tec! GEEEE RR EETE Ssiiss DRYING OF PADDY USING HUSK ENERGY Sutrisno’, Astanto', Budi Raharjo*, and Ridwan Thahir® + Agricultural Engineering Unit, ICR, * South Sumatra Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology "Indonesian Center for Agricultural Post Harvest Research and Development (ICAPRD) E-mail: balitpa@telkom.net ABSTRACT ‘A research using husk energy dryer to dry up wet paddy have been conducted from 2004 to 2008 in thee locations, namely Binong Village (West Java), Baturimpang Village (West Nusa Tenggara) and Upang Village Gouth Sumatra). in Binong and Upang, Ciherang variety was used in the experiment, while in Baturimpang, Cilosarivarey was used, All paddy grains used were those wet harvested paddy. Box dryer ‘ype using husk energy was sed in these experiments. Husk stove ABC model which was designed by ICRR 1003 was used to burn the husk, The molsture content of isk was about 10-11%, In these experiments "thin layers of grain drying method was used to dry up the wet paddy grain. Observations were done on ambient temperate, drying temperature, emperature and moisture Content of dried paddy per layer (bottom, middle, and top, temperature of exhaust ait, weight of dred paddy husk and diese ol consumption, and speed of air flow passing the blk of paddy in the drying chamber. Drying process was terminated when the ‘average of moisture content of dried paddy reached 14% or less. Dried paddy was then milled by a commer- ‘lal miller of double ass type. Rsulls showed that average grain mile rice ratio in all locations were 65:96 fand 62.69% when they were dried with husk dryer and sun drying, respectively. Average percentage of cad ‘ice was 7213 and 54.59%, respectively. Average of operational drying cost using husk energy Gryet was p2297/kg wet paddy. This costs ower as compared tothe cost using Kerosene drying (Rp80/ kg wet paddy) and sun drying (Rp40/kg wet pad). ‘Key words: Drying, pay, husk energy. INTRODUCTION ce global market era, domestic ice is still not competi- with imported rice such as those from Thailand and vam Resulls ofsurvey a the market of Kuto Palembang, ay 2000 showed that the quality of domestic rice was + than imported rice but its price was higher. For ex -, Vietnam rice containing 82.94% head rice was sold °2.100/kg, Thailand rice containing 53.19% of head was sold at Rp2.000/kg, and local rice containing, °% of head rice was sold at Rp2.100/kg (Sutrisno, 00 1. Toincrease the competitive price of domesticrice, a vology that can increase actual milled rice content and uality, and decrease processing cost as wellis needed. xpected technology is needed for drying up paddy stechanical dryer provided witha husk stove, called tusk stove of ABC model (Abdullah, 1990; Sutrisnoe et 199; Sutrisno eal, 2001), Using such dryer the cost of ‘ene can be reduced since the price of husk is lower that of kerosene. Result of experiment in Sukamandi _gthe year of 2003 using the husk stove of ABC model ed that grain/ milled rice ratio and percentage of head Arrice were 66.47% and 80.07%, respectively, while ‘sun drying method were 64.27% and 60.51%, re- ively. A total of 2,002 kg of Ciherang variety were with the initial moisture content of 20% and then tried up to become 12.38% within 9 hours. Average ature was 43°C, the speed of ar flow passing bulk {dy in drying chamber was 7.13 m/ minute. A total of {of husk was needed in the experiment, and diesel oil consumption for rotating a blower was 6.1. The burnt husk produced 65 kg of ash with moisture content 20%. ‘The dried rice both from mechanical drying and sun dry- ‘ng were milled by using double pass type. The operational cost of the husk energy dryer, sun drying, and kerosene dryer were Rp22.55, Rp40.00, and Rp80.00/kg. forwet paddy, respectively (Sutrisno, 2004). From these considerations then 3 mechanical dryers ‘of ABC model were built at3 locations i.e-in Baturimpang, ‘West Nusa Tenggara Province, in Upang, South Sumatra Province, and in Binong, West Java Province. The purposes of these experiments were to increase grain/milled ricera- tio, percentage of head milled rice, and to reduce opera- tonal drying cost. MATERIALS AND METHOD Selected Locations Three selected locations were Baturimpang in West Nusa ‘Tenggara, Upang in South Sumatra, and Binong in West Java. The locations were selected as the