]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

????
K

W
K

? ?

K
K

K
K


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

KW

W
W
K
K
K

KW

--

ESoilF

--

WDefinitions

K
W
F

Karl TerzaghiE

K E F

KW

Soil Formation {

W

Residual Soil
EF

Transported Soil
W

K K

--

Soil Structure {
K

W
Fine Grained Soil J

cohesive soil

Clay SiltW

WE1.1F

Wdispersion

EF

EF

EF

EFEFEFWWE1.1F

--

Wflocculation

Whoneycomb or cellular

Coarse Grained Soil J

cohesionless soil
loosedense

Gravel BouldersW

KE2.1F Sand

EF

E F

EFEFWWE2.1F

--

W {

K
KJ

WE3.1F

Soil Stability Problems K

Soil Settlement Problems K

Environmental Related Problems K

Seepage Problems K

K
Excavation Related Problems K
K

--

EF

EF

EF

EFWE3.1F

EFEF

--


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

WW
K

K
K
K

KW

WW

--

WIntroduction {

Liquid Solid

Gas

KEA-1.2FK

Soil Volumes and Weights Relationship J

KEB-1.2F

total volumeZ VT

total weightZ WT

volume of solidsZ Vs
weight of solidsZ Ws

volume of voidsZ Vv
weight of waterZ Ww

volume of waterZ Vw
airweight ofZ Wa

volume of airZ Va

--

WT = Ws + Ww

E1.2F

WK

VT = Vs + Vv
= V s + Vw + Va

E2.2F
Wa 0

Va

Air

Vv
Vw

VT

Water

Ww

WT

Vs

Solid

EAF

EBF

WE1.2F
EBFEAF
water content E w F

w=

Ww
100 E3.2F
Ws

unit weight E F

K
=

WT
E4.2F
VT

- -

ENFE kN / m 3 F
W

1 N = 1 kg 1 m / s 2

dry unit weightE d F

d =

Ws
VT

E{F

specific gravity E Gs F

K4

Gs =

Ws
s
=
w Vs w

E{F

EkN/m3FZ s W

1 gm/cm39.81 kN/m3Z w

KE{F

void ratio E e F
K

e=

Vv
Vs

0 < e << E7.2F

- -

1.10.70.80.5
K
porosity E n F

n=

Vv
VT

0 n 1 E8.2F

degree of saturation E S F
K

S=

Vw
100
Vv

0 S (%) 100 E9.2F

WE1.2F

Gs

2.65-2.68

Gravel

2.65-2.68

Sand

2.62-2.68

Silt (inorganic)EF

2.58-2.65

Clay (organic)EF

2.68-2.75

Clay (inorganic)EF

S = 0 %
S = 100 %
K

relative density E Dr F
- -

cohesionless soil

Dr =

emax e
100
emax emin

E10.2F

= e

= emax
= emin

0 (2.2)

K100 %

:(2.2)

Dr (%)

0-15

Very loose

15-35

Loose

35-65

Medium dense

65-85

Dense

85-100

Very dense

- -

W
W

n=

1+ e

d =

w
100

E{F

E12.2F

Se = wG s

1+

E13.2F

(Gs + w)
1+ e

w E14.2F

d =

Gs
w E{F
1+ e

WE.2F

105gm120 gm65 cm3

W2.65

E w F K
E d F K
E n F K

E e F K

E S F K

VT = 65 cm 3

WT = 120 gm
- -

Ws = 105 gm

G s = 2.65

WE w F K

Ww = WT Ws = 120 105 = 15 gm

:
W
15
w = w 100 =
100 = 14.29 %
Ws
105

d =

WE d F K

Ws 105
=
= 1.62 gm / cm 3
65
VT
= 1.62 9.81 = 15.85 kN / m 3

E n F K
K Vs E6.2F

Gs =

Ws
Vs w

Vs =

Ws
105
=
= 39.62 cm 3
G s w 2.65 1

VT

= 65 cm 3

KE2.2F

Vv = VT Vs

= 65.00 39.62 = 25.38 cm 3

V
25.38
= 0.39
n= v =
VT 65.00

- -

WE e F K

e=

Vv 25.38
=
= 0.64
Vs 39.62

WE S F K

E6.2F

W Gw = 1 Vw = Ww EcmFEgmF

Vw =

S=

Ww
15
=
= 15 cm 3
G w w 1 1

Vw
15.00
100 =
100 = 59.10 %
Vv
25.38

WE2K2F
2.7112.40 %0.10 m31.75 kN
W

E F K

E d F K

E e F K
E n F K

E S F K
W
WE F K

WT 1.75
=
= 17.50 kN / m 3
VT
0.10

WE d F K

- -

d =

1+

w
100

17.50
= 15.57 kN / m 3
12.40
1+
100

WE e F K
Gs
w
1+ e
2.71
15.57 =
9.81
1+ e
2.71 9.81
e=
1 = 0.71
15.57

d =

WE n F K

e
1+ e
0.71
n=
= 0.42
1 + 0.71

n=

WE S F K
Se = wG s

12.40
2.71
100
12.40 2.71
S=
= 0.4733
100 0.71
= 47.33 %
S 0.71 =

WE3.2F
W2.6626.00 %
E e F K
E F K
E d F K

K S = 1 S = 100 %
- -

Se = wG s

WE e F

WE F

26.00
2.66
100
e = 0.69

1 e =

(Gs + w)

1+ e
(2.66 + 0.26) 9.81
=
1 + 0.69
= 16.95 kN / m3

WE d F

Gs
w
1+ e
2.66
=
9.81
1 + 0.69
= 15.44 kN / m 3

d =

WE4.2F

Dr = 75 %

emax = 0.70

G s = 2.68

emin = 0.42

w = 11 %

WE10.2F
Dr =

emax e
100
emax emin

0.70 e
100
0.70 0.42
e = 0.49

75 =

WE14.2F

- -

(Gs + w)

1+ e
(
2.68 + 0.11)
=
9.81
1 + 0.49
= 18.37 kN / m 3

Soil Consistency {

cohesive soil
W
Solid State E

Semisolid State E

Plastic State E

Liquid State E

Atterberg Limits
Liquid Limit (LL)

