng Vin Nam l do cc hng ch
to nc ngoi nghin cu v xy dng, nn rt hn ch vic thay i nhin liu
hay hiu chnh hng nm sau khi sa cha bo dng. Ch c t hp tc nghin
cu ci tin, nm 2007-2008, Vin Nng lng B Cng Thng ch tr thc
hin ti Nghin cu s dng than cm cht lng thp trn vi than nhp
khu ca cc nc trong khu vc cho cc l hi nh my nhit in Vit Nam"
c hp tc vi hng MHI Nht Bn. ti nghin cu khoa hc cng ngh cp
B do KS Nguyn Tun Nghim lm ch nhim. nghin cu mt s ni
dung c bn sau y:
- Cc xu hng bm bn, ng tro bay trn b mt dn ng trao i nhit.
- Xu hng ng x bung t.
- nh hng c ht v nng xy ti ch chy.
- H thng nghin v h thng trn than trong nh my in.
NGUYN HU LINH
N TT NGHIP
- Tnh ton k thut - kinh t - mi trng s b.

Nghin cu trn vn l vn ci to li vi phun, trn than nhiu cht bc.
Tuy nhin, cc kt qu nghin cu mi dng li trong iu kin ca phng
th nghim v cn s b, dng suy lun v khng cc s liu o c, phn
tch v minh chng nn cha c s l lun cng nh thc tin a vo p
dng trong sn xut. Mt khc kch thc m hnh qu b, than em t th
nghim trong m hnh c khi lng qu t (t hn nhiu so vi lng than t
trong cc m hnh th nghim ca IHI v ca Idemitsu ca Nht), khng xt g
n nh hng ca c ht than. Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu nh hng khc n ch
t chy dng than cha c k n.
C th nh sau:
- nh hng ca cc ch vn hnh ca h thng nghin than trn (t l
phi trn, nhit kh nng ti bt than, thi gian nghin than, v.v) n cht
lng than nghin ti u ra thng nghin (trong trng hp s dng thng
nghin chung) v kh nng chng chy n trong h thng nghin than;
- nh hng ca cc thng s vn hnh ca bung t l hi khi t than
trn (t l phi trn, h s khng kh tha, nhit chy, cu trc bung t,
kiu b tr vi phun, kch thc ht than t, v.v) n c tnh vn hnh ca l
hi (phn b tc ht v nhit dc theo chiu cao bung t, thnh phn
pht thi CO, CO2, NOx, SOx, v.v);
- nh hng ca cc thng s vn hnh ca qu trnh chy than trn (t l
phi trn, thi gian chy ca than bt) n c tnh thi x ca bung t l hi
(nhit T1, T2, T3 ca x; thnh phn x, thnh phn chuyn pha x, nht
ca x, );
Vic trn cc loi than c cht lng tt vi than xu hn ca cng mt m
than hay ca cc m khc nhau cng tng c thc hin nhiu NMN
Vit Nam. Nh NMN Ph Li II trn than ca 4 m khc nhau (Vng
Danh, Hn Gai, Cm Ph, Mo Kh) c mu than dng cho nh my, NMN
NGUYN HU LINH
N TT NGHIP
Qung Ninh phi trn than cm 5 + 6B c than cm 6A dng cho nh

my.
Tuy nhin, vic phi trn ny vn ch l s phi trn ca cng mt chng
loi than (antraxit), ngha l v cht bc gn nh khng thay i bao nhiu nn
rt t nh hng n vic t chc qu trnh chy, ch yu l bo m nhit tr
ca than s dng, theo hng than s dng khng qu xu v nhit tr, khng
qu nhiu tro.
Trong thi gian gn y (nm 2012), mt s NMN dng l hi lp si
(CFB) t than Na Dng (cht bc cao) trc khi t than antraxit (cht
lng xu v rt xu) trong qu trnh khi ng l hi nhm gim thiu nguy c
ng x l hi, gim thi gian khi ng l hi t trng thi lnh. Do dng than
Na Dng h tr khi ng l nn tit kim c hng chc tn du FO
cho mi ln khi ng. Hng nm tit kim c hng t ng so vi khi ng
thng thng.Tng Cng ty in lc Vinacomin v ang khuyn khch cc
nh my in trc thuc p dng phng php khi ng phi hp ny.
Tuy nhin, gii php ny mi ch dng li vic s dng than d chy phi
hp vi du FO gim lng du tiu th trong qu trnh khi ng l hi,
cha nghin cu vn t hn hp than kh chy vi than d chy nhm nng
cao hiu qu vn hnh l hi CFB, c bit l khi t than rt xu ph ti
thp, mt khc cng cha c cc nghin cu v th nghim, o c, phn tch
c nhng nh gi y v khoa hc, v kinh t, nhm tin ti vic xc nh t
l cc loi than phi trn ti u, vic xy dng quy trnh trn v t than trn,
phng php th nghim v tnh kt qu th nghim t than trn. Trn c s
xy dng phng php ch dn k thut p dng chung cho cc l CFB.
1.3. Tng quan v ti
p ng nhu cu than ngy mt gia tng cho sn xut in, trong khi
ngun than sn xut trong nc khng v cht lng than cp cho in c
chiu hng ngy cng gim, m bo cao nht an ninh nng lng quc gia
v hiu qu s dng than, vn cp thit t ra l s dng hp l ngun than
NGUYN HU LINH
N TT NGHIP
ni a v than nhp khu (trn than vi t l hp l) to ra ngun than cung

cp n nh lu di vi cc gii php phn phi, vn chuyn hp l, m bo
cht lng v chi ph cung cp than thp nht, ng thi nng cao hiu sut nng
lng cho cc NMN. Cng nh m bo s lm vic n nh, tin cy lu
di, gim ti a chi ph u t ci to thit b cng ngh t, nng cao hiu qu
s dng nhin liu. V mt vn na l gim thiu nhim mi trng c
bit l gim pht thi cc cht gy nhim mi trng trong qu trnh t than
nh NOx, SOxth vn nghin cu cng ngh t than trn cng nh vic
nghin cu s hnh thnh cht gy nhim NOx cho cc nh my nhit in
t than ang vn hnh v s a vo vn hnh trong giai on n nm 2018
2020 l ht sc cp thit, c ngha khoa hc v thc tin.
V vy, em la chn ti nghin cu: Nghin cu s hnh thnh NOx
trong trong bung t l hi kiu tip tuyn bng phn mm m phng
ANSYS.
ti nghin cu t than trn m hnh m phng ANSYS FLUENT
cho i tng Nh my nhit in Ninh Bnh xy dng t lu v thng
11/2014, nh my tin hnh t th than trn. Ban u nh my tin hnh
t th nghim t l trn 95% 5% tng ng l than ni a v than nhp
khu. Sp ti nh my s tin hnh t cc mu c t l trn 90% - 10%, 80% 20%. i vi nh my, tm ra cc iu kin t v t l trn hp l ph hp
cho iu kin hot ng ca nh my th vic ci to vi t, cng nh vic th
nghim trn m hnh thc t l rt tn km v tin bc, sc lc v thi gian.
Vic xy dng m hnh m phng trn phn mm ANSYS s gp phn gim
c thi gian nghin cu v trnh c nhng ri ro khi nghin cu ti nh
my. V t cc kt qu nghin cu c, s gp phn vo vic xy dng ch
t tt nht cho l hi NMN.
1.3.1. Mc ch nghin cu
T nhng phn tch trn, ti c nhng mc ch sau:
NGUYN HU LINH
N TT NGHIP
- Nghin cu l thuyt v s hnh thnh cng nh cc bin php gim pht

thi NOx.
- Xy dng c m hnh bung t theo m hnh l hi SG 130-40-450
ang vn hnh ti NMN Ninh Bnh nghin cu nh gi cc ch chy
bng phn mm ANSYS FLUENT tm c ch chy hp l i vi cc
loi than, t l trn khc nhau.
1.3.2. Phng php nghin cu
Trong vn nghin cu bi ton chy than v than trn, vic s dng
phng php CFD l mt yu cu bc thit. Vi s pht trin mnh m ca
CFD trong nhng nm tr li y, cng c m phng CFD - phn mm ANSYS
FLUENT cho php thay i cc ch mt cch linh hot, hn ch c s ln
thc nghim, ng ngha vi vic tit kim c chi ph.
Trong n ny, mt s vn c bn v CFD nh mt s khi nim, quy
trnh m phng cng nh vai tr v ng dng ca CFD s c trnh by trong
phn sau ca n.
1.3.3. Ni dung n
thc hin nhng mc ch trn, ni dung n gm c cc ni dung
sau:
- Chng I: M u.
- Chng II: Nghin cu l thuyt v c ch hnh thnh v cc bin php
lm gim s hnh thnh NOx.
- Chng III: Gii thiu v CFD, phn mm ANSYS FLUENT v cc m
hnh vt l c s dng gii quyt bi ton.
- Chng IV: Xy dng m hnh hnh hc, thit lp b gii v nh gi s
hnh thnh NOx tng, NOx xt ring theo tng c ch hnh thnh. ng thi
cng xt s nh hng ca cc t l trn than khc nhau n s hnh thnh NOx.
- Chng V: Xc nh s thay i NOx khi thay i ch t. t
tm ra ch t hp l cho l hi.
NGUYN HU LINH
N TT NGHIP
CHNG II. C S L THUYT V NGUYN L HNH THNH V

K THUT X L NOx TRONG QU TRNH CHY THAN TRONG
L HI
2.1. C ch hnh thnh NOx
Nit oxit sinh ra trong qu trnh t chy bt than ch yu l NO v NO2
gi chung l NOx, ngoi ra cn c t N2O. Trong qu trnh t chy than, lng
NOx hnh thnh v thi ra c quan h mt thit vi iu kin chy nh phng
thc t, c bit l nhit chy v h s khng kh tha. Ly t chy than
bt lm v d, nu khng khng ch, lng NOx thi ra trong l hi tha x lng
cao hn nhiu so vi l hi thi x kh, m thi x kh, nu cch b tr vi phun
khng ging nhau, khng khng ch lng NOx th lng NOx thi ra cng khc
nhau nh hnh 2.1 biu th.
Hnh 2.1. Quan h gia lng NOx thi ra vi phng thc t v sn

lng l
Trong qu trnh chy than nhit trn 1000 oC NOx sinh ra, trong
NO chim 90%, NO2 chim 5 10 %.
NGUYN HU LINH
N TT NGHIP
NOx hnh thnh trong qu trnh chy than theo 3 c ch: Phn hy nhit,
Nhin liu, Phn ng tc thi.
Biu hnh 2.2 cho ta thy tng quan lng NOx sinh ra t 3 c ch theo
nhit .
Hnh 2.2. Tng quan lng NOx sinh ra t 3 c ch theo nhit

T hnh 2.2 ta thy, NOx nhin liu l ch yu chim khong (60-80%)
trong tng s NOx hnh thnh, NOx nhit c th chim 20% v ph thuc rt
nhiu vo nhit , cn NOx tc thi chim mt lng nh.
2.1.1. C ch hnh thnh NOx theo nguyn l phn hy nhit
NOx nhit sinh ra do Nit (N2) trong khng kh to thnh di dng nhit
cao trong qa trnh chy.
C ch hnh thnh c th biu th bng phn ng dy chuyn khng phn
nhnh ca Zeldovich di y:
NGUYN HU LINH
O2 + M 2O + M
(2.1)
O + N2 NO + N
(2.2)
N + O 2 NO + O
(2.3)
10
N TT NGHIP
Do di nhit cao, phng trnh tng phn ng to thnh NO v NO2

c dng
N2 + O2 2NO
NO + 1/2O2 NO2
(2-4)
(2-5)
2.1.2. C ch hnh thnh NOx nhin liu

C ch hnh thnh NOx nhin liu rt phc tp, nn mc d nhiu nm nay
nhiu hc gi trn th gii tin hnh rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v l
lun cng nh thc t lm r c ch hnh thnh v phn hy NOx nhin liu,
nhng cho n nay vn cha r rng.
Thc t cho thy, khi t than bt, khong 70 90% l NOx nhin liu, cho
nn NOx sinh ra ch yu do t chy Nit trong nhin liu. Vic nghin cu c
ch hnh thnh v phn hy NOx nhin liu c ngha quan trng i vi vic
khng ch NOx thi ra trong qu trnh t chy mt cch hiu qu.
Tng kt qu trnh nghin cu nhng nm gn y, c ch hnh thnh NOx
nhin liu c nhng quy lut sau:
1. Trong iu kin t chy bnh thng, cc hp cht hu c ca Nit b
nhit phn trc tin thnh HCN, NH3 v CN l nhng sn phm trung gian
cng tch ra cng vi cht bc, nn gi l Nit cht bc. Sau khi Nit bc theo
cht bc vn cn hp cht Nit trong cc, gi l Nit cc.
NGUYN HU LINH
11
N TT NGHIP
Hnh 2.3. Biu th qu trnh phn hy N trong nhin liu thnh N cht bc
v N cc.
Nghin cu trn th gii cho thy khi lng cht bc tch ra khong (10 15%) tng lng cht bc trong than th N cht bc mi bt u tch ra. T l N
cht bc v N cc trong nhin liu c quan h mt thit vi tng loi than, nhit
nhit phn v tc gia nhit. Khi thnh phn cht bc ca nhin liu cao,
nhit nhit phn v tc gia nhit tng ln th N cht bc tng ln cn N
cc s gim theo hnh 1.4
Hnh 2.4. nh hng ca nhit n t l chuyn ha Nit

