Professional Documents
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Evolution of Management Thought: Pamela S. Lewis Stephen H. Goodman Patricia M. Fandt
Evolution of Management Thought: Pamela S. Lewis Stephen H. Goodman Patricia M. Fandt
Evolution of Management
Thought
Pamela S. Lewis
Stephen H. Goodman
Patricia M. Fandt
Slides Prepared by
Bruce R. Barringer
University of Central Florida
2001 South-Western College Publishing
Learning Objectives
Slide 1 of 3
1.Describe the major influences on the
development of management thought.
2.Identify the five major perspectives of
management thought that have evolved
over the years.
3.Describe the different subfields that exist in
the classical perspective of management
and discuss the
central focus of each.
Transparency 2-2
Learning Objectives
Slide 2 of 3
4.Describe the theories of the major
contributors to the behavioral perspective
of
management.
5.Identify the major events that gave rise to
the emergence of the quantitative
perspective of management.
6.Describe the structure of the building
blocks of systems analysis.
2001 South-Western Publishing
Transparency 2-3
Learning Objectives
Slide 3 of 3
perspective of management.
8.Discuss the future issues that will affect the
thought.
2001 South-Western Publishing
Transparency 2-4
Environmental Factors
Influencing Management
Thought
Slide 1 of 3
Influences on Management
Thought
Economic
Political
Social
Global
Technological
Transparency 2-5
Environmental Factors
Influencing Management
Thought
Slide 2 of 3
Economic Influences
Social Influences
Relate to the aspects of a culture that influence
interpersonal relationships.
Political Influences
Relate to the impact of political institutions on
individuals and organizations.
2001 South-Western Publishing
Transparency 2-6
Environmental Factors
Influencing Management
Thought
Slide 3 of 3
Technological Influences
Relate to the advances and refinements in any
of the devices that are used in conjunction with
conducting business.
Global Influences
Relate to the pressures to improve quality,
productivity, and costs as organizations attempt
to compete in the worldwide marketplace.
2001 South-Western Publishing
Transparency 2-7
Transparency 2-8
Chronological Development of
the Schools of Management
Thought
Contingency
Perspective
Systems
Perspective
Quantitative
Perspective
Behavioral
Perspective
Classical
Perspective
1875
2001 South-Western Publishing
1900
1925
1950
1975
Transparency 2-9
2000
Classical Perspective
The oldest formal viewpoints of management, it
includes the following approaches:
Scientific
Management
Administrative
Management
Bureaucratic
Management
Focuses on the
productivity of
the individual
worker
Focuses on the
functions of
management
Focuses on the
overall
organizational
system
Transparency 2-10
Scientific Management
Slide 1 of 4
Transparency 2-11
Scientific Management
Slide 2 of 4
Transparency 2-12
Scientific Management
Slide 3 of 4
Frank Gilbreth
Specialized in time and motion studies to
determine the most efficient way to perform
tasks.
Used the new medium of motion pictures to
examine the work of bricklayers.
Identified 17 work elements (such as lifting and
grasping) and called them therbligs.
Transparency 2-13
Scientific Management
Slide 4 of 4
Lillian Gilbreth
Was a strong proponent of better working
conditions as a means of improving efficiency
and productivity.
Wrote an entertaining book about raising her
family entitled Cheaper by the Dozen.
Transparency 2-14
Administrative Management
Slide 1 of 2
Transparency 2-15
Administrative Management
Slide 2 of 2
Henri Fayol
Developed a set of 14 general principles of
management.
His managerial functions of planning, leading,
organizing, and controlling are routinely used
in modern organizations.
Transparency 2-16
Bureaucratic Management
Slide 1 of 4
Transparency 2-17
Bureaucratic Management
Slide 2 of 4
Max Weber
Envisioned a system of management that would
be based upon impersonal and rational behavior.
Conceptualized the approach to management
referred to as bureaucracy.
Division of labor
Hierarchy of authority
Rules and procedures
Impersonality
Employee selection and promotion
Transparency 2-18
Bureaucratic Management
Slide 3 of 4
Charismatic authority
Subordinates voluntarily comply with a leader
because of his or her special personal qualities or
abilities.
Transparency 2-19
Bureaucratic Management
Slide 4 of 4
Transparency 2-20
Focused on rational
behavior
Behavioral Perspective
vs.
Acknowledged the
importance of
human behavior
Transparency 2-21
Behavioral Perspective
Slide 1 of 6
Behavioral Perspective
Followed the classical perspective
Acknowledged the importance of human
behavior in shaping management style
Associated with the following scholars:
Transparency 2-22
Behavioral Perspective
Slide 2 of 6
Transparency 2-23
Behavioral Perspective
Slide 3 of 6
Elton Mayo
Conducted the famous Hawthorne Experiments.
Concluded that productivity increased because
someone was paying attention to the workers.
Mayos work represents the transition from
scientific management to the early human
relations movement.
Transparency 2-24
Behavioral Perspective
Slide 4 of 6
Transparency 2-25
Behavioral Perspective
Slide 5 of 6
Douglas McGregor
Proposed the Theory X and Theory Y styles of
management.
Theory X managers perceive that their
subordinates have an inherent dislike of work
and will avoid it if at all possible.
Theory Y managers perceive that their
subordinates enjoy work and that they will gain
satisfaction from performing their jobs.
2001 South-Western Publishing
Transparency 2-26
Behavioral Perspective
Slide 6 of 6
Chester Barnard
Felt that executives serve two primary
functions:
Must establish and maintain a communications
system among employees.
Must establish the objectives of the organization and
motivate employees.
Transparency 2-27
Quantitative Perspective
Slide 1 of 3
Decisionmaking focus
Measurable
criteria
Quantitative
model
Computers
Transparency 2-28
Quantitative Perspective
Slide 2 of 3
Decision-Making Focus
The primary focus of the quantitative approach
is on problems or situations that require some
direct action, or decision, on the part of
management.
Measurable Criteria
The decision-making process requires that the
decision maker select some alternative course
of action. The alternatives must be compared
on the basis of some measurable criteria.
2001 South-Western Publishing
Transparency 2-29
Quantitative Perspective
Slide 3 of 3
Quantitative Model
To assess the likely impact of each alternative
on the stated criteria, a quantitative model of
the decision situation must be formulated.
Computers
Computers are quite useful in the problemsolving process.
Transparency 2-30
Systems Perspective
An approach to problem solving that is based on an
understanding of the basic structure of systems:
Basic Structure of Systems
Inputs
Transformation
process
Outputs
Feedback
2001 South-Western Publishing
Transparency 2-31
Contingency Perspective
A view that proposes that there is no one
best approach to management for all
situations.
Asserts that managers are responsible for
determining which managerial approach is
likely to be most effective in a given
situation.
This requires managers to identify the key
contingencies in a given situation.
2001 South-Western Publishing
Transparency 2-32
Small-batch
technology
Mass-production
technology
Continuous-process
technology
Transparency 2-33
Classical Perspective
Facilitated by advanced
computers
Facilitated by modern
communications
equipment
Transparency 2-34
Future Issues
Influencing
Management
Thought
Diversity
Globalization
Quality
Transparency 2-35
Transparency 2-36
Transparency 2-37
Transparency 2-38
Transparency 2-39