Hibernate

Mc lc
Contents
1. Khi nim............................................................................................................3
1.1

ORM Framework ..........................................................................................3

1.2

Persistence Layer ...........................................................................................3

1.3

Hibernate Framework ....................................................................................4

2. Ci t v s dng .............................................................................................5
2.1

Ci t ............................................................................................................5

2.2

S dng ..........................................................................................................5

3. Cc tp tin config ...............................................................................................6

3.1

hibernate.cfg.xml ...........................................................................................6

3.2

Hibernate.properties ......................................................................................7

4. Tp tin hbm.xml tp tin nh x .....................................................................8

4.1

Cu trc c bn ..............................................................................................8

4.2

Mapping types ...............................................................................................9

4.3

Mapping collection of value types (s dng bag) .......................................11

4.4

Mapping Entity Association ........................................................................12

4.5

Cascading action..........................................................................................13

5. org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration .....................................................................14
5.1

Configure() ..................................................................................................14

5.2

addResource(String path) ............................................................................14

5.3

addClass(java.lang.Class class) ...................................................................14

5.4

setProperties(java.util.Properties) ...............................................................14
1

6. org.hibernate.Session.......................................................................................14
6.1

Cch s dng ...............................................................................................14

6.2

Rt trch mt persistence object bng id .....................................................15

6.3

lock()............................................................................................................15

6.4

Updating persistence objects .......................................................................16

6.5

Insert ............................................................................................................17

6.6

Delete ...........................................................................................................18

6.7

Ngoi l ConstraintViolationException ......................................................19

7. Transaction .......................................................................................................19
7.1

Understanding database transactions ..........................................................19

7.2

JDBC v JTA transactions ..........................................................................19

7.3

Hibernate Transaction API ..........................................................................20

8. HQL...................................................................................................................22
8.1

Mnh from ..............................................................................................22

8.2

Mnh as...................................................................................................24

8.3

Cc lin kt ca i tng ...........................................................................25

8.4

Mnh select .............................................................................................27

8.5

Cc hm tp hp ca HQL ..........................................................................27

8.6

Mnh where ............................................................................................27

8.7

Mnh order by v group by ....................................................................30

1. Khi nim
1.1 ORM Framework
Framework l mt khi nim trong pht trin phn mm dng

ch nhng cu trc h tr c nh ngha m trong

nhng d n phn mm khc c th c sp xp vo v
pht trin.
ORM (Object Relational Mapping) framework l mt c ch

cho php ngi lp trnh thao tc vi database mt cch hon

ton t nhin thng qua cc i tng. Lp trnh vin hon
ton khng quan tm n loi database s dng, SQL,
1.2 Persistence Layer
Tier v Layer: tier thng c gn vi phn cng v mt

vt l (physical) cn layer th dnh n vn cch thc t

chc bn trong ca ng dng. Vic phn chia tier l trong
sut (transparent) i vi ng dng v mt lun l (logical).
iu ny c ngha l khi ta pht trin mt ng dng, chng ta
khng bn tm n cc thnh phn (component) s trin khai
(deploy) ra sao m ch ch l chng ta s t chc ng dng
thnh nhng layer nh th no.

Peristence layer: mt ng dng c th c chia lm 3 phn

nh sau: giao din ngi dng (presentation layer), phn x l
nghip v (business layer) v phn cha d liu (data layer).
C th ra, business layer c th c chia nh thnh 2 layer
con l business logic layer (cc tnh ton nhm tha mn yu
cu ngi dng) v persistence layer. Persistence layer chu
trch nhim giao tip vi data layer (thng l mt h qun tr
c s d liu quan h - Relational DBMS). Persistence s m
3

nhim cc nhim v m kt ni, truy xut v lu tr d liu

vo cc Relational DBMS.
1.3 Hibernate Framework
Hibernate l mt trong nhng ORM Framework
Hibernate framework l mt framework cho persistence layer.

Nh vy, nh c Hibernate framework m gi y khi bn

pht trin ng dng bn ch cn ch tm vo nhng layer khc
m khng phi bn tm nhiu v persistence layer na.

Hibernate: l mt dch v lu tr v truy vn d liu quan h

mnh m v nhanh.