2. Trong N cht bc, hp cht N ch yu nht l HCN v NH3. Trong N cht
bc, t l HCN v NH3 khng ch quyt nh bi tnh cht ha hc ca than v
cht bc, m c quan h mt thit vi tnh cht ha hc ca N kt hp vi cc
loi Cacbonhydro ca nhin liu, ng thi c quan h vi iu kin t chy
nh nhit , h s khng kh tha Quy lut nh sau:
- i vi than c khi, trong N cht bc, t l HCN ln hn NH3, nh trong
than Vit Nam th N cht bc NH3 l ch yu. i vi than khng khi th N
cht bc trong HCN v NH3 tng i t.
- Khi N nhin liu kt hp vi C6H5NH2, HCN l sn phm nhit phn ch
yu ban u, khi N nhin liu tn ti di hnh thc khc th NH3 li l sn
phm ch yu ca phn ng nhit phn.
NGUYN HU LINH
12
N TT NGHIP
- Trong N cht bc lng HCN v NH3 tng ln khi nhit tng ln,
nhng khi nhit vt qu 1000oC 1100oC th hm lng NH3 t n bo
ha.
- Khi nhit tng ln, N nhin liu chuyn ha thnh HCN vi t l ln
hn chuyn thnh NH3.
3. L trnh phn ng ch yu ca HCN trong N cht bc b oxy ha c
biu th nh sau:
Hnh 2.5 L trnh ch yu phn ng oxy ha HCN

N cht bc cng c tch ra vi thnh phn cht bc sau khi gp oxy
trong qu trnh t chy cht bc, s tin hnh mt lot phn ng.
T l trnh phn ng trn c th thy, HCN trong N cht bc b oxy ha
thnh NCO, c th c hai l trnh phn ng quyt nh bi iu kin phn ng
m NO gp tip theo. Trong mi trng oxy ha NCO s tip tc oxy ha thnh
NO, nu gp mi trng hon nguyn, th NCO s phn ng cho NH, lc
trong mi trng oxy ha NH tip tc i ha thnh NO, NH thnh ngun to ra
NO, ng thi cn c th cng vi NO mi to thnh, tin hnh phn ng hon
nguyn, lm cho NO hon nguyn thnh N2, lc NH li l cht hon nguyn
NO.
4. L trnh ch yu ca NH3 trong N cht bc b oxy ha nh hnh 1.6
NGUYN HU LINH
13
N TT NGHIP
Hnh 2.6 L trnh ch yu phn ng oxy ha NH3

T l trnh trn, NH3 c th l ngun hnh thnh NO, cng c th tr thnh
cht hon nguyen NO.
5. Di nhit chy thng thng, NOx nhin liu ch yu l t N cht
bc.
Khi t bt than NOx do cht bc sinh ra chim 60 80% tng NOx nhin
liu. Qua nhiu nghin cu cho thy, trong mi trng oxy ha, khi h s khng
kh tha tng ln, NOx cht bc tng nhanh, vt NOx cc mt cch r rng, cn
N cc tng tng i t. l do:
- Nng lng hot ha phn ng N cc to thnh NO ln hn nng lng
hot ha phn ng chy ca than, cho nn NOx cc c to thnh vng chy
cc pha di ngn la.
- Tc dng hon nguyn ca b mt cc cng vi C v CaO trong tro tc
dng lm cho NOx hon nguyn.
6. Phn hy NOx
Ta bit NOx to thnh trong mi trng oxy ha khi gp mi trng hon
nguyn (t nhin liu giu hoc thiu oxy) s hon nguyn thnh phn t N2,
gi l phn hy NOx hay s hon nguyn NOx. Cho nn, nng NOx to
thnh ban u s khng bng NOx khi thi ra, v khi thay i iu kin chy, c
th lm cho NOx hnh thnh b phn hy, hon nguyn tr li Nit.
Nng NOx pht thi ca thit b t than quyt nh bi kt qu tng
hp ca phn ng to thnh NOx v phn ng hon nguyn hoc phn hy NOx.
NGUYN HU LINH
14
N TT NGHIP
Hnh 2.7 Biu th l trnh phn ng phn hy NOx

Nh gii thiu, qu trnh hnh thnh v phn hy NOx nhin liu l v
cng phc tp, c 3 dng l trnh phn ng v rt nhiu phng trnh phn ng.
n nay pht hin ra t nht 251 loi phng trnh phn ng c quan h n
qu trnh hnh thnh v phn hy NOx.
2.1.3. C ch hnh thnh NOx theo nguyn l phn ng tc thi.
NOx tc thi do Fenimore pht hin qua thc nghim vo nm 1971. Tc l
khi t nhin liu l hn hp Cacbonhydro vi nng nhin liu qu c,
xung quanh khu vc phn ng s to thnh NOx. NOx tc thi khng ging nh
NOx nhit v NOx nhin liu, l do CHi sinh ra khi t nhin liu va p vo
N2 trong khng kh to thnh CN, HCN, sau b oxy ha to thnh NOx.
NOx tc thi l do N2 trong khng kh dng t chy b oxy ha to ra.
Xt t ngun gc N2 to thnh NOx, th tng t nh NOx nhit, ngc li n rt
ging vi c ch hnh thnh NOx nhin liu. Thc ra sau khi N2 v CHi phn
ng to thnh HCN, th NOx nhin liu i theo l trnh phn ng hon ton
ging nhau.
NOx tc thi sinh ra trong trng hp t nhin liu giu, nhm CHi c kh
nhiu trong khi t chy m nng oxy tng i thp, pht sinh nhiu trong
qu trnh chy ca ng c t trong. Trong cc thit b t than, so vi NOx
nhit v NOx nhin liu th NOx tc thi to thnh t hn nhiu.
C nhiu nghin cu ch ra rng, NOx tc thi t ph thuc vo nhit .
Thng thng, khi t nhit thp cc nhin liu Cacbonhydro khng cha
NGUYN HU LINH
15
N TT NGHIP
Nit, mi ch ti NOx tc thi, v khi nhit qu 1500 oC, th NOx nhit l

tc dng ch yu.
2.1.4. Khng ch s hnh thnh NOx khi t than
T ba c ch hnh thnh NOx nhit, nhin liu v tc thi c trnh by
trn ta c th thy, c ch hnh thnh cc loi NOx l khng ging nhau, ch
yu th hin ngun gc Nit khng ging nhau, l trnh hnh thnh khng
ging nhau v iu kin hnh thnh khng ging nhau, nhng chng li c mt
quan h nht nh. Cho nn c th dng m hnh 2.8 miu t c ch hnh
thnh NOx, ng thi cng thy c s khc nhau cng nh s lin h v bac
ch hnh thnh NOx . Cho nn hnh 2.8 l bng tm tt v c ch hnh thnh
NOx.
Hnh 2.8. Biu c ch hnh thnh NOx

NOx tc thi chim t l 5%, nhit thp hn 1350 oC, hu nh khng
c NOx nhit, ch khi nhit vt qu 1600oC nh trong bung la thi x
lng, NOx nhit mi chim 25 30%. Cn trong thit b t than thng thng,
NOx ch yu l theo l trnh hnh thnh NOx nhin liu. Cho nn vic khng ch
NGUYN HU LINH
16
N TT NGHIP
v lm gim NOx hnh thnh trong khi t than, ch yu l khng ch NOx nhin
liu.
2.2. nh hng ca phng php t i vi s pht thi NOx
T cc quy lut hnh thnh NOx, cc nhn t ch yu nh hng n s
hnh thnh v phn hy NOx trong qu trnh t chy than l:
- c tnh ca nhin liu, nh hm lng Nit, hm lng cht bc, t s
nhin liu FC/V
- Nhit chy
- Mi trng khi trong vng phn ng ca bung la, tc l hm lng O,
N2, NO v CH trong khi.
- Thi gian lu li ca nhin liu v sn phm chy trong vng nhit cao
ca ngn la v trong bung la.
Hnh 2.9 Gi tr NOx pht thi ban u cng vi mc cn gim NOx

t tiu chun bo v mi trng
T hnh v ta thy, v nhit chy ca bung la t bt than thi x lng
l cao nht, nn ngoi NOx nhin liu ra, cn sinh thm NOx nhit lm cho
lng NOx pht thi ban u trong l t bt than thi x lng l cao nht. Vi l
t bt than thi x kh do nhit t chy tng i thp, trong qu trnh t
NGUYN HU LINH
17
N TT NGHIP
chy ch yu hnh thnh l NOx nhin liu, nn c gi tr pht thi ban u thp
hn nhiu s vi l hi thi x lng. Tuy l t bt than thi x kh nh nhau,
khi thit b t b tr trn bung la khc nhau, hnh thnh phng thc t khc
nhau. Trn hnh 2.1 c th thy, vi phng thc t tip tuyn ca vi phun b
tr bn gc, do ngn la tip tuyn vi vng trn gi nh trong bung la lm
cho ngn la bt than chuyn ng st vi dn ng bn pha bung la, nn iu
kin lm lnh khi tt hn cc phng thc khc. ng thi cch t tip tuyn
ny dng vi phun thi thng, iu kin hn hp gi cp mt v cp hai km
hn s vi vi phun xoaysm lm cho bt than v khng kh hn hp tng i
chm, nn so vi cch t thng thng khc, th lng NOx pht thi ban u
tng i thp. Hn na, lng pht thi NOx sinh ra khng tng theo nng sut
l.
i vi cch t bt than m v phun t c tng trc hoc c tng
trc v tng sau, do ngn la tng i tp trung trung tm bung la,
khng nhng lng NOx pht thi ban u cao hn cch t tip tuyn m lng
pht thi tng khi nng sut l tng. Lng NOx ca l tng si tun hon l thp
nht, khng ch do nhit chy ca n thp nht, m cn do tc dng phn
hy NOx ca cc ht cht rn cha y trong bung la lm cho NOx pht thi
thp hn so vi l tng si thng thng cung t nhit 850oC.
Hnh 2.1 v 2.9 ni ln rng, phng thc t, cng tc l iu kin t c
nh hng rt ln n lng NOx hnh thnh v pht thi, cho nn thay i iu
kin t, iu kin vn hnh thit b t than mt cch tha ng th c th gim
c lng NOx pht thi.
2.3. Cng ngh x l NOx trong qu trnh chy
Dung phng php thay i iu kin t gim lng NOx pht thi gi
l k thut t NOx thp. Trong cc phng php lm gim NOx pht thi th k
thut t NOx thp l phng php c dng rng ri, n gin, kinh t m
hiu qu.
NGUYN HU LINH
18
N TT NGHIP
2.3.1. t h s khng kh tha thp

Cho qu trnh tin hnh trong iu kin gn ht mc vi lng khng kh
l thuyt, khi lng oxy tha trong khi gim xung, c th kim ch lng
NOx hnh thnh, l phng php n gin nht gim NOx pht thi. Ni
chung dng phng php t vi h s khng kh tha thp c th gim 10
15% lng NOx pht thi, nhng d phng php cng c iu kin gii hn
nht nh, nh khi nng oxy tha trong khi qu thp, n di 3% th s to
thnh nng CO tng vt, do tng nhanh tn tht nhit do chy khng hon
ton v mt ha hc ng thi s lm tng lng than trong tro bay tng ln, lm
cho tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v mt c hc tng ln, hiu sut
nhit gm xung. Ngoi ra nng oxy thp c th lm cho mt s vng trong
bung la tr thnh mi trng hon nguyn, t lm cho nhit nng chy
ca tro gim xung gy hin tng bm x v n mn tng l.
Hnh 2.10 Quan h gia t l h s khng kh tha vi hm lng than

trong tro bay v NOx trong khi
Cho nn khi thit k v vn hnh l hi, cn phi cn nhc ton din v la
chn h s khng kh tha hp l nht, trnh khng xut hin gim NOx pht
thi m sinh ra nhiu vn khc.
NGUYN HU LINH
19
N TT NGHIP
2.3.2. t phn cp khng kh

