Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

CHNG 4: IU CH V GII IU CH AM, FM

(10 tit)
PHN 1: L THUYT (8 tit)
nh ngha:
iu ch l qu trnh bin i mt trong cc thng s sng mang cao tn (bin ,
hoc tn s, hoc pha) t l vi tn hiu iu ch bng gc (BB - base band).
Mc ch ca vic iu ch:
i vi mt anten, bc x nng lng ca tn hiu cao tn c hiu qu khi bc
sng ca n (tng ng cng l tn s) cng bc vi kch thc vt l ca anten.
Tn hiu cao tn t b suy hao khi truyn i trong khng gian
Mi dch v v tuyn c mt bng tn (knh) ring bit. Qu trnh iu ch gip
chuyn ph ca tn hiu bng gc ln cc bng tn thch hp.
iu kin iu ch :
Tn s sng mang cao tn fC (810) fmax, trong fmax tn s cc i tn hiu
iu ch BB.
Thng s sng mang cao tn (hoc bin , hoc tn s, hoc pha) bin i t l
vi bin tn hiu iu ch BB m khng ph thuc vo tn s ca n.
Bin sng mang cao tn V > Vm (bien tn hiu iu ch BB)
4.1
IU CH BIN AM:
iu ch bin l qu trnh lm thay i bin sng mang cao tn theo tn hiu tin
tc (tn hiu bng gc).
m(t)=Vmcosmt

VAM(IAM)
Vmax
V1V1T

Vmin

t
Sng mang f0

Hnh 4.1: ng bao cao tn AM lp li dng tn hiu iu ch m(t) =Vm cosmt

Trang 39

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

4.1.1. Phng trnh iu ch v h s iu ch:

Tn hiu sng mang thng l tn hiu sin c tn s cao
xC(t) = VC cosCt
Tn hiu AM c dng:
yAM(t) = [VC + m(t)].cosCt
Xt trng hp m(t) l mt tn hiu sin n tn: m(t) = Vmcosmt
yAM(t) = [VC + Vmcosmt].cosCt = VC[1 + Vm/VCcosmt].cosCt
= VC[1 + m Acosmt].cosCt
mA: h s iu ch (ch s iu ch). iu ch khng mo th m A 1
Trong trng hp m(t) l tng cc tn hiu sin n tn:
m(t) = V1cos1t + V2cos2t + V3cos3t +
m A m12 m22 m32 ...

vi: mi

Vi
VC

i = 1, 2, 3,

Trong trng hp tng qut: m A

Vmax Vmin
Vmax Vmin

4.1.2. Ph ca tn hiu AM:

Ta c: yAM(t) = [VC + m(t)].cosCt = VC .cosCt + m(t).cosCt
1
F

YAM VC [ ( C ) ( C )] [ M ( C ) M ( C )]
2
F
trong : m(t ) M ( )

Xt trng hp m(t) l mt tn hiu sin n tn: m(t) = Vmcosmt

Y AM VC [ ( C ) ( C )]
V
m [ ( C m ) ( C m ) ( C m ) ( C m )]
2

AC
Vm
2
-c-m

AC
Vm
2

-c

Vm
2
c -m

-c+m

Vm
2

c+m

Hnh 4.2: Ph ca tn hiu AM vi tn hiu iu ch sin n tn

Trang 40

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

m(t)

yAM(t)

t
t

a)

b)
YAM(f)

M(f)
USB

LSB

c)

Fmax

d)

f0 - FMax

f0

f0 + FMax

Hnh 4.3: Vi tn hiu iu ch phc hp

a/ Tn hiu iu ch b/ Tn hiu AM
c/ Mt ph 1 bin tn hiu iu ch d/ Mt ph AM mt pha

4.1.3. Cng sut ca tn hiu AM:

Tn hiu AM sau iu ch c cho qua in tr 1. Cng sut ri trn in tr khi
gi l cng sut chun:
PAM _ St PC _ St

1
Pm _ St
2

trong : PC-St : cng sut ca sng mang; Pm-St : cng sut ca tn hiu iu ch
Khi cho qua in tr R:
Nu tn hiu l in p th: PAM

PAM _ St
R
PAM _ St R

Nu tn hiu l dng in th: PAM

Hiu sut iu ch: Bng cng sut c ch (cng sut mang tin tc) chia cho cng sut
ca ton b tn hiu AM.
1
1
Pm
Pm _ St
2
2
PAM
PAM _ St

V d: Tn hiu AM p c iu ch bi mt tn hiu sin n tn m(t) = Vmcosmt.