Plastic Limit (PL)

Shrinkage Limit (SL)

KE2.2F

- -

Liquid State
ELLF

Plastic State

EPLF

Semisolid State

(SL)

Solid State
w=0

WE2.2F

WLiquid Limit (LL)

KE3.2F 25Casagrande
K

WPlastic Limit (PL)

- -

3 mm
KE3.2F

WE3.2F

WShrinkage Limit (SL)

K K
K

Plasticity Index (PI)
W

PI = LL PL E16.2F

K
- -

WE LI F

LI =

w PL
E17.2F
PI

w
Ksensitive clay

WE5.2F

w = 43.8 % W

KPI = 21.7 % LL = 48.3 %

W
WE16.2F

PI = LL PL
21.7 = 48.3 PL

PL = 26.6 %

WE{F
w PL
PI
43.8 26.6
=
= 0.79
21.7

LI =

- -

WProblems
K
78 mm35 mm

98 156 gmE105 oCF

Wgm

E w F K
E F K

E d F K

180 cm3402gm K
W320 gm2.68
E w F K

E F K

E d F K
E e F K

E n F K

E S F K

3 mm K
32.7%

K13.8%

- -

E%F

ENF

41

34.5

26

36.4

19

37.6

15

38.6

40.7

23.6%23.2%

K
K18.5 kN/m3 40%

2.660.42 K
K

W K

n=

e
1+ e

Se = wG s

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

WW
K

K
K

K
K

KW

W

K

- -

WIntroduction{

K
K

Unified Soil Classification System

American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials

(AASHTO)
The International Soil Classification System

American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM)

Bureau of Soils (USDAF

KE{F

0.002 {mm

K mm
K200
mm{

Particle Size Distribution of Soil {

WK
- -

Sieve Analysis Test K

Hydrometer Analysis Test K

EF
E
F mm{
KK

WE.3F

Particles Size

Classification

2.0 mm < Gravel

Gravel

0.074 mm < Sand < 2.0 mm

Sand

0.002 mm < Silt < 0.074 mm

Silt

Clay < 0.002 mm

Clay

Sieve Analysis Test {{

0.074 mm

E200FE4F
KE1.3FPan
KE2.3F

- -

WE2.3F

SIEVE NO.

OPENINGEMMF

4.750

10

2.000

20

0.850

40

0.425

60

0.250

80

0.180

100

0.150

140
200

0.106
0.074

EFEF

EFEFWWE1.3F

K
- -

KE100 %F
K

Hydrometer Analysis TestEF {{

E200F

E{F K

K
E t FE L FE F
W

E1.3F

WStoke 's law

s w 2
D
18

E2.3F
W

= s
= w
=

= D
E1.3FE2.3F s

= G s w

- -

D (mm)

D=

30
(Gs 1) w

( gm. sec/ cm )

L
t

w ( gm / cm )

E3.3F

WE3.3F

L (cm)

t (min)

EAtkins, H. N.- 1983FWE{F

WE3K3F

D=K

L
t

E4.3F
W

K=

30
(Gs 1) w

E5.3F

- -

EF K
K

Particle Size Distribution Curve {{

Particle Size Distribution Curve

KE3K3F

E1.3FE3K3FK
W

100

60

80

40
20
0
10

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

mm

WE3.3F
2%ZGravel
- -

45%ZSand

49%ZSilt

4%ZClay

KE4.3F

Kpoorly graded soil

Kwell graded soil

Kgap graded

100
Gap graded
Well graded
Poorly graded

60

80

40

20

0
1

0.1

0.01

0.001

mm

WE4.3F

Effective DiameterE D10% F E

10 %

- -

Uniformity CoefficientE Cu F E
60

E D10% F 10 %E D60% F %
W

Cu =

D60%
D10%

E6.3F

D60% D10%

K2

Gradation CoefficientE C c F E

E D30% F30 %

Cc =

D302 %
D10% D60%

E7.3F

1.0 1.0 C c
K
WE1.3F

EF
96.0
84.3
70.0
54.8
32.7
16.2
6.4
13.6

4
10
20
40
60
100
200
Pan

- -

W
K J

K D60% D30% D10% J

K C u J

K C c J

95.07

4.93

4.93

19.7

4.750

84.37

15.63

10.70

42.8

2.000

10

65.32

34.68

19.05

76.2

0.850

20

33.2

66.80

32.12

128.5

0.425

40

6.13

93.87

27.07

108.3

0.250

60

3.00

97.00

3.13

12.5

0.15

100

0.90

99.10

2.10

8.4

0.074

200

100.00

0.90
100

3.6
400

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

Pan

KE5.3F J

W D60% D30% D10% J

D10% = 0.28 mm

D30% = 0.40 mm

D60% = 0.74 mm

- -

W Cu J

Cu =

D60% 0.74
=
= 2.64
D10% 0.28

W C c J

Cc =

D302 %
(0.40) 2
=
= 0.77
D10% D60% 0.28 0.74

100
90
80
70

EF

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10

0.1

0.01

E1.3FWE5.3F

Unified Soil Classification System {

K
W200

K
G 50 % 200

S 4

K2004

K
50 %200
W

- -

J ESiltF:M
J EClayF:C

EOrganic silt and clayF:O

J EPeatF:Pt

W
EWell gradedFWW
EPoorly gradedF:P

K50%EHigh plasticityF:H
K50%ELow plasticityF:L

W
W

ZGW

Z SP

ZCH

E3.3F
K

WE2.3F
W
70 %Z 4

38 %Z 200
42 %ZELLF

26 %ZEPLF

- -

W
WE.F

50 %200
K

K S50 %4
16 42 %E{F

KA%

Ksc
WE3K3F

- -

WE3K3F

EF

Cu
Cc

W
WE{F

50 %200
K

K G50 %4
KCcCu
- -

GW
K

Soil Classification using(AASHTO)System {

A-7 A-1

EA-7FEA-1FKE4.3F
KEA-2F

35%EF

EFKA-1 A-2A-3W
KA-7A-6A-5A-4 W 35%
E6.3FK
A-7 A-4

KA-2

E4.3F

K
W

WA-1
K

WA-2
K35%

K WA-3
K WA-5A-4

K WA-7A-6

- -

WGroup Index
E GI F

WK

K
K

GI = (F 35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL 40 )] + 0.01(F 15)(PI 10 )