Phng php t phn cp khng kh pht trin u tin M vo nhng
nm 50, trc mt l mt trong nhng k thut t NOx thp c dng ph
bin nht. Nguyn k c bn ca t phn cp khng kh l em qu trnh t
nhin liu c tin hnh theo giai on. giai on th nht, qua vi phun
chnh gim lng khng kh cp vo bung la n 70 -75% tng khng kh ca
qu trnh chy, tng ng khong 80% lng khng kh l thuyt, lm cho
nhin liu c chy trong iu kin giu nhin liu, ngho oxy. Lc trong
vng t cp mt h s khng kh tha <1, do gim c tc t chy
v nhit trong vng chy. Cho nn khng nhng ko di qu trnh t chy
m cn gim c cng phn ng hnh thnh NOx trong mi trng hon
nguyn, kim ch NOx hnh thnh trong vng . hon thnh ton b qu
trnh chy, lng khng kh cn chy hon ton c cp vo bung la theo
ming vi phun chuyn dng OFA (over fire air gi xit) t pha trn vi
phun chnh, hn hp vi khi sinh ra trong iu kin t ngho oxy vng
t cp 1, hon thnh ton b qu trnh chy trong iu kin > 1. V ton b
lng khng kh cn cho qu trnh chy c chia thnh hai cp tin hnh, nn
gi y l phng php t khng kh. Phng php ny khc phc c nhng
khuyt im ca phng php t h s khng kh tha thp. Nhng nu t l
phn phi khng kh gia cp mt v cp th hai khng tha ng, hoc iu
kin hn hp khng tt th tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton tng.
Khi dng phng php t phn cp khng kh, do trong vng t phn cp
mt <1, qu trnh chy tin hnh trong iu kin lng khng kh t hn lng
khng kh l thuyt, tt nhin s sinh ra nhng sn phm chy khng hon ton
cng nhiu, cng vi rt nhiu nhin liu cha chy ht, ht sc c li cho vic
hn ch NOx hnh thnh. Hn th na, trong vng cp mt h s khng kh tha
thp th hiu qu khng ch NOx hnh thnh cng tt, nhng sn phm chy
khng hon ton li cng nhiu, dn n hiu sut thp, kh nng ng x n
mn cng cao. Cho nn va m bo va gim NOx, va m bo kinh t v n
NGUYN HU LINH
20
N TT NGHIP
nh qu trnh chy, cn phi tootr chc qu trnh t chy phn cp mt cch

chnh xc.
Hnh 2.11 S b tr ming vi phun OFA trong bung la t vi than

tng trc
Trong vng t cp <1, trong mi trng hon nguyn nhit cng cao
th tc gim NOx cng ln. Nhng trong mi trng oxy ha > 1, nhit
cng cao, nng NOx pht thi cng cao. Thng thng vic chn thi gian
lu li cn phi ty thuc vo h s khng kh tha v iu kin nhit v
tng loi than, thng thi gian lu khng qu 3s.
2.3.3. t phn cp nhin liu
T c ch phn hy NOx ni trn, NOx hnh thnh khi gp gc CHi
v sn phm cha chy ht CO, C v CmHn s xy ra phn ng hon nguyn.
Phn ng tng ca nhng phn ng trn l:
4NO + CH4 2N2 + CO2 +H2O
(1.6)
2NO + 2 CnHm + ( 2n+m/2-1) O2 N2 + 2n CO2 + mH2O
(1.7)
2NO + 2CO N2 + 2CO2
(1.8)
2NO + 2C N2 + 2CO
(1.9)
2NO + 2H2 N2 + 2H2O
(1.10)
Li dng nguyn l , em 80 85% nhin liu a vo vng chy cp

mt, chy di iu kin > 1 v hnh thnh NOx. Nhin liu a vo chy cp
NGUYN HU LINH
21
N TT NGHIP
mt gi l nhin liu cp mt. 15 20% nhin liu cn li c a vo vng

chy cp hai pha trn vi phun chnh, di iu kin < 1 hnh thnh mi
trng hon nguyn rt mnh, lm cho NOx hnh thnh trong vng chy cp mt
b hon nguyn thnh N2. Vng chy cp hai gi l vng ti chy. Trong vng
ti chy, khng ch lm cho NOx hnh thnh hon nguyn m cn kim ch s
hnh thnh NOx mi, c th lm nng NOx gim xung them na. Trong
trng hp thng thng c th gim pht thi NOx xung trn 50%. pha trn
vng chy cn b tr ming gi xit to thnh vng chy cp ba m bo
chy kit sn phm cha chy hon ton trong vng ti chy.
phn cp nhin liu cn c gi cp ba, nn thi gian lu li ca nhin
liu v khi trong vng ti chy tng i ngn, cho nn nhin liu cp hai nn
chn l kh hoc lng d bt la, d chy, nh kh thin nhin. Nu chn bt
than lm nhin liu th phi chn nhin liu c cht bc cao, ht phi nghin
mn. V th i vi than antraxit Vit Nam khng ph hp cho vic lm nhin
liu cp hai.
Hnh 2.12 S nguyn l t phn cp nhin liu

2.3.4. Ti tun hon khi
Ngoi phng php t phn cp khng kh v nhin liu gim lng
NOx, ngi ta cn dng tng i nhiu phng php ti tun hon khi. l,
ht mt phn khi c nhit thp trc b sy khng kh ca l a vo l,
NGUYN HU LINH
22
N TT NGHIP
hoc hn hp vi gi cp mt, hoc gi cp hai ri a vo bung la, nh vy

khng nhng gim nhit t chy m cn gim c nng t chy, gim
c nng oxy, t c th gim nng NOx.
Hnh 2.13. S h thng ti tun hon khi

T hnh v cho thy, khi c nhit thp ht t pha trc b sy khng
kh, nh qut ti tun hon em khi ht ra a vo b phn hn hp khng
kh v khi, sau a hn hp vo bung la.
Phng php ny c th dng ring l cho mt l hi, cng c th dng
phi hp cc k thut khc.
2.3.5. Vi phun bt than c nng NOx thp
i vi Vit Nam ch yu l than antraxit, c hm lng cht bc thp,
nhiu tro, cho nn rt kh chy. Do cn phi c nhng nghin cu thit k
vi phun ring m bo cho qu trnh bt la sm, chy kit v gim nng
NOx trong qu trnh chy.
Vi phun phn cp gi NOx thp l mt loi cng ngh t NOx thp c
dng v cng rng ri. Nguyn tc thit k loi vi phun ny tng t nh cch
t phn cp gi, tc l vng bt la gn ming vi phun hnh thnh vng t
nhin liu giu vi <1, mun vy cn phi xem xt c bit v tr hn hp gi
cp hai vi gi cp mt qu sm m nh hng n vic kim ch NOx hnh
thnh, va phi cho gi cp hai c th kp thi hn hp vi dng kh c bt than
bt la trnh s gia tng sn phm chy khng hon ton. Mun vy,
ngoi vic lm cho h s khng kh tha trong hn hp gi cp mt v bt than
NGUYN HU LINH
23
N TT NGHIP
nh hn mt tt nhiu, lm cho vng bt la sm nht, cn phi to vng xung

quanh vi phun tr thnh vng hon nguyn mnh, do m hn ch mt cch
hiu qu s hnh thnh NOx. ng thi gi cp hai phi chia thnh hai lung,
thm ch ba lung, phn cp a vo vng khi c bt than bt la. Khi bt
than giai on bt u chy, ch thm vo mt phn gi cp hai, tip tc duy
tr mt on chy nhin liu giu hnh thnh vng chy cp mt. Sau , lung
gi cp cn a vo sau vng t cp mt, hnh thnh vng cp hai (vng chy
kit) c >1, y nhin liu chy hon ton. m bo chy kit, gi cp ba
gi xit cn c ha trn vo vng chy.
Nguyn l vi t phn cp gi c minh ha trong hnh 2.14.
Hnh 2.14. Nguyn l vi phun phn cp gi
NGUYN HU LINH
24
N TT NGHIP
CHNG III. PHN MM M PHNG ANSYS FLUENT

3.1. Mt s vn v phng php CFD
3.1.1. Tng quan v CFD
Tnh ton ng lc hc cht lng (Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD))
l khoa hc tnh ton dng cht lu, truyn nhit v truyn khi, phn ng ha
hc v cc hin tng lin quan bng vic gii h cc phng trnh ton hc ch
o nh:
- Bo ton khi lng
- Bo ton ng lng
- Bo ton nng lng
- Bo ton cht
- Cc tc ng ca lc ln vt th
Chng l mt h cc phng trnh vi phn ring, khng th gii c bng
cch phn tch ngoi tr mt s trng hp ring. Tuy nhin, mt li gii gn
ng c th thu c bng cch s dng phng php ri rc ha, bin i cc
phng trnh vi phn ring v cc phng trnh i s.
CFD c s dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip v cc kt qu
phn tch ca CFD thch hp cho:
- Nghin cu l thuyt ca cc thit k mi.
- Chi tit ha pht trin sn phm
- X l s c
- Ti thit k
Nhng phn tch ny cn thit b sung cho l thuyt v thc nghim v tit
kim c thi gian, cng sc, gim chi ph cn thit cho thc nghim
3.1.2. M phng CFD
a. CFD lm vic nh th no?
Nh ni trn, li gii ca CFD da trn phng php ri rc ha. C
nhiu phng php c p dng, m in hnh nht l phng php th tch
NGUYN HU LINH
25
N TT NGHIP
hu hn, phn t hu hn v sai phn hu hn. y, cc b gii ANSYS CFD

da trn phng php th tch hu hn (ph lc 2).
Xt v d, v dng cht lng chy trong ng.
Hnh 3.1. Min c ri rc thnh tp hp hu hn cc th tch iu khin

(control volume)
Vi phng php th tch hu hn, min c ri rc thnh mt tp hp
hu hn cc th tch iu khin. Phng trnh bo ton chung cho khi lng,
ng lng v nng lng, c gii trn tp hp cc th tch iu khin ny.
dV
t V
Trong ,
V .dA .dA S dV
dV l thnh phn n nh;

t V
(3.1)
VdA
l thnh phn i lu;
.dA l thnh phn khuch tn; S dV l generation.
Cc phng trnh vi phn tng phn lin tc c ri rc thnh h cc

phng trnh i s tuyn tnh m my tnh c th gii c.
b. Trnh t gii quyt bi ton CFD
Bt k trong mi lnh vc no, gii mt bi ton CFD gm cc bc sau:
- t vn
- Gii quyt vn
NGUYN HU LINH
26
N TT NGHIP
- nh gi kt qu
t vn
T nhu cu thc t cn gii quyt cc vn m chng ta t ra cho bi
ton ca mnh, t tm li gii cho chng. V d, i vi mt bi ton m
phng qu trnh chy than trong l hi, chng ta cn xem xt cc vn nh
kch thc ca l cng nh cc vi phun, h s truyn nhit ca tng lV
t , chng ta xem xt cc thng s u vo, u ra no cho m hnh CFD ca
mnh.
Gii quyt vn
y chnh l phn quan trng nht, nhim v trung tm ca bi ton CFD.
N gm ba giai on l: Pre-processing, processing, v Post-processing.
Pre-processing l giai on chun b gii quyt bi ton CFD, l xy
dng m hnh hnh hc ca vt th, ri rc ha bng cch chia li. Phng
php ri rc ha m bo cc yu cu v kh nng lm vic ca my tnh, m
bo chnh xc v hi t ca phng php tnh. Sau khi xy dng c li
tnh ton, chng ta tin hnh la chn cc phng php tnh. mi linh vc c
th, CFD u c cc b phng trnh gii bi ton thuc phm vi . Tuy
nhin, cc phng trnh u dng vi phn, tch phn hoc vi phn khng tuyn
tnh rt phc tp. V mi loi phng trnh cn nhng thng s ti thiu,
c th gii v cho li gii, l cc iu kin bin.
Processing l giai on tnh ton c thc hin. giai on ny, chng ta
quyt nh s dng cc phng php gii m bo ti u cho cc yu cu v
thi gian tnh ton, kh nng tnh ton v chnh xc ca li gii.
Post-processing l giai on trc quan, x l kt qu. Sau khi giai on
Processing kt thc, ton b d liu ca bi ton c ghi thnh d liu s, nh
phn, m ha trn cng my tnh. Chng ta hon ton c th x l chng
thu c kt qu, li gii cho bi ton.
nh gi kt qu
Phn ny chng ta so snh kt qu va tm c vi cc kt qu thc
nghim v li gii s hc v lm tiu chun iu chnh cho phng php gii
ca mnh. i vi cc bi ton n gin m thc nghim c th a ra kt qu
chnh xc, cc li gii ton hc cng c kt qu chnh xc th kt qu ca chng
NGUYN HU LINH
27
N TT NGHIP
ta cng phi trng khp hoc trong phm vi sai s chp nhn c, nu sai s
vt qu gii hn cho php th lc ny th chng ta phi iu chnh th no c
kt qu chnh xc nht. i vi bi ton phc tp th thc nghim v li gii s
rt kh khn a ra c kt qu chnh xc, CFD c u th hn trng hp
ny.
3.1.3. Vai tr v ng dng ca CFD
a. Vai tr ca CFD
Vai tr ca CFD trong d bo k thut cng nghip tr nn mnh n
mc ngy nay n c th c nhn nhn nh hng th ba trong ng lc hc
lu cht, hai hng khc l nhng trng hp c in ca thc nghim thun
ty v l thuyt thun ty. T nm 1687, vi s cng b Principia ca Isaac
Newton cho ti gia nhng nm 1960, nhng tin b v c lu cht c thc
hin bng cch kt hp vi cc thc nghim tin phong v phn tch l thuyt c
bn- nhng phn tch m hu nh lun yu cu s dng nhng m hnh dng
n gin nhn c li gii dng khp kn ca cc phng trnh ch o.
Nhng li gii dng khp kn c li th ni bt l ng nht ngay lp tc mt
vi tham s c bn ca bi ton cho, v th hin r cu tr li cho nhng bi
ton b nh hng bi s bin i cc tham s nh th no. Tuy nhin chng c
bt li l khng a ra c mi qu trnh vt l cn thit ca dng. Vi kh
nng kim sot cc phng trnh ch o dng chnh xc cng vi vic xem
xt cc hin tng vt l chi tit nh phn ng ha hc mc hn ch, CFD
nhanh chng tr thnh mt cng c ph bin trong phn tch k ngh. Ngy
nay, CFD h tr v b sung c thc nghim thun ty ln l thuyt thun ty, v
quan im ca cc nh nghin cu, CFD s vn c coi l hng th ba trong
ng lc lu cht, c dng vc v tm quan trng nh nhau i vi thc nghim
v l thuyt. N c mt v tr c nh trong tt c cc kha cnh ca ng lc hc
lu cht, t nghin cu c bn n thit k k ngh.
b. ng dng ca CFD
CFD c pht trin, ng dng v mang li hiu qu cao trong cc lnh vc
c hc mi trng cht lu (kh, lng, plasma,..) v mi trng bin dng, n
hi... Trn thc t, CFD c ng dng rng ri vo cc nghnh khoa hc tin
tin v cng ngh cao cng nh cc nghnh khoa hc phc v dn sinh. Chng
hn, CFD c ng dng m phng v chuyn ng ca tu v tr vi vn tc
siu thanh v dng chy bao cng nh cc yu t kh ng tc dng ln cc vt
NGUYN HU LINH
28
N TT NGHIP
th bay ni chung. CFD c ng dng vo nghnh i dng hc m phng