representative of agricultural environment which is needed for the explora- tion of the equipment. Assembling of Dryer ‘Themechanical dryer of ABC model consisted of 4 compo- nents, ie: (1) drying chamber, (2) husk stove, (3) blower, and (4) diesel engine. Figure 1 showed a husk stove sketch Sutrisno et al: Drying of paddy using husk energy 581© ABC model and Figure 2a and Figure 2b showed an as- bling of the dryer. Drying chambers in Baturimpang, cup Chimoey Chiemey protection Acrations plat Hopper sow door Stove hse Channa conneting tsk ove to plenum gure 2a, Husk energy dryer, drying chamber was made of ron plate. gure 2b, Husk energy dryer, drying chamber was made of concrete. 32 Rice industry, culture, and environment and Binong were made of iron plate; where as in Upang, was madeof concrete, Drying Experiment ‘This experiment used thin layer grain drying method (Thahiretal, 1988), The pay denlty in the drying chamy- ber, was divided into 3 layers, n such away each layer had an equal density. Those layers were bottom layer (8), ride layer (M), and top layer (1), 0 that BeM=T=d/3 Cin, Data collected were weightof wet paddy (kg) weight of dried paddy (kg) inital grain moisture content (1%) hal grain moisture content (8), ambient temperature (iy and wet bub temperature), gain temperature pe layer (CO, grain moisture content per layer (3) and exhaust it temperature (C), Measurement was done every 1 hour, Other datacolected were engine evolition (RPM) blower revolution (RPM), husk consumption (kg) and diesel of Consumption (). Data was completed withrice variety, date otharvesting dat of threshing date of drying, pice of wet paddy (Rp/),and price of mile rice (Rp/ ke). Sun dried paddy treatment was done as control. Data collected in sun dried paddy treatment were weight of wet paddy, initial grain moisture content, final grain moisture content, weight of dried paddy, temperature of grain dur- ing drying process, dense of grain pile, and size of sun drying floor. Setting of measurements was shown in Fig- ture 3a and 3b, Data were plotted ona graphs correlation between grain moisture content and drying time. Milling Test The aim of milling test was to determine grain/ milled rice ratio and to obtain sample of milled rice for quality evalu- ation. Commercial rice mille of double pass type was used. This miller type consisted of huller and polisher that could be installed separately o singly as well Figure 4a and 4b) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Experiment in Upang Drying chamber was built of concrete; its size was 4 m Jong and3 m wide. Dense of grain pile that could be dried were 40cm This construction was then used tory up3.5 tof Ciherang wet paddy variety. The paddy was harvested on 18 February 2005, then threshed on 19 February 2005, and then dried on 21 February 2005, The intial moisture contentof paddy was 2.10%, Stove used husk with mois ture content 10 up to 11%, Result of mensurement was shownin Table, Patter of decreasing on grain moisture content was shown in Figure. Table’ showed thatt took 12 hours to decrease grain moisture from 22.10% to 12.63%. Average drying temper= ture was4050°C, average speed of air flow passing paddy pile in drying chamber was 6.5 m/min, and average ambi- ent temperature, Tdb was 30.77 °C, Tw was 2.50°C. Fig- ture 5 showed that grain moisture content per layer 354 des of dy bal in drying char | memos Figure 3, Thermometer setting t sticks based onthe dense ofeach paddy ayer in drying chamber, ray — wate Froat view Figure 3b. Meassrementsetingat the experimentf pay doing sng husk energy ryer, stove of ABC mode, with thin ayer grain drying method, Figure 4a. Rice miller of double pass type Figure 4b. Rice miller of double pass type installed separately installed singly Sutrisno et al: Drying of paddy using husk energy 583‘Table 1, Result of measurement on paddy drying in Upang swamp area, South Sumatera using husk stove model ABC (February 2005) No Wir © 1900 1 2000 2 2100 3 200 4 2300 S900 6 1000 7 1100 8 1200 9 1200 0 1400 20 2130 avenge TC i Tae a ec ee 2650 2550 3600 295 31467 3000 2938 1930 214 72193 2088 650 2700 2680 3800 2800 3350 3083 3033 1193 2148 2158 2021 650 2680 28504400 3000 3800 3800 33,0. 1620 1980 2012 1871 650 4 31g0 2800 4200 3400 4833 3800 3350 nar 630 3100 2900 4400 3150 4783 4000 3817 1623630 3200 30q0 490.3200 4867 4500 3867 131650 3400 3000 4200 31.00 4533.41.00. 