E8.3F
W
F

= LL

= PI

K
K

WE4.3F

K20%35%45%E200F
WE{FW

35%45%E200F
KA-7A-6A-5A-4W

KA-6A-435%

W
- -

PI = LL PL = 35 20 = 15%

A-6

GI = (F 35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL 40 )] + 0.01(F 15)(PI 10 )

GI = (45 35)[0.2 + 0.005(35 40 )] + 0.01(45 15)(15 10 )

= 10[0.2 + 0] + .01(30 )(5) = 3.5 4

A-6(4) W

WE{F
General Classification

Granular Materials (35% or less passing No.200)

A-1

Group Classification
Sieve analysis, percent passing
No.10 (2.0 mm)
No.40( 0.425mm)
No. 200(0.075)

A-2

A-1-a

A-1-b

50 max
30max.
15max.

50max.
25max.

A-3

51max.
10max. 35max.

Characteristics of fraction passing No.40

Liquid limit
Plasticity index
6max.

N.P.

Usual types of significant

constituent materials

Fine
sand

General rating as subgrade

Stone fragments,
gravel and sand

A-2-4

A -2-6

A-2-7

35max. 35max. 35max.

40max. 41min. 40max. 41min.

10max. 10max. 11min. 11min.
Silty or clayey gravel and sand

Excellent to good

- -

A-2-5

General Classification

Silt-Clay (more than 35% passing No.200)

A-7

Group Classification

A-4

A-5

A-6

A-7-5, A-7-6

Sieve analysis, percent passing

No.10 (2.0 mm)
No.40( 0.425mm)
No. 200(0.075 mm)

36min.

36min.

36min.

36min.

Characteristics of fraction passing No.40

Liquid limit
Plasticity index

40max.
10max

41min. 40max.
10max. 11min.

Usual types of significant Constituent materials

Silty soils

General rating as subgrade

41min.
11min.

Clayey soils

Fair to poor

70

60

50

A-7-6

40
PI

A-2-6
30

A-6

A-2-7

20

A-7-5
10

A-4

A-2-4

A-2-5

A-5

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

LL

WE6.3F
- -

90

100

WE5.3F

EF

LL
PL

WE{FW

35%15%E200F
K A-3A-2A-1W

A-340%E40F
KA-2A-1

KA-2-6A-2-434%

PI = LL PL = 34 22 = 12%

A-2-6

GI = (15 35)[0.2 + 0.005(34 40 )] + 0.01(15 15)(12 10 ) = 0

A-2-6(0)W

- -

Problems

W E
H

EgmF

EgmF

EinFEmmF

565.07

1Y

1/2Y

1/4Y

4.76 mm

2.00 mm

0.84 mm

0.42 mm

0.149 mm

0.074 mm

Pan

W
K

Cu D10%
K C c

KEF E

BAAASHTO E

EF
B

- -

LL
PL


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W

K

W
W
K
K

K
K

K

K

KW

W
W
K

K
- -

Introduction{

K K
K K

K K
K K

K K

R. R. Proctor 1930
W

dry density ( d ) K

moisture content (w) K

compactive effortEF K
soil type K

K

K w = 0

K
E1.4FK
K

- -

Compaction Theory

maximum dry density ( d max ) K

optimum moisture content (OMC )

WE1.4F

Standard Proctor Test K

Modified Proctor Test K

- -

Harvard Test K

Static Test K

KK

d =

w
1+
100

E1.4F

KE2.4F

30

( d max )

Saturation line

20

OMC

10

0
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

(%)

WE2.4F

- -

Standard Proctor Test {{

(OMC ) ( d max )

K
WmoldK2%
4 inZ101.6 mmZdiameter of mold

4.58 inZ116.43 mmZheight of mold

1 3
3
ft Z 943.3 cm Zvolume of mold
30

E3.4F
K

WE3.4F

- -

K30.5 cm 2.5 kg 25
WE F

W
Vm

E2.4F

Z W W
Z Vm

E1.4F
K (OMC ) ( d max )

Modified Proctor Test {{

K
W

5Z
4.54 kgZ

45.72 cmZ
23 kN/m313 kN/m3

K20%10%
Saturation Line {{

E2.4F

Kzero air void line

E S = 100 % F

- -

K
K

zav =

w
1
+w
Gs

E3.4F

K = zav W
K = w

K = Gs
K = w

WE1.4F
K E1.4F

E1.4FWE1.4F

6.00

1847.71

8.00

2000.37

10.58

2163.13

12.90

2188.75

15.68

2097.81

17.78

2012.74

EF

EF

- -

W
Vm = 943.3 cm3

W
Vm

KE1.4F

gm/cm3 E2.4F
E4.4FkN/m3
W

d max = 20.43 kN / m 3
OMC = 11.40 %

E1.4FWE2.4F

(kN/m3)

(kN/m3) (gm/cm3)

(cm3)

(gm)

E F

1847.71

6.00

18.13

19.22

1.96

943.30

19.26

20.80

2.12

943.30

2000.37

8.00

20.34

22.50

2.29

943.30

2163.13

10.58

20.16

22.76

2.32

943.30

2188.75

12.89

18.86

21.82

2.22

943.30

2097.81

15.68

17.77

20.93

2.13

943.30

2012.74

17.78

- -

21.5
20.5
d

19.5
3

(kN / m )

18.5
17.5
16.5
2

10

12

14

16

18

20

w (%)

E1.4FWE4.4F

Factors Effecting Compaction {

W E

E5.4FK
WK

W E
- -

K
E6.4F
K
W

WE5.4F

- -

E=

N b N l h Wh
Vm

E4.4F

= E W
= N b

= N l

= h

= Wh
= Vm

E=

25 bowls / layer 3 layer 0.305 m 2.50 kg 9.81 m / s 2

1
kJ

= 594.73 3
6
3
1000
943.3 10 m
m

( d max )

