Cardiovascular

System
Assistants of Physiology
Physiology Department
Medical Faculty, Hasanuddin
University

Circulatory System

The Distribution of Blood in

Cardiovascular System
1. Heart (7%)
2. Systemic Arterial System (13%) :
Aorta : 2%
Elastic Arteries : 4%
Muscular Arteries : 5%
Arterioles : 2%
3. Pulmonary Circuit (9%) :
Pulmonary Arteries : 3%
Pulmonary Capillaries : 2%
Pulmonary Veins : 4%

4. Systemic Capillaries (7%)

5. Systemic Venous System (64%) :
Large Veins : 18%
Large Venous networks
(liver, bone marrow, skin) : 21%
Venules and medium-sized veins : 25%

Arterial System
AP = CO x TPR
AP = Arterial Pressure
CO = Cardiac Output = SV X HR
TPR = Total Perifer Resistance
TPR is influenced by :
Viscosity
Vascular resistance
- Vessel Length
- Vessel Diameter
Turbulence

Circulatory Regulation

Short-term Regulation

Medium-term Regulation

Long-term Regulation

Medium-term Regulation
Increased blood volume
extravasasi
-Transudation
- Exudation
Decreased blood volume
intravasasi (transcapillary refill/
autotransfution)

Long-term Regulation

Venous System
Characteristic :
larger diameter
valves
distensibility
compliance
capasitance vessel

Venous Pressure :
Central Venous Pressure
Peripheral Venous Pressure
Increase of CVP :
Valsalvas Manouver
Decreased of CVP :
Hypovolemic Shock
Expiration

Central Venous Pulsation

a wave : Atrial kick
c wave : ventricular contraction
v wave : Tricuspid valves
closing
x descent : Rapid Filling
y descent : Atrial relaxation

VENOUS RETURN
Venous return influenced by :
Body Position
Muscle Pump
Thoracic Pump
CVP (central venous pressure)
Stroke Volume (SV)
etc

MICROCIRCULATION

AUTOREGULATION
Myogenic theory
- Transmurral pressure
- Longitudinal Pressure
Metabolic theory
- Decrease of oxygen
- Increase of CO2
- Decrease of pH
- Vasodilators accumulation

AUTOREGULATION

Hyperemia :
- Active hyperemia
- Reactive hyperemia

STARLINGS FORCE

STARLINGS FORCE
Filtration Rate :

K {( Pc Pi ) ( c - i )}
K : Permeability coefficient
Pc : Capillary Hydrostatic pressure
Pi : Interstitial Hydrostatic pressure

c : Capillary Oncotic Pressure

i : Interstitial Oncotic Pressure

OEDEMA
Oedema consist of :
Interstitial oedema
Intercelluler oedema
Mechanism of Interstitial Oedema :
Hydrostatic Pressure
Oncotic Pressure
Obstruction of Lymphatic System

HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK