MATH 41001: LINEAR ANALYSIS

Chapter 2: The `p spaces are Banach

Theorem 1. ` = (xi )
i=0 : sup0i< |xi | < +, xi R with the norm k(xi )i=0 k =
sup0i< |xi | is a Banach space.
(n)

Proof. Suppose that {(xi )

i=0 }n=1 is a Cauchy sequence for k k . Then, given > 0,
there exists N 1 such that, for n, m N and any i 0,
(n)

|xi

(m)

xi

(m)
)i=1 k

(n)

| k(xi )
i=0 (xi

< .

()

(n)

In other words, for each fixed i, {xi }

n=1 is a Cauchy sequence in R and so, since R is
complete, it has a limit xi R, say. We may now let m + in () to obtain, for n N ,
(n)

|xi

xi | =

(n)

lim |xi

m+

(m)

xi

(n)

(m)
)i=0 k

| lim sup k(xi )

i=0 (xi
m+

()

Then, in particular, for each i,

(N )

|xi | |xi

(N )

| + |xi

(N )
)i=1 k

xi | k(xi

+ ,

so, taking the supremum over i, k(xi )

i=0 k < +, i.e., (xi )i=0 ` . Furthermore, taking
the supremum over i in (), gives that, for n N ,
(n)

(n)

k(xi )
i=0 (xi )i=0 k = sup |xi
i0

xi | ,

(n)

so limn+ k(xi )
i=0 (xi )i=0 k = 0, as required.

Theorem 2. For p 1, `p = {(xi )

i=0 :

k(xi )
i=0 kp =

i=0

|xi |p < +, xi R} with the norm

!1/p
|xi |p

i=0

is a Banach space.
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(n)

Proof. Suppose that {(xi )

i=0 }n=1 is a Cauchy sequence for k kp . Then, given > 0,
there exists N 1 such that, for n, m N and any i N,

(n)
|xi

(m)
xi |p

(n)

|xi

(m) p

(n)

(m) p
)i=0 kp

| = k(xi )
i=0 (xi

xi

< p .

( )

i=0
(n)

So, for each fixed i, {xi }

n=1 is a Cauchy sequence in R and thus has a limit xi R, say.
Next, note that, for any M 1 and n, m N , we have
M
X

(n)
|xi

(m)
xi |p

i=0

(n)

|xi

(m) p

xi

| < p .

i=0

If we let m +, this gives

M
X

(n)

|xi

xi |p p ,

( )

i=0

for any M 1 and n N . By Minkowskis inequality,

M
X

!1/p
|xi |p

i=0

M
X

!1/p
(N )

|xi

xi |p

i=0

M
X

!1/p
(N )

|xi

xi |p

M
X

!1/p
(N ) p

|xi

i=0

!1/p
(N ) p

|xi

i=0

i=0
(N )
)i=0 kp .

+ k(xi

P
1/p
(N )
M
p
p
Letting M +, we see that
|x

x
|
is finite, so (xi )
i
i=0 ` .
i
i=0
Finally, letting M + in ( ) gives

(n)

|xi

xi |p p ,

i=0
(n)

for all n N , so that limn+ k(xi )

i=0 (xi )i=0 kp = 0, as required.