3483 aot 630 3500 3400 4200 3100 4400 450.3745 nas 680 3530 3100 4000 3350 4683 48.0 3900 ne 680 34,00 40,00 32,00 43,33 36,00 35,00 1610 1281 6,50 / 35,00 4500. 38,00 45,00 440 4150 1550 1263 650 ' 307730 an50” Shae 530 Eplaton WIT Tine clock (Wet Indonesia 1 "Temperate ane Ta. Dy bub tenpetr TE webu cnet TS Temperature eplenm TE Tenpoatrofetns ai TE Tenders of gr anbouon layer Th tempore af gin on mle layer Te Tenenure ofanon lav Nb, Molar oad ou room ayer Ws Mare snc of gnome Se 25.00 = 2000 2 15.00 —— B 1000 |. Z 88 8 5.00 +; —#—-Mu| 3 sa 84 Rice industry, culture, OAR UCGOVOO Ont Time (hour) Figure 5 Pattern of decreasing on grain moisture content per layer in paddy drying experiment using husk stove of ABC model in Upang February 2005) ind environment‘Table 2, Average of milled rice, and grain/milled rie ratio (%) obtained from paddy grain. dried up with husk energy dryer and sun drying, Drying method Husk energy dryer Sun drying Milled rice (kg) Grain/milled rice ratio (9) 32.98 31.38 65:96 2.70 ‘Table 3, Average of head rice, broken rice, and drying cost (Rp/kg wet paddy) obtained. from paddy grain dried with husk energy dryer and sun drying Dang meted ak ayer mr 5433 ‘ilar. Moisture content tthe bottom layer was lower that in the middle layer and the moisture content in Aiddle layer was lower than that at the top layer. Itis rstandable since the hot air flows from the bottom to ‘player. 2esult indicated that the use of husk energy dryer owed the grain/ milled rie ratio, head rie, broken rice, inying cost by 326%, 17.60%, 17.60%, and Rp17.03/ st paddy, respectively (Table 2 and 3). Ba GSEEE CONCLUSIONS drying of paddy using a husk stove of ABC model night increase grain/ milled rice ratio and percentage \fhead milled rice. It might also decrease operational lrying cost compared to sun drying method. Increas- 1g of grain/milled rice ratioin Baturimpang, Binong, ind Upang was 2.56%, 2.99%, and 4.26%, respectively srin average 3.37%. There was an increase of head ailled rice at the 3 locations: 21.73%, 10.56%, and 0.37%, respectively, orin average was 17.60%. 2 dperational drying cost using husk stove of ABC aodel might be lower than sun drying method and Iso lower than using kerosene burner. Operational ying cost using husk stove of ABC model in iaturimpang, Binong, and Upang, was Rp24.38, {p24.32, and Rp20.21, respectively, or in average 'p2.97/kg wet paddy. On the other hand, the dry- _gcost was Rp40.00 and Rp80.00/kg wet paddy, re- pectvely, when we used sun drying method and kero- zneburner. SUGGESTION Farr 2'srice drye is not provided with measuring testers, Hiadiee 3) Broken OH) maT asa Drying con (Rog wet pes) 297 ‘40.00 ‘Le. moisture tester, ow meter, and thermometer. The testers are crucial in order to conduct the drying process properly ‘o full the recommended standard. REFERENCES Abdullah K, 1990, Concept and idea of development of various advance technology of drying and opportu- nity of dried commodity of agricultural products on. domestic and foreign market. National Seminar on Technology of Drying for Agricultural Commodity. Jakarta, 21-23 November 1990 (in Indonesian). ‘Sutrisno, 2000, Technical report about rice price in Kuto market Palembang, South Sumatera. The agency of Agricultural at Research and Development. Jakarta (inindonesian). Sutrisno, Astanto, and EE. Ananto. 1999, Performance of paddy dryer using husk stove of ABC type on low temperature. ‘of Symposium IV on food ‘crop. Bogor, 2-24 November 1999. Center of Research, and Development Institute for Food Crops. Bogor (in Indonesian). Sutrisno, M. Wahyudin, and E.E. Ananto, 2001. The tech- nical and economical performance of the ABC type paddy dryer. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Sci- ence. Vol. 2, No. 2. October 2001. Agency for Agricul- tural Research and Development. Sutrisno, 2004, Substitution of kerosene burner with husk stove of model ABC on box dryer to increase efficiency of drying, Proceeding of Technology Dissemination. Bogor, 6 December 2003. (in Indonesian). ‘Thahiz, R,,Sutrisno, and Abdullah K. 1988. Fundamental ‘and technical drying of grain. Training on Agricul- tural Post Harvest Research, Sukamandi, 7 Novem- ber-3 December 1982. (in Indonesian). Sutrisno et al: Drying of paddy using husk energy 585