Bit Vmax = 50V; Vmin = 10V tnh m A? Vm? P AM trn ti R = 50? Hiu sut iu ch.
Gii:

Trang 41

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

50 10
0,667
50 10
50 10
Vm m AVC 0,667.(
) 20V
2
mA

VC2 50 10

/ 2 450W
2 2
Vm2 20 2
Pm _ St

200W
2
2
1
PC _ St Pm _ St
450 100
2
PAM

11W
R
50
1
Pm _ St
100
2

18.18%
PAM _ St 550
PC _ St

Nhn xt v iu ch bin AM:

- D thc hin v my thu gii iu ch n gin, gi r.
- Cng sut sng mang khng ti tin ln, v ch
- Bng thng ln gp i cn thit nn ph v tng nhiu.
- Hiu qu s dng cng sut cao tn rt nh.
- Tnh chng nhiu km.
4.1.4. Mch iu ch AM:
a. iu ch AM dng diode
R1
m(t)=Vmcosmt

R2

xC(t)=VCcosCt
C

Hnh 4.4: Mch iu ch AM n gin dng diode

Tn hiu iu ch m(t) v sng mang xC(t) cng c t vo hai u diode, o vD
= m(t) + xC(t) to ra dng iD :
iD I 0e

vD
26 mV

a 0 a1v D a 2 v D2 ...... a 0 a1v D a 2 v D2

iD a0 a1[m(t) xC (t)] a2 [m(t ) xC (t)]2

a0 a1m(t ) a2 m2 (t ) a1 xC (t ) 2a2 m(t ) xC (t) a2 xC2 (t )
Dng iD gm rt nhiu thnh phn tn s. Tuy nhin, khung cng hng LC c thit
k cng hng tn s C nn sau khi qua khung cng hng ch cn li:
i D a1 xC (t ) 2 a 2 m(t ) xC (t ) [ a1 2a 2 m(t )]xC (t ) : y chnh l tn hiu AM.

Trang 42

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

iu ch AM dng transistor

b.

Tn hiu tin tc m(t)

c a vo mch qua
bin p c t s bin p
1:1 nhm cch ly vi
ngun Vcc .
Ngun xung vung vc(t)
c tn s ln hn nhiu
so vi m(t) ng vai tr
sng mang. vc(t) lm
cho transistor Q ng
ngt bo ha.
Mch cng hng RLC
ng vai tr mt mch
lc thng di
in tr Rc dng
phn cc cho transistor
Q dn bo ha.

Vcc
1:1

m(t)

m(t)

Rc

vout(t)

R
Q
C

vc(t)

Hnh 4.5: Mch iu ch AM dng transistor

m(t)

Khi Q dn bo ha:
Vout(t) = 0;
Khi Q ngt:
Vout(t) = Vcc + m(t)
t

Tc
vc(t)
1
t
vout(t)

Vcc

t
Hnh 4.6: Dng tn hiu ra khi khng c khung cng hng
Trang 43

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

Khi khng c mch cng hng RLC th:

v out (t ) [Vcc m(t )]v c (t )

vc(t) l mt tn hiu tun hon nn c khai trin thnh chui Fourier nh sau:
1 2 sin c t sin 3 c t sin 5 c t
2
2
1 2
v c (t )

... sin c t
sin 3 c t
sin 5 c t ...
2 1
3
5
3
5
2
Do :
2
2
1 2

v out (t ) [Vcc m(t )] sin c t

sin 3 c t
sin 5 c t ...
3
5
2

Mch cng hng RLC c thit k cng hng tn s c nn:

2
v out (t ) [Vcc m(t )] sin c t : y chnh l tn hiu AM.

