6.

002

CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS

Nonlinear Analysis

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 6

Review
Discretize matter t LCA
m1 X KVL, KCL, i-v
m2 X Composition rules
m3 X Node method
m4 X Superposition
m5 X Thvenin, Norton

any
circuit
linear
circuits

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 6

Review
Discretize value t Digital abstraction
X Subcircuits for given switch
setting are linear! So, all 5
methods (m1 m5) can be
applied

VS

VS

A =1
B =1

RL

RL

C
A

C
RON

RON

SR MOSFET Model

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 6

Today
Nonlinear Analysis
X Analytical method
based on m1, m2, m3
X Graphical method
X Introduction to incremental analysis

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 6

How do we analyze nonlinear

circuits, for example:
Hypothetical
nonlinear
D
device
(Expo Dweeb )
iD

+
vD
-

+ vD -

D
iD
iD

iD = aebvD

a
vD

0,0

(Curiously, the device supplies power when vD is negative)

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 6

Method 1: Analytical Method

Using the node method,

(remember the node method applies for linear or

nonlinear circuits)

vD V
+ iD = 0
R
iD = aebvD

2 unknowns

1
2

2 equations

Solve the equation by

trial and error
numerical methods

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 6

Method 2: Graphical Method

Notice: the solution satisfies equations
1 and 2
iD

iD = aebvD

a
vD

iD

V vD
1 iD =
R R

V
R

1
slope =
R
vD

V
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 6

Combine the two constraints

iD

V
1
R
~ 0 .4
a

called loadline
for reasons you
will see later
vD

~ 0.5

e.g.

V =1
R =1
1
a=
4
b =1

V
1
vD = 0.5V
iD = 0.4 A

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 6

Method 3: Incremental Analysis

Motivation: music over a light beam
Can we pull this off?
iD

+
vD LED
light
intensity
I D iD
vI music signal

iR

vI (t ) +

vI (t )

iD (t )

light

AMP
iR I R
light intensity IR
in photoreceiver
LED: Light
Emitting
expoDweep

iR (t )

sound

nonlinear

linear
problem! will result in distortion

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 6

Problem:

The LED is nonlinear

distortion
iD

iD
vD
vD = vI

t
vD
t

iD

vD
t

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 6

If only it were linear

iD

iD

vD

vD
t

it wouldve been ok.

What do we do?
Zen is the answer
next lecture!
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 6