OMC

( d max )

OMC

w (%)

WE6.4F
W
- -

E=

25 bowls / layer 5 layer 0.4572 m 4.54 kg 9.81 m / s

1
kJ

= 2698.3 3
6
3
1000
943.3 10 m
m
2

W E

K
E7.4F w2 w1
KEOMCF

K
d

w1

w2

w (%)

WE7.4F

- -

Field Compaction {

Sand Cone Method K

Rubber Balloon Method K

Nuclear Method K

Equipments of Compaction in the Field {{

K
WK

Smooth-wheel rollers

K400 kN/m2 E8.4F

Pneumatic or rubber-tired rollers

80 %E9.4F

K
K

K700 kN/m2

- -

Sheepsfoot rollers

E10.4F

7000 kN/m2140012 %
K K

K
Vibratory rollers

KE11.4F

KE12.4F

WE8.4F

WE9.4F
- -

WE10.4F

WE11.4F

- -

WE12.4F
Sand Cone Method {{

E13.4F

E Wsoil F

KE sand FKE w F

- -

Vhole =

Wsand

sand

E5.4F

WE13.4F

d =

Wsoil
Vhole

E6.4F

Wdry soil =

Wsoil
w
1+
100

E7.4F

KE6.4FE7.4F

- -

WE2.4F
W

sand = 1.46 gm / cm 3

Wsand = 468.7 gm

Wdry soil = 618.3 gm

Vhole =

Wsand

sand

468.7
= 321.0 cm 3
1.46

d =

W dry soil
V hole

618.3
= 1.93 gm / cm 3 19.3 kN / m 3
321.0

Relative Compaction (RC) {

K
W

RC (%) =

d ( field )
d max(lab )

100

E8.4F
W

= RC
= d ( field )

= d max(lab )

- -

Problems

1012.7 gm 19.85 kN/m3 E

KK992.3 gm

Efine-grained soilF E
W
KEpcfF J

KEkN/m3F J
K J

Dry Density vs. Water Content

120
Static Compaction
Standar Proctor
Harvard Miniature

110

Dry Density
pcf

Modified Proctor
100

90

80

70
5

10

15

20
Water Content, (%)

- -

25

30

35

E
W
5

17.3 18.9 19.2 18.0 16.7

32.5 24.9 19.3 12.1

(kN / m 3 )

w (%)

4.7

K J

K J

15.7 kN/m3 J

97 % E

d max = 19.20 kN / m 3

d field = 17.80 kN / m

OMC = 14.6 %

W
3

w = 17.3 %

K J

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

W
W

K
K
K
K
K

KW

KW

- -

:Introduction

K
K

E1.5F
W

i=

E1.5F

W
= i

=h

= L

30 m3 km

i=

h
30
=
= 0.01
L 3 1000

- -

Darcy's Law

E v F 1856

WE i F

v = ki

E2.5F

E k F

KEWF

KE1.5F
K

WE1.5F

Q = k iA

= Q

- -

=k

E3.5F

= i
= A

Assumptions of Darcy' s Law

W
homogenous soil K

laminar flow K
linear flow K

WE1.5F
K
k (m / s )

>10-2

Gravel

10-2-10-5

Sand

10-5-10-8

Silt

<10-8

Clay

- -

WE1.5F
300 m 6 10 3 m / s 2 m

9 m
K

A = 2 1 = 2 m 2

i=

9
= 0.03
300

WE3.5F

Q = k iA

= 6 10 3 0.03 2 = 3.6 10 4 m 3 / s
= 3.6 10 4

m3
s
hr
3600 24
= 31.10 m 3 / day per meter of layer width
s
hr
day

Measurement of permeability {

E k F

WK

- -

W {{
undisturbed sample

K
Constant head

test
Falling head
test
W

K K

K
K

K
K
K

WConstant head test

E{FK
K

WE{F
- -

E t FE{F
Q = k i At

E4.5F

E L FE i F

WE4.5FE1.5FE h F

Q=k

h
At
L

E5.5F

W
E5.5F

k=

QL
Aht

(6.5)

WE2.5F

120 mmZ o
60 mmZ o

100 mmZ o

350 mlZ o
2 minZ o

KEm/sF

A=

D
4

100

W
2

= 7854 mm 2

W
- -

Q = 350 ml = 35000 mm 3

WE6.5F
k=

QL
350000 120
= 0.7427 mm / s = 7.43 10 4 m / s
=
Aht 7854 60 2 60

WFalling head test

E3.5F

K
K

h1

h2

WE3.5F

- -

h2 h1
K

k = 2.30

h
aL
log10 1
At
h2

E7.5F

=a

= A
= L

= h1

= h2

h2 h1 = t

WE3.5F

1350 mmZ o
550 mmZ o
140 mmZ o

100 mmZ o

5 mmZ o
3 minZ o

KEm/sF

W
W
- -

A=

D2

a=

D2
4

100 2

52
4

= 7854 mm 2

W
= 19.63 mm 2

WE7.5F
k = 2.30

h
19.67 140
aL
1350
log10 1 = 2.30
log10

7854 3 60
At
h2
550

= 1.744 10 3 mm / s
= 1.744 10 6 m / s

WEPumping Test F {{

KK
Epumping testF

casing pipeK

E4.5FEobservation wellsF

- -

r2

r1

EQF

h2

h1

WE4.5F

r
Q ln 2
r1
k=
2
h2 h12

E8.5F

=k

= Q

= r1

= r2
= h1

= h2
- -

WE4.5F
11.20 m

6.20 m3/min
K2.48 m5.15 m

KEcm/sF 45.86 m4.33 m

:

h1 = 11.20 5.15 = 6.05 m

h2 = 11.20 2.48 = 8.72 m

Q = 6.20 m / min =

6.20
= 0.1033 m / s
60

W(8.5F

r
45.86
Q ln 2
0.1033 ln

r
4.33
1 =
k=
h22 h12 (8.72 )2 (6.05)2

= 1.97 10

m/s

= 1.97 10 5 cm / s

W Water Rise by Capillary Tube

K

K

KE5K5F

- -

surface tensionweight of water

WK

hc

E5K5F

u = d

hc w :

dT cos W

d2
hc w = dT cos
4

hc =

4T cos

d w

E9.5F

E10.5F

= d

= hc
= w
- -

= T
=

WE5.5F
0.01 1.75 m
K10omm

W(10.5F

hc d w
4 cos
1.75 0.01 10 3 9.81
=
= 4.36 10 5 kN / m = 0.044 N / m
4 cos10

T=

WEquivalent Permeability in Stratified Soil

K

WE n FE6.5F
E H FW

(H 1

H2

H3

... H n ) W

W

(k x1

- -

k x2

k x3

... k xn )

W

(k z 1

k z2

k z 3 ... k zn )

k1x
H1

k1z

k2x
H2

k2z
k3x
k3z

H3

H
k...x

H ...

k...z
knx

Hn

knz

WE6.5F

W k x
kx =

H 1 k x1 + H 2 k x 2 + H 3 k x 3 + ... + H n k xn

E11.5F

W k z

kz =

H
H1 H 2 H 3
+
+
+ ... + n
k z1 k z 2 k z 3
k zn

- -

E12.5F

WE6.5F

H1 = 3 m

k1 = 80 10 6 m / sec

H2 = 5 m

k 2 = 20 10 5 m / sec

k 3 = 65 10 6 m / sec

H3 = 8 m

W
W k x
kx =

kx =

H 1 k x1 + H 2 k x 2 + H 3 k x 3
H1 + H 2 + H 3

3 80 10 6 + 5 20 10 5 + 8 65 10 6
= 1.1 10 4 m / sec
3+5+8

W k z
kz =

H1 + H 2 + H 3
H1 H 2 H 3
+
+
k z1 k z 2 k z 3

kz =

3+5+8
= 8.6 10 5 m / sec
3
5
8
+
+
80 10 6 20 10 5 65 10 6

- -

WFactors Affecting Soil Permeability {

WK
W K
K

W
K
K

W
K
K

W K
K

KW K

WProblems

2 % 2 10 4 m / s 2 m

0.05 N / m 0.01 mm E
K 8 o

F E
K(Q
42 m
18 m

EQF

5.4 m
2.2 m

k = 4 10 3 m / s
16.5 m

- -

3m

2m

4m

k = 8 10 3 cm / sec

k = 4 10 2 cm / sec

k = 2 10 4 cm / sec

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
W
K
K

K
K

KW

- -

:Introduction

y x
(x, y, z ) KN/m2 L

z
K

normal stress ( ) E1.6F

Kshear stresses ( )

z
zz

zy
zx

xy
xx

yx
yy

yz

xz

WE1.6F

- -

Stresses induced by the self weight of the soil {

K
K v

v = z

E1.6F

K z

J J
K h E{F

z
z

h
v

WE2.6F

- -

v = z

E2.6F
z w
W

u = w zw

E3.6F

K 9.81 kN / m 3 w u

v
W

v =v u

E4.6F

- -

WE{F

K E{F
K

2m
5m

Sand

3m

( sand ) = 18.2 kN / m 3

Clay

4m

19 8 kN /

E1.6FWE3.6F

W (z = 2.0 m )
v = 2 18.2 = 36.40 kN / m 2

u=0

v = v u = 36.40 0 = 36.40 kN / m 2

v = 36.40 + 3 18.20 = 91.00 kN / m 2

W (z = 5.0 m )

W
W

u = 3 9.81 = 29.43 kN / m 2

v = v u = 91.00 29.43 = 61.57 kN / m 2

W (z = 7.0 m )

v = 91.00 + 2 19.80 = 130.60 kN / m 2

u = 29.43 + 2 9.81 = 49.05 kN / m 2

- -

W
W

v = v u = 130.60 49.05 = 81.55kN / m 2

KE4.6F

2m
5m
3m

4m

130.60 kN/m2

) (z

49.05 kN/m2

) (z

81.55 kN/m2

)) z

E1.6FWE4.6F

Total stress with a surface surcharge load {

K
K
K

q E5.6F

- -

v = z + q

E5.6F

h
v

WE5.6F

WE{F

E6.6F

K50 kN/m2

(z = 8.5 m )

W ()EF

v = q + ( v u )

= 50 + (2.5 17.5 + 6 19 5 9.81)

= 158.7 kN / m 2

- -

q = 50 kN/m2

2.5 m

Gravel

= 17.5 kN / m 3

1.0 m

Silt

5.0 m

= 19.0kN / m 3

E2.6FWE6.6F

Stresses in soil due to footing pressure

2:1K

KEF

q =

Q
( L + z )( B + z )

(6.6)

= Q
= L

= B

= z

- -

2
1

2:1WE7K6F

W (6.6)

q =

Q
(B + z) 2

- -

(7.6)

The Boussinesq method for soil stresses

{

K
K

( X , Y , Z ) E8.6F

A K O P
K ( x , y , z ) (x, y, z )
P
x
O

x
Z

WE8.6F

W A

3P z 3
2 R 5
3x 2 z
x2 y2
y 2 z

(
)

+
1
2

5
Rr 2 (R + z ) R 3 r 2
R

3y 2 z
y2 x2
x 2 z
+ 3 2
5 (1 2 ) 2
Rr (R + z ) R r
R

x =

P
2

y =

P
2

z =

- -

(8.6)
(9.6)
(10.6)

R = x2 + y2 + z2

r = x2 + y2
E8.6F
K{{Poisson' s ratio
(3.6F

500 kN

y x = 3 mm
K

= 0.5 =

3m

W
r = x2 + y2
= 3 2 + 4 2 = 5.00 m
R = x2 + y2 + z2
= 3 2 + 4 2 + 5 2 = 7.07 m

W
z =
=

3P z 3
2 R 5

3 500 5 3

2 (7.07 )2

= 1.69 kN / m 2

W
3x 2 z
5
R
500 33 2 5

= 0.61 kN / m 2
x =
2 (7.07 )5
2
y = P 3 y 5 z
2 R

y =

x =

P
2

500 3 4 2 5

= 1.08 kN / m 2
5

2 (7.07 )