4.1.5. Mch gii iu ch AM

a. Tch sng hnh bao

vAM(t)

Np

m(t)

Hnh 4.7: Mch tch sng hnh bao

Nguyn l hot ng ca mch nh sau:
Tn hiu AM vo lm thay i gi tr in p trn diode D. Lm cho D tt hoc dn.
Khi D dn: t c np bng gi tr ca vAM(t).
Khi D tt: t x qua in tr R.
Kt qu l gi tr in p ng ra m(t) bm theo ng bao ca tn hiu AM. y
chnh l tn hiu cn gii iu ch.
Kt qu tch sng hnh bao ph thuc vo thi hng = RC. Nu qu nh t x
nhanh lm cho ng bao b nhp nh. Nu qu ln t x chm khng theo kp s
suy gim ca tn hiu AM ng vo (xem hnh ). C hai trng hp s lm cho tn hiu
gii iu ch b mo dng.

Trang 44

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

Hnh 4.8: Tch sng hnh bao

Trang 45

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

Hnh 4.9: Tch sng hnh bao trong hai trng hp c v khng c iu ch

Hnh 4.10: Mo tn hiu tch sng hnh bao

iu kin tch sng hnh bao khng mo i vi tn hiu iu ch sin n tn c tn s
fm:
mA

Xc
R Xc

trong :
Xc

1
1

: dung khng ca t C
m C 2f m C

fm: tn s tn hiu iu ch
mA = h s iu ch

Trang 46

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

b. Tch sng kt hp
Tn hiu AM c dng vAM(t)=[Vc+m(t)]cosct. Trong tn hiu iu ch tn s thp
m(t) = Vmcosmt c th c gii iu ch bng cch nhn vi tn hiu sng mang
VLO(t) = V0cos(ct+ o) v lc thng thp nh sau:
vAM(t)

m(t)

v(t)

LPF

vLO(t) = V0cos(ct + 0)

Hnh 4.11: S khi tch sng kt hp

v(t ) v AM (t ).v LO (t ) Vc m(t )cos c t.V0 cos( c t 0 )
V (t )

V0 [Vc m(t )]
cos 0 cos(2 c t 0 )
2

Qua LPF cn thnh phn tn s thp ng ra

m ' (t )

V0 [Vc m(t )]
VV
V cos 0
cos 0 0 c cos 0 0
m(t )
2
2
2

Tn hiu gii iu ch m(t) t l vi m(t).

4.2
IU CH DSB, SSB
4.2.1. iu ch DSB:
Tn hiu iu ch hai bin trit sng mang DSB (Double Side Band) c thc hin
bng mch iu ch cn bng nh sau:

1
T1

m(t)

T2
vo(t)

3
4

A/2

2
0
vc(t)

Hnh 4.12: Mch iu ch cn bng

Trang 47

A
2

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

y l b i tn cn bng kp gm cp D1-2 v D3-4 lun phin tt dn bng sng

mang vc(t). Sng mang ny c th sin hay ch nht vi bin ln hn tn hiu iu
ch (Vc >Vm; c > m)

D1-2 tt , D3-4 dn

D1-2 dn , D3-4 tt
Hnh 4.13
v c (t )

4
1
1

sin c t sin 3 c t sin 5 c t ...

3
5

Mch i tn cn bng (iu ch cn bng) thc hin nhn hai tn hiu :

v o (t ) m(t ).v c (t ) m(t )

4
1
1

sin c t sin 3 c t sin 5 c t ...

3
5

Sau khi qua mch lc thng di c tn s trung tm ti c cn li:

v DSB (t )

4
m(t ) sin c t : y l tn hiu DSB cn iu ch

V d: Gi s tn hiu iu ch c dng sin n tn c bin 2V, tn s fm = 5KHz.

Sng mang tn s fc = 45KHz.
Ta c:
m(t ) A sin 2f mt 2. sin 2 (5 KHz )t
2
vo (t ) 2 sin 2 (5 KHz )t sin 2 (45 KHz )t sin 2 (5 KHz )t. sin 2 (135KHz )t ...
3
1
1
vo (t ) cos 2 (40 KHz )t cos 2 (50 KHz )t cos 2 (130 KHz )t cos 2 (140 KHz )t
3
3

Ph ca tn hiu ra trc khi cho qua mch lc thng di:

2
f(KHz)

fm
5

fc-fm fc+fm 3fc-fm 3fm+fm

40

50

130

Hnh 4.14
Trang 48

140

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

Dng tn hiu ra:

Tc = 1

vo(t)

Tm =

fc

1
fm
t(s)

Hnh 4.15
Dng ph v tn hiu DSB sau khi qua mch lc thng di:
V0

v0(t)

40 50

f(KHz)

Hnh 4.15
4.2.2. iu ch SSB:
iu ch n bin (SSB - single side band): qu trnh iu ch to mt bin tn (bin
trn hoc bin di) ca tn hiu AM.
Vic thc hin phc tp hn nhng bng thng cao tn gim mt na, tit kim bng
tn gim nhiu.
Cng sut pht thp hn nhiu so vi AM cng mt khong cch thng tin v khng
truyn cng sut sng mang ln v ch v ch c mt bin. Hiu qu s dng cng sut
cao. T s S/N my thu SSB ln hn AM do nhiu gim.
Phng php lc (pp1): c tn hiu SSB cn trit sng mang ph cu tn hiu
AM, cn li hai bin DSB (Double -sideband), sau lc ly mt bin nh BPF.
m(t)

vDSB

VLO(t) = cosct

Hnh 4.16
Trang 49

BPF

vSSB

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

Phng php xoay pha 900 (pp2):

iu ch
cn bng
1

m(t) = Vmcosmt

v1

vc = Vccosct
Xoay
pha 900

Xoay
pha 900

iu ch
cn bng
2

SBB
out put

v2

Hnh 4.17: S khi phng php xoay pha 900

Ng ra b iu ch cn bng 1 c tn hiu:
v1 Vm cos m t.Vc cos c t

V mV c
[cos( c m )t cos( c m )t ]
2

B xoay pha 900 bin i cos thnh sin do ng ra b iu ch cn bng 2 l:

v 2 Vm sin m t.Vc sin c t

VmVc
[cos( c m )t cos( c m )t ]
2

Ng ra b cng cn li tn hiu bin di SSB: vSSB = v1 + v2 = VcVmcos(c - m)t

Phng php xoay pha sng mang 90 0 hai ln (pp3):
CCB 1

0 -m
v1

LPF1

CCB 3

sinct

sin0t
m(t)=Vmcosmt

v3

Xoay pha
900

Xoay pha
900

vSSB

+
cos0t

cosct
0 - m

v2

LPF2

CCB 2

v4

x
CCB 4

Trang 50

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

Hnh 4.18: S khi phng php xoay pha sng mang 900 hai ln
Tn hiu ng ra b iu ch cn bng 1:
Vm
sin(0 m )t sin(0 m )t
2
V
Qua b lc LPF1 cn li thnh phn: m sin( 0 m )t
2
v1 m(t ) sin 0 t V m cos m t sin 0 t

Tn hiu ng ra b iu ch cn bng 2:
Vm
cos( 0 m )t cos(0 m )t
2
V
Qua b lc LPF2 cn li thnh phn: m cos( 0 m )t
2
v 2 m(t ) cos 0 t Vm cos m t cos 0 t

Tn hiu ng ra b iu ch cn bng 3:
v3

Vm
V
sin( 0 m )t sin c t m cos( c 0 m )t cos( c 0 m )t
2
4

Tn hiu ng ra b iu ch cn bng 4:
v4

Vm
V
cos( 0 m )t cos c t m cos( c 0 m )t cos( c 0 m )t
2
4

Qua b cng:
v SSB (t ) v3 v4

Vm
cos( c 0 m )t
2

Trang 51

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

4.2.3. Ghp knh theo tn s FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)

Ghp knh theo tn s FDM l truyn ng thi nhiu knh trn cc sng mang khc
nhau. c s dng trong truyn hnh cp, truyn hnh qung b, thng tin vi ba thoi
v.v
FDM s dng k thut iu ch SSB truyn ng thi nhiu tn hiu bng hp trn mt
knh truyn dn bng rng. Cc knh bng hp c phn knh theo tn s khng
chng ln nhau nh cc sng mang khc nhau:

K1

BPF
0.3 3.4 KHz

0.3k

3.4k

iu ch
cn bng

BPF
LSB

64k

64k

OSC
fc = 64 KHz

K2

BPF
0.3 3.4 KHz

0.3k

3.4k

iu ch
cn bng

BPF
USB
64k

+
K3

BPF
0.3 3.4 KHz

0.3k

3.4k

iu ch
cn bng

BPF
LSB

72k

OSC
fc = 72 KHz

+
72k

K4

BPF
0.3 3.4 KHz

0.3k

3.4k

iu ch
cn bng

BPF
USB
72k

Hnh 4.19: S khi ca thit b ghp knh FDM 4 knh

Trang 52

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

BPF
LSB
Bal Mod
1

BPF

12 knh thoi
B = 48 KHZ

O,33,4

108 KHZ
Bal Mod
2

BPF

BPF
LSB

12

BPF

60 knh thoi
B = 240 KHZ

612 KHZ

104 KHZ
Bal Mod

BPF
LSB

BPF
LSB

x
64 KHZ
sub carrier

1 nhm 12 knh cp 1-FDM

600 knh thoi

B = 2520 KHZ

3396 KHZ

564 KHZ
3

420 KHZ
5 nhm cp 1 = 60 knh = 1 siu
nhm FDM cp 2

(U 600)

3148 KHZ

x
1116 KHZ

10 siu nhm = 1 nhm ch

FDM cp 3

Hnh 4.20: S khi ca mt h thng ghp knh FDM 600 knh thoi

Trang 53

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

4.3
IU CH GC FM V PM:
iu ch gc l mt dng iu ch quan trng dng trong thng tin, v tnh chng
nhiu ca n tt hn iu ch bin AM.
Tn hiu sng mang cao tn khi cha b iu ch l n hi, xc nh bi:
xc(t) = Vccos(ct + 0) = Vccos(t)
trong : (t) = ct + 0 : pha tc thi ca dao ng cao tn, xc nh trng thi ca
tn hiu ti thi im t. c : tn s sng mang; 0: pha ban u
Gia tn s v pha c quan h:
d (t )
1 d (t )
(t )
f (t )
dt
2 dt
(t ) (t )dt 2 f (t )dt
(t ) : tn s tc thi - tn s ti thi im t
Nu tn hiu iu ch tn thp m(t) lm thay i pha tc thi ta c iu ch gc. Trong
iu ch gc, bin sng mang coi nh khng i. C hai trng hp:
Nu m(t) lm thay i tn s c ta c iu ch tn s FM (Frequency Modulation)
d (t )
FM (t )
c k f m(t ) (t ) c t k f m(t ) dt
dt
do , tn hiu iu ch FM c dng: y FM (t ) Vc cos c t k f m(t )dt

Nu m(t) lm thay i pha ban u 0 ta c iu ch pha PM (Phase Modulation)

0 k p m(t ) (t ) c t k p m(t )
do , tn hiu iu ch PM c dng: y PM (t ) Vc cos c t k p m(t )
d (t )
dm(t )
tn s tc thi ca tn hiu PM: PM (t )
c k p
dt

dt

Ta nhn thy gia iu tn v iu pha c mi quan h tng quan. c tn hiu iu

tn FM th tn hiu tin tc cho qua mch tch phn ri sau i qua mch iu pha
PM. Ngc li, c tn hiu iu pha PM th tn hiu tin tc cho qua mch vi phn
ri sau i qua mch iu tn FM
4.3.1 iu ch tn s FM:
n gin phn tch, cho m(t) = Vmcosmt v pha ban u sng mang 0 = 0. Tn
hiu. FM c dng nh sau:
k f Vm

y FM (t ) Vc cos c t
sin m t Vc cos c t m f sin m t
m

k f Vm
vi: m f
: ch s iu ch

m
m
k f V m : di tn

Ph ca tn hiu iu tn:
Xt FM di hp (NBFM : mf < 0.25)
Nu di tn nh (mf < 0.25), ta c:
y FM (t ) Vc cos c t m f sin m t Vc cos(m f sin m t ) cos c t sin( m f sin m t ) sin c t
y FM (t ) Vc (1) cos c t ( m f sin m t ) sin c t Vc cos c t m f sin m t sin c t

Trang 54

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy
F

YFM ( ) Vc ( c ) ( c )

m f
2

( m c ) ( m c ) ( m c ) ( m c )

Ph tn hiu FM di hp gm sng mang v hai bin tng t AM.

