TIP CN C-D-I-O

NNG CAO CHT LNG O TO

I HC , CAO NG VIT NAM
PGS,TS. V VN THNG*
TM TT
CDIO c vit tt ca cm t ting Anh Conceive - Design - Implement Operate, c
ngha l: hnh thnh tng, thit k tng, thc hin v vn hnh, khi ngun t Vin
Cng ngh MIT (Hoa K). Cho n nay, m hnh ny c cc trng H, C trn th gii
p dng ngy cng nhiu. V bn cht, CDIO l mt gii php nng cao cht lng o to,
p ng yu cu x hi (XH) trn c s xc nh chun u ra, t thit k chng trnh v
k hoch o to. Quy trnh ny c xy dng mt cch khoa hc, hp l, logic, c th p
dng cho nhiu lnh vc o to khc nhau ngoi ngnh o to k s. Bi vit ny cp
CDIO nh l mt sng kin mi cho gio dc, mt h thng phng php, hnh thc tch ly
kin thc, k nng trong vic nng cao cht lng o to i hc nhm p ng yu cu ca
doanh nghip, x hi, c trnh by qua nm vn c bn: (1) CDIO l g?, (2) Bn cht
ca CDIO, (3)Tiu chun ca CDIO, (4) CDIO v chun u ra, (5) CDIO vi vic xy dng
chng trnh o to.
1. CDIO l g?
CDIO l ch vit tt ca cc t: Conceive - hnh thnh tng, Design - thit k,
Implement trin khai v Operate - vn hnh, xut pht t tng ca cc khi ngnh k
thut thuc 4 trng i hc (H), hc vin: H Cng ngh Chalmers Gteborg, Hc vin
Cng ngh Hong gia Stockholm, H Linkping Linkping (Thy in) v Hc vin
Cng ngh Massachusetts (Hoa K) vo nhng nm 1990. PGS,TS. H Tn Nht, Trng H
Northridge (Hoa K) cho rng, CDIO l mt xng quc t ln c hnh thnh p
ng nhu cu mt thp k mi ca cc doanh nghip v cc bn lin quan khc trn ton th
gii trong vic nng cao kh nng ca sinh vin (SV) tip thu cc kin thc c bn, ng thi
y mnh vic hc cc k nng c nhn v giao tip, k nng kin to sn phm, quy trnh v
h thng1.
Cho ti nay, chng trnh ny m rng hn 50 trng H trn 25 Quc gia. Nhng
quc gia c cc trng H p dng CDIO: M c H California, Daniel Webster, Hc
*

Ph Hiu trng Trng H An Giang.

Xem H Tn Nht, on Th Minh Trinh (Bin dch), Ci cch v xy dng chng trnh o to k thut theo
phng php tip cn CDIO, Nxb i hc Quc gia TP.HCM, 2009, Tr.XV.
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vin Cng ngh Massachusetts, Hc vin Naval; Ca-na-da c H Hong Gia, Ontario,
Calgary, Manitoba,; Php c Telecom Bretagne; New Zealand c H Auckland; Vng
quc Anh c H Lancaster, Liverpool, Leeds, Aston (Anh) v H Hong Gia Belfast (Bc
Ireland); Thy in c H K thut Chalmers, Jnkping, Linkping; Phn Lan c H
Khoa hc ng dng Kemi-Tornio; Nam Phi c H Pretoria; B o Nha c Hc vin cao cp
Engenharia do Porto; Sin-ga-pore c H Bch khoa,v.v. Vit Nam, vic p dng CDIO
ang bc u th nghim. Nm hc 2009-2010, HQG H Ni v HQG Thnh ph H
Ch Minh bt u p dng CDIO o to mt s ngnh ti cc trng thnh vin.
2. Bn cht CDIO
CDIO l mt h thng phng php pht trin chng trnh o to k s, nhng v
bn cht, y l quy trnh o to chun, cn c u ra (outcome-based) thit k u vo.
Quy trnh ny c xy dng m bo tnh khoa hc v tnh thc tin cht ch. V tng th,
CDIO c th p dng xy dng quy trnh chun cho nhiu lnh vc o to khc nhau ngoi
ngnh o to k s, bi l n m bo khung kin thc v k nng, chng hn p dng cho
khi ngnh kinh t, qun tr kinh doanh,... Cho nn, c th ni, CDIO thc cht l mt gii
php nng cao cht lng o to, p ng yu cu x hi, trn c s xc nh chun u ra,
t thit k chng trnh v k hoch o to mt cch hiu qu.
o to theo m hnh CDIO, SV cn phi t nhng bn khi k nng, kin thc v
khi tt nghip, SV s c pht trin k nng, kin thc (xem mc 4 bi vit ny). Mc tiu
o to CDIO l hng ti vic gip SV c c k nng cng v mm cn thit khi ra
trng, p ng yu cu, i hi ca XH cng nh bt nhp c vi nhng thay i vn rt
nhanh ca thc tin i sng XH. Nhng SV gii c th lm ch, dn dt s thay i cn thit
theo hng tch cc.

