Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering (1305-360)

(Sedimentation)
gravity
(discrete particle)
Fb
Fd
w = setting velocity
Fg = gravity force
Fd = drag force
Fb = buoyant force

Fg

C D = drag coefficient

1
Fd = C D A p l w 2
2
Fg = sV p g

A p = projected area of particle

l = fluid density
s = particle density

Fb = lV p g

V p = particle volume
dw
1
= Fg Fb Fd = ( s l ) V p g C D A p l w 2
dt
2
steady state condition ( dw = 0 )
dt
F = ma = m

(w)

w=

w=

2 g ( s l ) V p
( )
CDl
Ap

4 g ( s l )
(d p ) ;
3 CD
l

for spherical :

Vp
Ap

4 dp 3
( )
2
2
= 3
= dp
dp
3
( ) 2
2

dp particle, CD Reynolds number (R e)

Re =
Re < 1 ;

l wd p

24
;
CD =
Re

wd p

;=

2
1 ( s l ) gd p
w =
18

stokes equation
1

1 < R e ~ 1000 ;

12.65
;
CD =
R e 0.5

( l ) 2 g 2 3
w = 0.223 s
d p Allen equation
l

Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering (1305-360)

.
1

( s l ) gd p 2
1000 < R e < 2.5 10 5 ; C D = 0.4; w = 1.82
Newton equation
l

24
3
R e < 10 4 ;
CD =
+
+ 0.34
Re
Re

spherical particle 0.01 cm

2.65 g/cm3 0.01 g/cm.s l 1 g/cm3
stokes equation Re < 1
1 ( s l ) gd p
1 (2.65 1) 980 (0.01) 2
w =
=
= 0.9 cm / s
18

18
0.01
l wd p
1 0.9 0.01
Re =
=
= 0.9 < 1 Ok

0.01
2

spherical particle 0.5 mm

2.65 g/cm3 2650 kg/m3 1.002 10-3 kg/m.s (20 oC)
l 998.2 kg/m3
1) Re < 1:
w=

9.81 m / s (2650 998.2) kg / m 3 (5.0 10 4 ) 2 m 2

18 1.002 10 3 kg / m.s

w = 0.22 m / s
Re =

l wd p

998.2 kg / m 0.22 m / s 5 10 4 m
= 110 (not less than 1)
1.002 10 3 kg / m.s
3

2) CD:
CD =
w=

24
+
Re

3
Re

4 g ( s l )
(d p ) =
3 CD
l

+ 0.34 =

24
3
+
+ 0.34 = 0.84
110
110

4 9.81 (2650 998.2)

(5 10 4 ) = 0.11 m / s
3 0.84
998.2

3) Re CD
l wd p

998.2 kg / m 3 0.11 m / s 5 10 4 m
Re =
=
= 55

1.002 10 3 kg / m.s
24
3
24
3
CD =
+
+ 0.34 =
+
+ 0.34 = 1.18
Re
55
Re
55
w=

4 g ( s l )
(d p ) =
3 CD
l

4 9.81 (2650 998.2)

(5 10 4 ) = 0.096 m / s 0.11 m / s
3 1.18
998.2

0k..

Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering (1305-360)

(discrete particle)
(plug flow)


V w
Surface area (A)
h
v
inlet

wo
ws

ho
h

outlet

sludge zone
l
L
wo

Particles : ws > wo

all particle settled out

Particles : ws < wo

partly settled out

ws
E =

wo =

ho
h
to =
and ws =
to
to

h
ho

detention time

wt
w
h
= s o = s
ho
wo t o
wo

w
h
= s
ho
wo
h
= o =
L /v

()

E =

wo =

ho
to

ho
Q
Q
=
=
Q
LB
A
L /(
)
bh o

L basin
3

Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering (1305-360)

Q
B basin
A basin
Q
= overflow rate or surface loading rate
A
= the setting velocity results in 100% of the removal rate

wo =

basin

E =1
E=

for w ws

w
Aw
=
ws
Q

for w < wo

Portion of particles with less than stated velocity

1.0
xo
dx
wo

w (setting velocity)

xo wo
1 xo ( with w > wo ) all settled out
1
wo

xo

wdx (with w < w ) removed

o

E = 1 xo +

1
wo

xo

wdx
o

particle size distribution sieve

analysis
Settling velocity (m/min)
Weight fraction
remaining

1.5

0.6

0.3

0.55

0.46

0.35

0.21
3

0.22

0.15

0.11

0.03

overflow rate 4000 m /m .d

4

Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering (1305-360)

(wo) (100%)

Fraction of partcle
(less than stated velocity)

wo =

Q
4000
= 4000 m / d =
= 2 . 8 m / min
A
24 60

0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00

Xo = 0.54

2.8 m/min

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

Setting velocity (w) (m/min)

Setting velocity curve

dx
0.03
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.055
0.03
0.055
0.04
0.01
0.54

w
0.1
0.2
0.23
0.25
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.71
1.065
1.5
2.125
2.58

wdx
0.003
0.012
0.0138
0.015
0.015
0.02
0.02
0.03905
0.03195
0.0825
0.085
0.0258
0.3631

E = (1 X o ) +

1
wo

E = (1 0.54) +

wdx

0.3631
= 0.59
2.8

(flocculant free setting)

(1) column uniform
(2) suspended solid
5

Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering (1305-360)

(3)
(4) %
(5) plots

Siphon sample for each depth

h2
h5

sample suspension
sludge
(1)
detention time (t) = 25 (2) overflow rate (Q/A)
3

detention time 25 h1, h2,

h3, h4

Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering (1305-360)

55 + 60 h 4 60 + 70 h 3 70 + 80 h 2 80 + 100 h 1

2
h
2
h
2
h
2
h
E = 57 . 5 ( 0 . 3) + 65 ( 0 . 32 ) + 75 ( 0 . 21 ) + 90 ( 0 . 17 ) = 69 %
detention time 25 3 t = V = 25 ; A( 3) = 25
Q
Q
3m
Q
=
= 172.8 m / d
Overflow rate =
A 25 min
E =

(discrete particle)
(floc) overflow rate
detention time

overflow rate

Freeboard

(3~8): 1
3-4
2
8 (plain sed)
3-5 (floc)
30 / (plain sed)
40 / (floc)
3
2
8-25 m /m .d (plain sed)
15-25 m3/m2.d (floc)
(plain sed)
sludge scraper (floc)
30
70

Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering (1305-360)

floc 50,000 m3/d

(1) hydraulic retention time 4 (3-5 )
V
Q
4 hr
R equired volume (V ) = HRT Q =
50,000 m 3 / d = 8,333.3 m 3
24 hr / d
HRT =

(2) 2 3.5 5 (L =5W)

V = 3.5 m W 5W =

8,333.3
= 4166.6 m 3
2

w = 15.4 m; use W = 16 m; L = 5W = 5 16 = 80 m

(3)
v =

25,000 m 3 / d
446.4 m / d
Q
=
= 446.4 m / d =
100 cm = 31 cm / min < 40 cm / s ok
2
A
24 60 (min/ d )
16 3.5 m

D = 3.5 (effective depth) + 1 (freeboard & sludge) m, W =16 m, L = 80 m

4) Overflow rate
Overflow rate =

25,000 m 3 / d
= 19.5 m 3 / m 2 .d
80 m 16 m

Overflow rate 15-25 m3/m2.d Ok..