Xt FM di rng (WBFM: wideband FM mf > 0.25)
y FM (t ) Vc cos c t m f sin m t
yFM(t) c th khai trin theo cc h s ca hm Bessel nh sau:

y FM (t ) Vc J 0 (m f ) cos c t J n (m f ) cos( c n m )t (1) n cos( c n m )t

n 1

Bin ca chng t l vi hm Bessel loi mt bc n

( m f ) n 1 (m f / 2 ) 2
(m f / 2 ) 4
(m f / 2 ) 6

...

2 n! 1!(n 1)! 2!(n 2)! 3!(n 3)!

J n (m f )

Bng cc h s ca hm Bessel tng ng vi mt s ch s iu ch mf

mf

J0

J1

J2

J3

J4

J5

J6

J7

J8

0.00

1.00

0.25

0.98

0.12

_
_

0.5

0.94

0.24

0.03

J10

J11

J12

J13

J14

_
_

J9

1.0

0.77

0.44

0.11

0.02

1.5

0.51

0.56

0.23

0.06

0.01

2.0

0.22

0.58

0.35

0.13

0.03

2.4

0.52

0.43

0.20

0.06

0.02

2.5

-0.05

0.50

0.45

0.22

0.07

0.02

0.01

3.0

-0.26

0.34

0.49

0.31

0.13

0.04

0.01

4.0

-0.40 -0.07

0.36

0.43

0.28

0.13

0.05

0.02

0.05

0.36

0.39

0.26

0.13

0.05

0.02

6.0

0.15 -0.28 -0.24

0.11

0.36

0.36

0.25

0.13

0.06

0.02

7.0

0.30

0.00 -0.30

-0.17

0.16

0.35

0.34

0.23

0.13

0.06

0.02

8.0

0.17

0.23 -0.11

-0.29

-0.10

0.19

0.34

0.32

0.22

0.13

0.06

0.03

9.0

-0.09

0.25

0.14

-0.18

-0.18

-0.06

0.20

0.33

0.31

0.21

0.12

0.06

0.03

0.01

10.0

-0.25

0.05 0.25

0.06

0.06

-0.23 -0.01

0.22

0.32

0.29

0.21

0.12

0.06

0.03

0.01

5.0

-0.18

-0.33

Ph FM iu ch n m fm vi cc gi tr mf khc nhau:
0.98
mf = .25

mf = 2.4

mf = 2
.12

.12
fc

fc

fc

Hnh 4.21
Trang 55

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

Trang 56

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

Bng thng ca tn hiu iu tn FM

V l thuyt rng bng thng cao tn tn hiu FM v cng ln, tuy nhin thc t
quy nh gii hn bng thng FM n thnh phn ph bin J n (m f ) 0.01J o(m f )
Bng thng ny tnh theo cng thc:
BFM 2(f f m )

vi: fm - tn s tn hiu iu ch tn thp bng gc

Bng thng 3dB ca mch cao tn phi ln hn bng thng tnh theo cng thc trn
khng mo.
Cng sut ca tn hiu iu tn FM
Tng cng sut cao tn tn hiu iu tn khng i, bng cng sut sng mang khi
khng c iu ch. Gi Vc l bin sng mang FM khng iu ch trn ti R, ta
c cng sut sng mang: PC (m f )

Vc2
PTotal
2R

Cng sut FM khi c iu ch:

PFM ( m f ) PC ( m f 0)[ J o2 ( m f ) 2 J12 (m f ) 2 J 22 ( m f ) ... 2 J n2 ( m f )]

FM di hp (NBFM) dng trong thng tin loi FM vi di tn (515)KHz.