Phng php tip cn CDIO

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(Xem The CDIO approach to engineering education:

Introduction TS. H Tn Nht, 2008)
Theo cc chuyn gia nh gi, nhng li ch m o to theo m hnh CDIO mang li
l: Gn kt c c s o to vi yu cu ca ngi tuyn dng, t thu hp khong cch
gia o to ca nh trng v yu cu ca nh s dng ngun nhn lc; gip ngi hc pht
trin ton din vi cc k nng cng v k nng mm nhanh chng thch ng vi mi
trng lm vic lun thay i v thm ch l i u trong vic thay i ; gip cc chng
trnh o to c xy dng v thit k theo mt quy trnh chun; cc cng on qu trnh o
to c tnh lin thng v gn kt khoa hc cht ch; gn pht trin chng trnh o to vi
chuyn ti v nh gi hiu qu gio dc i hc (GDH), gp phn nng cao cht lng
GDH.
3. Tiu chun CDIO
xng CDIO tip nhn 12 tiu chun m t chng trnh CDIO, gm: Tiu chun
1: Bi cnh. Tiu chun ny xut pht t nguyn l, vic pht trin v trin khai vng i ca
sn phm, quy trnh v h thng hnh thnh tng, thit k, trin khai v vn hnh l bi
cnh GDk thut; Tiu chun 2: Chun u ra. Chun u ra chi tit, c th i vi nhng k
nng c nhn v giao tip, k nng kin to sn phm, quy trnh, h thng cng nh kin thc
chuyn mn phi nht qun vi cc mc tiu chng trnh v c ph chun bi cc bn lin
quan ca chng trnh; Tiu chun 3: Chng trnh o to tch hp. Chng trnh o to
c thit k c cc kha hc kin thc chuyn ngnh h tr ln nhau, c mt k hoch r
rng trong vic tch hp cc k nng c nhn v giao tip, k nng kin to sn phm, quy
trnh v h thng; Tiu chun 4: Gii thiu v k thut. Mt mn gii thiu mang li khung
chng trnh cho thc hnh k thut trong vic kin to sn phm, quy trnh, h thng v gii
thiu cc k nng c nhn v giao tip thit yu; Tiu chun 5: Cc tri nghim thit k - trin
khai. Mt chng trnh o to gm t nht hai tri nghim thit k - trin khai, bao gm mt
trnh c bn v mt trnh nng cao; Tiu chun 6: Khng gian lm vic k thut.
Khng gian lm vic k thut v cc phng th nghim h tr, khuyn khch hc tp thc hnh
trong vic kin to sn phm, quy trnh v h thng; kin thc chuyn ngnh; hc tp XH;
Tiu chun 7: Cc tri nghim hc tp tch hp. Cc tri nghim hc tp tch hp a n vic
tip thu cc kin thc chuyn ngnh cng nh cc k nng c nhn v giao tip, k nng kin
to sn phm, quy trnh v h thng; Tiu chun 8: Hc tp ch ng. Ging dy v hc tp
da trn phng php hc tp tri nghim ch ng; Tiu chun 9: Nng cao nng lc v k
