Saysal Modlasyonlar

alma Notu

DBPSK
Kabuller:
dk balang biti (1 ya da 0 olabilir)
1 biti hangi fazla iletilecek (0 ya da )

BPSK iin (Kutuplu letiim)

Hata Olaslklar

Dikgen Sinyaller iin Yldz Diyagram

Taban band M-PAM sisteminin hata

olasl

PSK Modlasyonlar
BSPK
M=4 PSK iin sembol
hatas (Her iki bitin
de doru alnma
olasl)
Q ve I kanalndaki
grltler birbirinden
bamsz olduu
kabul ile

PSK eitleri ve Hata Olaslklar

M-PSK Hata Olasl

E-uyumlu alc iin sembol hata olasl
Sembol hatas

E-uyumlu olmayan alc iin sembol hata

olasl

Performance of ASK, FSK, MFSK, PSK and

MPSK
Bandwidth Efficiency
ASK/PSK:

data rate
R
1

,
transmission bandwidth BT 1 r

MPSK:

R log 2 M

,
BT
1 r

MFSK:

R
log 2 M

BT (1 r ) M

0 r 1

M : number of different signal elements

Bit Error Rate (BER)

bit error rate of PSK and QPSK are about 3dB superior to ASK
and FSK (see Fig. 5.4)
for MFSK & MPSK have tradeoff between bandwidth efficiency
and error performance

41/45

QAM modulator

QAM :

s(t ) d1 (t ) cos(2f c t ) d 2 (t ) sin(2f c t )

ASK

ASK

44/45

QAM Hata Olasl

Ezberlemenize gerek yok

Performance of square QAM in Additive

Gaussian Noise
The probability of symbol error of M-QAM
with square constellation is given by

Where Eav is the average symbol energy given

by

13

EE 322

Al-Sanie

Example: square 16-QAM

M=16, L=4
Thus the square constellation is the Cartesian
product of the 4-PAM constellation with itself.
ak and bk take values from the set {-1,+1, -3,
+3}
The matrix of the product

EE 322

Al-Sanie

14

16-QAM Dizilimi

EE 322

Al-Sanie

15

rnek Soru:
ekilde 4-PSK ve 8-PSK nn sembol dizilimleri verilmektedir.
Her iki dizilimde de komu noktalar aras mesafe ddir. 8-PSK
ve 4-PSK ile ayn hata olaslna sahip olabilmesi iin SNR
deeri ne kadar artrlmaldr?

zm