Hibernate gip bn pht trin cc class dng lu tr d liu

theo cch thc hng i tng: association, inheritance,
polymorphism, composition v collections

Hibernate cho php bn thc hin cc cu truy vn d liu

bng cch s dng ngn ng SQL m rng ca Hibernate
(HQL) hoc l ngn ng SQL nguyn thy cng nh l s
dng cc API.

Hibernate c license theo LGPL (Lesser GNU Public

License).

Theo , bn c th thoi mi s dng Hibernate trong cc d

n open source hoc cc d n thng mi (commercial).

2. Ci t v s dng
2.1 Ci t
Vic ci t Hibernate rt n gin. Hibernate c build

thnh 1 tp tin JAR. Bn ch cn download tp tin ny v lu

n vo th mc LIB ca project m bn ang pht trin.
Download JDBC Driver cho database (cng c build thnh

1 tp tin JAR).
Thm cc thnh phn lin quan ca Hibernate vo classpath.
2.2 S dng
Vic s dng Hibernate cng rt n gin. Bn cn g mt

persistence layer? l chng s truy xut cng nh lu tr d liu

ca bn xung database. V mt vt l, theo m hnh d liu quan
h, d liu ca bn s bao gm cc thc th (entity) c quan h vi
nhau. V khi hin thc c th hn mc database, chng s c i
din bi cc table, bi cc rng buc kha ngoi, kha chnh,
Hibernate cng nh vy.
Mi table trong database l mt object trong Hibernate. Do , bn

cn c mt java bean cho mi table trong database. Cc java bean

ny s c cc getters / setters v mt s ngoi l theo quy c ca
Hibernate.
Tip theo Hibernate bit mt object c nh x (mapping)

nh th no vi table trong database, Hibernate yu cu bn cung

cp tp tin c t gi l mapping file. Theo quy c ca Hibernate,
cc mapping file ny c ui l .hbm.xml v phi hp l vi DTD
(Document Type Definition) m Hibernate a ra. Trong cc
mapping file ny, bn s c t cc mi quan h gia property ca
5

object vi field ca table. Tc l bn gip cho Hibernate hiu mi

quan h gia cc object tng ng nh th no vi mi quan h
gia cc field.
Tip theo, bn cn c 1 tp tin Hibernate bt u:

hibernate.cfg.xml. C th ni tp tin ny c load ln u tin khi

bn khi ng Hibernate. Bn c t cc thng tin sau:
-

SQL Dialects.

JDBC connection property: connection (url, driver class name,

user name, password, pool size).

Hoc l datasource property: datasource JNDI name, user

name, password.

Hibernate configuration: show sql,

Hibernate cache configuration.

Hibernate transaction configuration.

Miscellaneous configuration.

3. Cc tp tin config
3.1 hibernate.cfg.xml
Tp tin ny bt u bng th <hibernate-configuration> v kt

thc vi th </hibernate-configuration>.
Th <session-factory> l th con ca th <hibernate-

configuration>. Nhng th con ca th <session-factory> c

s dng nh ngha properties v resources ca sessionfactory.

nh ngha cc properties ca session-factory, ta s dng

th <property name=>class</property>.

name ca th property l property ca session-factory.

Nhng properties ca session-factory c th l:

o hibernate.connection.driver_class
o hibernate.connection.url
o hibernate.connection.username
o hibernate.connection.password
o hibernate.connection.pool_size

show_sql

Dialect

hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto

class l cc gi tr ca cc properties ca session-factory.

o V d:

<property
name=hibernate.connection.driver_class>
com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
</property>
-

nh ngha resouces ca session-factory, ta s dng

<mapping resource=/>
o resource l ng dn url ca hbm.xml file.

3.2 Hibernate.properties

Khai bo cc properties trong 1 file tn l: hibernate.properties, ch cn

t file ny trong classpath ca ng dng. N s t kim tra v c khi
Hibernate khi chy ln u tin, l khi tao 1 Configuaration object.
Tng t nh hibernate.cfg.xml, hibernate.properties cng khai bo
7

cc thng s, nhng hibernate.properties thng c kt hp vi spring

config.
4. Tp tin hbm.xml tp tin nh x
4.1 Cu trc c bn
Bt u bng <hibernate-mapping> v kt thc vi

</hibernate-mapping>.
Tng bng trong CSDL c inh ngha bng th <class> v

cha nhng thuc tnh (attributes):

name: l tn ca lp i tng d liu (data object class)

(ca bng tng ng trong CSDL).

table: l tn ca bng trong CSDL.

