B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC M - A CHT

NGUYN HNG HI

N TT NGHIP
TN TI
Ti u nhit cho cm thit b loi mui trong phn xng CDU ti
nh my lc du Dung Qut

H Ni-thng 6/2015

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC M - A CHT

NGUYN HNG HI

N TT NGHIP
TN TI
Ti u nhit cho cm thit b loi mui trong phn xng CDU ti
nh my lc du Dung Qut

GIO VIN HNG DN:

Ths.H Vn Sn

GIO VIN CHM

Ts.Nguyn Anh Dng

H Ni, thng 6/2015

1
LI CM N

n tt nghip l tc phm ca mt sinh vin trc khi ri khi trng i

hc. hon thnh n, sinh vin cn phi p dng tt c cc kin thc v hiu
bit m mnh tch ly c trong sut nhng nm hc trng. Chnh v vy
nhng kin thc m em tip thu c trong 5 nm hc ti Trng i hc M a Cht l nn tng vng chc gip em hon thnh n ny. Em xin chn thnh
cm n cc thy c trong khoa Du Kh ni chung v cc thy c trong b mn Lc
Ha Du ni ring v tn tnh ging dy, gip em trong sut nhng nm va
qua. Em xin chn thnh cm n cc anh ch ang lm vic ti nh my lc du
Dung Qut, hng dn tn tnh, by biu cho em sut thi gian thc tp va qua,
gip em hc hi c nhiu kin thc rt qu bu.
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy Th.S H Vn Sn, thy l ngi gip em
n vi hng nghin cu ny, ng thi cng l ngi tn tnh ch bo, truyn t
kin thc, kinh nghim v to mi iu kin thun li em c th hon thnh tt
n.
Cui cng em xin chn thnh cm n bn b v ngi thn trong gia nh,
nhng ngi lun l ch da vng chc v lun ng h em trong mi vic.
Sinh vin thc hin
Nguyn Hng Hi

2
MC LC
LI CM N............................................................................................................i
DANH MC CC HNH V TRONG N......................................................iv
DANH MC CC BNG BIU TRONG N................................................vii
DANH MC CC T VIT TT........................................................................viii
M U...................................................................................................................1
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V THIT B LOI MUI TRONG NH MY
LC DU.................................................................................................................2
1.1. Tng quan v nh my lc du...........................................................................2
1.1.1. i cng v du m..................................................................................2
1.1.2. Vai tr ca nh my lc du.........................................................................3
1.1.3. M hnh mt nh my lc du.....................................................................6
1.1.4. S mt bng mt nh my lc du.......................................................16
1.2. Tng quan v phn xng CDU.......................................................................19
1.2.1. Vai tr ca phn xng CDU.....................................................................20
1.2.2. S cng ngh ca phn xng CDU....................................................21
1.2.2.1. M t dng cng ngh.......................................................................22
1.2.2.2. Tin Gia nhit cho du th..................................................................22
1.2.2.3. Cm thit b tch mui.......................................................................25
1.2.2.4. L gia nhit.........................................................................................27
1.2.2.5. Chng ct du th...............................................................................29
1.2.3. Hot ng ca phn xng CDU...............................................................43
CHNG 2. L THUYT V THIT B LOI MUI TRONG NH MY
LC DU DUNG QUT.......................................................................................46
2.1. Vai tr ca thit b loi mui.............................................................................46
2.1.1. Nguyn nhn ca vic xut hin mui.......................................................46
2.1.2. Tc hi ca mui trong du th..................................................................47
2.1.3. Cc phng php loi mui......................................................................47
2.1.4. S loi mui.........................................................................................48
2.2. Cc bin hot ng qu trnh loi mui...........................................................52

3
CHNG 3. TI U NHIT CHO THIT B LOI MUI TRONG NH
MY LC DU DUNG QUT.............................................................................56
3.1. C s l thuyt tnh ton thay i li ch cho thit b loi mui khi thay i
nhit .................................................................................................................... 56
3.1.1. Phn tch nh hng ca nhit vo qu trnh loi mui........................56
3.1.2. M hnh tnh ton nhit cho qu trnh loi mui..................................57
3.2. Ti u nhit hot ng cho thit b loi mui trong nh my lc du Dung
Qut......................................................................................................................... 62
3.2.1. D liu tnh ton cho thit b loi mui trong nh my lc du Dung Qut
............................................................................................................................. 62
3.2.2. Tnh ton nhit ti u cho thit b loi mui trong phn xng CDU
nh my lc du Dung Qut................................................................................67
3.3. nh gi kt qu...............................................................................................69
KT LUN.............................................................................................................71
KIN NGH............................................................................................................71
TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................................72

4
DANH MC CC HNH V TRONG N
ST
T

S HNH V

TN HNH V

TRANG

Hnh 1.1

Nhu cu du th trn th gii

Hnh 1.2

Nhu cu cc sn phm du m khu vc chu

Hnh 1.3

Nhu cu cc sn phm du m ca th gii

Hnh 1.4

M hnh tng qut mt nh my lc du

Hnh 1.5

S rt gn mt nh my lc du

Hnh 1.6

S nguyn tc mt nh my lc du nh
(USA) thp k 60

12

Hnh 1.7

S n gin ha mt nh my lc du
Chu u vo nhng nm 1950-1970

13

Hnh 1.8

S n gin ha nh my lc du thp k
90 th k XX

14

Hnh 1.9

S mt bng nh my lc du

18

10

Hnh 1.10

S mt bng nh my lc du Tokuyama
Nht Bn (cng sut 6,5 triu tn/nm)

19

11

Hnh 1.11

M hnh 3D ca phn xng CDU nh my

lc du Dung Qut theo hng ng nam

20

12

Hnh 1.12

M hnh 3D ca phn xng CDU nh my

lc du Dung Qut theo hng Ty nam

20
21

13

Hnh 1.13

S khi phn xng CDU nh my

lc du Dung Qut (nt t ch cm phn
xng b sung khi m rng cng sut nh
my)

14

Hnh 1.14

Thit b trao i nhit phn xng CDU nh

my lc du Dung Qut

24

15

Hnh 1.15

Cc tnh in ca thit b loi mui

27
36

16

Hnh 1.16

S PFD tin gia nhit lnh v thit b

loi mui ca phn xng CDU nh my lc
du Dung Qut

17

Hnh 1.17

S PFD tin gia nhit nng v gia nhit

37

5
ca phn xng CDU nh my lc du
Dung Qut
48

Hnh 1.18

S PFD thp chng ct chnh v thp

stripper phn xng CDU nh my lc du
Dung Qut

49

19

Hnh 1.19

S PFD ca thit b sy kh trong phn

xng CDU ca nh my lc du Dung
Qut

20

Hnh 1.20

S PFD hi nh (overhead) ca phn

xng CDU nh my lc du Dung Qut

40
41

Hnh 1.21

S PFD m t thit b n nh naphtha

ca phn xng CDU nh my lc du
Dung Qut

42

22

Hnh 1.22

S PFD m t cm thit b tin gia nhit

phn xng CDU nh my lc du Dung
Qut

23

Hnh 1.23

Hin tng GAP v OVERLAP trong chng

ct du th

43

24

Hnh 2.1

Cm thit b loi mui 2 giai on

46

25

Hnh 2.2

S loi mui 2 giai on

59

26

Hnh 2.3

H thng ra mn, bn y thit b loi

mui

50

27

Hnh 2.4

Qu trnh kt dnh cc git nc vi nhau

trong thit b loi mui

51

28

Hnh 2.5

Qu trnh kt dnh v lng cc git nc

trong thit b loi mui

52

29

Hnh 2.6

Mt cc git nc trong du th cc t
l 1%, 5%, 10% cng iu kin

53

30

Hnh 2.7

nh hng ca tn tht p sut qua van mix

ti hiu qu qu trnh loi mui, rn

54

31

Hnh 3.1

S khi cho phng php tnh ton ti u

nhit ca thit b loi mui

57

32

Hnh 3.2

th m t s ph thuc ca vn tc lng
vo nhit

62

18

21

6
33

Hnh 3.3

Kt qu c tnh nhit ti u theo hm li

nhun

69

7
DANH MC CC BNG BIU TRONG N

STT

S BNG
BIU

TN BNG BIU

TRANG

Bng 1.1

Dy cc thit b trao i nhit

22

Bng 3.1

Nhng iu kin bin ca phn xng

CDU

62

Bng 3.2

Phn b sn phm ca nh my lc du
Dung Qut hin ti

64

Bng 3.3

Nng lng tiu th ca cc thit b

trong phn xng CDU ca nh my lc
du Dung Qut

65

Bng 3.4

Gi ca cc sn phm phn xng CDU

66

Bng 3.5

Gi in cng nghip Vit Nam

67

8
DANH MC CC T VIT TT

AC :

Dng in xoay chiu

AR

Cn chng ct kh quyn

BS&W

Cn y v nc, o bng tng s tp cht trong du th

BTX

Benzen, toluen, xylen

CDU

Phn xng chng ct du th (unit 11)

DC

Dng in mt chiu

DO

Diesel

ETP

Phn xng x l nc thi

FO

Nhin liu t l

HGO

Heavey gas oil (gas oil nng

HVGO

Heavey vacumn gas oil (gas oil chn khng nng)

LGO

Light gas oil (gas oil nh)

LPG:

Kh ha lng

LVGOLight vacumn gas oil (gas oil chn khng nh)

ON

Ch s octan

PTB

Pound/nghn thng

SWS

Phn xng x l nc chua (unit 18)