nng ca ging vin. Cc hnh ng nng cao nng lc ca ging vin trong cc k nng c
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nhn v giao tip, cc k nng kin to sn phm, quy trnh v h thng; Tiu chun 10: Nng
cao nng lc v ging dy ca ging vin. Cc hnh ng nng cao nng lc ca ging vin
trong vic cung cp cc tri nghim hc tp tch hp, trong vic s dng cc phng php hc
tp tri nghim ch ng v trong nh gi hc tp ca SV; Tiu chun 11: nh gi hc tp.
nh gi hc tp ca SV v cc k nng v giao tip, cc k nng kin to sn phm, quy trnh
v h thng cng nh kin thc chuyn ngnh; Tiu chun 12: Kim nh chng trnh. Mt
h thng kim nh chng trnh theo 12 tiu chun ny v cung cp phn hi n SV, ging
vin v cc bn lin quan khc cho mc nh ci tin lin tc.
4. CDIO v chun u ra
Chun u ra (CR) i vi nhng ngnh o to k s theo m hnh CDIO c xy
dng da vo vic kho st, nghin cu rt k yu cu th trng, c th hin 4 khi kin
thc, k nng chnh: (1) kin thc chuyn ngnh v lp lun k thut (technical knowledge
and reasoning); (2) k nng, thi c nhn v ngh nghip (professional and personal skills
and attitudes), (3) k nng, thi XH (interpersonal skills and attitudes); (4) kin thc, k
nng CDIO trong bi cnh XH v doanh nghip (CDIO in social and enterprise context). Ba
nhm kin thc, k nng u lm nn tng cho nhm kin thc, k nng th 4. Ngha l, khi
SV tt nghip s t c C-D-I-O: hnh thnh tng thit k tng thc hin v
vn hnh. Khi xy dng xong chun u ra, ging vin phi tch hp n vo cng mn
hc ca mnh ph trch. Theo TS. V Anh Dng v PGS,TS. Phng Xun Nh, Trng H
Kinh t (HQG H Ni), qu trnh ny cn phi tin hnh qua 5 bc: (1) Hi tho ph bin,
tp hun cho ging vin v cc i tng c lin quan v chun u ra CDIO; (2) GV tch hp
chun u ra vo cng mn hc; (3) Hi ng nghim thu cng mn hc ; (4) GV
hon chnh cng theo kin ca hi ng; (5) Hi ng ph duyt nghim thu cng 2.
Tuy vy, CDIO khng l mt nguyn tc cng nhc, bi ngi thit k chng trnh c th
da trn chun u ra iu chnh mt cch linh hot sao cho ph hp vi chuyn ngnh khng
thuc khi k thut.
5 . CDIO vi vic xy dng chng trnh o to
Theo cch tip cn CDIO, khi xy dng, pht trin chng trnh o to, phi tun th
cc quy trnh mt cch cht ch: xy dng chun u ra, thit k khung chng trnh v cch
chuyn ti n trong thc tin, ng thi nh gi kt qu hc tp cng nh ton b chng