FM di rng c tnh chng nhiu cao dng trong pht thanh FM Stereo, ting TV, vi
ba, truyn hnh v tinh. di tn cc i FM dng trong pht thanh v ting TV l
75 KHz.
4.3.2 iu ch pha PM
Biu thc ca tn hiu iu pha: y PM (t ) Vc cos c t k p m(t )
Xt trng hp tn hiu iu ch l sin n tn: m(t) = Vmcosmt
y PM (t ) Vc cos c t k pV m cos m t Vc cos c t m p cos m t
trong : mp = kpVm - h s iu ch
Biu thc ny ging biu thc ca tn hiu iu tn FM nn qu trnh phn tch ph,
bng thng v cng sut ging nhau. Vi mt h s iu ch cho trc th tng quan
gia bin , ph v cng sut ca PM v FM l hon ton nh nhau. S khc bit v
ph ca PM v FM c th phn bit khi tng hoc gim tn s tn hiu iu ch fm :
PM: mp = kpVm khng ph thuc vo fm
k V
f
FM: m f f m
t l nghch vi fm

m
m
fm
Do PM c mp khng ph thuc vo fm nn bng thng ca tn hiu PM nh hn ca
FM, do nhiu t hn v t s tn hiu trn nhiu S/N ln hn trong cng iu kin.
Tuy nhin, FM vn c s dng rng ri trong pht thanh qung b do qu trnh lch
s tn ti v my thu FM n gin, r hn my thu PM.
iu ch pha s PSK dng c bit ca iu ch pha PM c ng dng rng ri
trong thng tin s.

Trang 57

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

4.3.3 Mch ch tn s FM dng Varicap

+VCC
CB
+VCC
RFC

CB

R1

C1

R3

L
CB

VR
CB

v0

R2

C2

Re

C3

R5

VDC

m(t)
Cv

R4

Hnh 4.22: Mch ch tn s FM dng Varicap v mch dao ng dng Clapp

Tn s dao ng ca mch: (t )
C (t )

trong :

1
LC (t )

1
1
1
1

C1 C 2 C 3 C v (t ) C 3 C v (t )

C v (t )

C0

(do C1 , C2 >> C3 + Cv)

1 2[V DC m(t )]

vi C0 l in dung ca varicap khi in p phn cc ngc bng 0

Khi khng c tn hiu iu ch (m(t) = 0): CV C v 0

C0
1 2VDC

y chnh l tn s trung tm ca tn hiu iu ch tn s FM.

Trang 58

1
L(C 3 C v 0 )

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

4.3.4 Mch iu ch tn s FM dng PLL

k

m(t)

kA
Phase

VDC

LPF

Detector

vd

Amp

v0

k0
f0 = fFM

VCO
fN

Hnh 4.23: S mch iu ch FM dng Phase Locked Loop

Tn hiu iu ch m(t) c so vi in p VDC bi b so pha tn hiu ng ra b so
pha:
v d m(t ).VDC

Nu m(t) c tn s nm trong di thng ca b lc thng thp LPF th:

v 0 k A vd k AVDC m(t )

in p v0 s lm thay i tn s ng ra ca VCO mt lng l:

f f 0 f N k 0 v0 k 0 k AV DC m(t ) m f m(t )
f 0 f N m f m(t ) f FM

y chnh l tn s iu ch FM vi tn s sng mang l tn s dao ng t nhin fN

ca PLL.
c tn hiu iu ch FM th di tn phi nh hn di kha ca PLL:
f B L
k 0 k AVDC m(t ) k 0 k A k
VDC m(t ) k