Th <class> c cc th con sau:

-

Th <id>: nh ngha id ca bng. N c nhng thuc

tnh sau:
o name: l tn property ca i tng d liu (data

object).
o column: l tn ca ct trong CSDL.
o type: l kiu d liu ca ct. Ch : y l mt kiu

ca Hibernate ch khng phi ca kiu d liu ca

Java hay ca CSDL.
-

Th <id> cng c th con sau:

Th <generator class=> cho bit loi id trong table

ca CSDL (c gn l: no-generate, increment: c
to ra bi hibernate (khng nn s dng), identity: t
ng to ra bi CSDL, native: chn cc kiu to khc
nh sequence ca Oracle.

Th <property> ch ra mt ct bnh thng, c cng

thuc tnh nh th <id> ngoi tr vic th ny khng c
th con <generator>.

4.2 Mapping types

Mapping types l nhng kiu d liu m khi khai bo tp

tin hbm.xml s dc nh x tng ng. Hibernate c mt s
kiu d liu sn c m Hibernate nh ngha, goi l Builtin mapping types. Ngoi ra, bn cng c th t nh ngha
mt kiu ring ca bn.

Bn cng nn ch rng c s d liu ca bn c th s

khng h tr mt vi SQL types trn. Danh sch trn ch
l ANSI-standard data types.

Tuy nhin, JDBC driver cung cp vendor-specific SQL data

types, cho php Hibernate lm vic vi ANSI-standard types
khi thc thi cu lnh DML (data manipulation language). i
vi DDL, Hibernate dch ANSI-standard type thnh vendorspecific type bng cch s dng c t SQL dialects.
java.sql.Blob v java.sql.Clob l cch hiu qu nht qun
l large object trong Java.
Tuy nhin, do hn ch l Blob v Clob ch c th s dng cho
n khi JDBC transaction hon tt, nn ngi ta thng s
dng binary hay text mapping type.

Ch : bn c th kim ci mu mi nht (design pattern) v

hng dn s dng large object trn website ca Hibernate.

<class name="vn.huflit.diendan.model.Forum" table="FORUM">

<id
9

name="id"
type="java.lang.Long"
unsave-value="null" >
<column
name="FORUM_ID"
not-null="true"
sql-type="INTEGER"
/>
<generator class="identity">
</generator>
</id>
<property
name="forumSubject"
type="java.lang.String"
update="true"
insert="true"
>
<column
name="FORUM_SUBJECT"
not-null="true"
sql-type="VARCHAR(50)"
/>
</property>
<!
Tiep tuc...
-->
</class>
10

4.3 Mapping collection of value types (s dng bag)

Trong trng hp ta c CSDL nh trn, mt FORUM thuc mt

CAT v mt CAT c nhiu FORUM.

Vy nn, trong CAT c danh sch FORUM, nh vy trong Class

Category c mt thuc tnh forumList, v ta s nh x forumList nh
th no.
Ta s s dng th bag lm cng vic ny trong tp tin mapping

ca CAT:
<bag
name="forumList"
lazy="true"
cascade="save-update"
>
<key
column="CAT_ID"
>
</key>

<one-to-many
class="vn.huflit.diendan.model.Forum"
/>
</bag>

11

4.4 Mapping Entity Association

Thng c 4 dng kt hp l: one-to-one, many-to-many, one-

to-many, many-to-one, nhng thng th ta ch s dng 2 loi

kt hp: one-to-many v many-to-one.
-

One-to-many

o Nh v d phn trn, mt FORUM thuc mt CAT v

mt CAT cha nhiu FORUM, nn trong CAT c
thuc tnh forumList.
o i vi mi phn t trong forumList s thuc mt
CAT, v vy, quan h gia CAT vi nhng phn t
ny l one-to-many.
o Ta dng th <one-to-many> nm trong lp Category
(trong th bag) cho bit Category c nhiu phn t
nm trong forumList v mi phn t chnh l mt
th hin ca Forum.
o V d (xem phn Mapping collection of value types)
-