- -

= 0.5

WProblems
W K

6m

4m

= 17.0 kN / m 3

= 19.0 kN / m 3

K
K
EAFE v FE u FE v F
K
1m

5m

= 19.5 kN / m 3

= 19.5 kN / m 3

= 19.5 kN / m 3

K kN K
K m

m2 K
6m kN
KW

- -

Q2 Q1 A K
K

= 0.5 ZyK

Q1=600 kN
2m

Q2=1200 kN
3m

4m

K
W

2m

G s = 2.66

2m

G s = 2.66

w = 34.65%

3m

e = 0.55

e = 0.48

e = 2.74

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W

K

W
W
K
K

K
K

KW

- -

:Introduction

Earth pressure at rest E

Active earth pressure E

Passive earth pressure E

:Earth pressure at rest

z E1.7F

K h v
o K
W

o = K o v
- -

E1.7F

K o K v

= z

W 1.00.5

K o = 1 sin

E2.7F

v = z

h
v

h = o = K o v
WE1.7F


KE2.7F H
W Po

Po =

1
Ko H 2
2

E3.7F

K H
3

- -

:Rankine's theory of active and passive earth pressure

K
K

Po =

1
K o H 2
2

H
3
K o H

WE2.7F

WActive pressure {{

E3.7FK
W a

- -

a = K a v 2c K a

Ka =

1 sin

= tan 45
1 + sin
2

E4.7F

K a c

E5.7F

WE4.7F Pa

Pa =

1
K a H 2 2cH K a
2

v = z

z
a

WE3.7F

- -

a o

E6.7F

2c K a

zo

H
Pa =

1
K a H 2 2cH K a
2
H zo
3

HK a 2c K a

WE4.7F
z o

zo =

2c

Ka

E7.7F

W = 0

zo =

2c

E8.7F

WPassive pressure

{{

E5.7FK
W p

- -

v = z

z
p

p o

WE5.7F

p = K p v + 2c K p

W
Kp =

Kp

1 + sin

= tan 45 +
1 sin
2

(10.7)

WE6.7F Pp

Pp =

1
K p H 2 + 2cH K p
2

E11.7F

- -

E9.7

Pp =

1
K p H 2 + 2cH K p
2

H
H
2

2c K p

H
3

HK p

WE6.7F

KKE1.7F
KE7K7F

WE1.7F
KE8.7F

- -

K p K a WE1.7F
Ka

Kp

10

0.703

1.42

15

0.589

1.70

20

0.490

2.04

25

0.406

2.46

30

0.333

3.00

35

0.271

3.69

40

0.217

4.61

45

0.171

5.83

(o)

p
o

a
0

WE7K7F
W

K o = 1 sin

= 1 sin 30 = 0.50

o = K o v

W H = 3 m

= 0.50 17.0 3 = 25.5 kN / m 2

- -

= 17.0 kN / m 3
3m

= 30 o
c=0
water level

sat = 19.5 kN / m 3

2m

= 30 o
c=0

E1.7FWE8.7F
W H = 5 m
o = 0.50 17.0 3 + 0.50 (19.5 9.81) 2 = 35.19 kN / m 2

u = 9.81 2 = 19.62 kN / m 2

KE9.7F

Po (1) =

1
3 25.5 = 38.25 kN / m
2

Po (2 ) = 2 25.5 = 51.00 kN / m

- -

Po (3) =

1
2 (35.19 25.5) = 9.69 kN / m
2

Po (4 ) =

1
2 19.62 = 19.62 kN / m
2

3m
Po (1)

Po (2 )

2m

Po (4 )

Po (3 )

E1.7FWE9.7F

Po = Po (1) + Po ( 2 ) + Po (3) + Po ( 4)

= 38.25 + 51.00 + 9.69 + 19.62 = 118.56 kN / m

W (h )

1
2
2
2
38.25 (3 + 2) + 51.00 + 9.69 + 19.62
3
2
3
3
h=
118.56
= 1.56 m

- -

WSoil surface sloping {{

E10.7F
W
Pa =

1
K a H 2
2

(12.7)

K a = cos

cos cos 2 cos 2

(13.7)

cos + cos 2 cos 2

Pa =

H
3

WE10.7F

- -

1
K a H 2
2

K p = cos

cos + cos 2 cos 2

(14.7)

cos cos 2 cos 2

WE2.7F

W5.5 m

= 35 o
c=0

= 17. kN / m 2

K = 10 o

W E

Ka =

Kp =

1 sin 1 sin 35
=
= 0.271
1 + sin 1 + sin 35
1 + sin 1 + sin 35
=
= 3.690
1 sin 1 sin 35

Pa =

1
1
2
K a H 2 = 0.271 17 (5.5) = 69.68 kN / m
2
2

Pp =

1
1
2
K p H 2 = 3.690 17 (5.5) = 948.80 kN / m
2
2

- -

K H
3

= 1.83 m

W = 10 o E
K a = cos

cos cos 2 cos 2

cos + cos 2 cos 2

= cos10

cos10 cos 2 10 cos 2 35

cos10 + cos 2 10 cos 2 35

= 0.282

W
Pa =

1
1
2
K a H 2 = 0.282 17 (5.5) = 72.51 kN / m
2
2

K H
3

= 1.83 m

WSurcharges {{

q E11.7FK
W z

v = q + z

(15.7)

- -

q
qK a

HK a

WE11.7F

a = (q + z )

1 sin
= (q + z )K a
1 + sin

(16.7)

W H

1
Pa = H 2 K a + qHK a
2

(17.7)

E11.7F
K
W

1
PP = H 2 K P + qHK P
2

(18.7)