Xem TS. V Anh Dng v PGS,TS. Phng Xun Nh, Trng H Kinh t (HQG H Ni), K yu Hi tho
Quc t v CDIO, i hc Quc gia TP.H Ch Minh, 13-14/12/2010.

trnh o to. Mu cht ca CDIO l cng CDIO. y l tuyn b v mc tiu ca chng

trnh o to m 12 tiu chun CDIO c thit k nhm t mc tiu .
CDIO hng ti mc tiu pht trin GDH vi 12 tiu chun nh thit k chng
trnh o to t cn bn n nng cao, khng gian hc tp, nh gi chng trnh hc, gio
trnh tch hp hay phng php dy v hc ch ng Vi cch o to hin nay, cc trng
a ra chng trnh o to ri mi xc nh chun u ra, iu ny khin cho cc n v
tuyn dng lao ng gp kh khn, nht l ngun nhn lc cht lng cao. Cho nn, thc t
VN trong thi gian qua l buc cc n v tuyn dng lao ng phi o to li hoc b sung
kin thc, k nng sau tuyn dng. Trong khi , CDIO o to v cung cp ngun nhn lc
t cht lng cao, bi v chng trnh o to ny c thit k trn c s kho st k yu
cu thc t XH m nh tuyn dng lao ng i hi, nn n gp phn gim chi ph v ngun
lc lin quan n o to. V pha SV, h s c o to bi bn, c pht trin v tri thc,
k nng v thi ; ging vin phi tun theo cc phng php ging dy tin tin, p ng
tiu chun v nghin cu khoa hc, do vy s gp phn to ra c mt i ng ging vin
cht lng cao, t chun quc t.
Ngoi ra, m hnh CDIO cn gip nhn nhn ton din hn v phng php ging dy
v hc tp cng nh nh gi SV hay nng lc ca ging vin. Bn cnh vic cung cp mt
bn mu v chun u ra, xng CDIO cn cung cp nhng hng dn rt c th v o
to v phng php qun l GDnh tinh thn doanh nhn, lnh o trong GDH, pht trin
ging vin chuyn nghip, gn doanh nghip vi GDH, quc t ha GDH, hc tp da trn
d n, ci tin chng trnh khung, k nng giao tip khng chnh thc, hc tp kinh nghim
v hc tp ch ng, mi trng hc tp, kim tra, nh gi nn n rt hu ch trong vic p
dng v trin khai.
Trong chng trnh o to CDIO, mi mn hc, gc khc nhau, gp mt phn
vo vic t chun u ra ca ton b chng trnh o to. Do vy, tng ging vin phi tun
th cc chun mc ca chng trnh ng thi c nhng cam kt v vic truyn ti chun u
ra mn hc m ging vin ph trch.

Quy trnh xy dng chng trnh o to theo CDIO

Nhn xt
CDIO khng ch cung cp mt chun u ra m cn l mt hng dn r rng v o
to, qun l GD nh: phng php lnh o, qun l GDH, pht trin i ng ging vin vi
chuyn mn su, gn cht doanh nghip vi c s GDH, phng php hc tp da trn d
n, nhm, ci cch chng trnh khung, cung cp k nng giao tip khng chnh thc, hc tp
da trn kinh nghim v ch ng, thit k chng trnh o to, mi trng hc tp, cch
kim tra, nh gi, quc t ha GDH Do vy, c th ni, CDIO rt hu ch trong vic trin
khai chng trnh o to hiu qu, l mt trong nhng gii php nng cao cht lng GDH.
Ngy nay, cc trng H trn th gi ang p dng ngy cng rng ri hn m hnh CDIO v
nhng u im, hiu qu ca n c khng nh, kim chng qua thi gian, thc tin
nhiu trng khc nhau.
Tuy nhin, khi nim, quy trnh v cch p dng CDIO l vn mi i vi cc
trng H, C Vit Nam. R rng, vic tip cn CDIO i hi phi c nhng iu kin c
bn: c s vt cht, i ng ging vin, nhn vin, chng trnh o to, SV, p ng c
nhng tiu chun c bn ca CDIO, ng thi phi c mt h thng quy trnh x l chun v
thng nht m bo s thnh cng ca chng trnh. CDIO i hi tun theo mt quy trnh
nghim ngt t khu iu tra, kho st thc tin xc nh yu cu ca XH v cc sn phm
o to ti khu xy dng, thit k, t chc v nh gi chng trnh. y thc s l nhng
thch thc ln i vi cc trng H Vit Nam. Song, iu khng c ngha l chng ta
khng th thc hin c. Vic thay i nhn thc c hnh ng ng n trong vic p
dng CDIO chn chn s mang li hiu qu thit thc cho vic nng cao cht lng o to
H Vit Nam trong hin ti v tng lai.
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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. H Tn Nht, on Th Minh Trinh (Bin dch), Ci cch v xy dng chng trnh
o to k thut theo phng php tip cn CDIO, Nxb i hc Quc gia TP.HCM, 2009.
2. K yu Hi tho Quc t v CDIO, i hc Quc gia TP. H Ch Minh, 1314/12/2010.
3. The CDIO approach to engineering education: Introduction TS. H Tn Nht, 2008.
4. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia/CDIO.
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDIO.
6. http://www.cdio.org.