Many-to-one
o th hin rng mt TOPIC thuc mt FORUM, v

cng c th mt th hin khc ca TOPIC cng thuc

FORUM trn, ta s s dng th <many-to-one> trong
tp tin nh x ca TOPIC.
o

V d:
<many-to-one
name="forumId"
class="vn.huflit.diendan.model.Forum"
12

cascade="none"
outer-join="auto"
update="true"
insert="true"
>
<column
name="FORUM_ID"
not-null="true"
sql-type="INTEGER"
/>
</many-to-one>
4.5 Cascading action
V cc thuc tnh cascade trong cc th bn trn, ngha n

tng t nh cc ty chn cascade trong cc h qun tr CSDL

m ta tng bit nh Ms Access, SQL Server, Oracle, ... Cc
gi tr ca cascade:
-

"none": khng thc hin g c, t ta kim tra cc rng

buc v thc hin cho ng trnh ngoi l.

"save-update": lu v cp nht cha s c cp nht c

con.

"delete": xa cha th s thc hin xa c con.

"all": tt c hnh ng bao gm "save-update" hay

"delete" u c thay i con nu c thay i t cha

"all-delete-orphan": tt c hnh ng s c cp nht t

cha n con, nhng con khng cn cha s b xa.

Thng th, save-update l mt la chn tt nht v d xi.

13

5. org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration
5.1 Configure()

S dng cc php nh x (mappings) v cc c tnh c xc

nh (properties specified) trong mt ti nguyn ng dng
(application resource) c t tn l hibernate.cfg.xml. Nhiu
ngi thch tp trung cu hnh Hibernate bng cch ny thay v
thm tham s vo Configuration trong code ca ng dng.
5.2 addResource(String path)

c cc mappings trong mt application resource (s dng ci

ny khi khng mun s dng file .cfg.xml config).
5.3 addClass(java.lang.Class class)

c mapping files ca class u vo (v d, c lp User and v c

User.hbm.xml, khi s dng addClass(User.class) ngha l thm
User.hbm.xml resource file vo Configuration
5.4 setProperties(java.util.Properties)
Ta c th class, driver, user, password (,) truy cp vo
database bng cch s dng .cfg.xml file hoc .properties file.
Khi s dng .properties file, phi s dng phng thc ny
config.
6. org.hibernate.Session
6.1 Cch s dng

//open a session
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
//begin a transaction
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
//
//do sth with session here
14

//

//commit
tx.commit();
//close session
session.close();
6.2 Rt trch mt persistence object bng id

V d ly ra mt user bng id:

User user = session.get(User.class, new Long(100));Nu chng
ta s dung phng thc ny ly User vi cng id trong cng
session, phng thc ny s tr v mt instance ca User
(khng phi 2 instance).
V d:
User user1 = session.get(User.class, new Long(100));
User user2 = sessoon.get(User.class, new Long(100));
=> user1= user2

Ta c th rt trch bng phng thc load(). S khc bit gia

phng thc load() v get() l ta c th khng rt trinh mt i
tng c tr v bi phng thc load() khi session b
ng (close).
6.3 lock()
Sau khi ly mt i tng t CSDL, ta ng session li. Ci

vic ny s lm cho i tng tr thnh intacnce b tch bit

15

(detached instance). N c th c kt hp li (reassociated)

vi Session mi bng cch gi lock(). Phng thhc ny s
nm ra mt ngoi l l HibernateException khi n khng th
tm thy id trong CSDL bng vi id ca i tng.
HibernateException cng s b nm khi bn thay i id ca i
tng sau khi kt hp li.
V d:

Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();

User user = (User) session.get(User.class, new Long(100));
Session.close();
//user becomes detached
Session

session2

sessionFactory.openSession();

//anotherSession
session2.lock(user, LockMode.NONE); //reassociated
6.4 Updating persistence objects
Cc i tng c rt trch bi phng thc session.load() hay
session.get() c kt hp vi CSDL. Chng ta ch cn set
nhng gi tr mi v commit ci transaction update. Objects that
are reassociated are also the same.
V d:
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
User user = (User) session.get(User.class, new Long(100));
user.setName(ABC);
tx.commit();
session.close();