K q H
- -

WE3.7F
E12.7F

q = 450 kN / m 2

= 19 kN / m 3

4m

= 30 o
c=0

E3.7FWE12.7F

Ka =

1 sin 1 sin 30
=
= 0.333
1 + sin 1 + sin 30

1
1
Pa = H 2 K a + qHK a = 19 4 2 0.333 + 450 4 0.333 = 650 kN / m
2
2

- -

W h
qK a = 150 kN / m 2

Pa = 650 kN / m

4m

h = 1.95 m

HK a = 25.33 kN / m 2

h=

150 4

4 1
4
+ 25.33 4
2 2
3 = 1.95 m
650

- -

WProblems
4.5 m K
KK

= 18.6 kN / m 3
4.5 m

= 34 o
c=0

6.0 m K
K

EF

6.0 m

= 17.8 kN / m 3
= 10
c = 12 kPa

- -

KK K
q = 500 kN / m 2

= 17.5 kN / m 3
5.0 m

= 32 o
c=0

W K
H = 4.5 m

= 18.0 kN / m 3
= 34 o
= 10 o

Pp = 320 kN Pa = 405 kN

d H K

= 20 kN / m 3
= 35 o

Pa = 405 kN
d
Pp = 320 kN

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

W
W

K

K

K
K
K

KW

- -

WIntroduction

K1.0 %0.5 %

K
W
K K

K K
K K

K K

K
K

K K

K K
K K
K K

WSubsurface Exploration Program

WK

W E

- -

K
WK
K

W E
WK
K
K

K
K

W E
K
- -

W E
K

K
K
WSoil Borings Methods

W {{

KEtest pitF

KE1.8F

E F

Ehand augersFW

K
KE2.8FK

- -

W {{

WE1.8F

WE2.8F

- -

WRotary Drilling

FK

EbitF

KE3.8F

WE3.8F

Ksampler

- -

WWash Boring

3.5 m2.0EcasingF

K
K

KE4.8FK

WE4.8F
EBowles, J. E. - 1997F

K
WPercussion Drilling
- -

K
K

E5.8FK
K

WContinuous-Flight Auger

KK

E5.8F

- -

WSoil Sampling

K
EFW K

Kundisturbed sampleEFdisturbed sample

Wdisturbed sampleEF

{{

Wundisturbed sampleEF {{

K
K

- -

WK

WSplit-Spoon Method

E6.8FK

K

K1.5 m

0.762 m623 N

45 cm
K
15 cm
Kstandard penetration test (SPT)

- -

WE6.8F
(Das, B. M. - 1993)

WShelby Tubes Method

Thin Wall Tube

76.2 mm50.8 mm60 cm

KE7.8F

- -

WE7.8F
(Das, B. M. - 1993)

WPiston Sampler

E8.8F

K
K

WDegree of Sample Disturbance

K

WK

- -

Hole

sample

sampler

piston

WE8.8F

Ar =

D D
100
Di2
2
o

2
i

E1.8F

- -

= Ar

= Do
= Di

K10%

WE1.8F

K50.8 mm47.7 mm

Ar =
=

D D
100
Di2
2
o

2
i

(50.8)2 (47.7 )2 = 13.42 %

(47.7 )2
K

WField Tests

- -

WSubsurface Profile

E9K8FK
K

E11.8FKE10.8F

WE9.8F

EF

- -

( )

( )

WE10.8F

- -

WE11.8F

- -

WSoil Investigation Report

K

WK
K E

K E

K E

K E

K E

K E

K E
K E
K E

K E
K E
W E
K

K
K

- -

Water Content TestW

0.01 gm

110 o C 5 o C

K
K W1

K W2 K
110 o C 105 o C K
K2412

K
K W3

Ws Ww

w(%) =

Ww
100
Ws

w(%) =

W2 W3
100
W3 W1

- -

H
EF

H
EF
EF
EF
EF
EF

- -

W
Liquid Limit Test

KCassagrande K
0.01 gm K
110 o C 5 o C

K
40 K
K

W
K
K1 cm

K K

40100-150 gm

KK
- -

K
K

w(%) =

W2 W3
100
W3 W1

= W1
H = W2
H = W2

- -

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKKKKW

EFH
EFH
EF
EF
EF
EF

w %

(NF

10

25

- -

100

Plastic Limit TestW

K
0.01 gm K
110 o C 5 o C

K
40 K
K

40 15 gm K
K

EF K
K 1 ( 3 mm )
8

K K
K K

PL =

PL1 + PL2 + PL3

3

K

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
- -

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKKKKW

EFH
EFH
EF
EF
( )
PLEF

- -

Grain Size Distribution W

Sieve Analysis Test J

K
0.1 gm K

110 o C 5 o C

K
K

K K
K K

500 gm K
K

K
K

K K

E5FE1F K
K

100 E F =
=

J 100% =

- -

KKKKKKKWKKKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKWKKKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKW

KKKKKKW

KKKKKKKKKW

(%)

(%)

(%)

()

()

()

()

25.40

12.70

6.35

4.75

2.00

10

0.850

20

0.425

40

0.15

100

0.074

200

Pan

- -

Grain Size Distribution W

Hydrometer Analysis Test J

W
K

K
K

0.1 gm K
110 o C 5 o C

K
K

K
K

200 50 gm K
K

125 ml250 ml K

. 16 4%
K
K

K 15 K

K
K1000 ml

E F K

K
- -

K K
K

K2520

K
1440, 250, 60, 30, 15, 5W

K

K
K

K0.01 gm K

EF K
K

K
.0.01 gm

KEFEF K

WE

D=
=K

30n
(Gs GT ) L
T
980

L
T

EmmF

=D

EpoisesF

=n

- -

= Gs

KE1F

= GT

EminF

=T
=K

KE2F

KE3F

=L

WE

G
100000
N= s
(R GT )
ws
Gs 1

E%F

=N
= Gs

KE1F

= GT

= ws

- -

=R

WEF
o

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0.9999 0.9997 0.9982 0.9957 0.9922 0.9881 0.9832 0.9778 0.9718 0.9653