tm cc quy lut ca dng bin nng , lnh v tc ng ca chng ln kh hu
ton cu,... CFD c ng dng trong y t m phng qu trnh hon lu mu
hai vng tun hon, nh hng ca cc yu t bn trong, bn ngoi ln nhp
p cng nh sc khe ca ni tng ni ring, ton b c th ni chung...
Tht kh c th k ht phm vi ng dng ca CFD, di y ta c th lit
k nhng lnh vc m CFD ng vai tr nh mt cng c hu hiu khng th
thiu nghin cu, ng dng, cng nh pht trin chung ln cp cng
nghip, mang li nhiu thnh tu rc r nht. l:
- C hc cht lu v thy kh ng lc hc
- Vt liu hc v sc bn vt liu
- Cng nghip ch to my, ng tu
- Nng lng nguyn t
- Cng nghip t, my bay
- Xy dng
- Cng nghip du kh
- Va chm v ph hy
- Y hc
- Sinh hc
- Kh tng thy vn
-
3.2. Phn mm ANSYS FLUENT
3.2.1. Gii thiu v phn mm ANSYS FLUENT phn mm m hnh ha
dng chy
Kh nng m hnh ha vt l ca FLUENT c ng dng rng trong mi
linh vc cng nghip: t dng chy khng kh qua cnh my bay n s chy
trong l, t cc ct bt kh n vic sn xut thy tinh, t dng chy trong mu
n cng nghip bn dn, t thit k phng sch n cc nh my x l nc
NGUYN HU LINH
29
N TT NGHIP
thi. Phn mm c kh nng m hnh ha ng c xy lanh, ng n, my v

thit b tua bin v h thng a pha.
Ngy nay, hng ngn cng ty trn ton th gii c li t vic s dng
nhng cng c thit k v phn tch quan trng ny. c m rng bi kh nng
tng tc a mi trng khin phn mm tr thnh cng c ph thng trong
trong cng ng CFD. Vi s ni ting v s thn thin v mnh m, FLUENT
rt d s dng i vi ngi mi bt u nng cao nng sut v hiu qu
trong cng vic.
S st nhp ca ANSYS FLUENT vo ANSYS Workbench s cung cp
cho ngi s dng vi 2 hng kt ni ti ton b h thng CAD, xy dng v
thay i v hnh hc mt cch hu hiu vi ANSYS DesignModeler , v nhng
cng ngh chia li tin tin trong ANSYS Meshing. Nhng chc nng c bn
ny cng cho php d liu v kt qu c chia s gia cc ng dng bng cch
ko v th d dng, cho ti vic s dng mt php gii dng chy lu cht vi
cc iu kin bin ca m phng v kt cu c kh.
S kt hp ca nhng li ch ny vi hng lot cc kh nng m hnh ha
m hnh vt l v nhng kt qu CFD nhanh chng, chnh xc, phn mm
ANSYS FLUENT cung cp cc kt qu di dng mt trong nhng gi phn
mm ton din nht cho qu trnh m hnh ha CFD trn th gii hin nay.
3.2.2. M hnh dng phn ng v m hnh chy c trong ANSYS FLUENT
c s dng trong qu trnh m phng chy than v hnh thnh NOx
a. Tng quan v m hnh dng phn ng v m hnh chy
Bng vic xc nh ng hc v phn ng ha hc, Fluent c th tnh cc
phn ng ha hc bn trong min dng chy, chng ta c th thy cch b gii
tnh nng v nhit cc cht. Ci ny sau c kt hp vi l thuyt
phn ng hnh thnh cht mi trong m hnh, vi s chuyn nng lng
tng ng. Vi m hnh dng phn ng c th c p dng cho c cc phn
ng dng n pha cng nh ht nh chy git cht lng, chy ht nh than v
sinh khi.
FLUENT cha cc m hnh c kh nng ng dng vi cc dng phn ng
ng nht v khng ng nht. V n c ng dng trong:
- Bung t
NGUYN HU LINH
30
N TT NGHIP
- L hi
- Tuabin kh
- ng c tn la
- ng c t trong
-
V t a ra cc c tnh v trng dng, trng nhit , cc dng
nng v cc cht gy nhim.
Hu ht cc bi ton v phn ng k thut u l dng chy ri. iu
t ra khng t nhng kh khn v thch thc gii cc bi ton ny. i vi
bi ton m phng qu trnh chy than, l mt bi ton phc tp. C th ni
y l mt bi ton tng hp tt c cc m hnh lin quan v chuyn ng ri v
cc phn ng ha hc, pha ri rc, bc x v m hnh pht thi cht gy nhim
(NOx, SOx). Hnh 3.2 trnh by tng quan v m hnh ha phn ng v cc m
hnh lin quan n dng phn ng.
Hnh 3.2. M hnh ha phn ng trong FLUENT

Bi ton m phng chy than c ng dng trc tip trong m hnh phn
ng nhanh (Fast chemistry). Bao gm cc m hnh lin quan sau:
NGUYN HU LINH
31
N TT NGHIP
- M hnh chuyn ng ri
- M hnh Eddy Dissipation (Species transport)
- M hnh pha ri rc
- M hnh bc x
- M hnh cht gy nhim (NOx)
b. M hnh chy ri
T nhng nm 1960, khi m kh nng tnh ton ca my tnh c tng ln
rt nhiu, cc m hnh chy ri da trn phng trnh nng lng cho ng nng
chy ri tr thnh nn tng cho vic nghin cu m hnh chy ri hin i.
y chng ta xt n hai loi m hnh nng lng chy ri: m hnh mt phng
trnh v m hnh hai phng trnh. in hnh cho m hnh mt phng trnh l
m hnh Spalart-Allmaras m hnh c thit k c bit cho cc ng dng
hng khng v tr lin quan n cc dng chy b gii hn bi tng v n cng
ph bin cho cc ng dng lin quan n my tuabin (turbomachinery).
M hnh chy ri hai phng trnh l mt trong nhng m hnh ph bin
nht ca m hnh chy ri. M hnh k-epsilon v m hnh k-omega tr thnh
m hnh tiu chun cng nghip v c s dng rng ri trong hu ht cc linh
vc k thut.
Theo nh ngha, m hnh chy ri hai phng trnh gm hai phng trnh
vn chuyn m t cho qu trnh chy ri ca dng chy. Hai m hnh ph
bin v c s dng trong m hnh hai phng trnh l:
- M hnh k-epsilon
- M hnh k-omega
y, em chn m hnh k-epsilon cho m hnh tnh ton v do iu kin
tnh ton cng nh kh nng gii ca my tnh. M hnh k-epsilon bao gm:
Standard k-epsilon model, RNG k-epsilon model, Realizable k-epsilon model.
Standard k-epsilon model
Standard k-epsilon model (SKE) c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng
cng nghip. y l m hnh mc nh. Tuy nhin, m hnh SKE c mt s hn
NGUYN HU LINH
32
N TT NGHIP
ch nh hiu qu km khi p dng vi cc dng chy xoy ln, chia tch mnh
v d on khng chnh xc s m rng tc ca lung phun trn.
ng nng chy ri, k, v tc tiu tn, , thu c t hai phng trnh
vn chuyn tng qut sau y :
U i
U j U i U j
k
k
t
xi x j xi xi t k xi
xi
Dissipation (3.2)
Convection
Diffusion
Generation

U j Ui U j
Ui C1 t
(t ) C2
xi
k
x
xi
xi
i
k (3.3)
j
i
Convection
Diffusion
Generation
Destruction
k , , C1 , C2 l cc hng s t thc nghim.

RNG k-epsilon model
RNG k-epsilon model l m hnh bin th ca m hnh SKE. M hnh ny
s dng k thut thng k c gi l thuyt nhm ti chun ha
(renormalization group). Cc h s trong trong phng trnh k- nhn c t
php phn tch dng thuyt RNG. M hnh ny thc hin tt hn SKE cho dng
chy phc tp hn c tc bin dng cao, xoy v chia tch. M hnh ny
c p dng d on dng chy xoy v dng c s Reynolds thp.
Realizable k-epsilon model
y cng l mt bin th ca m hnh SKE, ci thin c nhng hn ch
ca hai m hnh trn. M hnh ny c cc ci thin sau:
- D on chnh xc tc lan rng ca dng phun thng v quay trn,
- C kh nng cung cp hiu sut cao cho cc dng c s quay, cc lp bin
di gradient p sut bt li mnh m, chia tch v tun hon.
T nhng im trn, i vi m hnh chy than th m hnh Realizable kepsilon c la chn s dng c th d on v cho ra kt qu chnh xc
hn.
c. M hnh tiu tn xoy (Eddy dissipation (Species transport))
NGUYN HU LINH
33
N TT NGHIP
ANSYS FLUENT c th m hnh ha trn v vn chuyn cc cht ha hc

bng cch gii cc phng trnh bo ton m t s i lu, khuch tn v cc
ngun phn ng cho mi cht thnh phn.
Nhiu phn ng ha hc ng thi c th c m hnh, vi cc phn ng
xy ra trong pha khi (cc phn ng th tch) hoc trn tng hoc b mt ht v
trong vng xp. Trong phn ny, chng ta s mo t cc kh nng m hnh vn
chuyn cc cht i km cc phn ng v khng i km cc phn ng.
Hu ht nhin liu l chy nhanh, v t l l tng th ca phn ng c
iu khin bng hn hp ri. Trong cc ngn la khng ha trn, hn hp nhin
liu v cht oxy ha chy ri chm vo vng phn ng ni chng chy nhanh.
Trong ngn la hn hp ha trn, hn hp cht phn ng lnh chy ri chm
v cc sn phm nng vo trong vng phn ng, ni phn ng xy ra t ngt.
ANSYS FLUENT cung cp mt m hnh tng tc chy ri-ha hc, da
trn nguyn l ca Magnussen v Hjertager, c gi l m hnh s tiu tn
xoy (Eddy dissipation). T l sn phm thc ca cht i do phn ng r, Ri,r c
cho bi hai phng trnh nh di y:
Ri ,r v 'i ,r M w,i A
min R(
Ri , r v 'i , r M w ,i AB
YR
)
v 'R ,r M w, R
P
Yp
(3.5)
v ''
j ,r
(3.4)
M w, j
Trong , YP l t l khi lng ca sn phm bt k, P

YR l t l khi lng ca mt cht phn ng thc t, R
A, B l cc hng s
Trong phng trnh 3.4 v 3.5, t l phn ng ha hc c iu khin bi
h s thi gian hn hp xoy rng, k/. Cc din bin chy bt k khi no chy
ri hin din (k/>0), v mt ngun nh la l khng cn thit bt u chy.
iu ny lun c th chp nhn c cho ngn la khng ha trn trc, nhng
ngn la ha trn, cc cht phn ng s chy ngay sau khi chng a vo min
tnh ton.
NGUYN HU LINH
34
N TT NGHIP
d. M hnh pha phn tn ( Discrete phase model)

Nhiu dng chy k thut lin quan s tng tc gia mt pha kh v cc
ht/git rt mn, nh:
- B tch kiu xyclone
- L hi t than phun hoc du
- ng c t trong
-
S tng tc ny c tnh ton bi m hnh pha phn tn (DPM) trong
FLUENT.
e. M hnh NOx
M hnh NOx ANSYS FLUENT cung cp kh nng m hnh s hnh thnh
NOx nhit, NOx nhin liu v NOx tc thi, cng nh s tiu th NOx do chy
li trong h thng chy. d on cc pht thi NOx, ANSYS FLUENT gii
mt phng trnh vn chuyn cho s hnh thnh NO. Khi ngun NOx nhin liu
c mt, ANSYS FLUENT gii cc phng trnh vn chuyn them vo i vi
cht trung gian (HCN/NH3). Khi m hnh trung gian N2O c kch hot, mt
phng trnh truyn cht thm vo cho N2O s c gii. Cc phng trnh vn
chuyn NOx c gii da trn mt trng dng cho v gii php chy. Ni
cch khc, NOx c x l sau mt m phng chy. V vy, r rng rng mt li
gii chy chnh xc tr thnh mt iu kin tin quyt cho s d on NOx. V
d, sn phm NOx nhit gp i i vi mi s tng nhit ln 90K khi nhit
ngn la l 2200K. S quan tm c bit phi c thc hin cung cp s
liu nhit vt l chnh xc v iu kin bin cho m hnh chy.
Chng ta ch c th trng i cc kt qu chnh xc chnh xc bng s liu
u vo v m hnh vt l c chn. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cc khuynh
hng thay i NOx c th c d on chnh xc, nhng lng NOx chnh n
khng th c xc nh chnh xc. S d on chnh xc v cc khuynh hng
thng s NOx c th ct gim bt v s cc bi test trong phng th nghim, cho
php nhiu s thay i thit k hn nghin cu, rt ngn chu trnh thit k v
gim chi ph pht sinh.
ANSYS FLUENT gii phng trnh vn chuyn cht i vi NO, lin quan
s i lu, khuch tn, hnh thnh v phn hy NO v cht lin quan. Cch tip
NGUYN HU LINH
35
N TT NGHIP
cn ny l hon ton chung, c bt ngun t nguyn l c bn v bo ton

khi lng. nh hng ca thi gian lu tr trong c ch NOx c bao gm
thng qua cc i lng i lu trong cc phng trnh ch o c vit trong
h tham chiu Eulerian. i vi c ch NOx nhit v NOx tc thi, ch phng
trnh vn chuyn cht NO l cn thit:
( YNO ) .( vYNO ) .( DYNO ) S NO

t
(3.6)
Theo di cc cht trung gian cha Nito l rt quan trng. ANSYS FLUENT
gii mt phng trnh vn chuyn cho HCN, NH3, hoc N2O, ngoi cht NO:
( YHCN ) .( vYHCN ) .( DYHCN ) S HCN

t
(3.7)
( YNH 3 ) .( vYNH 3 ) .( DYNH 3 ) S NH 3

t
(3.8)
( YN 2O ) .( vYN 2O ) .( DYN 2O ) S N 2O
t
(3.9)
C ch hnh thnh NOx trong FLUENT