16

Detached objects c th thng c cp nht bi phng thc

update(). Cc i tng c cp nht cng c kt hp li
vi session mi.
V d:
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
User user = (User) session.get(User.class, new Long(100));
user.setName(ABC);
tx.commit();
session.close();
// pretend that user has 2 properties, first is
// name, second is password; and the values by
// roster are AAA and BBB.
user.setName(ABC);//new name value
Session session2 = sessionFactory.openSession();
tx = session2.beginTransaction();
session2.update(user); //update and reassociated
user.setPassword(EFG);
tx.commit();
session2.close();

//the new values of user in turn of name and password are

ABC and EFG
Mt StaleStateException s c nm khi ta cp nht mt i
tng khng tn ti.

6.5 Insert

17

 insert mt i tng vo CSDL, ta s dng phng thc save().

Sau khi gi phng thc ny, i tng s c kt hp li vi
session.
V d:
User user = new User();
user.setId(120);
user.setName(Name);
user.setPassword(Password);
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tx = Session.beginTransaction();
session.save(user);
user.setName(NewName);
tx.commit();
session.close();
/* after executing the code above, in database, there is a row containing
values as follow: id = 120, name = NewName, password =
Password */

6.6 Delete
delete mt dng trong CSDL, ta phi a ra mt i tng tng
ng vi bng trong CSDL. Nhng ta khng cn phi a ht gi tr vo
cc thuc tnh ca i tng, ta ch cn set ci id ca i tng.
Phng thc ny s nm ra mt ngoi l (StaleStateException) khi ta
mun xa mt i tng c id m id ny ko tn ti trong CSDL.

V d:
User user = new User();
User.setId(100);
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
18

Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
session.delete(user);
tx.commit();
session.close();

6.7 Ngoi l ConstraintViolationException

Khi bn c gng save, update, delete nhng i tng m s xm
phm cc rng buc CSDL (nh duplicate identifier, not-null
constraint, unique constraint), ngoi l ConstraintViolationException
s c nm ra.

7. Transaction
7.1 Understanding database transactions
Mt database transaction nhm cc thao tc truy cp d liu. Mt
transaction s kt thc bng mt trong 2 cch sau y: committed hoc
rolled back.
Nu c nhiu thao tc d liu c thc thi trong mt transaction, bn
phi nh du chc chn cho tng cng vic. Bn phi start transaction,
v 1 vi thi im, phi commit nhng thay i. Nu c li xy ra
(trong qu trnh thc thi cc thao tc hay trong lc ang commit nhng
thay i), bn phi roll back transaction a d liu tr v tnh trng
thch hp. Vic ny cn c gi l transaction demarcation.
Minh ha: tnh trng trong qu trnh ca mt transaction

7.2 JDBC v JTA transactions

Trong mi trng non-managed, JDBC API thng nh du cc giao
tc. Bn bt u mt transaction bng cch gi setAutoCommit(false)
trong JDBC connection v kt thc n bng cch gi commit(). i khi,

19

bn mun p n rollback ngay lp tc th c th lm bng cch gi

rollback().
Trong h thng lu tr d liu trn nhiu c s d liu, mt cng vic c
th truy cp n nhiu hn 1 kho d liu. Trong trng hp ny, bn
khng th ch s dng JDBC mt mnh.
Bn cn phi c mt transaction manager m h tr transaction phn b.
Bn c th lin lc vi transaction manager bng cch s dng JTA.
Trong mi trng managed, JTA khng ch s dng cho transaction
phn b m cn s dng cho container managed transactions (CMT).
CMT cho php bn ngn nga c nhng transaction gi trong source
code ca ng dng.
Hibernate tc ng ti database thng qua JDBC Connection. V th n
h tr c APIs. Trong mt ng dng n l, ch cn JDBC transaction l
, cn trong mt ng dng server th Hibernate c th s dng JTA
transaction. Nh vy, code Hibernate ging c 2 mi trng managed v
non-managed. Hibernate cung cn nhng lp tru tng bn ca n,
c du bn di transaction API. Hibernate cho php ngi s dng
m rng bng cch a thm vo CORBA transaction service.
7.3 Hibernate Transaction API
Transaction interface cung cp nhng phng thc cho mt database
transaction. Xem v d c bn di y:

Session session = session.openSession();

Transaction tx = null;
try {
tx = session.beginTransaction();

20

concludeAuction();
tx.commit();
} catch (Exception e) {
if (tx != null) {
try {
tx.rollback();
}catch (HibernateException he) {
// log he and rethrow e
}
}
throw e;
} finally {
try {
session.close();
} catch (HibernateException he) {
throw he;
}
}
Vic gi session.beginTransaction() l nh du im bt u ca mt mt
database transaction. Trong trng hp l mi trng non-managed th
JDBC transaction s bt u trn JDBC connection. Cn trong mi trng
managed, n s bt u mt JTA transaction mi nu cha c tn ti JTA
transaction, hoc l kt hp vi JTA transaction tn ti. Tt c vic ny
u c qun l bi Hibernate, nn bn khng cn phi quan tm n vn
n ny.
Vic gi tx.commit() ng thi thay i tnh trng Session i vi c s
d liu. Hibernate s commit transaction bn di khi v ch khi
beginTransaction() bt u mt transaction mi. Nu beginTransaction()
21

khng bt u mt transaction bn di mi, commit() ch thay i tnh

trng Session i vi c s d liu.
Nu concludeAuction() nm ra mt ngoi l, chng ta phi p buc
transaction rollback bng cch gi tx.rollback().

8. HQL
HQL l mt thay th tuyt vi cho SQL khi bn ang pht trin ng dng hng
i tng tng tc vi mt c s d liu quan h thng qua Hibernate.
HQL khng phi l mt thay th cho SQL. Thay vo , n cho php chng ta th
hin cc truy vn di hnh thc hng i tng. Khi mt biu thc HQL c thc
thi, u tin n chuyn i thnh mt cu lnh SQL, SQL c to ra sau c
thc hin i vi c s d liu, kt qu c t trong cc i tng lin tc, v cc
i tng c tr li cho ng dng. Hnh di y m t kch bn ny:

8.1 Mnh from

Hnh thc n gin ca n, mt biu thc HQL bao gm mt mnh
from kt thc l tn ca mt lp persistent c th. Di y l mt v d:
from Teacher
Biu thc HQL ny c s dng truy vn tt c cc thc th ca lp
Teacher.
22

 K t khi auto-import l mc nh trong cc file mapping (xem th

<hibernate-mapping>), lp Teacher khng cn phi th hin vi hnh thc
tiu chun. Trong nhng trng hp ni cc classnames trng lp trong
ng dng, classnames trng nhau phi c xc nh vi hnh thc tiu
chun.
thc thi mt biu thc HQL, mt thc th org.hibernate.Query l u
tin c to bng cch gi phng thc createQuery() ca Session nh
sau:

public Query createQuery(String hqlQuery) throws

HibernateException|
Ch i s String duy nht ca phng thc ny l biu thc HQL.
Kiu tr v Query cung cp nhiu phng thc xc nh nhng
hn ch v kt qu, thc thi truy vn, v c c kt qu truy vn. N cng
c nhng phng thc khc thit lp tn cc gi tr tham s, thm ch
thch n Hibernate-generated SQL, thit lp JDBC timeout v ly size
JDBC, v di chuyn kt qu. Chng ta s xem sau v phn ny.
Sau khi bn to v chun b thc th Query, bn c th gi phng thc
list() thc thi truy vn i vi c s d liu v ly kt qu l mt danh
sch cc i tng persistent. Di y l mt v d:
Query query = session.createQuery("from Teacher");
java.util.List<Teacher> teachers = query.list();
i tng teachers c tr v l kt qu thc hin truy vn, trong c
cc i tng persistent Teacher tha mn cc hn ch truy vn ( y
khng c hn ch trong cu truy vn ny).
*Lu : Ging nh SQL, HQL l v cm trng hp (case-insensitive). Bi v
Java l mt ngn ng nhy cm trng hp (case-sensitive), bn nn din t
tt c cc t lin quan n Java (nh classnames, cc tn thuc tnh, )
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trong trng hp chnh xc. V d, cc hnh thc ng ca biu thc HQL

truy vn cc i tng ca lp Teacher l from Teacher, khng phi l from
teacher, hoc bt k bin th khc ca t Teacher.