VR

Cn chng ct chn khng

1
M U

Du th l hn hp hu c phc tp, cha nhiu tp cht nh cc mui ca clo

NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 t, st, axit hu c. , n cha p ng c yu cu ca
con ngi. s dng c ngun vng en ny, du th cn tri qua qu trnh ch
bin tr thnh sn phm ph hp vi nhu cu s dng. Qu trnh ch bin du
th ny c thc hin nh my lc du.
Trong bt k mt nh my lc du no, phn xng CDU gn nh l bt buc
phi c trong nh my, n c vai tr phn tch du th thnh cc phn on nh hn
cho cc x l su, ng thi loi b tp cht nh mui, cht rn... ra khi du th.
Nc ta c nh my lc du u tin vo nm 2008, vi cng sut 6,5 triu
tn/nm. Ngun du th vn hnh nh my ca chng ta , ang v s thay i,
chng ta khng phi ch dng du th ca m Bch H, m hin nay dng ti 15
loi du th. Cc loi du, c nhng c tnh, tnh cht khc nhau, nh hng n
hiu qu ca vn hnh nh my, c bit l nhit . Vic ti u nhit hot ng
cho thit b loi mui ca phn xng CDU l mt vn nng ca cc nh my
lc du ni chung v nh my lc du Dung Qut ni ring. Vic ti u nhit cho
phn xng CDU ca nh my lc du Dung Qut gip cho nh my tit kim c
chi ph vn hnh ng thi nng cao c hiu qu qu trnh. Trc tnh hnh thc
t nh vy, em thc hin ti Ti u nhit cho cm thit b loi mui trong
phn xng CDU ti nh my lc du Dung Qut. ti khng ch l thc hin
ti u nhit cho cm thit b loi mui, n cn l mt ti liu gip cho ngi
c c hiu bit thm v qu trnh loi mui.
Ni dung ca ti gm
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V THIT B LOI MUI TRONG NH MY
LC DU
CHNG 2: L THUYT V THIT B LOI MUI TRONG NH MY
LC DU DUNG QUT
CHNG 3: TI U NHIT CHO THIT B LOI MUI TRONG
NH MY LC DU DUNG QUT
KT LUN

2
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V THIT B LOI MUI TRONG NH
MY LC DU

1.1. Tng quan v nh my lc du

1.1.1. i cng v du m
Du m l nhng hn hp phc tp c thnh phn nh tnh nh lng rt khc
nhau ty theo ngun gc ca n, nn s dng tin li v hiu qu cn ch bin n
thnh nhng sn phm sao cho mi sn phm dng trong my mc thit b cng loi
v cng mt mc ch phi c nhng c tnh k thut tng i c nh d chng
c sn xut t nhng ngun du m khc nhau, bng cch ny hay cch khc. V
d, c th sn xut xng bng reforming, cracking, alkyl ha, t cc phn on
no thu c t bt k du m no, t du paraffin hay du naphten, t du giu
lu hunh hay du t lu hunh, t du Trung Cn ng, du Nga hay du Vit
Nam cng nh bt k quc gia no, xng u phi tha mn nhiu tnh cht k
thut nh ON phi cao, ng cong chng ct phi nm trong nhng gii hn
nhit quy nh ty thuc theo mi quc gia, t khi phi thch hp
Lc du l lnh vc cng nghip ch bin du m thnh nhng sn phm m cc
cht ha hc c bn to ra chng c sn trong du m hoc tng t nhng cht
trong du m. Xng, DO, FO, nhin liu phn lc, du bi trn, dung mi l nhng
sn phm ch yu ca cng nghip lc du. Cng nghip lc du cn cho ra nhiu
sn phm khc: nha ng, sp, parafin, LPG, kh t, du thp v mt mc
no th than cc du m, mui than cng c coi l sn phm ca lc du.
Cng nghip lc du cng lin quan n cng nghip ha du v cc phn on
kh, ph phm thu c nh my lc du c th c s dng sn xut nhng
cht u cho cng nghip ha du. Kh propylene, kh etylen vn c trong kh
cracking, BTX trong sn phm reforming, l nhng cht u quan trng nht ca
cng nghip ha du. C th ch bin ha hc cc hydrocacbon no n gin trong
kh nh my lc du, trong phn on xng nh c cc cht u ca cng nghip
ha du.
D vi mc ch g, d du m nguyn liu ra sao, cng ngh lc du cng
c bt u bng vic lm sch u th khi cc tp cht c hc, khi nc
khong. Du th lm sch s c chng ct thnh cc phn on thch hp c
v mt k thut v kinh t. Cc phn on thu c thng cha c nhng c
tnh k thut c th dng nh l mt sn phm, tuy vy cng c nhng phn on

3
c dng nh l sn phm dn dng sau mt s bc ch bin tip. l giai
on ch bin nng.
Vic ch bin cc phn on thnh cc sn phm dn dng c nhng phm cht
k thut cao ng vai tr ngy cng quan trng trong cng nghip lc du, c bit
l di p lc ngy cng gia tng ca vn bo v mi trng. l giai on ch
bin su.
Giai on ch bin nng l bt buc, th giai on ch bin su cng gn nh
bt buc. Phng php, cng ngh ca giai on ch bin nng c nghin cu,
kh hon chnh, v c bn khng c nhng thay i cch mng ng k hng
chc nm nay, trong khi th cng ngh ch bin su ang v vn s trong thi
k bin i mnh m trn con ng hon thin c th p ng c yu cu v
cht lng ngy cng cao, cng kht khe i vi cc sn phm, bi v chnh giai
on ch bin su gp phn ch yu v quyt nh trong vic nng cao cht lng
ca cc sn phm, nng cao gi tr ca du m, em li li nhun nhiu hn.
thc hin qu trnh ch bin nng ngi ta ch yu dng cc phng php
vt l, ch yu l phng php chng ct. Giai on ch bin su s dng tng hp
cc phng php ha hc v vt l. Trong bt k mt qu trnh ch bin ha hc no
cng xy ra rt nhiu phn ng ha hc, cho nn hn hp to ra lun bao gm t rt
nhiu hp cht c bn cht phn t lng rt khc nhau, ngha l bao gi cng cn
tin hnh phn tch hn hp sau phn ng c c nhng sn phm mong mun.
Trong hu ht trng hp ngi ta cn phi s dng cc cht ph gia nhm ci
thin mt s tnh cht k thut ca cc sn phm lc du. Do qu trnh sn xut
cc cht ph gia cng l mt phn ca giai on ch bin su, mc d vic sn xut
cc cht ph gia li thng xuyn c sn xut ti cc nh my ha cht.
1.1.2. Vai tr ca nh my lc du
Nh my lc du c vai tr rt to ln trong i sng x hi ca cn ngi. Nh
my cung cp nhng sn phm nng lng v phi nng lng phc v cho nn cng
nghip ca cc quc gia, nh hng mt cch gin tip n nn an ninh khu vc.
Ngoi ra n cn nh hng ti thu nhp ca x hi thng qua to mt lng ln
vic lm cho khu vc.

Vai tr cung cp sn phm nng lng v phi nng lng ca nh my lc du

Hnh 1.1. Nhu cu du th trn th gii [2]

Hnh 1.2. Nhu cu cc sn phm du m khu vc chu [3]

Hnh 1.3. Nhu cu cc sn phm du m ca th gii [3]

Nh chng ta bit, du m l hn hp lng ca cc hp cht hu c, vi
thnh phn chnh l nhng hydrocacbon lng, hydrocacbon rn cng nh nhiu hp
cht d nguyn t, tc nhng hp cht hu c to ra t cacbon, hydro v cc nguyn
t khc nh lu hunh, nit, oxy, cc kim loi nh Na, Ca Nh vy du m l
mt hn hp rt phc tp cha hng nghn hp cht, n va l nh va l huyn
ph. Do du m khng th trc tip s dng cho cc hot ng cng nghip, dn
dng bao gm cc sn phm nng lng v phi nng lng. s dng, du m
cn phi c ch bin nng v su thnh cc sn phm ph hp vi mc ch s
dng.
V chnh tr-an ninh - quc phng, vic u t xy dng nh my lc du cho
php cc quc gia ch bin du th trong nc, m bo tng bc v an ninh nng
lng, gim bt s ph thuc vo ngun cung cp xng du t nc ngoi, gp
phn vo s nghip y mnh cng nghip ha - hin i ha ca cc quc gia.
Vai tr v kinh t, an sinh x hi
Vic xy dng nh my lc du, gp phn to cng n vic lm, thu ht ngun
nhn lc cht lng cao cho khu vc, nng cao i sng nhn dn khu vc. ng
thi ngoi nh my lc du, cc nh my sau lc du i sau, tip tc y mnh nn
kinh t khu vc, gp phn gii quyt cng n vic lm cho cc lao ng.
Nh sau khi c nh my lc du Dung Qut, th c cc d n cng nghip
nng, cc nh my thp, nh my ng tu, ha du v tinh, nhin liu sinh hc, h

6
tng giao thng pht trin rt nhanh ko theo l nhng dch v n theo rt ln
ca cc tnh xung quanh nh Qung Nam, Nng cng pht trin rt mnh. D n
to vic lm cho gn 2000 lao ng, hu ht l lc lng trnh cao v lnh
ngh.
1.1.3. M hnh mt nh my lc du
M hnh h thng cc phn xng ch bin
Phn xng ch bin l phn xng m du m c ch bin thnh cc
sn phm ngha l du m chu nhng bin i vt l v ha hc ch bin
thnh sn phm. Ta gi tt l phn xng.
Mt nh my lc du (Refinery, Oil Refinery) tng i hon chnh ngy nay
c bao gm nhiu phn xng v c cng sut ch bin t vi ba n trn chc triu
tn du th mt nm. Mi phn xng bao gm mt phn ch yu hoc thng l
ton b nh thit b thc hin mt qu trnh, mt cng ngh ch bin tng i
hon chnh [1].
Nhng phn xng ch yu ca mt nh my lc du tng i hon chnh nh
hnh 1.4.

Hnh 1.4. M hnh tng qut mt nh my lc du [1].

a: Phn xng lm sch, loi mui khi du th
b: Phn xng chng ct du th thnh cc phn on p sut kh quyn (b1)
v p sut chn khng (b2)

8
C th coi tp hp (a) v (b1) l mt phn xng-phn xng chng ct s cp
du th.
c: Phn xng ch bin phn on kh lc du
c1 Thp loi H2S (CO2) bng amin
c2 Thp loi propan
c3 - Thp loi etan
d: Phn xng oxy ha H2S sn xut S, H2SO4
e: Phn xng ng phn ha
s: Phn xng hydrotreating
g: Phn xng cracking xc tc VGO hoc AR
h: Phn xng hydrocracking
i: Phn xng cracking nhit, cracking gim nht, steam cracking
k: Phn xng chng ct sn phm cracking
l: Phn xng polymer ha
m: Phn xng alkyl ha
n: Phn xng loi cht nha ng
o: Phn xng loi paraffin
q: Phn xng sn xut m
r1, r2: Cc phn xng sn xut nha ng (thi khng kh, pha trn)
t: Phn xng sn xut than cc.
Hnh 1.5 cho ta thy mt cch tng qut hn m hnh mt nh my lc du

Hnh 1.5. S rt gn mt nh my lc du [1].