Trong cc ngon la chy tng v ti mc phn t trong cc ngn la
chuyn ng ri, s hnh thnh NOx c th c quy v bn c ch chnh: S
hnh thnh NOx nhit, NOx tc thi, NOx nhin liu v NOx trung gian. NOx
nhit c hnh thnh bi s oxi ha Nit kh quyn c trong khng kh chy.
NOx tc thi l sn phm ca cc phn ng tc cao pha trc ngn la.
NOx nhin liu l sn phm ca s oxi ha nito cha trong nhin liu. p sut
cao v iu kin giu oxi, NOx c th hon nguyn v N2 qua N2O.
S hnh thnh NOx nhit
S hnh thnh NOx nhit c xc nh bng mt tp hp cc phn ng ha
hc ph thuc nhit cao c gi l c ch Zeldovich m rng. Cc phn
ng ch o v s hnh thnh NOx nhit nh sau:
NGUYN HU LINH
O + N2 NO + N
(3.10)
N + O 2 NO + O
(3.11)
36
N TT NGHIP
Mt phn ng th ba c biu din ng gp cho s hnh thnh

NOx nhit, c bit l cc iu kin gn cn bng phn ng ha hc v trong
hn hp giu nhin liu.
N +OH H+NO
(3.12)
Tc hnh thnh NO ca cc phn ng 3.10 - 3.12:
d [NO]
k f ,1[O][N 2 ] k f ,2 [N ][O2 ] k f ,3[N ][OH ]
dt
kr ,1[NO][N ] kr ,2 [NO][O] kr ,3[NO][H ]
(3.13)
Cc h s tc c chn da vo nh gi ca Hanson v Salimian
k f ,1 1.8 x108 e 38370/T
kr ,1 3.8 x107 e 425/T
k f ,2 1.8 x104 Te 4680/T
kr ,2 3.81x103 Te 20820/T
k f ,3 7.1x107 e 450/T
kr ,3 1.7 x108 e 24560/T
kf,1, kf,2, kf,3 l cc hng s tc cho cc phn ng thun ca phng trnh

3.10 3.12. kr,1, kr,2, kr,3 l cc hng s tc cho cc phn ng nghch. Tt c
cc hng s ny c n v l m3/mol-s. V tt c nng c o bng mol/m3.
Tc s hnh thnh NOx ch ng k khi nhit cao (ln hn 1800K) v
s c nh ca nit i hi s ph v lin kt ba N2 mnh (nng lng phn ly
941kJ/mol). Tc ng ny c th hin bng nng lng hot ha cao ca phn
ng 3.10, lm hn ch tc ca c ch Zeldovich m rng. Tuy nhin, nng
lng hot ha cho s oxi ha cc nguyn t N thp. Khi c oxi, trong ngn
la ngho nhin liu, tc tiu th ca cc nguyn t N t do tr nn cn bng
vi tc hnh thnh v do , mt trng thi gn c nh c thit lp. S gi
thit ny c gi tr cho hu ht cc trng hp chy, ngoi tr trong cc iu
kin chy giu nhin liu. Do , tc hnh thnh NO tr thnh:
kr ,1kr ,2 [NO]2
(1
)
k f ,1[N 2 ]k f ,2 [O2 ]
d [NO]
2k f ,1[O][N 2 ]
(mol/m3-s) (3.14)
kr ,1[NO]
dt
(1
)
k f ,2 [O2 ] k f ,3[OH ]
NGUYN HU LINH
37
N TT NGHIP
Tnh ton ring cho NOx nhit

gii phng trnh 3.14, nng ca cc nguyn t O v gc OH t do
c yu cu, ngoi ra cc nng ca cht bn nh O2, N2. Theo cc ngh
ca Zeldovich, c ch hnh thnh NOx nhit c th c tch ring t qu trnh
chy chnh bng cch gi thit cc gi tr cn bng v nhit , cht bn, cc
nguyn t O v cc gc OH. Tuy nhin, nng cc gc t do c quan st
nhiu hn cc mc cn bng ca chng. Tc ng ca s cn bng cc b cc
nguyn t O trn tc hnh thnh NOx c nghin cu trong khi t metankhng kh. Cc kt qu ca s nghin cu ny ch ra rng mc pht thi NOx
c th c d on l 28% trong vng ngn la, khi gi thit cc nng O
cn bng.
Xc nh [O] v [OH] bng cn bng cc b:
[O]=36.64T1/2[O2]1/2e-27123/T
[OH]=219.9T-0.57e-4595/T[O]1/2[H2O]1/2
(mol/m3)
(3.15)
(mol/m3)
(3.16)
S hnh thnh NOx tc thi

NOx tc thi hnh thnh ng k trong mi trng chy nh nhit thp,
giu nhin liu v thi gian lu tr thp. NOx tc thi chim t l nh trong NOx
tng. Tuy nhin, khi NOx c gim ti mc rt thp bng cch p dng cc
bin php nh thit k vi t, m hnh bung t th tm quan trng ca NOx
tc thi c nng ln.
NOx tc thi ch yu lu hnh trong cc ngn la giu nhin liu. S hnh
thnh thc t lin quan cc phn ng phc tp v nhiu cht trung gian c th
xut hin. C ch hnh thnh NOx tc thi nh sau:
CH + N2 HCN + N
(3.17)
N +O2 NO +O
(3.18)
HCN + OH CN + H2O
(3.19)
CN + O2 NO + CO
(3.20)
NOx tc thi t l thun vi s cc nguyn t C c trong mt n v th

tch v ph thuc vo tnh ng nht HC nguyn liu. S lng ca dng HCN
tng nng ca cc gc HC t do, ln lt tng vi t s tng ng. Khi
NGUYN HU LINH
38
N TT NGHIP
tng t s tng ng, NOx tc thi tng sau t cc i v cui cng gim
do thiu oxi.
S hnh thnh NOx nhin liu
Cc hp cht hu c cha nit c trong nhin liu ha thch lng hoc rn
c th gp phn ti NOx tng trong sut qu trnh chy. Nit nhin liu l mt
ngun c bit quan trng ca pht thi NOx cho than v du nhin liu, cha
0.3 2% nit v khi lng. Cc nghin cu ch ra rng nit trong du nhin
liu nng tn ti di dng d vng, v cc thnh phn ca nit trong than cng
tng t.
Cc mc chuyn i nit nhin liu thnh NOx ph thuc vo cc c
im t chy v nng cc hp cht nit u vo. Cc hp cht c thot
ra trong pha kh khi cc ht hay git nhin liu c t nng trong sut qu
trnh thot cht bc. T s phn hy nhit cc hp cht ny trong vng chy, cc
gc t do nh HCN, NH3, N,CN v NH c th c hnh thnh v chuyn i
thnh NOx.
i vi than, n c gi thit rng nit nhin liu c phn b gia cht
bc v cc. Do khng c l do g cho rng N l phn b u gia cht bc v
cc, t l N trong cht bc v cc nn c xc nh ring. Khi HCN c s
dng nh cht trung gian, hai s thay i ca c ch NOx nhin liu cho than
c xem xt, ging nh trong tnh ton sn phm NOx t than qua HCN. N
c gi thit rng Nit nhin liu c phn phi gia cht bc v cc.
C ch HCN th nht, gi thit tt c N cc chuyn thnh HCN, sau
c chuyn thnh NO. Qu trnh phn ng c m t nh sau:
Hnh 3.3. C ch tt c N cc chuyn thnh HCN

Vi c ch ny, tt c cc u chuyn ha thnh HCN, do :
NGUYN HU LINH
39
N TT NGHIP
Schar , HCN
SCYN ,char M w, HCN

M w, NV
Schar, NO 0
(3.21)
(3.22)
Trong , SC l t l cc chy kit (kg/s)

YN,char l t l khi lng ca Nit trong cc
V l th tch phn t (m3)
C ch HCN th hai gi thit rng tt c N cc chuyn trc tip thnh NO.
Qu trnh phn ng din ra nh sau:
Hnh 3.4. C ch tt c N cc chuyn thnh NO

Theo Lockwood, N cc c thot ra trc tip thnh pha kh nh NO, ch
yu l mt sn phm c gii phng t cc nguyn t N cc b oxi ha. Nu
cch tip cn cho php, v:
Schar , NO
SCYN ,char M w, NO
M w, NV
Schar, HCN 0
(3.23)
(3.24)
Xt HCN t cht bc:

Ngun HCN t cht bc c lin quan t l s thot cht bc:
NGUYN HU LINH
40
N TT NGHIP
Svol , HCN
SvolYN ,vol M w , HCN

M w, NV
(3.25)
Trong , Svol l ngun cht bc t cc ht than thnh pha kh (kg/s)

YN,vol l t l khi lng N c trong cht bc.
Tng t HCN, ta cng xt hai c ch NH3 cho cc.
C ch th nht, gi thit ton b N cc chuyn ha thnh NH3, sau
c chuyn thnh NO. Qu trnh phn ng c m t nh sau:
Hnh 3.5. Tt c N cc chuyn ha thnh NH3

Trong c ch ny, tt c N chuyn ha thnh NH3, do :
Schar, NH 3
SCYN ,char M w, NH 3
M w, N V
Schar, NO 0
(3.26)
(3.27)
C ch th hai, gi thit ton b N cc chuyn ha thnh NO
Hnh 3.6. C ch tt c N cc chuyn thnh NO
NGUYN HU LINH
41
N TT NGHIP
Theo Lockwood, N cc c thot ra trc tip thnh pha kh nh NO:
Schar, NO
SCYN ,char M w, NO
M w, N V
Schar, NH 3 0
(3.28)
(3.29)
Xt NH3 t cht bc:

Ngun NH3 t cht bc c lin quan vi t l thot cht bc
Svol , NH 3
SvolYN ,vol M w, NH 3
(3.30)
M w, NV
Phn vng Nit nhin liu cho cc cht trung gian HCN v NH3
Trong mt s trng hp, c bit khi nhin liu l cht rn, c HCN v
NH3 c th c to ra nh cc cht trung gian ti nhit cao. Ring, than
non (than bn) c chng minh NH3 nhiu gp 10 ln so vi mc HCN,
trong khi than bitum ch to ra HCN. Cc nghin cu bi Winter et al. ch
ra rng i vi than bitum, t l HCN/NH3 l 9:1 cho s d on NOx tt hn
khi c so snh vi cc php o ch ring cho tng cht trung gian.
Tm li, cc cng vic trn cho thy tm quan trng ca vic c th xc
nh t l ca N nhin liu s c chuyn ha thnh c HCN v NH3 ti cng
mt thi im. Trong FLUENT, phn vng N nhin liu c th c s dng bt
c khi no HCN hoc NH3 l cc cht trung gian cho NOx, mc d n ch yu
p dng cho cc nhin liu rn nh than hoc sinh khi.
NGUYN HU LINH
42
N TT NGHIP
CHNG IV: XY DNG M HNH M PHNG QU TRNH CHY

THAN V S HNH THNH NOx TRONG L HI BNG PHN MM
M PHNG ANSYS FLUENT
4.1. Gii thiu m hnh l hi dng trong qu trnh m phng
Nh my nhit in Ninh Bnh c 4 l hi loi SG-130-40-450, loi l hi
c mt bao hi, b cc hnh ch , ng nc ng kiu tun hon t nhin, t
than bt vi cc b vi t t bn gc tng bung t, (Hnh 4.2) do Trung
Quc thit k vi cng ngh ca nhng nm u ca thp k 70, s dng
c hn 20 nm v vn hnh vi hiu sut thp, khng t c cng sut thit
k, c hin tng ng x xung quanh b t gy sp x trong vn hnh, gy mt
an ton trong vn hnh, chu k vn hnh gim xung cn 25 n 30 ngy l phi
ngng ra x, khng p ng yu cu huy ng ca h thng.
Cc thng s c bn theo thit k nh sau:
Bng 4.1. Thng s ca l hi SG-130-40-450
i lng
STT
1
2
3
4
5
Sn lng hi nh mc
p sut lm vic
Nhit hi qu nhit
Nhit nc cp
Hiu sut thit k
n v
Gi tr
T/h
kGf/cm2
o
C
o
C
%
130
40
450
172
90.1
Trc tnh hnh , nh my tin hnh ci to, nghin cu v p dng

vi t siu m c UD (Untra Dense) cho l hi nh my nhit in Ninh
Bnh. Vi phun ny rt ph hp vi phng thc chy trong bung la c ngn
la hnh thnh vi dng phun khuch tn t bn gc bung la v tip tuyn
vi vng trn trung tm bung la. Hnh 3.1 m t cm vi t UD dng
trong nh my nhit in Ninh Bnh.
NGUYN HU LINH
43
N TT NGHIP
1. Vi m
3,4,5. Gi cp 2 trn, gia v di
2. Vi long
Hnh 4.1. Hnh chiu cm ming vi UD