8.2 Mnh as
Hnh thc n gin nht ca mt biu thc HQL, trong bao gm ch
mt mnh from v i theo sau l tn lp (classname), l truy vn
tt c cc thc th persistent ca mt lp c th. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu
tnh hung, ng dng cn mt tp con ca cc i tng ph hp vi tp
hp cc tiu chun, thay v ton b cc thc th. Trong tnh hung nh
vy, bn cn phi gn mt b danh cho tp cha cc i tng, v vy bn c
th tham chiu tr li chng trong cc phn khc ca cu truy vn, chng
hn nh truy vn y . Vi mc ch ny, bn s dng mnh as trong
biu thc HQL, nh trong SQL.
V d, load tt c cc i tng Teacher vi tui 30, bn s dng mnh
as trong biu thc HQL (nh sau) gn b danh teacher cho persistent
Teacher
from Teacher as teacher where teacher.age=30
Nh bn c th thy, b danh teacher cho php chng ta tham chiu tr li
cc i tng trong mnh where gii hn kt qu (ta s ni mnh
where sau, trong v d ny th kh r rng khng cn gii thch thm). Cc
t kha as l ty chn. N ch cung cp mt cm gic quen thuc cho cc
developer c kinh nghim vi SQL. V vy, biu thc HQL ny s c
th hin nh sau:
from Teacher teacher where teacher.age=30
Cc biu thc truy vn c th bao gm nhiu lp. Mi lp s c b danh
ring ca n, v d:
from Teacher as teacher, Student as student

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*Lu : y l mu v d hay t tn b danh cho cu truy vn bng cch s

dng mt ch thng ng u, ph hp vi quy c ca Java t tn cho cc
bin.

8.3 Cc lin kt ca i tng

SQL s dng mnh JOIN lin kt hai hoc nhiu bng v truy vn
chng li vi nhau. Ngi anh em h ca n, HQL cng h tr cc mnh
JOIN vo trng hp truy vn hai hoc nhiu lp persistent trong mt
truy vn duy nht.
Hibernate trnh by 5 join khc nhau c mn t ANSI SQL, nh th
hin trong bng sau:
Join Type

Description

Inner Join

from Student s inner join s.courses as c

Cross Join

from Student s, Teacher t, Course c.

Left Outer Join

from Student s left outer join s.courses

as c

Right Outer Join

from Student s right outer join s.phone

as p

Full Join

from Student s full join s.phone as p

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 hiu cc i tng persistent s dng mnh join, chng ta gi s

rng cc bng STUDENT v COURSE cha cc d liu nh hnh di
y:

Tip theo, gi s rng chng ta s dng inner join ti cc thc th

trng hp Student v Course nh sau:
String joinHQL = "from Student s inner join s.courses as c";
Query joinQuery = session.createQuery(joinHQL);
List results = joinQuery.list();
for(int i=0; i<results.size(); i++){
Object[] objects = (Object[]) results.get(i);
Student student = (Student) objects[0];
Course course = (Course) objects[1];
}
Kt qu l mt danh sch cc mng cc i tng (Object []). Phn t
u tin ca mi mng l mt Student, v phn t th hai l mt thc th
Cource. Hnh di y trnh by cu trc ca cc kt qu:

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8.4 Mnh select

V d, ly firstName v lastName ca i tng Teacher, lnh truy
vn HQL nh sau:
select teacher.firstName, teacher.lastName from Teacher as teacher
8.5 Cc hm tp hp ca HQL
Cc hm tp hp c h tr trong HQL l avg(), min(), max(), sum(),
v count().
-

V d, truy vn HQL sau y tr v tui trung bnh ca

Student:
select avg(student.age) from Student student

Khi bn thc hin truy vn ny, bn s c c mt danh sch i

tng, m c mt gi tr Integer n. y l trng hp vi tt c
cc hm tp hp.