Cc k hiu nh cho hnh 1.4. Ngoi ra c thm cc k hiu: k: cc thit b
chng ct cc sn phm ca cc qu trnh ch bin ha hc: reforming, alkyl ha,
isome ha; u: cc phn xng khc nh phn xng sn xut hi nc, phn
xng sn xut nit
Cn ch l m hnh hnh 1.4 v 1.5 ch l mt m hnh chung chung, va
tha va thiu, khng bt buc, cng khng phi l mt m hnh ti u. Nhiu phn
xng cha c trong m hnh , mt s phn xng trong s khng c trong
nh my lc du ny hoc nh my lc du kia, mt s phn xng c th kt hp
li hoc phn no thay th ln nhau.
S phn xng, bn cht v quy m ca mi phn xng, mi lin h v mt
cng ngh v v mt a im gia cc phn xng ph thuc vo nhng yu t
sau: bn cht ca du th, kh nng k thut v kh nng ti chnh ca chng ta, nhu
cu v tiu dng ca khch hng v khi lng v phm cht ca sn phm. hiu
r hn v nhng yu t ny, c th tham kho v gio trnh ha hc du m v cc
sn phm du m. Mt s v d c th di y.
Khi du th nguyn liu cha t hp cht d nguyn t, tc l thng thng n
l du ngt, th cc phn xng hydrotreating s bt phn quan trng, s lng v
cng sut cc phn xng hydrotreating s t i.
Trong trng hp du th nguyn liu l du paraffin, hm lng asphalten
trong n c t, th nh my s khng c cc phn xng sn xut nha ng.
V d nguyn liu cho nh my lc du s 1 Dung Qut ch yu l du ngt
giu paraffin v sch (cha rt t d nguyn t) nn nh my khng c phn
xng sn xut nha ng, khng c phn xng hydrotreating phn on LGO
cng nh phn on HGO, khng c phn xng chng ct chn khng ly
HVGO, LVGO lm nguyn liu cho phn xng cracking xc tc, v cn chng ct

10
kh quyn AR rt sch nn c dng lm nguyn liu trc tip cho phn xng
RFCC.
Nhng vng m du diesel DO c nhu cu ln, nh hu ht cc nc ang
pht trin, c th l Vit Nam chng hn, th cc phn on LCO, HCO thu c
t phn xng chng ct sn phm cracking (k) hnh 1.4 c th c ch trong
hn, ngha l phn xng cracking c nhim v to ra nhiu LCO, HCO hn. V d
nh nh my lc du s 1 Dung Qut, LCO c th c to ra vi hiu sut ti a,
LCO c dn trc tip n bn b cha vi t cch l mt hp phn pha ch
DO thng phm.
Nhiu nh my lc du c thit k khng phi sn xut du bi trn m
ch yu sn xut cc sn phm nng lng. Trong trng hp s khng c cc
phn xng lin quan n du bi trn nh cc phn xng (o), (p). (n), (q) Thp
chng ct chn khng (b2) c cu trc n gin hn.
Ngoi ra trong bt k mt nh my lc du no cng phi c h thng t uc
(Flare System) c cc kh hydrocacbon tha hoc kh s dng mt cch tinh
t c t b, trnh vic thi chng vo khng kh lm nhim mi trng.
M hnh mt nh my lc du cng nh quy m ca n thay i theo thi i,
Trnh cng ngh, theo bn cht du th nguyn liu, theo nhu cu v cht lng
ca sn phm cn c.
Ngy nay, tt c cc sn phm nh my lc du lm vic mt cch lin tc v
lin hon, trong , th k trc, chng hot ng theo hnh thc gin on. Nm
1912 c coi l m u ca thp chng ct lin tc du th, ngha l khong na
th k sau khi nh my lc du u tin c xy dng Titusville (Pensylvania,
USA) bi W.Barnsdall v W.A.Abbott v gn 2 th k sau khi ngi Nga chng ct
du m vo nm 1735.
Ngy nay cc k s lc du tm mi cch sn xut c nhiu nht 2 sn
phm l xng v DO, th trc thp k cui cng ca th k XIX, kerosene dng lm
du thp sng li l sn phm quan trng nht. Hi ngi ta ca thn du m cha
qu nhiu phn on xng.
Trc v trong i chin th gii ln th hai phn xng cracking nhit l mt
trong nhng phn xng quan trng nht ca mt nh my lc du, v ngi ta cha
nm bt c cng ngh cracking xc tc, v nhu cu xng tng ln rt mnh, cn
by gi vai tr ca cracking nhit gim hn v thay i v c bn. Ngi ta

11
cracking gim nht, steam cracking nhng phn on nng nht c FO, to
nguyn liu cho cracking xc tc v c du DO nng.
Trong nhng nm 1950-1970 vic sn xut xng, DO, FO vn l nhim v
chnh ca mt nh my lc du, nhng ngoi nhng cng ngh sau chng ct du
th tng cht lng xng cng nh nhng c gng iu ch cc cht u cho
cng nghip ha du th gn nh khng c mt s bin i su sc tht s no lin
quan n vic ch bin cc phn on khc, ngoi cng ngh hydrotreating ang
trong giai on u ca s pht trin. hnh 1.6, 1.7 l nhng s in hnh ca mt
nh my lc du thi .
hnh 1.7 ta thy cng ngh cracking gim nht cha phi l ph bin, cng
ngh cracking xc tc cha c ng dng nhiu chu u.
Hnh 1.6 l s mt nh my lc du nh ca M vo thp k 60 c mc ch
sn xut nhin liu nh. Vo thi k cng ngh hydrotreating cha pht trin. Sn
phm chnh ca nh my l xng t, xng my bay, DO v nc M dng rt
nhiu xng so vi cc sn phm nng lng du m khc.
Do nhu cu tng, c bit l nhu cu ci thin phm cht cc sn phm du m
nh nhng vn loi bt aromatic c hi trong xng, trong nhin liu phn lc,
gim mnh hm lng lu hunh ta thy l m hnh nh my lc du ngy nay
(xem hnh 1.41.7), k thut hydrotreating, cng ngh cracking gim nht VR,
cng ngh FCC c s dng rng ri hn.

12

Hnh 1.6. S nguyn tc mt nh my lc du nh (USA) thp k 60

[1]

13
1.Thp chng ct du th; 2.Thp stripping; 3.L cracking xc tc; 4.L
reforming xc tc; 5.L cracking nhit; 6.L cracking gim nht; 7.Thp chng
ct sn phm cracking xc tc; 8.Thp chng ct sn phm cracking nhit; 9.Bn
ha phn on xng; 10.Bn ha xng cracking; 11.Bn ha xng cracking nhit;
12.Chng ct sn phm alkyl ha; 13.Chng ct sn phm polime ha; 14.Bnh
alkyl ha; 15.Thit b polymer ha; 16.Thp hp th; 17. Thp kh hp th

Hnh 1.7. S n gin ha mt nh my lc du Chu u vo

nhng nm 1950-1970 [1]
1.Thp chng ct kh quyn; 2.l hydrotreating; 3.L reforming; 4.Thp hp th
amin; 5.Phn xng Claus; 6.phn xng LPG; 7.Ngt ha kerosen; 8.L
hydrotreating; 9.L cracking gim nht
Trong tng li khng xa m hnh mt nh my lc du c l khc by gi
nhiu, cc bin php lm sch khi d nguyn t, loi b nhng hp cht c hi,
tn dng trit cn chn khng s c s dng mt cch su rng hn.

14
Cc phn xng ph tr
Phn xng ph tr l nhng phn xng m khng tin hnh s ch bin
du m m ch xy ra nhng qu trnh sn xut cc cht, vt liu dng h tr cho
cc qu trnh xy ra cc phn xng ch bin.
Nhng phn xng ph tr quan trng v bt buc phi c l:
-

Phn xng x l nc.

Phn xng sn xut hi nc.

Phn xng cung cp cc kh nit, khng kh, hydro

Phn xng cung cp in (nh my in).

H thng bn cha v ng ng.

Hnh 1.8. S n gin ha nh my lc du thp k 90 th k XX [1]

1.Phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn; 2.Phn xng chng ct
AR p sut chn khng; 3.Phn xng chng ct phn on kh; 4.Phn xng
hydrotreating; 5.Phn xng cracking gim nht; 6.Phn xng reforming;
7.Thp loi LPG. 8.Phn xng isome ha; 9.Phn xng FCC; 10.Phn xng

15
loi kh H2S; 11. Phn xng lm ngt; 12.Phn xng Claus; 13.Phn xng tch
C3H8 khi C4H10; 14.Phn xng sn xut MTBE; 15.Phn xng alkyl ha
-

Phn xng x l nc v phn xng sn xut hi nc

Mt lng nc rt ln cn c cung cp thng xuyn cho nh my lc du.

Nc c dng vo nhng mc ch sau: tham gia cc qu trnh cng ngh, cho h
thng phng ha, lm v sinh, n ung, cho cc phng th nghim.
Ty theo iu kin thy a cht m c th ch dng nc ngt hoc dng c
nc bin.
Cc thit b lm lnh, lm lnh ngng t cc dng du nng bng nc lnh l
rt ph bin trong cc nh my lc du. Chng tiu th rt nhiu nc.
Nc ngt v nc sch c dng cho phn xng sn xut hi nc. Hi
nc c dng trong rt nhiu quy trnh cng ngh, trong cc thp stripping bng
hi nc, trong thp chng ct du th, trong l phn ng cracking nh l phng
tin truyn nhit, cung cp nhit lm gim p sut hi ring phn ca hydrocacbon.
Nc v hi nc c dng trong nh my in.
Trong nh my lc du thng c h thng sn xut v phn phi 3 loi hi
nc qu nhit:
+ Hi nc cao p c p sut 25-40atm nhit 250-435 oC c dng
chy tuc bin, my nn v un nng cc phn on du n trn 160 oC. Cc phn
xng reforming, alkyl ha, polymer ha cng s dng n.
+ Hi nc trung p c p sut 10-13 atm v nhit 200-300 0C c dng
hm nng cc phn on du qu nht.
+ Hi nc h p c p sut 2-7 atm, nhit 120-220 0C c dng trong cc
thit b phn ng, trong thp stripping, thp chng ct.
Nc c s dng ha tan cc cht v c sinh ra trong qu trnh ch bin
du. Nc rt cn cho cc thit b loi mui khi du th.
Nc v nc ngng t (t hi nc) trong cc nh my lc du lun b nhim
bn bi cc cu t du, cc ha cht s dng v ha cht sinh ra trong qu trnh ch
bin. Do nh my tn ti v bo v mi trng sng nhng ng ch nh my

16
lc du lun u t cng sc v tin ca nhm lm sch nc thi trc khi x ra
ngoi. Vic x l nc thi kh tn km.
-

Vn nng lng
Nh my lc du u tin tiu th rt nhiu nng lng di dng in nng v
nhit nng.
Trung bnh mt nh my lc du cn mt ngun in c cng sut 200-300MW.
Ngoi vic s dng h thng in quc gia, mi nh my lc du cn c mt nh
my in ring, v nh my lc du lun phi hot ng, khng th ngng, khng
th ph thuc hon ton vo h thng in quc gia. Hn na chnh nh my in
ring cng gp phn tn dng nhng nng lng d b phn ny hoc b phn kia
ca nh my.
H thng in phi m bo cung cp cc dng in 380/220V v 6000V.
Nhit nng cn cho nh my lc du c c nh vic t cc phn on du c
gi tr thp, kh ch bin mt cch kinh t. thng l mt phn on kh t C 1C2, phn on cn chy ra t mt s thp chng ct nh cn bn t phn xng
cracking xc tc, cn chng ct chn khng Trung bnh cn t 50-70kg nhin liu
ch bin 1 tn du th. Vic t nhin liu xy ra trong cc l t-l gia nhit.

Vn cung cp khng kh v kh tr nit

Nh my lc du i hi mt lng ln khng kh ch yu dng nn. N
c s dng trong h thng iu khin v khng ch t ng bng kh ng hc,
trong vic ti sinh cc cht xc tc, loi b cc bm dnh trong cc l t v sn
xut nha ng Khng kh nn s dng trong cch nh my lc du thng phi
c p sut 6-8atm, nhit 30-400C. Lng khng kh nn cn dng ln ti hng
chc mt khi trong mt pht. Kh tr N 2 c dng ch yu loi b oxy, kh
hydro trong cc bn cha cng nh trong cc thit b trc khi thc hin vic np
liu, ui kh hydro, kh oxy trong cc thit b ti sinh cht xc tc reforming v
hydrotreating C 2 phng php chnh sn xut N2. Theo phng php th nht
ngi ta t hydrocacbon bng khng kh d, sau loi b nc v cc oxit
cacbon. Phng php th hai l lm lnh su khng kh tch O 2 khi N2. Mt nh
my lc du cng sut trung bnh, c su hay by triu tn mt nm, tiu th 20-30
ngn mt khi kh tr N2/nm. Khng kh nn, kh tr N2 c sn xut trong nhng
phn xng ring.

17
1.1.4. S mt bng mt nh my lc du
Nh my lc du c quy m ln, c xy dng ni c ngun nc di do,
gn nhng trung tm tiu th sn phm du m, tng i thun tin v giao thng
ng thy hay ng st. Nh my lc du cn c thit k v xy dng sao cho
tng di cc ng ng cng ngh l ti thiu, s my bm cn dng t nht, cc
phn xng c lin quan trc tip trong dy chuyn cng ngh gn nhau ti mc
c th, m bo s tin li trong vn hnh, phng chy cha chy, cung cp nguyn
vt liu v xut sn phm.
Nh my lc du c xy dng thnh mt tng th gm nhiu phn khu nm
trong mt khu vc khp kn. Cc phn khu l:
- Phn khu sn xut gm cc phn xng. l phn khu chnh ca nh my.
- Phn khu bn cha nguyn liu v sn phm. Cc bn cha nguyn liu phi
c tng dung tch ln m bo nguyn liu (du th) cung cp cho nh my
trong vng hng tun. Phn khu ny thng pha sau ca nh my, ni c cng
bin hoc ga tu ha.
- Phn khu kho bi v sa cha.
- Phn khu hnh chnh li vo ca nh my.
- Phn khu bo v gm cy xanh vn c xung quanh.

18

Hnh 1.9. S mt bng nh my lc du [1]

1.Phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn; 2.Phn xng chng ct
du th p sut kh quyn v p sut chn khng; 3,4.Phn xng reforming;
5,6.Phn xng hydrotreating; 7.Phn xng chit sn xut du bi trn;
11.Phn xng loi paraffin t phn on du bi trn. 14.Phn xng ch bin
paraffin v ceresin; 15.Phn xng sn xut lu hunh n cht; 16.Phn xng
sn xut nha ng; phn xng ng phn ha; 18.Phn xng cung cp v x
l nc; 19.Kho cha nguyn liu cho vng sn xut du bi trn; 20.Phn xng
sa cha v c kh; 21.Khu hnh chnh; 22.Nh my in v cung cp nhit;
23,24.Trm pha ch nhin liu sn phm; 25.Kho; 26.Khu bn cha; 27.Trung tm
kh nn; 28,30.Thit b phc v uc t v uc t. 29.Vng cha ha cht;
31.ng st

19

Hnh 1.10. S mt bng nh my lc du Tokuyama Nht Bn (cng

sut 6,5 triu tn/nm)[1]
1.Cc phng th nghim; 2.phn xng FCC; 3.Phn xng CDU; 4.Cc phn
xng hydrotreating cc phn xng x l phn on kh, phn xng Claus;
5.Phn xng chng ct chn khng; Phn xng hydrotreating VGO; Phn xng
sn xut hydro; 6.Phn xng sn xut nha ng; 7.Phn xng x l nc;
8.Cc cu cng; 9.Phn khu cc bn cha; 9a.Trm xut xng cho thnh ph;
10.Phn khu hnh chnh; 11.Vn cy-bi c; 12.Bin; 13.Li vo-ng giao
thng
1.2. Tng quan v phn xng CDU
Phn xng CDU l phn xng x l u tin trong tt c cc nh my lc
du. N phn tch du th thnh cc phn on nh hn, loi b cc tp cht trong
du th. Thit k phn xng CDU da trn c tnh ca du th: du th nh/du
th nng v/hoc du th ngt/chua. Thit k phn xng cn ch n s chnh
lch nhit gia cc ma, bi ty vo quc gia, s chnh lch nhit gia ma
ng v ma h c th ln ti 20 0C. Phn xng nn vn hnh khong 60% cng
sut thit k. Cng sut ca mt phn xng CDU trong khong 10000 thng/ngy400000 thng/ngy. Cng sut thch hp nht thng khong 200000 thng/ngy
[6]

20

Hnh 1.11. M hnh 3D ca phn xng CDU nh my lc du Dung

Qut theo hng ng nam [7].

Hnh 1.12. M hnh 3D ca phn xng CDU nh my lc du Dung

Qut theo hng Ty nam [7].
1.2.1. Vai tr ca phn xng CDU
Phn xng chng ct du th CDU trong nh my lc du c 2 vai tr chnh:
- Chng ct du th thnh cc phn on khc nhau v nhit si, mi
phn on sau c x l su trong phn xng khc ca nh my lc
du.

21
- Loi b tp cht trong du th (mui, cht rn, kim loi) m nh hng
xu ti hot ng, hiu qu ca cc phn xng h ngun.
1.2.2. S cng ngh ca phn xng CDU
Ty theo cng sut ca phn xng, c tnh ca du th nguyn liu m cc
cm phn xng trong CDU c th thay i ph hp. Ngoi ra ty theo tng iu
kin ca nh my, m n c th thay i cho ph hp vi thc t. Nn c th nh
my ny c cm ny, nhng li khng c cm kia, v ngc li.

Hnh 1.13. S khi phn xng CDU nh my lc du Dung Qut (nt t ch

cm phn xng b sung khi m rng cng sut nh my)
S hnh 1.13 thit k cho loi du ngt, nh nn khng c thp chng ct
chn khng ly cc phn on lm du bi trn. Vi cc nh my x l du nng
h c thm thp chng ct chn khng thu hi phn on lm du bi trn.
Nhng hnh 1.16-1.22 ( hnh v PFD) ca phn xng CDU ca nh my lc
du Dung Qut m t r hn.
Thuyt minh s cng ngh ca phn xng CDU nh my lc du Dung
Qut

22
1.2.2.1. M t dng cng ngh
Phn xng chng ct kh quyn s phn tch du th thnh nhng phn on
sn phm khc nhau. Dy tin gia nhit cho du th v l gia nhit c s dng
tng nhit ca du th n iu kin cn thit ca qu trnh chng ct. Ngoi ra
cn c cc cm thit b v phn xng ph khc nh thit b tch mui, thp n
nh xng hay nh l h thng to chn khng.
M t chi tit tng cm thit b c ch ra di y v c phn loi theo
dng vo v dng ra ca du th.
1.2.2.2. Tin Gia nhit cho du th
c th hin trong cc bn v P&ID 8474L-011-PID-0021101/102/103/106/107/108/109 ca ca nh my lc du Dung Qut [8].
Du th c bm t b cha n phn xng chng ct du th bi bm
nguyn liu P-6001A/B/C. Sau khi i vo cm phn xng, du th c gia nhit
ti 2 dy thit b trao i nhit (mi dy bao gm 2 nhnh song song nhau) b phn
cch bi thit b tch mui thu hi nhit nhm nng nhit ca du th.
Ti dy trao i nhit u tin (dy tin gia nhit ngui), nhit ca du th t
50 C c nng ln 138 133oC ty theo nguyn liu l du th Bch H hay
Dubai. gi cho nhit u ra ca du th hai nhnh song song l tng
ng nhau, dng du th i vo mi nhnh c iu chnh bng cc van iu
khin 011-TV-007A v 011-TV-007B t ti u vo ca cc thit b trao i nhit
E-1101 v E-1102 tng ng.
o

Sau khi ra khi thit b tch mui, du th c bm bi Booster bm P1101A/B n dy tin gia nhit nng (Hot Preheat Crude Train) (dy th hai), nhit
ca du th c nng ln t 136-131 oC n 283-277oC tng ng vi tng loi
du th Bch H v du Dubai. Nhm duy tr nhit u ra ca du th ti nhnh
song song l tng ng nhau, dng du vo c iu chnh bi hai van iu
khin 011-TV-015A v 011-TV- 015B t ti u vo ca cc thit b trao i nhit
E-1105A-J v E-1106A-F tng ng.
Bng 1.1 tm tt cc thit b trao i nhit cng nh cc dng sn phm nng
c s dng trong mi thit b trao i nhit.

Bng 1.1. Dy cc thit b trao i nhit [8].

23
Nhnh A

Nhnh B
Dy tin gia nhit ngui

E-1101 A-H*

E-1102

Trao i vi dng cn chng ct t

Trao i vi dng Kerosene hi lu

E-1105

tun hon i t bm P-1103.

E-1103A/B

E-1104**

Trao i vi dng Light Gas Oil

Trao i vi dng Heavy Gas Oil i t

i t thp T-1103.

E-1107.
Dy tin gia nhit nng

E-1105A-J*
Trao i vi dng cn chng ct t

E-1106A-F

E-1108.
E-1107**
Trao i vi dng Heavy Gas Oil i t

Trao i vi dng Light Gas Oil hi lu

tun hon i t bm P-1104.

thp T-1104
E-1109

E-1108A-D*

Trao i vi dng Heavy Gas Oil hi

Trao i vi dng cn chng ct

lu tun hon t bm P-1105.

i t E-1134.

E-1134 A/B*

24
Trao i vi dng cn chng ct i t
bm P-1106.

* Cn chng ct qua cc thit b trao i nhit ni tip nhau (E-1101, E-1105,

E1108, E-1134).
** Dng HGO i qua cc thit b trao i nhit ni tip nhau (E-1104, E-1107).

(a)

(b)
Hnh 1.14. Thit b trao i nhit phn xng CDU nh my lc du Dung Qut
[9]

25
1.2.2.3. Cm thit b tch mui
c th hin r hn trong cc bn v P&ID: 8474L-011-0021104/105/119/120 ca phn xng CDU nh my lc du Dung Qut [8].
Mui v c c tch ra t qu trnh nh tng ha nc vi du v c tch
ra thit b tch mui. H thng tch mui bao gm 2 thit b tch mui mc ni
tip nhau (A-1101-D-01/02), ti hm lng mui ha tan c tch ra cng vi
nc nhm t tiu chun l 2,0 ppm khi lng (ti a) v nc t do l 0,2% th
tch (ti a) ti nhit vn hnh ca thit b tch mui.
Du th c cha cc cht cn n t dy tin gia nhit ngui (E-1101A/H, E1102, E-1103 A/B v E-1104) i vo thit b tch mui. Nc tun hon i t thit
b tch mui cp th hai (A-1101-D-02) c a vo dng du th trc khi i vo
thit b tch mui th nht. Du th tip tc qua thit b trn tnh th nht (A-1101M-01) nh l thit b phn tn du th/nc nhm tng din tch tip xc b mt
gia hai cht lng t n gi tr ti u. Sau khi ra khi thit b trn, hn hp du
v nc c hp nht trng thi nh tng ti van trn 011-PDV-503 t dng
vo ca thit b tch mui cp th nht A-1101-D01. Dng lu th i vo thit b
tch mui cp th nht v c tch ra lm 2 pha khc nhau (du th v nc) di
tc ng ca lc tnh in. Du th c tch mui dch chuyn ln phn nh
ca bnh tch cn nc ha tan mui i xung phn y ca bnh tch v c a
n phn xng x l nc thi ETP.
Du th t thit b tch mui cp th nht A-1101-D-01 c trn vi nc ra
mui n t thit b trao i nhit E-1128 ti thit b trn tnh th hai A-1101-M-02
v i vo bnh tch th hai qua van trn 011-PDV-506 (nc tun hon t thit b
tch mui th hai c th c a tr li trc thit b trn tnh th hai thng qua
van FV-164 nh bm nc tun hon P-1118A/B nhm ci thin qu trnh tch
mui).
nh trong mi thit b tch mui c iu chnh v kim sot bng b iu
khin chnh p 011-PDIC-503/506.
Di tc ng ca lc tnh in, du th c tch mui thm mt ln na trit
hn ti thit b tch mui A-1101-D-02. Dng du c tch mui i ra t
nh ca b tch cn nc i ra t y ca thit b tch mui, tun hon tr li
thit b tch mui th nht bi bm P-1118 A/B.
H thng tch mui c thit k c th vn hnh vi ch mt cp (mt trong
hai thit b tch c th ngng). Ngoi ra, khng cho php vic ngng hon ton c

26
hai thit b tch mui cng lc, cc van ti u ht ca Booster bm P-1101 s ng
li khi c hai van ng bypass u m thng qua kha lin hp 011-SP-815.
Nhm tng hiu qu tch mui v nc thit b tch mui cng nh gim
thiu lng du cun theo dng nc thi, ha cht ph nh t b cha A-1104-D12 c bm A-1104-P-23A/B a n cho c dng nguyn liu du th trc dy
tin gia nhit ngui v trc khi vo thit b tch mui cp th hai.
H thng ra bn c dng nh k tch cc cht rn c trong du th
tch t ti y ca thit b tch mui. Nc ra bn c trch ra t mt phn ca
nc ra mui i t E-1128 sc vo phn cht rn tch t ti y ca b tch v
cc cht rn c ra i ra khi b cng vi dng nc thi.
Nc thi trong qu trnh ra mui bao gm nc ra bn, nc trong
nguyn liu du th ban u cng nh nc thi ra t qu trnh tch mui, mui v
cc tp cht thi ra trong qu trnh tch mui. Nc thi c lm ngui, u tin l
gia nhit cho dng nc sch cung cp cho qu trnh tch mui ti thit b trao i
nhit E-1128 A-E v tip tc c lm ngui su hn ti thit b lm ngui bng
khng kh (E-1129). Cui cng dng nc thi c a n phn xng x l
nc thi ETP.
Bm nc ra mui P-1119A/B c s dng bm nc sch t bnh
cha nc ra mui D-1109 n cc thit b trao i nhit E-1128 A-E nhm nng
nhit ca nc ra mui ln 120oC trc khi i vo thit b tch mui th nht
(A-1101-D-01).
Ngun nc sch dng cho qu trnh ra mui c a n bnh D-1109 c
th c cp bi nc t phn xng x l nc chua Sour Water Stripper Unit
(Unit 18), nc sinh hot hoc nc cng ngh t bm P-1121A/B. Tuy nhin, vic
s dng dng nc cng ngh ra mui b hn ch trong trng hp ch bin
du ngt.

27

Hnh 1.15. Cc tnh in ca thit b loi mui [9]

1.2.2.4. L gia nhit
c th hin trong cc
110/111/133/134/135/138/143 [8].

bn

P&ID:

8474L-011-PID-021-

nng nhit ca du th n nhit cn thit cho qu trnh chng ct

(358-364oC tng ng vi trng hp vn hnh du Bch H hay du Dubai) v
ha hi mt phn du th, l gia nhit H-1101 c t sau dy tin gia nhit nng.
L gia nhit H-1101 c thit k vi cng sut 83740 kW. L t bao gm
02 bung t bc x hnh tr v ch duy nht 1 vng i lu. Khi i vo vng i
lu, dng du th c chia ra lm 8 nhnh i xng nhau. Sau khi ra khi vng i
lu, 4 nhnh c chuyn tip v bung t th nht v 4 nhnh cn li i v bung
t th 2. ng ra ca mi nhnh t ti nh ca vng bc x.
Ngoi ra, mt lng nhit t dng kh thi cn c dng to hi qu
nhit thp p vi 3 dy ng trn vng i lu.

28
Vng bc x c b tr hai bung t ging ht nhau vi h thng ng gia
nhit cho du th t thng ng. C 72 ng trong mi bung t, mi ng c chiu
di l 17,9m. Nhng ng ny c cc gi t ti nh, cc im neo khong gia
v y ca ng. Bc chuyn tip ca cc ng t vng i lu n vng bc x t
bn ngoi l t v c hn kn.
Vng i lu t pha trn 2 bung t bao gm 18 lp ng ca 8 dy
ng du th v 3 lp ng sn xut hi qu nhit. 3 lp ng cng ngh ti cui
vng i lu l cc ng trn cn 15 dy ng cn li pha trn cng nh 3 dy ng
sn xut hi qu nhit u c lp thm cc cnh tn nhit vi chiu cao
dc theo thn ng nhm tng b mt hp thu nhit t qu trnh t nhin liu (Fuel
Gas v Fuel Oil).
Mi u t c trang b h thng nh la t ng v thit b d ngn la.
Dng khng kh cp cho cc u mi (pilot) c iu khin bi Venturi 011-FI066, l mt cnh ca n gi v c th iu chnh trc tip ti l t. Dng khng
kh cho php i vo u mi (pilot) c iu chnh ph thuc vo khi lng phn
t ca nhin liu t. Khi dng LPG mi th Venturi s c m mt phn v
iu chnh bng cch quan st mu sc ca ngn la. Tuy nhin khi s dng nhin
liu vi khi lng phn t thp hn, Venturi s ng khng cho dng khng kh i
vo u mi. u mi c s dng nhin liu c khi lng phn t thp vi kh
d qu nhiu, s pht ra ting n v ngi vn hnh trong trng hp ny phi ng
Venturi li.
C 3 damper t pha trn vng i lu nhm iu chnh mc lu thng
kh (draft) trong l t. iu chnh draft mt cch hp l, ngi vn hnh phi
kim tra draft ti nh ca vng bc x thng qua s o ca thit b hin th p sut
011-PG-511 (gi tr thch hp l -2,5 mm w.g). Ngi vn hnh c th tc ng n
draft trong l t bng 3 h thng iu khin bng tay 011-HIC-510 A/B/C c lp
t ngoi field cng nh x l tnh trng dng kh thi phn phi khng ng u
trong l t. Cc damper c thit k vi ch ngng hon ton cho dng kh
thi c th i ra ngoi mt cch thng sut. V tr ca damper m hon ton trong
trng hp dng khng kh hoc dng in b h hng.
L gia nhit H-1101 c thit k vn hnh vi ch lu thng cng
bc. L gia nhit c 2 qut thi (blower) (B-1101A/B) c t song song nhau (1
blower hot ng v 1 damper cn li d phng). C hai blower c thit k vi
120% cng sut thit k cho dng khng kh. Lu lng dng khng kh c iu
chnh bi cc cnh dn lu khng kh mi blower. C mt thit b chuyn hng
(011-XV-500) c lp t nhm cch ly gia blower d phng v blower ang

29
chy. V tr ca thit b chuyn hng c iu chnh bng tay v bng iu chnh
011-XZL-500 c lp t nhm cho bit thng tin v v tr hin ti ca thit b
chuyn hng.
Cng sut ca l gia nhit c iu khin bi nhit ca du th ra khi
l. Nhit du th i vo thp chng ct chnh c iu khin thng qua b iu
khin 011-TIC-070. B iu khin ny s thng qua b tnh ton nhm t ra gi tr
mong mun (setpoint) cho thit b iu khin dng du t, kh t cng nh dng
khng kh cn cung cp. Ni mt cch khc, khi mun tng cng sut ca l gia
nhit theo yu cu, dng khng kh cp vo s tng trc khi tng dng kh nhin
liu. Ngc li, khi gim cng sut ca l gia nhit, dng kh t phi gim trc
khi gim dng khng kh. Dng khng kh phi lun c cung cp mt cch y
v m bo trong sut qu trnh vn hnh.
Nguyn tc iu khin l gia nhit phi c tun th trong sut qu trnh
vn hnh bnh thng. Tuy nhin, khi khi ng, nguyn tc ny c th c
chuyn sang ch vn hnh bng tay di s gim st cht ch ca ngi vn
hnh.
Khng kh d theo tnh ton (ti u) phi c duy tr ti mi thi im.
iu ny c th thc hin c bng cch iu chnh t l khng kh/nhin liu
(air/fuel ratio) bi b iu khin 011-HIC-077 trong sut qu trnh vn hnh.
Dng hi thp p i vo cc ng hi qu nhit c iu khin t c
gi tr nhit u ra ca dng hi qu nhit theo mong mun. Cc gi tr cn iu
chnh c thc hin thng qua vng iu khin 011-TT/TIC/TV-063.
1.2.2.5. Chng ct du th
c th hin trong cc bn v P&ID:
103/109/112/113/114/115/116/116/125/126/128/129 [8].

8474L-011-PID-

Nguyn liu du th ha hi mt phn i vo Thp chng ct chnh T-1101

(Main Fractionator), ti vng np liu ni m xy ra qu trnh phn tch gia hai
pha lng v hi. Dng lng ri khi vng np liu c strip bi dng hi qu nhit
nhm thu hi nhng cu t nh t y thp. Dng hi ri khi vng np liu v
c chng tch thnh cc sn phm nh hn v 3 dng sn phm cnh sn:
Heavy Gas Oil (HGO), Light Gas Oil (LGO) v Kerosene.
Cc sn phm nh hn (Gas, LPG va Naphtha) t phn nh ca thp chng ct
c ngng t, dn n bnh tch 3 pha (Accumulator) tch dng Naphtha ra

30
khi nc v kh, sau Naphtha c lm cho tinh khit hn ti thp n nh xng
T-1107 v dng LPG c thu hi phn nh thp .
Cc sn phm nng hn c ly ra bn cnh sn thp bi qu trnh ni hi
lu ni xy ra bn trong thp v dng hi qu nhit c s dng tch cc thnh
phn nh ti cc thp stripper T-1102/1103/1104.
c tnh ca mi phn on c th c thay i theo yu cu nhng s lm
nh hng n phn on lin k n. V c bn, hu ht cc tiu chun v sn phm
chng ct du th xut pht t phng php ASTM. Phng php ny cho bit nhit
v thnh phn cu t bay hi tng ng. Mt cch khc nhm iu chnh cc ch
tiu ca sn phm l xc nh im si cui ti a cho php (ASTM End Point)
i vi mi phn on.
im si cui ca mi phn on ph thuc nhiu vo khi lng dng c
ly ra t thp chng ct. Thay i lu lng sn phm ly ra l mt phng thc
nhm gi cho im si cui ca sn phm t tiu chun. Nhit ca a m ti
dng sn phm bn c rt ra hin th im si cui ca sn phm v ngi vn
hnh c kinh nghim s thay i lu lng dng sn phm c rt ra nhm gi
nhit ti a rt sn phm l khng i v v th sn phm s t tiu chun.
Nhm gim lu lng hi v lng lu thng trong thp, tn dng thu hi
nhit cng nh tng hiu sut tch, c 4 dng hi lu tun hon c s dng n:
dng hi lu tun hon nh, dng hi lu tun hon Kerosene, dng hi lu tun
hon LGO v dng hi lu tun hon HGO.
Thp chng ct chnh c 48 a c chia ra lm 2 vng vi ng knh thp
l khc nhau: vng th nht t a s 1 n a 42 vi ng knh trong thp l
6700mm v vng th hai t a 43 n a 48 vi ng knh l 4000mm vi tng
chiu cao ca thn thp l 42850 mm.
Thp c vn hnh vi p sut nm trong di t 1,5 (nh thp) n 1,9 (y
thp) kg/cm2.g v nhit nm trong khong 130-124 oC (trn nh) n 349-354oC
(di y).
Thp chng ct c th c chia thnh 6 vng v c m t nh sau:
Vng sn phm nh
Vng Kerosene.
Vng Light Gas Oil.

31
Vng Heavy Gas Oil.
Vng Overflash (vng np liu).
Vng cn.
Vng sn phm nh (overhead section) [8]:
Dng hi lu tun hon nh ca thp chng ct cung cp lng hi lu n
vng nh ca T-1101 v gi cho nhit ti nh thp n nh. Bm hi lu tun
hon nh (Top pumparound pump) P-1102A/B rt dng lng t a s 4 ca thp
v bm n thit b trao i nhit E-1112. Ti E-1112, dng lng c lm lnh
bng khng kh, sau quay tr li thp chng ct chnh ti a s 1. Qu trnh tch
nhit t dng hi lu tun hon nh cm trao i nhit bng khng kh (E-1112)
c iu chnh kim sot nhit ti nh thng qua cc van iu khin UV079 v UV-080.
Dng hi t nh thp (124oC), sau khi c b sung ha cht chng n mn v
ha cht trung ha s c ngng t hon ton ti thit b lm lnh E-1111 (Main
Fractionator Condenser) n 50oC. Dng sn phm sau khi ra khi cm trao i
nhit c ngng t chy n bnh tch ba pha D-1103 (Main Fractionator
Accumulator Drum).
Ti bnh tch ba pha D-1103, nc c tch ra t dng Naphtha cha x l
(unstabilised naphtha) v chy n bnh D-1106 thng qua van iu khin mc 011LV-040. Dng Naphtha cha x l c gia nhit bi dng sn phm Naphtha t
y ca thp n nh xng T-1107 ti thit b trao i nhit E-1118A/B (Stabiliser
feed/Bottom Exchanger) trc khi a vo lm nguyn liu cho thp n nh xng
T-1107 thng qua bm P-1110A/B.
B iu khin 011-PIC-064 duy tr p sut khng i l 1.3kg/cm2.g trong bnh
tch 3 pha D-1103 bi van iu khin PV-064 A/B/C. Trong trng hp p sut ti
bnh tch 3 pha D-1103 thp, van iu kin 011-PV-064A s m a dng kh
nhin liu i vo bnh nhm nng p sut ca bnh. Trong trng hp p sut trong
bnh cao, dng kh d (off gas) t bnh s c a n phn xng RFCC (phn
xng Cracking xc tc) bi van iu khin 011-PV-064B. Ngoi ra, khi van iu
khin 011-PV-064B c m hon ton nhng p sut ti bnh tch vn tng ln,
dng kh d (off gas) c dn n h thng t uc (flare system) thng qua van
iu khin 011-PV-064C.

32

Vng Kerosene (Kerosene Section):

Kerosene c ly ra ti a 15 v mt phn tun hon n dy cc thit b
gia nhit s b (E-1102) thng qua bm hi lu tun hon dng Kerosene P1103A/B (Kerosene pumparound pump). t c hiu qu tch tt ca qu
trnh chng ct trong thp T-1101 cng nh p ng c im ct gia hai phn
on Naphtha v Kerosene theo yu cu th lng nhit cn ly ra t dng Kerosene
tun hon c iu khin bi cng sut ca thit b trao i nhit E-1102 thng
qua b iu khin cng sut nhit 011-UIC-029 bng cch s dng cc van iu
khin 011-UV-083/084 iu khin dng Kerosene i qua thit b trao i nhit v
ng ni tt (bypass). Sau dng Kerosene quay tr li thp chng ct chnh T1101 ti a 12.
Phn cn li ca dng Kerosene c a n thp Kerosene Stripper T-1102
thng qua van iu khin 011-LV-011. Thp T-1102 ny gm c 10 a v thit b ti
un si Kerosene (E-1110), l thit b trao i nhit bng cch dng dng hi lu
tun hon HGO gia nhit. C th s dng dng hi qu nhit (Superheated LP
Steam) ti y thp nhng khng cn thit trong iu kin vn hnh bnh thng.
Dng hi t nh ca thp T-1102 quay tr li thp chng ct chnh ti a 12.
Sn phm Kerosene ti y thp c bm n thit b lm lnh bng khng kh E1114 (Kerosene Air Cooler), sau c lm ngui bi nc lm lnh ti E-1115
(Kerosene Water Cooler) n khong 40oC thng qua bm P-1107A/B ( Kerosene
Product Pump). (iu chnh bi thit b iu khin nhit 011-TIC-122) trc khi
i n lm nguyn liu cho phn xng x l Kerosene (Kerosene Treating Unit).
Vng Light Gas Oil (Light Gas Oil Section) [8]:
Dng Light Gas Oil (LGO) c ly ra ti a 26 ca thp chng ct v mt
phn c bm hi lu tun hon thng qua bm P-1104A/B, phn cn li c
a n LGO Stripper.
Bm hi lu tun hon LGO P-1104 (LGO Pumparound Pump) a mt phn
ca dng LGO n dy tin gia nhit nng (Hot Preheat Train) ti E-1106A-F.
t c hiu qu tch tt ca qu trnh chng ct trong thp T-1101 cng nh p
ng c im ct gia hai phn on LGO v HGO theo yu cu th lng nhit
cn ly ra t dng LGO tun hon c iu khin bi cng sut ca thit b trao
i nhit E-1106A-E thng qua b iu khin cng sut nhit 011-UIC-032 bng
cch s dng cc van iu khin 011-UV-087/088 iu khin dng LGO i qua

33
thit b trao i nhit v ng ni tt (bypass). Sau dng LGO quay tr li thp
chng ct chnh T-1101 ti a 23.
Phn cn li ca dng LGO c iu chnh bi van iu khin 011-LV-013 v
c a n thp tch cnh sn LGO Stripper T-1103. Thp T-1103 gm c 6 a
v dng hi qu nhit (Superheated LP Steam) phun vo y thp c iu khin
thng qua van 011-FV-017.
Dng kh t nh ca T-1103 quay tr li thp T-1101 ti a 23. Sn phm LGO
ti y thp T-1103 i n E-1103 trao i nhit vi dng du th trc khi i
n thp lm kh LGO bng chn khng (T-1105).
Vng Heavy Gas Oil (Heavy Gas Oil Section)[8]:
Dng Heavy Gas Oil (HGO) c ly ra ti a 38 ca thp chng ct, mt
phn c a n bm hi lu tun hon HGO (HGO pumparound Pump) P1105A/B v phn cn li chuyn n thp tch cnh sn T-1104 (HGO Stripper).
Bm hi lu tun hon HGO P-1105 (HGO Pumparound Pump) a mt
phn ca dng HGO n dy tin gia nhit nng (Hot Preheat Train) ti E-1109.
Sau HGO c a n thit b ti un si E-1110 cho gia nhit cho dng
Kerosene t y ca thp T-1102. t c hiu qu tch tt ca qu trnh chng
ct trong thp T-1101 cng nh p ng c im ct gia hai phn on HGO v
phn on cn theo yu cu th lng nhit cn ly ra t dng HGO tun hon c
iu khin bi cng sut ca thit b trao i nhit E-1109 thng qua b iu khin
cng sut nhit 011-UIC-031 (iu khin lng nhit ly ra thit b trao i nhit
E-1109) v 011-UIC-033 (iu khin lng nhit tng ly ra ca dng hi lu tun
hon HGO) bng cch s dng cc van iu khin 011-UV-085/086/089/090
iu khin dng HGO i qua thit b trao i nhit v ng ni tt (bypass). Sau
dng HGO quay tr li thp chng ct chnh T-1101 ti a 35. Phn cn li ca
dng HGO i n thp tch cnh sn HGO Stripper T-1104, dng ny c iu
khin bi cm iu khin 011-LV-016. Thp T-1104 gm c 6 a v dng hi nc
qu nhit (Superheated LP Steam) phun vo y thp c iu khin bi van 011FV-019.
Dng hi t nh ca thp T-1104 quay tr li thp chng ct chnh ti a 35.
Sn phm HGO t y ca thp tch cnh sn T-1104 chy n thit b trao i
nhit E-1107 v E-1104 trc khi a n thp lm kh HGO bng chn khng T1106.
Vng Np Liu (Overflash Section) [8]:

34
Vng np liu l im m nguyn liu du th i vo thp chng ct sau khi
ra khi l gia nhit. Vng np liu l khu vc nm gia a th 42 v 43. Dng
nguyn liu du th i vo thp chng ct thng qua cc ming ng t theo tip
tuyn ca thp (tangential nozzle) m bo s phn b tt cho c hai pha lng v
hi ti vng np liu.
Dng hi nng i ln pha trn ca thp v tip xc pha vi dng lng hi
lu t trn xung dc theo thn thp.
Dng lng t vng np liu chy trn xung y thp v dng hi qu nhit
c a vo t y thp tch cc cu t nh ra khi vng cn.
Vng cn chng ct (Residue section) [8]:
tch nhng phn nh ra khi dng cn chng ct, hi qu nhit (superheated
LP steam) c phun vo lin tc y thp chng ct chnh. Lu lng ca dng
hi qu nhit c iu chnh bi van iu khin 011-FV-012.
Mc cht lng ti y ca thp chng ct chnh T-1101 c iu khin bi
b iu khin 011-LIC-007 thng qua cc van 011-FV-026/027/029 trn dng cn
(residue) sau khi ra khi dy tin gia nhit ngui. Qu trnh iu khin c thc
hin theo yu cu cung cp lng du cn i n lm nguyn liu cho phn xng
RFCC thng qua van iu khin 011-FV-029 (trc thit b trao i nhit E-1120AD); phn cn li ca cn chng ct, sau khi c lm lnh n nhit 85 oC ti
thit b trao i nhit E-1120A-D s c a n b cha thng qua cm van iu
khin 011-FV-026/027 (iu khin theo kiu chia khong).
Cn chng ct t y ca thp chng ct chnh (ti nhit 349-354 oC) c
bm n dy cc thit b trao i nhit bi bm cn chng ct (Residue Pump) P1106A/B. C th, dng cn chng ct du th c bm n cc thit b trao i
nhit theo trnh t nh sau: E-1134A/B, E-1108A-D, E-1105 A-J, E-1101 A-H ( xem
mc 1.2.2.2 tin gia nhit cho du th).
Nhit ca dng cn c loi b bi qu trnh trao i nhit vi dng nc
m (tempered water) ti cm thit b trao i nhit E-1120 A-D (Residue /Tempered
Water Cooler). Sau dng nc m c lm ngui li ti thit b lm lnh bng
khng kh E-1133 (Tempered Water Air Cooler). Bm P-1122 A/B (Tempered Water
Pump) s tun hon dng nc m c lm ngui t thit b lm lnh bng khng
kh E-1133, trong trng hp cn thit b sung nc t bnh cha nc m D-1115
(Tempered Water Drum), n thit b trao i nhit E-1120A/B nh mt lu cht
lm lnh.

35

Cm thp n nh xng (Stabilizer Section) [8]:

c th hin trong cc bn v P&ID: 8474L-011-PID-0021-130/131/132 [8].
Xng cha n nh (Unstabilised Naphtha) t bnh tch 3 pha D-1103 c
tin gia nhit ti thit b trao i nhit E-1118 trc khi i vo thp n nh xng T1107 (Stabilizer Column), l ni m LPG c tch ra t dng Naphtha. Thp n
nh xng chia thnh 2 vng vi cc ng knh ca thp l:1500mm ti vng nh
v 2600mm ti dy ca thp, vi 32 a cng vi thit b ti un si E-1121
(Stabilizer Reboiler) ti y v h thng hi lu ngoi ti nh thp.
Dng hi trn nh thp c ngng t mt phn ti cm thit b lm lnh
bng khng kh E-1122 (stabiliser Condenser), sau i n bnh tch 3 pha D1104 (Stabilizer Reflux Drum). Ti bnh tch D-1104, dng kh d (off gas), LPG v
nc c tch ra.
p sut ti thp n nh xng T-1107 c iu khin bi van 011-PV-068B,
bng cch iu chnh dng kh d (off gas) x n phn xng RFCC. Trong trng
hp van PV-068B m nhng p sut vn vt qu gii hn, van iu khin 011PV-068C c m ra x n h thng uc t (Flare). Mc nc ti y ca
bnh tch D-1104 c iu khin bi cm iu khin 011-LV-050 v nc c
a n bnh tch D-1103.
Mt phn LPG c hi lu tr li nh ca thp n nh xng T-1107 bi
bm P-1114A/B (Stabilizer Reflux Pump). Dng hi lu ny c iu khin bi
van 011-FV-036.
Phn cn li ca LPG c bm P-1115A/B (stabilizer LPG pump) a n
cm thu hi kh ti phn xng RFCC. Cht lng dng LPG c iu khin
thng qua b tnh ton v t l ca dng nguyn liu i vo thp n nh xng (dng
nguyn liu c iu khin bi van 011-FIC-032) vi hm lng Pentane c trong
dng LPG (c xc nh bi thit b phn tch 011-AIC-004). Ngoi ra cn c
ng dn dng LPG n b cha LPG khng t tiu chun.
Dng lng t y ca thp n nh xng T-1107 c un nng thng qua
thit b ti un si E-1121 (Stabilizer Reboiler). Thit b ny s dng hi cao p
(High Pressure Steam) nh mt dng nng gia nhit. Dng hi cao p ny c
gim s qu nhit ti thit b Desuperheater (DS-1101) bi dng nc cao p cp
cho ni hi (BFW).
Dng Full Range Naphtha i ra t y thp c dng gia nhit cho dng
nguyn liu u vo ca thp n nh xng ti thit b trao i nhit E-1118A/B. Mc cht
lng ti y ca thp n nh xng T-1107 c iu khin bi b iu khin 011-UC-042
thng qua cc van 011-FV-040 v 011-FV-041. Dng naphtha c lm lnh su hn ti
thit b lm lnh bng khng kh E-1126 (Full Range Naphtha Air Cooler) v tip theo

36
l lm ngui bng nc lm lnh ti thit b trao i nhit E-1127 (Full Range Naphtha
Water Cooler) trc khi a n b lu tr.

37

Hnh 1.16. S PFD tin gia nhit lnh v thit b loi mui ca phn xng CDU nh my lc du Dung Qut [8]

38

Hnh 1.17. S PFD tin gia nhit nng v gia nhit ca phn xng CDU nh my lc du Dung Qut [8]

39

40
Hnh 1.18.S PFD thp chng ct chnh v thp stripper phn xng CDU nh my lc du Dung Qut [8]

41
Hnh 1.19. S PFD ca thit b sy kh trong phn xng CDU ca nh my lc du Dung Qut [8]

42
Hnh 1.20. S PFD hi nh (overhead) ca phn xng CDU nh my lc du Dung Qut [8]

43
Hnh 1.21. S PFD m t thit b n nh naphtha ca phn xng CDU nh my lc du Dung Qut[8]

44
Hnh 1.22. S PFD m t cm thit b tin gia nhit phn xng CDU nh my lc du Dung Qut [8]

45
1.2.3. Hot ng ca phn xng CDU
Hot ng ca phn xng CDU bao gm qu trnh chng ct phn on 1 hn
hp hng nghn hp cht thnh vi phn on i hi.
Mc phn tch
Mc ca phn tch phn on trng CDU c xc nh bi hin tng
GAP v OVERLAP gia 2 phn on lin k.

Hnh 1.23. Hin tng GAP v OVERLAP trong chng ct du th [6]

GAP: gin cch. im si ca 5% theo ASTM D86 ca phn on nng ln hn
im si 95% theo ASTM D86 ca phn on nh. GAP m t chng ct tt.
OVERLAP: chng ln: im si ca 5% theo ASTM D86 ca phn on nng
thp hn im si 95% theo ASTM D86 ca phn on nh. OVERLAP m t phn
tch km.