Nh trnh by trong mc 2.2.5 v nguyn l phn cp gi, vi phun UD,
tng ca vi phun ny l tch dng hn hp gi cp mt thnh hai lung
bng b phn ly t trc tip trong vi t. Lung th nht c nng bt than
siu m c, c kh nng bt la tt i va mt vi. Lung th hai c nng
bt than long c t l gi/than cao c tch ra a vo vi th hai bn cnh,
lung m c t t l than gi trong khong (1-1,2) nn kh nng bt chy tt.
C im bt chy thp, ngn la trung tm vng chy n nh. Ming vi phun
m v vi phun long u l vi vng chy n nh v c hai u l vi phun
dt c t cnh nhau thi thng vo bung la theo phng tip tuyn vi
ng trn tng tng ti trung tm bung la. Vi phun gi cp hai c b
tr trn v di vi phun gi cp mt. Ngoi ra cn b tr vi phun gi cp ba
bn gc l cch vi phun gi cp hai khong 0,5-1m.
NGUYN HU LINH
44
N TT NGHIP
Hnh 4.2. B tr vi phun l hi SG-130-40-450

Vi l hi t than kiu tip tuyn, cc vi t c b tr dc theo bn
gc ca bung t nh trn hnh 4.2. Than bt t mi vi c phun theo
phng ngang v tip tuyn vi vng trn tng tng nm ngang ti trung tm
khng gian bung t. iu ny to thnh mt cng chy hnh tr vi vng xoy
mnh ti trung tm bung t nh trong mt ct ngang trong hnh 4.2.
T kt cu v cch b tr ca loi vi phun ny ta thy:
- Bt than c kh nng bt chy sm, chy trong vng hon nguyn c hm
lng NOx thp.
- Vng trung tm bung la c nng bt than cao, s lm qu trnh chy
n nh khi c thay i ph ti.
- V gim c nhit xung quanh bung la, nn gim c kh nng
ng x xung quanh tng l.
Cc thng s tnh ton cho l hi nh sau:
NGUYN HU LINH
45
N TT NGHIP
Bng 4.2. Cc thng s tnh ton ca l hi SG-130-40-450

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
i lng
H s khng kh tha
Tng lng gi
T l gi cp I/tng gi
T l gi cp II/tng gi
T l gi cp III/tng gi
Nhit hn hp gi cp I v bt than
Nhit gi cp II
Nhit hn hp gi cp III v bt than
Lng than qua mt vi
T l phn ly vi m/vi long
Lng than bt i vo vi gi cp III
Kch thc ht than mn vo vi m
Kch thc ht than mn vo vi long
Kch thc ht than mn vo vi gi cp III
n v
m3/s
%
%
%
o
C
o
C
o
C
kg/s
%
m
m
m
Gi tr
1.1
58
25
48
27
245
390
90
0.564
9/1
10
90
100
10
Bng 4.3. Thnh phn mu than Hn Gai dng cho l hi

Thnh phn cng ngh
m
H2O 6.38
Tro
A
25.33
Cht bc
VM 7.37
Cc
FC
60.92
Tng
Nhit tr ca than
NGUYN HU LINH
100
46
%
%
%
%
%
Thnh phn ha hc
Cacbon
C
90.06 %
Hydro
H
3.40
%
Lu hunh S
0.91
%
Nit
N
1.52
%
Oxy
O
4.11
%
Tng
100
%
5500
Kcal/kg
N TT NGHIP
1. Bao hi
2. Hi sang Xyclon ngoi
3. Hi sang QNC1
4. Xyclon ngoi
5. Hi t ng gp trn 3-7
7. ng nc cp
8A,B. B hm nc CII,I
9A,B. B sy KK CII,I
10. ng gi
11. ng khi
6. Gim n
12. Vt tha x
13. ng gp di
14. B t UD
15. ng sinh hi
16. ng nc xung
18. Dn Feston
19,20. BQN CI,II
Hnh 4.3. S cu to l hi SG-130-40-450
NGUYN HU LINH
47
N TT NGHIP
4.2. Thit lp v gii m hnh chy than v m hnh NOX

4.2.1. Tng quan v m hnh chy than
ANSYS FLUENT c la chn cho m phng qu trnh chy. M hnh
v li c chia bng phn mm c tch hp trong gi phn mm ANSYS.
ANSYS FLUENT sau gii quyt cc bi ton v mt , vn tc, nhit v
nng cht ca pha kh v cc tnh cht ht than v qu trnh chy bn trong
bung t ti trng thi n nh. Cc phng trnh ch o dng gii trong
ANSYS FLUENT l cc phng trnh lin tc, phng trnh bo ton ng
lng, phng trnh ng nng ri, phng trnh khuch tn ri v phng trnh
bo ton cht cho mi cht kh trong m hnh chy ri. Trong bi ton m phng
dng m hnh chy ri k- Realizable, m hnh dng phn ng, m hnh pha
phn tn, m hnh bc x v m hnh NOx.
M hnh tnh ton than
i vi than v cc loi nhin liu rn hoc lng khc, chng ta bit c
cc phn tch nhin liu nh:
- Thnh phn cng ngh ( Vol, char, ash, moisture)
- Thnh phn ha hc ( C, H, O, N, S)
Da trn s liu ny, chng ta c th ci t s liu v mu than phn tch
trong FLUENT s dng m hnh Species transport (Truyn cht).
Chy than din ra theo c ch hai bc nh sau:
Coal + a O2 b CO + c CO2+ d H2O + e SO2
(4.1)
CO + 0.5 O2 CO2
(4.2)
Trong , cc h s a, b, c, d, e c xc nh t cc mu phn tch

proximate v ultimate ca nhin liu.
Trong bc th nht, cht bc c phn ng vi oxy, sn phm to thnh
CO. Phn ng ny din ra rt nhanh v tc chy c iu khin bng tc
ha trn ri, c d on bng m hnh tiu tn xoy (Eddy dissipation). Bc
th hai CO phn ng tip vi oxy to thnh CO2.
M hnh NOx
NGUYN HU LINH
48
N TT NGHIP
M hnh NOx trong FLUENT c th d on c s hnh thnh v gim

NOx. Trong sut qu trnh thot cht bc, nit trong nhin liu c hnh thnh
di dng HCN v NH3. Cc cht ny c oxy ha thnh dng NOx hoc c
a v dng N2. Nito c gii phng t t chy cc v cht bc thnh N2 v
NO. M hnh NOx c gii sau khi gii xong m hnh chy.
4.2.2. Thit lp v gii m hnh
Nh trnh by trong mc 3.5 trnh t gii quyt bi ton CFD. Cng
nh mi bi ton CFD, bi ton m phng qu trnh chy than trong l hi cng
thc hin y ba bc sau:
-
t vn
Gii quyt vn
nh gi kt qu
Phn t vn c trnh by trn. Trong mc ny, ta s tp trung

vo bc th hai ca qu trnh: Gii quyt vn . V chng ta ch xt cc bc
tin hnh v c th cc bc nh th no th c th xem phn ph lc.
a. Pre-processing
Bc 1: M hnh hnh hc 3D L hi SG-130-40-450
M hnh l hi SG-130-40-450 c v bi Design Modeler tch hp trong
gi phn mm ANSYS v cc kch thc ca l nh sau:
Hnh 4.4. M hnh 3D l hi SG-130-40-450
NGUYN HU LINH
49
N TT NGHIP
Hnh 4.5. Kch thc ca l hi v cm vi t

i vi bi ton m phng ny, ta ch xt qu trnh chy t bung t ln
vng khi ra trc b qu nhit cp 1, nn trong m hnh c rt gn cc chi
tit nh b qu nhit, cc b hm nc, b sy khng kh v phn thi x. L hi
c kch thc cc chiu a x b x c l 6.9 x 6.6 x 26 m. L c bn cm vi t t
bn gc bung t vi phng thc t tip tuyn nh trnh by trn.
n gin cho qu trnh tnh ton cng nh hn ch v ti nguyn ca
my tnh, ring i vi cm vi t, ta tnh ton cc kch thc sao cho cc tit
din ra c gi tr nh trong m hnh thc (Hnh 4.1).Kch thc v tit din ca
tng vi c cho di bng di y:
NGUYN HU LINH
50
N TT NGHIP
Bng 4.4. Kch thc v tit din ca tng ming vi

Kch thc
(m x m)
STT
Tn
1
2
3
4
5
Vi phun than m
Vi phun than long
Vi gi cp II trn v di
Vi gi cp III gia
Vi gi cp III
0.35 x 0.2
0.35 x 0.3
0.35 x 0.26
Din tch tit din (m2)

0.043
0.035
0.06
0.105
0.091
Bc 2: Chia li (Meshing)
Sau khi xy dng c m hnh hnh hc, ta tin hnh chia li cho m
hnh. Li chia m hnh hnh hc thnh nhiu phn t. Chng c s dng
trnh gii CFD to cc th tch iu khin ( Control volume). ng vi mi bi
ton khc nhau m ta la chn li thch hp. C nhiu loi li khc nhau nh
li t din (Tetrahedron), li lc din (Quadrilateral) Bi ton m phng c
m hnh hnh hc phc tp, ta dng m hnh chia li kiu t din.
Hnh 4.6. M hnh chia li
NGUYN HU LINH
51
N TT NGHIP
Thng s, cht lng hnh hc ca li c biu th bi bng s liu di

y:
Bng 4.5. Thng s, cht lng hnh hc ca li
STT
1
2
3
4
5
Tn
Dng phn t
S phn t
S nt
Skewness
Orthogonal Quality
Gi tr
tetra
532472
99399
0.799
0.25
nh gi cht lng ca li l tt hay xu, ta nh gi qua hai yu t

sau: Skewness ( mo, lch) v Orthogonal Quality ( Tnh vung gc). V
gi tr Skewness cng nh th cht lng li cng tt. c kt qu tng i
chnh xc th gi tr Skewness chp nhn c l khng c ln hn 0.85,
Skewness cng gn 0 (cng b) th cht lng li cng tt. Ngc li vi
Orthogonal Quality, gi tr cng gn 0 th cht lng cng xu, v gi tr c th
chp nhn c l khng c b hn 0.2. Vi yu cu cht lng li nh
trn, th m hnh li trn l tng i nhng c th chp nhn c. Sau khi
chia li xong, ta tin hnh t tn cho cc bin ca m hnh gm: inlet, outlet
v wall. Inlet l b mt ca cc vi phun than, vi gi cp II, cp III. Outlet l b
mt ra m hnh. Wall l tt c b mt cn li bao quanh m hnh.
Bc 3: Thit lp cc m hnh vt l
Trong phn ny, ta la chn cc m hnh vt l cho m hnh bao gm:
- M hnh ri
- M hnh s chy
- M hnh bc x
- M hnh pha phn tn
- M hnh NOx
y, em ch m t cc bc, cc thng s t cho tng m hnh. V c
th s c trnh by trong phn ph lc.
NGUYN HU LINH
52
N TT NGHIP
1. Kch hot phng trnh nng lng

Models
EnergyEdit...
2. M hnh ri
Models
ViscousEdit...
Chn k-epsilon (2eqn) trong Model
Chn Realizable trong k-epsilon Model
3. M hnh bc x
Models
RadiationEdit...
Chn Discrete ordinates (DO) trong m hnh Radiation
Nhp gi tr 1 cho Energy Iterations per Radiation Iteration
Nhp gi tr 4 cho Theta Divisions v Phi Divisions
Nhp gi tr 3 cho Theta Pixels v Phi Pixel
4. M hnh vn chuyn cht (Species Transport)

Models
SpeciesEdit...
- Chn Species Transport trong Models

- Kch hot Volumetric
- Chn Eddy Dissipation
- Click vo Coal Calculator
Coal Caculator l mt cng c chuyn i cc s liu u vo sn c
nh cc phn tch Proximate v Ultimate, v nhit tr ca nhin liu thnh cc
s liu u vo m phng nh cc h s cn bng phn ng ha hc, entanpy
ca cht bc, t l cht bc v cht c th chy c trong than S bin i
ny din ra nhanh v chnh xc, v vy c th trnh c cc li tnh ton thng
thng.
Thnh phn than v nhit tr ca than c cho trong bng 4.3.
NGUYN HU LINH
53
N TT NGHIP
5. M hnh pha phn tn

Models
Discrete phase Edit...
- Nhp 40000 cho Max.Number of Steps

- Nhp 0.0025 cho Length Scale
Bc 4: Phun ht ( Injections)
bc ny, ta tin hnh t cc thng s phun than cho tng vi phun
nhin liu.
Ci t Injection cho vi m
- Chn inlet _d1 (Vi m 1)
- Chn Combusting cho Particle Type
- t 9e-5 cho Diameter (m)
- t 245 cho Temperature (oC)
- t 18 cho Velocity Magnitude (m/s)
- t 0.5076 cho Total Flow Rate (kg/s)
- t h20 cho Evaporating Species
Ci t Injection cho vi long
- Chn inlet _l1 (Vi long 1)
Ci t Injection cho vi cp III
- Chn c31 (Vi cp III)
NGUYN HU LINH
54
N TT NGHIP

Bc 5: Ci t cc thng s cho vt liu (Materials)
Xc nh cc thng s vt l cho hn hp Coal-Volatiles-air v CoalParticle
Cc thng s c cho di bng sau:
Bng 4.6. Thng s vt l cho hn hp Coal-Volatiles-air
STT Thng s
1
Thermal Conductivity
Gi tr
Chn Polynomial
Cc h s nhit th nht v th hai
tng ng l 0.01006 v 5.413e-5
Viscosity
Chn Polynomial
t 9.18e-6 v 3.161e-8 cho cc h s
nhit tng ng
3
4
Absorption Cofficient
Scattering Cofficient
Chn wsggm-domain-based
Chn constant vi gi tr 0.5
Bng 4.7. Thng s vt l Coal-particle

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
Thng s
Cp
Vaporization (oC)
Binary Diffusivity
Swelling Coefficient
React. Heat Fraction Absorbed
by Solid
Combustion Model
NGUYN HU LINH
55
Gi tr
1100
127
3e-5
2
50
Chn Kinetics/diffusion-limited
N TT NGHIP
Mass Diffusion limited rate =5e-12

Kinetics limited rate pre-Exponential
factor=6.7
Kinetics limited rate Activation
Energy =1.138e8
Bc 6: t cc iu kin bin
t iu kin bin cho inlet vi m
Bng 4.8. iu kin bin vi m
STT Thng s
1
Mass Flow rate
2
Specification
3
4
5
6
Hydraulic Diameter
Temperature
Species Mass Fractions
Discrete Phase BC Type
Gi tr
0.62 kg/s
Chn Intensity and Hygraulic
Diameter
0.23 m
245oC
O2=0.23
escape
t iu kin bin cho inlet vi long

Bng 4.9. in kin bin vi long
STT Thng s
1
Mass Flow rate
2
Specification
3
4
5
6
Hydraulic Diameter
Temperature
Gi tr
0.62 kg/s
Diameter
0.21 m
245oC
O2=0.23
escape
t iu kin bin cho inlet vi gi cp III
NGUYN HU LINH
56
N TT NGHIP
Bng 4.10. iu kin bin vi gi cp III

STT Thng s
1
Mass Flow rate
2
Specification
3
4
5
6
Hydraulic Diameter
Temperature
Gi tr
3.8 kg/s
Diameter
0.3 m
90oC
O2=0.23
escape
t iu kin bin cho outlet

Bng 4.11. iu kin bin cho outlet
STT
1
2
3
Thng s
Gauge Pressure
Blackflow Total temperature
Gi tr
0 pa
1000oC
O2=0.23
b. Processing
bc ny, ta thit lp b gii cho cc bi gii sau:
- Dng khng phn ng
- Khi to dng phn ng
- Dng phn ng
- Dng phn ng bao gm bc x
- Dng phn ng bao gm s tng tc ht bc x
Dng khng phn ng
Tt Volumetric reactions
t 0 cho Number of Continuous Phase Iterations per DPM Iteration
trnh s phun ht trong bc ny
Solution Methods
NGUYN HU LINH
57
N TT NGHIP
- Chn Coupled
- Chn PRESTO!
- Kch hot Set All Species Discretization Together.
Solution Controls
- B chn Discrete Ordinates trong danh mc cc phng trnh
Khi to b gii
- Chn Standard initialization
- t 0.23 cho o2
- t 100 cho Turbulent Dissipation Rate (m2/m3)
- t 500 cho Temperature
- Bm Initialize
Chy b tnh ton vi 300 vng lp
Khi to dng phn ng
Thay i ci t trong Discrete Phase Model
- t 1 cho Number of Continous Phase Iterations per DPM Iteration
- Kch hot Pressure Dependent Boiling trong Physical Models trong
thanh Numerics
- Kch hot Enable Node Based Averaging
- Nhp 6 cho Gaussian factor
Kch hot Volumetric reactions
To vng phn ng
- Chn vng phn ng t 8-11m
- Bn knh vng phn ng l 1.5 m
Patch nhit cao v t l cc cht cho vng phn ng
Gi tr nhit v t l cc cht c cho di bng sau:
NGUYN HU LINH
58
N TT NGHIP
Thng s Gi tr
Nhit
1000oC
H20
0.01
CO2
0.01
Thay i mt s gi tr trong Solution Controls
- t 0.95 cho Species
- t 0.95 cho Energy
- t 1 cho Discrete Phase Sources
Tnh ton vi mt vng lp
Dng phn ng
Thay i Number of Continous Phase Iteration per DPM Interation
thnh 25
Thay i Vaporization Temperature thnh 500oC cho Coal-particles
t 0.5 cho Discrete Phase Sources
Chy 1300 vng lp
Dng phn ng bao gm bc x
Chn Discrete Ordinates trong danh mc cc phng trnh
Chy 600 vng lp
Dng phn ng bao gm s tng tc Ht-bc x
Kch hot Particle Radiation Interation t Physical Models trong
Discrete Phase
Thay i 0.25 cho Discrete Phase Source
Chy 1000 vng lp
M hnh NOx
Trong phn ny, ta s s dng FLUENT d on s hnh thnh NOx.
u tin, ta s tnh ton cho s hnh thnh ca c ba: NOx nhit, NOx tc thi,
NGUYN HU LINH
59
N TT NGHIP
NOx nhin liu. Sau , ta tin hnh tnh ton cho ring tng ci nh gi s
phn b ca tng c ch.
Kch hot Thermal NOx, Prompt NOx, Fuel NOx
Trong thanh Turbulence Interaction Mode, chn Temperature t PDF
Mode.
iu ny s kch hot s tng tc ri-ha hc.
Trong thanh Thermal NOx, chn Partial equilibrium t [O] Model v
[OH] Model
M hnh Partial-equilibrium c s dng d on nng oxi gc
c yu cu cho s d on NOx nhit.
Trong thanh Prompt, nhp 2.8 v 0.685 cho Fuel Cacbon Number v
Equivalance Ratio.
Trong thanh Fuel:
- Chn Solid t Fuel type
- Nhp 0.9 cho HCN, 0.1 cho NH3
- Chn hcn/nh3/no cho N Intermediate
- Chn no cho Char N Conversion
t 0 cho Number of Continous Pharse Iterations per DPM Iteration
Thay i Pollutant no, Pollutant hcn, Pollutant nh3 thnh 1
B kch hot cc phng trnh tr Pollutant no, Pollutant hcn, Pollutant
nh3 trong danh sch phng trnh
Chy tnh ton 100 vng lp
NOx nhit
B kch hot Prompt NOx v Fuel NOx ch tnh ton c ch Thermal
NOx.
Chy tnh ton 100 vng lp
NGUYN HU LINH
60
N TT NGHIP
NOx tc thi
B kch hot Thermal NOx v Fuel NOx ch tnh ton c ch hnh
thnh Prompt NOx.
Chy tnh ton 100 vng
NOx nhin liu
B kch hot Thermal NOx v Prompt NOx ch tnh ton c ch hnh
thnh Fuel NOx.
Chy tnh ton 100 vng.
4.2.3. X l v nh gi kt qu
y l bc Postprocessing. X l kt qu c thc hin bng cng c c
sn trong FLUENT v CFD Post.
a. Xt s hnh thnh NOx c ba c ch hnh thnh
Sau khi chy m phng qu trnh chy than v s hnh thnh NOx, ta c
mt s kt qu v s phn b v s hnh thnh NOx trong bung t l hi SG130-40-450 cho than Hn Gai. y, ta xt s hnh thnh NOx cho c ba c ch
hnh thnh gm NOx nhit, NOx tc thi v NOx nhin liu. Sau ta xt ring
cho tng c ch hnh thnh.
Hnh nh s phn b s hnh thnh NOx theo mt ct dc l hi ng vi
chiu rng v chiu su ca bung la. Do NO chim 90 95% s hnh thnh
NOx, v vy nh gi s hnh thnh NO cng c th gn ng cho s hnh thnh
NOx chung.
S dng hm tnh ton trong FLUENT tnh NO ppm. NO ppm c tnh
theo phng trnh sau:
NGUYN HU LINH
61
N TT NGHIP
NO ppm c tnh theo mu kh, v vy gi tr c tnh ton bng cch

tr i t l nc di mu s.
Xt s phn b NO tnh theo ppm
Hnh 4.7. S phn b NO theo ppm

Bng 4.12. Gi tr NOx v nhit trung bnh theo chiu cao
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
NGUYN HU LINH
Chiu cao
(m)
5
8,7
9,8
11,1
13
15
17
19
21
23
62
NO
(ppm)
453
677
865
925
1022
1017
1020
1025
1035
1041
Nhit
(oC)
795
1305
1392
1330
1362
1273
1193
1119
1061
1015
N TT NGHIP
11
25
1079
939
Hnh 4.8. th s thay i NOx v nhit theo chiu cao

Nhn xt:
Quan st hnh 4.7, 4.8 ta nhn thy rng trong vng chy, NOx ch yu tp
trung vng gn tng bung la, cng trung tm th t l NOx thp. r
hn th ta xem hnh di y v s phn b trng nhit (bn tri) v trng
vn tc (bn phi) theo mt ct dc bung t. T hnh v ta thy, ti trung tm
bung t, nhit v vn tc ch yu tp trung vng gn tng bung t.
iu ny do s b tr vi phun bung la kiu tip tuyn. Gi tr NOx tng
nhanh trong vng chy t chiu cao 8 11m ni din ra s chy mnh lit nht
ca qu trnh chy. Ra khi vng chy, theo chiu cao bung la NOx c tng
nhng tng nh v gi n nh do lc ny nhit cng n nh v phn b
u. Gi tr NOx cao nht ti ming ra ca bung t v gi tr trung bnh dao
ng trong 1000 ppm.
NGUYN HU LINH
63
N TT NGHIP
Hnh 4.9 S phn b trng nhit v vn tc theo mt dc bung t

b. Xt s hnh thnh NOx cho ring tng c ch
Sau khi chy m phng xong s hnh thnh NOx tng, ta xt cho s hnh
thnh NOx cho tng c ch.
Hnh 4.10. S phn b NOx cho tng c ch
NGUYN HU LINH
64
N TT NGHIP
Hnh 4.11. S thay i NOx theo chiu cao cho tng c ch hnh thnh
Quan st hnh 4.10 v 4.11, ta thy c s phn b cng nh t l ca
tng c ch hnh thnh NOx. Trong ba c ch, NOx nhin liu chim t l ln
nht (84,26%), NOx nhit chim 15.73% v NOx tc thi chim mt t l rt nh
trong s hnh thnh NOx chung, c th b qua trong qu trnh xt s hnh thnh
NOx tng. iu ny kh ng vi l thuyt s hnh thnh NOx. thy r hn
v t l, ta c bng 2.2.
Bng 4.13. Gi tr NOx trung bnh ti mt ra ca bung t
C ch hnh thnh
Gi tr (ppm)
NO nhin liu
959
NO nhit
179
STT
NGUYN HU LINH
65
N TT NGHIP
3
NO tc thi
0.09
4
NO tng
1049
T bng ta nhn thy rng tng i s ca tng c ch hnh thnh NOx
khng trng NOx tng. iu ny l do cc phn ng thun nghch lin quan khi
kt hp cc cc c ch li vi nhau. NOx sinh ra trong mt phng trnh c th
b ph hy bi mt phng trnh khc.
4.2.4. nh hng ca t l trn than n s hnh thnh NOx
a. Tng quan v than trn
Than trn trong nh my nhit in ch yu c p dng gim chi ph
vn hnh v tng kh nng chy ca than. Cc loi than cht lng thp c th
c trn vi than tt hn m khng lm gim hiu sut nhit ca l hi, do
lm gim chi ph sn xut. Nhiu quc gia, trn than c p dng trong mt
khong thi gian di ch yu l tng kh nng ca than sn c cho nh my
in. ci thin kh nng ca than v ci thin nhit lng ca than khi chy,
mt s nh my nhit in xem n kh nng trn than nhp khu cht lng
cao vi than c tro cao.
quyt nh trn than hay khng, n rt quan trng bit cc thnh
phn ca than c trn. iu ny c ngha l s phi bit ngun gc ca than,
thnh phn ha hc v c, hu c v cc c tnh chy ca than. Trong qu trnh
t chy, thc s l cn thit bit cc iu kin vt l v tnh cht ca than
trong vic gia nhit cc ht than, nh la v qu trnh chy ca cht bc v
chy cc. N cng khng km phn quan trng bit cc s thay i pha trong
cc cht khong v cc cht v c c mt trong than. Hiu sut chy v s mt
cacbon s phi c gii quyt trong qu trnh trn than. V cng rt cn thit
xem xt n s hnh thnh cc cht thi nh NOx v SOx.
Do s phc tp ca qu trnh chy v cc bin lin quan, rt kh suy ra
kt qu quy m y . Nh vy, kinh nghim vn hnh nh my in trong mt
NGUYN HU LINH
66
N TT NGHIP
phm vi rng ca cc ch vi ngun nguyn liu than thay i l iu cn

thit xc nh ngha thit thc ca ca cc kt qu t chun b - th nghim
cc s kim tra quy m. Nhiu d liu c thit lp cho cc loi than c s
dng trong cc th nghim khc nhau t hiu sut thc ca l hi trong nh my
c yu cu.
Cc s quyt nh trn nn da trn nhng kin thc v cc c im ca
mt cp than cho, ch khng phi l mt s gi thit v s thay i tuyn tnh
ca cc tnh cht, thng s. Nhng quy nh nghim ngt v mi trng, hiu
qu ti a vi gim chi ph pht in, ci thin kh nng v tin cyc t
ln cc nh my nhit in t than trn ton th gii v s pht trin lin tc
ca cng ngh mi ngha l vn ci thin cht lng nhin liu s vn l mt
yu t chnh.
b. nh gi v nhn xt mt s kt qu v t l trn than n s hnh thnh
NOx.
Va qua, nh my nhit in Ninh Bnh tin hnh t th than trn.
Than nhp khu l than Sub-bitum, c hm lng cht bc cao.
Xt kt qu khi ta trn than ni a (Hn Gai) vi than nhp khu vi cc t
l khc nhau: 95% - 5%, 90% - 10%, 80% - 20%.
Thng s v than v cc t l trn ca than.
Bng 4.14. Cc thng s ca than v cc t l trn than
Thnh phn cng ngh

m H2O
%
NGUYN HU LINH
Than
Hn
Gai
Than
nhp
khu
Than trn
(95-5)
Than trn
(90-10)
Than trn
(80-20)
6.38
20.62
7.092
7.804
9.228
67
N TT NGHIP
Cht bc
VM
7.37
38.45
8.924
10.478
13.586
Tro
25.33
9.23
24.525
23.72
22.11
Cc
FC
60.92
31.7
59.459
57.998
55.076
90.06
3.4
74.29
5.12
89.2715
3.486
88.483
3.572
86.906
3.744
0.91
0.45
0.887
0.864
0.0818
1.52
4.11
1.49
18.65
1.5185
4.837
1.517
5.564
1.514
7.018
21844
18125
21658.05
21472.1
21100.2
Thnh phn ha hc
Carbon
C
%
Hydro
H
%
Lu
S
%
hunh
Nit
N
%
Oxy
O
%
Nhit tr
NCV kJ/kg
Ta c mt s kt qu m phng nh sau:
Hnh 4.12. S phn b NOx ca cc loi than