0.9999 0.9996 0.9980 0.9954 0.9919 0.9876 0.9827 0.9772 0.9712 0.9647

1.000

0.9995 0.9978 0.9951 0.9915 0.9872 0.9822 0.9767 0.9706 0.9640

1.000

0.9994 0.9976 0.9947 0.9911 0.9867 0.9817 0.9761 0.9699 0.9633

1.000

0.9993 0.9973 0.9944 0.9907 0.9862 0.9811 0.9755 0.9693 0.9626

1.000

0.9991 0.9971 0.9941 0.9902 0.9857 0.9806 0.9749 0.9686 0.9619

1.000

0.9990 0.9968 0.9937 0.9808 0.9852 0.9800 0.9743 0.9680 0.9612

0.9999 0.9988 0.9965 0.9934 0.9894 0.9848 0.9795 0.9737 0.9673

0.9999 0.9986 0.9963 0.9930 0.9890 0.9842 0.9789 0.9731 0.9667 0.9598

0.9998 0.9984 0.9960 0.9926 0.9885 0.9838 0.9784 0.9724 0.9660 0.9591

- -

.9605

K WEF
( Gs )

E oC F

2.45

2.50

2.55

2.60

2.65

2.70

2.75

2.80

2.85

16

0.01510 0.01505 0.01481 0.01457 0.01435 0.01414 0.01394 0.01374 0.01356

17

0.01511 0.01486 0.01462 0.01439 0.01417 0.01396 0.01376 0.01356 0.01338

18

0.01492 0.01467 0.01443 0.01421 0.01399 0.01378 0.01359 0.01339 0.01321

19

0.01474 0.01449 0.01425 0.01403 0.01382 0.01361 0.01342 0.01323 0.01305

20

0.01456 0.01431 0.01408 0.01386 0.01365 0.01344 0.01325 0.01307 0.01289

21

0.01438 0.01414 0.01391 0.01369 0.01348 0.01328 0.01309 0.01291 0.01273

22

0.01421 0.01397 0.01374 0.01353 0.01332 0.01312 0.01294 0.01276 0.01258

23

0.01404 0.01381 0.01358 0.01337 0.01317 0.01297 0.01279 0.01261 0.01243

24

0.01388 0.01365 0.01342 0.01321 0.01301 0.01282 0.01264 0.01246 0.01229

25

0.01372 0.01349 0.01327 0.01306 0.01286 0.01267 0.01249 0.01232 0.01215

26

0.01357 0.01334 0.01312 0.01291 0.01272 0.01253 0.01235 0.01218 0.01201

27

0.01342 0.01319 0.01297 0.01277 0.01258 0.01239 0.01221 0.01204 0.01188

28

0.01327 0.01304 0.01283 0.01264 0.01244 0.01225 0.01208 0.01191 0.01175

29

0.01312 0.01290 0.01269 0.01249 0.01230 0.01212 0.01195 0.01178 0.01162

30

0.01298 0.01276 0.01256 0.01236 0.01217 0.01199 0.01182 0.01165 0.01149

- -

:()
151H

152H

L, cm

L, cm

L, cm

1.000
1.001
1.002
1.003
1.004
1.005
1.006
1.007
1.008
1.009
1.010
1.011
1.012
1.013
1.014
1.015
1.016
1.017
1.018
1.019
1.020
1.021
1.022
1.023
1.024
1.025
1.026
1.027
1.028
1.029
1.030
1.031
1.032
1.033
1.034
1.035
1.036

16.3
16.0
15.8
15.5
15.2
15.0
14.7
14.4
14.2
13.9
13.7
13.4
13.1
12.9
12.6
12.3
12.1
11.8
11.5
11.3
11.0
10.7
10.5
10.2
10.0
9.7
9.4
9.2
8.9
8.6
8.4
8.1
7.8
7.6
7.3
7.0
6.8

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

16.3
16.1
16.0
15.8
15.6
15.5
15.3
15.2
15.0
14.8
14.7
14.5
14.3
14.2
14.0
13.8
13.7
13.5
13.3
13.2
13.0
12.9
12.7
12.5
12.4
12.2
12.0
11.9
11.7
11.5
11.4
11.2
11.1
10.9
10.7
10.6
10.4

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

9.9
9.7
9.6
9.4
9.2
9.1
8.9
8.8
8.6
8.4
8.3
8.1
7.9
7.8
7.6
7.4
7.3
7.1
7.0
6.8
6.6
6.5

- -

Compaction Tests

W
EF

20 kg

0.1 gm

110 o C 5 o C

- -

Standard Proctor Test J W

K15 kg K
K K

EF K
K

K K
K K

5 cm K
K7 cm

30.5 cm2.5 kg K
K

K
KEF

K

KEF

K
K

K K

K K

K K

EFEF K
K

- -

Modified Proctor Test J

K EFEF K

K K

45.72 cm4.54 kg K
K
K
KEF

K K

.EFEF

K
K

maximum dry density ( d max )

optimum moisture content (OMC )

WK

d =
=

Ws
V
W
w

V 1 +

100

=V

=W

- -

= Ws

=w

KKKKKKKWKKKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKWKKKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKKKW

KKKKKKW

KKKKKKKKKW

( )+

EF
EF
EkN/m3F
EkN/m3F

EF
EF
EFH
EFH
( )

EF
EF
- -

References

??EF K
K

? ? EF K
K

K??EF K

Atkinsom, J. (1993), An Introduction to the Mechanics of Soils and .

Foundations, McGraw-Hill Inc.
Atkins, H. N. (1983), Highway Materials, Soils, and Concretes, 2nd Edition, .
Prentice-Hall Company, Virginia.
Bowles, J. E. (1997) Foundation Analysis and Design, McGraw-Hill Inc. .
Das, B. M. (1993) Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 3rd Edition, .
PWS Publishing Company, Boston.
Lambe, T. W. & Whitman, R. V. (1969) Soil Mechanics, John Wiley & .
Sons Inc., New York.
Smith, G. N. & Smith, I. G. (1998) Elements of Soil Mechanics, 7th Edition, .
Blackwell Science.
Spangler, M. G. & Handy, R. L. (1982), Soil Engineering, 4th

Edition, Happer & Row, Publishers, Inc., New York.

- -

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