V d, on HQL di y ch tr v tng s tui khc nhau ca

cc student:
select count(distinct student.age) from Student student

V d, on di y ly tui ti thiu v ti a ca Student:

String queryHQL = "select min(std.age), max(std.age) from
Student std";
Query query = session.createQuery(queryHQL);
List bounds = query.list();
Double min = (Double)bounds.get(0);
Double max = (Double)bounds.get(1);

8.6 Mnh where

HQL l linh hot v hiu qu nh SQL, bi v n cung cp mnh
where gii hn kt qu ca cu truy vn. Trong cc biu thc HQL,
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mnh where cho php chng ta rng buc cc gi tr thuc tnh ca

cc i tng c tr v bi truy vn, v gii hn kt qu ca truy vn.
Ngoi ra, bn s thy trong phn sau, bn c th s dng mnh where
trong biu thc truy vn bulk-update hay bulk-delete hn ch cc i
tng ang cp nht hoc b xa, tng ng. Thng thng, bn tham
chiu n cc i tng c chn bng b danh. Nu b danh khng tn
ti, th bn c th tham chiu thuc tnh bng tn.
V d, cc biu thc truy vn sau y l nh nhau, ly tt c cc thc th
Student c tui ln hn 25:
from Student student where student.age>25
from Student where age>25

Nh bn c th thy trong cc cu lnh HQL ny, mnh where c th

bao gm cc gi tr nguyn thy, chng hn nh cc number v Boolean,
khi iu kin c xc nh c th. Bn cng c th s dng cc gi tr
string so snh trong mnh where, nhng nhng iu ny phi c
t trong du kp n . Ngoi ra, n c th so snh cc thuc tnh ca
cc i tng vi cc thuc tnh khc.
th hin s hn ch trong cc biu thc HQL v JPA-QL, v nh
ngha so snh hn ch gia cc thuc tnh, Hibernate v JPA h tr mt
lot cc ton t, cc hm so snh phong ph v mnh, bao gm nh sau:

Cc ton t /Cc hm

Cc k hiu

Ton t ton hc

+, -, *, /

Ton t so snh

=, >=, <=, <>, !=, like, not like

Ton t logic

and, or, not

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Ton t nhm

in, not in, between, is null, is not

null, is empty, is not empty,
member of, not member of

Scalar database-supported

sign(), trunc(), rtrim(), sin()

functions
Cc hm Collection-valued

minelement(), maxelement(),

taken (ch dng cho HQL)

minindex(), maxindex()

Cc hm time and date (ch

current_date(), current_time(),

dng cho HQL)

current_timestamp(), second(),
minute(), hour(), day(), month(),
year()

Cc hm tiu chun JPA

substring(), trim(), lower(), upper(),

length(), locate(), abs(), sqrt(),
mod(), sort(), concat(), locate(),
size()

Di y l mt v d v s dng not like v ton t > truy vn tt c cc

Student tui ln hn 18, v c tn u tin khng bt u vi "Jo":
from Student where age>18 and firstName not like Jo%'Ton t like v

not like i km vi biu tng k t i din % v _.

Ton t like v not like cho php chng ta ly kt qu tng ng l ging
hoc khc nhau mt cm t chng ti p dng trc hoc sau mt biu
tng.
Hy tham kho ti liu Hibernate:
http://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/stable/core/reference/en/html_single/#queryhqlexpressions bit thm chi tit v cc hm ny.
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8.7 Mnh order by v group by

Cc i tng tr v ca mt truy vn HQL c th c sp xp theo bt
k thuc tnh ca cc i tng c chn. lm iu ny, s dng
mnh order by trong cc biu thc HQL, hoc l tng dn (asc) hay
gim dn (desc). V d, truy vn HQL sau y i tng sinh vin sp xp
thuc tnh firstName theo th t tng dn:
from Student s order by s.firstName asc

Ta c th sp xp cho nhiu thuc tnh. Trong trng hp ny, bn cn

thm cc thuc tnh b sung kt thc mnh order by, l du phy.
V d, bn c th lm iu ny:
from Student s order by s.firstName asc, s.age desc

Chn tt c cc i tng Student ny v sp xp firstName theo th t

tng dn, v sau sp xp thuc tnh age theo th t gim dn.
HQL cng cho php chng ta s dng mnh group by nhm cc gi
tr gp tr v bng bt c thuc tnh no m i tng chn:
select student.age, avg(student.age), count(student) from Student student
group by student.age

Nu c s d liu c bn h tr n th bn c th s dng cc hm gp nh
mnh having hay order by.
*Lu : Khng mnh group by cng khng mnh order by c th cha
cc biu thc s hc

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