Bng 4.15. Gi tr NOx trung bnh ca cc t l than khc nhau
NGUYN HU LINH
68
N TT NGHIP
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Chiu cao
(m)
5
8,7
9,8
11,1
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
Than trn
95-5
463
717
834
951
1037
1044
1045
1045
1050
1056
1104
Than Hn Gai
453
677
865
925
1022
1017
1020
1025
1035
1041
1079
Than trn
90-10
482
647
871
916
1035
1037
1044
1052
1066
1074
1131
Than trn
80-20
579
648
861
926
1062
1064
1071
1078
1097
1104
1159
T bng s liu 4.15 ta c th sau:
Hnh 4.13 th s thay i NOx theo chiu cao bung t

Xt gi tr NOx trung bnh ti mt ra ca bung t:
Bng 4.16 Gi tr NOx trung bnh ti mt ra ca bung t
STT
1
2
3
4
NGUYN HU LINH
Loi than
Hn Gai
Than trn 95-5
Than trn 90-10
Than trn 80-20
69
NO (ppm)
1052
1062
1084
1116
N TT NGHIP
Nhn xt:
Qua hnh 4.12, hnh 4.13, bng 4.15, 4.16 ta thy rng v s phn b NOx
ca cc loi than vi cc t l trn khc nhau trong bung t cng tng t
nhau. NOx tng nhanh trong vng chy ca bung t ni din ra s chy mnh
lit v ch yu tp trung gn tng ca l hi. V s thay i gi tr NOx theo
chiu cao bung t th vi t l trn than cng nhiu th gi tr NOx cng ln.
C th y, than Hn gai c t l pht thi NOx thp nht v tng dn theo t
l trn tng ng l t l trn 95% - 5%, 90% - 10%, 80% - 20%. xem xt r
hn v iu ny, ta xt s thay i NOx theo tng c ch.
Xt s thay i NOx theo tng c ch
Do NOx tc thi chim t l rt nh trong s hnh thnh NOx chung, nn ta
c th b qua trong qu trnh xt.
S phn b NOx nhin liu:
Hnh 4.14 S phn b NOx nhin liu cho tng t l than trn
NGUYN HU LINH
70
N TT NGHIP
Bng 4.17 S thay i NOx nhin liu theo chiu cao ca cc t l trn
STT
Chiu cao
Than
Hn Gai
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
5
8,7
9,8
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
442
652
812
868
922
920
927
932
945
948
981
Than trn Than trn

95-5
90-10
447
686
783
892
930
941
944
945
952
957
1008
473
631
837
890
962
968
976
984
1000
1007
1062
Than trn
80-20
571
632
828
900
993
998
1006
1014
1034
1040
1094
T bng 4.17, ta c th sau:
Hnh 4.15 th s thay i NOx nhin liu theo chiu cao

S phn b NOx nhit:
NGUYN HU LINH
71
N TT NGHIP
Hnh 4.16. S phn b NOx nhit cho tng t l trn than

Ly gi tr trung bnh NOx nhit ca cc mt theo chiu cao ta c th:
Hnh 4.17 th s thay i NOx nhit cho tng than trn
NGUYN HU LINH
72
N TT NGHIP
Qua ta thy s tng NOx cho tng loi than vi cc t l khc nhau ch
yu do NOx nhin liu. Xt cng thc tnh lng khng kh l thuyt t
chy hon ton 1 kg than:
VOlt2 1,866
Car
S
H
Oar
0, 7 ar 5, 6 ar
100
100
100 100*1, 428
Bng 4.18 Bng thnh phn mu nhn c (ar) than trn

Mu than
K
hiu
Hn Gai
Than nhp
khu
Than
trn 5%
Than
trn
10%
Than
trn
20%
Cc bon
61.5
50.07
60.9285
60.357
59.214
Hydro
2.32
3.38
2.373
2.426
2.532
Oxy
2.81
11.14
3.2265
3.643
4.476
Nit
1.04
0.71
1.0235
1.007
0.974
Lu
hunh
0.62
0.73
0.6255
0.631
0.642
tro
25.33
8.19
24.473
23.616
21.902
6.38
11.14
6.618
6.856
7.332
Bng 4.19 Lng khng kh l thuyt t chy 1 kg than

STT
Loi than
Lng khng kh l thuyt

t chy chy 1kg than
Hn gai
1.262
Than trn 95-5
1.252
Than trn 90-10
1.241
Than trn 80-20
1.219
NGUYN HU LINH
73
N TT NGHIP
Ta thy, khi tng dn t l trn th lng khng kh l thuyt cn t

chy hon ton 1 kg than gim dn. Trong khi , lng khng kh cp vo
khng i, dn n h s khng kh tng. iu ny dn n h s khng kh tha
tng. Khi cht bc trong than tng, lng khng kh tha nhiu th lng NOx
nhin liu cht bc tng ln nhiu. V vy, gim c s pht thi NOx trong
qu trnh t chy than th cn phi gim NOx nhin liu.
NGUYN HU LINH
74
N TT NGHIP
CHNG V: KT LUN
5.1. Tm tt ni dung
Mc ch chnh ca ti l nghin cu xy dng m hnh m phng ca bi
ton chy than v s hnh thnh NOx trong bung t ca l hi, t ng dng
nghin cu bi ton trn than. Cc kt qu chnh c
trnh by trong lun vn nh sau:
Trn c s cc s liu thc t, n xy dng c m hnh bung
t ca l hi nh my nhit in Ninh Bnh bng phn mm
ANSYS DesignModeler.
Da trn c s l thuyt v chy than v s hnh thnh NOx, n xy
dng c cc m hnh vt l cho m hnh c dng trong qu trnh m
phng chy than v s hnh thnh NOx.
n cng c mt s kt qu nht nh v m phng s hnh thnh
NOx ca than ni a v p dng cho than trn.
n xc nh c s thay i NOx khi ta thay i ch chy, c
th y l thay i t l lng gi cp vo.
5.2. Kt lun
Trong thi gian thc hin n tt nghip, n ch mi nghin cu c
bi ton m phng qu trnh chy v s hnh thnh NOx cho than ni a v than
trn. V cng a ra c mt s kt qu v s hnh thnh NOx. Tuy nhin, kt
qu mi ch dng li m hnh th nghim, cha c kt qu o thc t so
snh v i chiu. V do hn ch v mt thi gian v c s vt cht nn n
cha tin hnh c nhiu trng hp v ti u ha bi ton. Do vy, c
c kt qu tt hn, bn thn em cng cn phi c gng hn na. V em cng
cn nhiu hn na s gip ca thy, c gio v bn b v m phng cng
nh trang b c s vt cht tt hn phc v cho vic nghin cu. V nu c
iu kin, cn c s o c trn m hnh thc t so snh vi kt qu ca
n c tt hn.
NGUYN HU LINH
75
N TT NGHIP
5.3. xut
Sau khi hon thnh xong lun vn, em c mt s xut nh sau:
CFD l mt lnh vc trn th gii pht trin mnh tuy nhin cn kh
mi m nc ta, cha c nhiu cc nh khoa hc, sinh vin,...quan tm, v
vy nn u t hn na cho lnh vc ny. Bc u nn c nhng chng trnh
nghin cu mt cch rt nghim tc, trao i, tip thu nhng thnh tu v c s
l thuyt CFD ca cc nc pht trin. Tip theo, u t trang thit b phc v
cho cng vic nghin cu, th nghim.
pht trin c lnh vc ny, i hi phi c i ng cn b, cc nh
nghin cu khoa hc c y kin thc chuyn mn, nc ta hin nay i
ng cn b, cc nh nghin cu khoa hc v lnh vc ny cn hn ch. V vy,
cn xc tin, c k hoch o to ngun nhn lc tr phc v cho vic nghin
cu CFD trong tng lai. a lnh vc CFD vo trong chng trnh o to,
ging dy cho sinh vin cc nghnh c kh k thut. Trong c c vic nghin
cu, pht trin cc phn mm ng dng m phng CFD.
NGUYN HU LINH
76
N TT NGHIP
TI LIU THAM KHO

Ti liu ting vit
1. Nguyn S Mo. L hi, tp 1,2. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut H
Ni, 2006.
2. Quy hoch in VII. 2011.
3. Vin Nng lng. Nghin cu, thit k, ng dng vi phun t than UD
cho l hi nh my in Ninh Bnh. 1999.
4. TS. L c Dng. L thuyt v s hnh thnh v cc bin php gim pht
thi NOx.
5. TS. L c Dng. Mt s vn trn than.
6. Vin nng lng. Bn v CAD l hi v cm ming vi.
Ti liu ting anh
7. ANSYS, Inc. ANSYS Fluent Tutorial Guide Release 15.0
8. ANSYS, Inc. ANSYS Fluent Theory Guide Release 15.0
9. Idemitsu Kosan Co, Ltd. Result of combustion simulation analysis for Pha
Lai No.2 and Vung Ang No.1. 2012
10.Ligeng Qian, Yinliang Ma, Ping Sun, Kefa Cen, Jianren Fan.
Computational modeling of pulverized coal combustion processes in
tangentially fired furnaces. Elsevier 2001.
11.Abdulnaser Sayma.
Bookboon.com
Computational
Fluid
Dynamics.
Website:
12.Li Jun, Yan Weiping, Gao Yang. Numerical Analysis of the Factors about
Combustion Stability on Boiler. TELKOMNIKA. 2012
13. Zhao Feng TIAN, Peter J.WITT, M. Phillip SCHWARZ, William
YANG. Numerical Modelling of Brown Coal Combustion in a
Tangentally Fired Furnance. 2009.
NGUYN HU LINH
77

Coal Combustion-Final Project

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Coal Combustion-Final Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

N TT NGHIP

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

Sinh vin thc hin

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

CHNG III. PHN MM M PHNG ANSYS FLUENT ..................... 25

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

VII, cng vi ph lc nh km ca Quyt nh ny th hin tng v

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

t than ca cc nh my in Ty Ban Nha l rt ng ch . Mt trong cc

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

nguy c n hn hp than trong my nghin, nguy c lm hng cc vi phun

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

- Tnh ton k thut - kinh t - mi trng s b.

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

Qung Ninh phi trn than cm 5 + 6B c than cm 6A dng cho nh

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

ni a v than nhp khu (trn than vi t l hp l) to ra ngun than cung

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

- Nghin cu l thuyt v s hnh thnh cng nh cc bin php gim pht

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

CHNG II. C S L THUYT V NGUYN L HNH THNH V

Hnh 2.1. Quan h gia lng NOx thi ra vi phng thc t v sn

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

Hnh 2.2. Tng quan lng NOx sinh ra t 3 c ch theo nhit

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

Do di nhit cao, phng trnh tng phn ng to thnh NO v NO2

2.1.2. C ch hnh thnh NOx nhin liu

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

Hnh 2.4. nh hng ca nhit n t l chuyn ha Nit

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

Hnh 2.5 L trnh ch yu phn ng oxy ha HCN

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

Hnh 2.6 L trnh ch yu phn ng oxy ha NH3

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

Hnh 2.7 Biu th l trnh phn ng phn hy NOx

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

Nit, mi ch ti NOx tc thi, v khi nhit qu 1500 oC, th NOx nhit l

Hnh 2.8. Biu c ch hnh thnh NOx

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

Hnh 2.9 Gi tr NOx pht thi ban u cng vi mc cn gim NOx

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

2.3.1. t h s khng kh tha thp

Hnh 2.10 Quan h gia t l h s khng kh tha vi hm lng than

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

2.3.2. t phn cp khng kh

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

nh qu trnh chy, cn phi tootr chc qu trnh t chy phn cp mt cch

Hnh 2.11 S b tr ming vi phun OFA trong bung la t vi than

2NO + 2 CnHm + ( 2n+m/2-1) O2 N2 + 2n CO2 + mH2O

2NO + 2CO N2 + 2CO2

2NO + 2H2 N2 + 2H2O

Li dng nguyn l , em 80 85% nhin liu a vo vng chy cp

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

mt gi l nhin liu cp mt. 15 20% nhin liu cn li c a vo vng

Hnh 2.12 S nguyn l t phn cp nhin liu

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

hoc hn hp vi gi cp mt, hoc gi cp hai ri a vo bung la, nh vy

Hnh 2.13. S h thng ti tun hon khi

K THUT NHIT LNH 2 K55

nh hn mt tt nhiu, lm cho vng bt la sm nht, cn phi to vng xung