Trang 59

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

4.3.5 Mch gii iu ch tn s FM dng PLL

k

fFM = fN + mf . m(t)

kA

Phase

vd

LPF

Detector

v0

Amp

k0
VCO
fN

Hnh 4.24: S mch gii iu ch FM dng Phase Locked Loop

PLL gii iu ch c ci t tn s dao ng t nhin bng vi tn s trung tm ca
tn hiu FM ng vo.
S sai lch gia tn s tn hiu FM ng vo fFM v tn s dao ng t nhin ca VCO
fN to ra in p ng ra:
v0

f fN mf
f
FM

m( t )
k0
k0
k0

y chnh l tn hiu gii iu ch. tn hiu gii iu ch khng mo th di kha

ca PLL phi ln hn di tn ca tn hiu FM ng vo.
4.3.6 Pht thanh FM Stereo
Nhu cu pht thanh FM n nm 1945 c nng cao. Ngi ta mong mun truyn
c tn hiu in t m thanh ca hai knh tri v phi ring bit m vn gi FM
mono truyn thng. T nhu cu trn, ngoi tn hiu L + R truyn thng ngi ta truyn
thm tn hiu L R bng phng php ghp knh FDM.
19k
50

L
+

15k

L+R

50

15k

23k

Delay
iu ch
FM

53k

38k

iu ch
cn bng

L-R

38k
50

15k

x2

OSC - 19 kHz

Hnh 4.25: S khi mch to tn hiu FM Stereo

Trang 60

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

50

LPF
0 15k

15k

L+ R

2L

Gii iu
ch FM

23k

38k

BPF
23k 53k

Cng
hng 19k

53k

Gii iu
ch cn
bng
38k

L-R

2R

50

15k

x2

Hnh 4.26: S khi mch gii m tn hiu FM Stereo

Tn s 19kHz gi l tn s pilot c dng khi phc li sng mang 38kHz phc
v cho gii iu ch cn bng.

Trang 61

Bi ging in t thng tin

Bin son Ths Nguyn Hong Huy

PHN 2: BI TP (2 tit)
1. Cho tn s sng mang AM l 1MHz, bin 100V trn ti 50. Tn hiu iu ch:
m (t ) V1 cos 2f1t V2 cos 2f 2 t ; f1 = 1kHz, f2 = 5kHz
a. H s iu ch tng ng: mA1 = 0.2, m A2 = 0.3
b. V ph tn hiu AM. Tnh cng sut tn hiu?
2. Xc nh tn s tn hiu iu ch ln nht c th khi s dng mch tch sng hnh
bao c R = 10k, C = 1000pF v m = 0.5.
3. Cho VCO c nhy k0 = 3kHz/V, c iu ch bi tn hiu m(t) =
2sin(2.4kHz)t (V). tn s sng mang trung tm f0 = 1MHz.
a. Tm di tn f? H s iu ch m f.
b. Vit biu thc tn hiu FM bit bin sng mang l 10V?
4. Cho tn hiu FM: vFM = 1000cos[2107t + 0.5cos2104t] (V) trn ti anten 50.
a. Tnh cng sut FM? mf? f?
b. Tnh nhy iu ch kf nu Vm = 200mV? V ph FM
5. In a AM system, what is meant by the following terms: modulating signal, carrier,
and modulated wave?
6. For an envelope with Vmax = 40V, Vmin = 10V, determine:
a. Unmodulated carrier amplitude
b. Peak change in amplitude of the modulated wave
c. Coefficient of modulation
7. For a modulation coefficient m = 0.2 and a carrier power Pc = 1000W, determine:
a. Sideband power
b. Total transmitted power
8. For a AMDSB wave with an unmodulated carrier voltage of 25V and a load
resistance of 50, determine:
a. Power of unmodulated carrier
b. Power of unmodulated carrier and the upper and lower side frequencies for a
modulation coefficient m = 0.6.
9. Determine the maximum modulating signal frequency for a peak detector with the
following paramaters: C = 1000pF, R = 10k, and m = 0.5. Repeat the problem for m
= 0.707.
10. For a FM modulator with modulator with modulation index m = 2, modulating
signal vm(t) = Vmsin(22000t), and an unmodulated carrier vc(t) = 8sin(2800kHzt):
a. Determine the number of sets of significant sidebands.
b. Draw the frequency spectrum showing the relative amplitudes of the side
frequencies.
c. Determine the bandwidth
d. Determine the bandwidth it the amplitude of the modulating signal increases
by a factor of 2.5.

Trang 62