46
Mc phn tch ph thuc vo vn tc hi, lng trong thp, s a, nhit ly
ra bi hi lu vng. Mc phn tch c to thnh trong gii hn ca GAP v
OVERLAP ca sn phm.
im cut TBP
im cut TBP trong CDU c iu khin bi nhit hi nh m xc nh
bao nhiu hi ngng t to ra naphtha nh v lu lng ca sn phm t thp
hoc dng stripper.
Lng naphtha nh c xc nh bi im sng ca naphtha ti p sut ring
phn ca nc, gn vi nhit hi nh.
Khi thay i lu lng ly ra ca cc sn phm pha trn s nh hng ti im
cut ca sn phm nng hn pha di. C ngha l lu lng cn, vn tc hi lu
ni, nhit ly sn phm v hi lu vng nh hng bi thay i vn tc ly ra 1
sn phm no .
Vn tc hi lu ni nh hng ti mc phn tch. N c th tng bng cch
tng nhit u ra ca l gia nhit v bng cch gim nng lng hi lu vng
trong cc phn thp hn ca thp chng ct [6].
OVERFLASH
-

OVERFLASH l t l gia lu lng th tch ca lng chy t a trn vng flash

xung a di vng flash v nguyn liu, vng ra.
Vng ra: a gia vng flash v a ly gas oil.
phn tch du th, du th phi c gia nhit n mt nhit khong
330-3850C ph thuc vo thnh phn, c tnh ca du th. Nhit ra khi l gia
nhit cn bay hi tt c sn phm ly ra trn vng flash cng thm 3-5% th
tch ca sn phm y.

Chc nng ca OVERFLASH: cung cp lng ra hi bay ln trong thp t vng

flash v ci thin s phn tch cc a trn vng flash, do ci thin cht lng
ca HGO v gim OVERLAP vi sn phm y di vng flash. Do n yu cu
phi c mt s a trong vng gia vng flash v a ly HGO. OVERFLASH cung
cp nhit vo thp trong phn d chng ct sn phm nh. Hn na n ngn
chn s lng ng cc trn a trong vng ra.
- iu khin lng OVERFLASH

47
+ iu khin gas oil ly ra, ly gasoil cao hn, vn tc OVERFLASH s thp
hn.
+ iu khin nhit u ra l: ti cng mt lu lng ly gasoil, nhit u
ra ca l gia nhit cao hn lm vn tc OVERFLASH cao hn.
+ iu khin lng hi stripping y: ti cng vn tc ly gasoil, lng hi
stripping y nhiu hn to ra nhiu OVERFLASH hn.
- Cc yu t nh hng ti OVERFLASH
+ c tnh du th
+ Nhit u ra l gia nhit
+ Lng sn phm chng ct ly ra
+ Cng sut phn xng
p sut thp [6]
p sut thp chng ct l mt thng s hot ng, p sut thp c th thay i
trong sut qu trnh hot ng. p sut thp chng ct du th c kim sot bi
p sut hi lu ca thng hi lu nh. Trong thit k, p sut nh c nh gi
u tin. y l p sut im bt ca sm phm nh ti nhit nc ngng t ln
nht. p sut vng flash khi bng p sut nh cng vi tn tht p sut trn
dng nh, tn tht p sut trong thit b ngng t nh, tn tht p sut trn cc a.
p sut a trn cng cao hn 0,2-0,7bar (3-10psi) so vi thng hi lu. p sut
vng flash thng cao hn a trn cng 5-8psi(0,1-0,3psi/a). p sut vng flash
nn nh nht c th, gi tr ny s ti a du th bay hi, ti thiu c nhit
hot ng.
Nhit nh [6]
Nhit nh thp bng nhit im sng ca hi nh. Nhit nh phi
c iu khin cao hn nhit im sng ca nc ti p sut nh thp l
10-150C, v vy s khng c nc ngng t trong thp. N ngn nga hin tng
mi mn do s thy phn axit HCl trong nc lng (nc pha lng). HCl ny sinh
ra l do s thy phn mui nhit cao trong mi trng nc.

48
CHNG 2. L THUYT V THIT B LOI MUI TRONG NH
MY LC DU DUNG QUT

Hnh 2.1. Cm thit b loi mui 2 giai on [12]

2.1. Vai tr ca thit b loi mui
Qu trnh loi mui l bc qu trnh u tin v mt phn ca phn xng
CDU. Mc ch ca qu trnh loi mui du th l loi b mui, cht rn v nc
hnh thnh trong du th trc khi du th c a ti thp chng ct. Hm lng
mui ca du th thng o bng n v pound/nghn thng (PTB), c th ln ti
2000PTB. Hm lng mui vo thp chng ct du th nn thp hn 5PTB, hm
lng nc trong du th c th bin i t 0,5 n 10% th tch, hm lng nc
i vo thp chng ct du th nn thp hn 0,2% th tch [6].
2.1.1. Nguyn nhn ca vic xut hin mui
S xut hin mui v nc trong du th l iu khng trnh c. Nc tn
ti trong du di dng nh tng nc/du v du/nc. Cc cht rn hay mui
tn ti di dng ha tan trong nc hoc t do. Ty theo tng loi du, ngun gc
m thnh phn, hm lng ca n cng thay i. Du nng (API thp) cha nhiu
cht rn hn [5].

49
Cc mui v cht rn ny, qua qu trnh loi mui s lng xung trn cc thanh
ca h thng tnh in, y thit b. Sau mt khong thi gian th lng bn ny
c loi b bng cch s dng h thng nc ra bn.
2.1.2. Tc hi ca mui trong du th
- Gy n mn thit b trn nh: S c mt ca axit trong h thng nh thp
chng ct, gy n mn nhanh, do gi tr im PH thp. Tuy lng axit (HCl) y
l nh, nhng nng tn ti trong cc git nc l cao, gy nn im PH thp,
im n mn cao. Ngoi axit HCl, trong du th cc cc axit hu c khc, cc hp
cht ca lu hunh cng gp phn mi mn thit b.
Ngun gc ca HCl: phn ln HCl sinh ra do s thy phn mui Clo (mui ca
Na, Ca, Mg) trong thp chng ct kh quyn, Phng trnh phn ng thy phn ca
cc mui [6]:
NaCl + H2O => NaOH + 2HCl ,

>= 5000C

MgCl2 + 2H2O => Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl,

1200C

CaCl2 + 2H2O => Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl,

200-2300C

Mui lng ng trong cc ng l t v thit b trao i nhit gy nn hin

tng lng cn (fouling), do gim hiu qu truyn nhit.

Kim loi trong mui v cht rn (Ca, Na, Fe) ph hy, u c xc tc

trong phn xng cracking xc tc.

2.1.3. Cc phng php loi mui

C nhiu phng php loi mui trong du th. Qu trnh ny da trn
nguyn tc tch trng lc, s dng b cha hoc thng ln cho php nc v cht
bn, mui tch ra khi nhau da vo s khc nhau v khi lng ring gia pha
nc v pha du. N bao gm:
-

Qu trnh loi mui s dng in, 1 ng din xoay chiu (AC) hay mt chiu (DC)
trong du th, v nc ra du th tng cng kh nng loi mui.

Qu trnh loi mui s dng ha cht: ha cht b mt nhm gim sc cng b mt,
tng kh nng kt dnh cc ht nc vi nhau.

50
-

Qu trnh loi mui kt hp ha hc v in, t hp ca phng php tnh in v

ha cht, lm tng kh nng tch mui, hin nay cc thit b loi mui hu ht s
dng phng php ny.
Cng sut, kch thc, loi v s giai on ca cm thit b ph thuc v tng
nh my lc du c th da trn c trng, gii hn ca nh my. Chc nng c bn
ca thit b loi mui. V c bn, qu trnh loi mui c th t c trong thit b
mt giai on hoc hai giai on, ph thuc vo yu cu ca qu trnh. Hiu qu ca
tch nc, mui ca thit b loi mui thng l 95% i vi thit b 1 giai on v
ln ti 99% i vi thit b 2 giai on [4].
2.1.4. S loi mui
Trong du m c 2 loi nh l nc trong du v du trong nc. Hn 95% nh
du th to thnh l loi nc trong du.
Nh nc trong du cha hn hp phc tp ca hp cht hu c v v c bao
gm asphaten, nha, phenol, axit hu c, mui kim loi, st, sp v nhiu cht khc.
Nc to thnh trong du m di dng nc t do v nh. Nc t do khng c
trn cht ch vi du th, phn b ri rc di cc ht ln trong pha du. Loi b
nc ny l d dng bi thit b loi mui. Nc tn ti ch yu di dng nh,
c trn, lin kt cht ch vi du th, phn b ri rc di dng cc ht nh trong
pha du, dng ny rt kh loi b bi thit b loi mui n gin, do cn cc
bin php mnh hn bng cc bin php nh tim ha cht, nc pha long, trn,
nhit, in ngy nay ta hay dng kt hp cc phng php hn [10].
Mc tiu chnh ca cm loi mui l ph v mng xung quanh cc git nc
nh, kt dnh cc git li hnh thnh git ln hn, v sau kt lng cc git .
Thit b loi mui c 2 dng l 1 giai on v 2 giai on. Thit b loi mui 1
giai on loi b ti 95% mui, trong khi thit b loi mui 2 giai on loi b ti
99%. Nu mun loi b hn 99% th cn nhiu thit b loi mui hn. Nhng ta s
thy l n ch loi b c mt lng rt nh, do thit b loi mui th 3 tr i
khng hiu qu v kinh t [11].

51

S loi mui 2 giai on:

Hnh 2.2. S loi mui 2 giai on [3]

Thuyt minh s loi mui 2 giai on:
Du th t b cha ( y phi lu du th t nht 24h b cha du th
tch s b nc v cht rn ra khi du th theo trong lc [6]) c gia nhit bi
cc dng sn phm v dng hi lu ngoi ca thp chng ct, a ln nhit ca
qu trnh loi mui. Gi tr nhit ny ph thuc vo c tnh du th, thng n
ri vo khong 120-1500C. Dng du th khi c trn vi nc i ra t thit b
loi mui th 2, ri i ti thit b mix(trn) nhm phn tn nc u vo du th,
ha tan cc mui, cht rn tn ti t do trong du. Sau i vo van trn, i qua
van trn ny, nc v du tn ti di dng nh. p sut van trn gi tr thch
hp, thp qu th phn ct cc ht nh km, cao qu th phn ct cc ht nh tr nn
b qu, lm chng bn. Tn tht p sut ca van trn ny khong 5psi [8], sau i
ti thit b loi mui th nht. iu ch y l p sut ca thit b loi mui
phi m bo sao cho thit b loi mui ch tn ti pha lng, khng c php
xut hin pha kh. Do pha kh gy tn th tch thit b, gy km an ton, chy n khi
y l thit b loi mui s dng tnh in. Thit b loi mui ny hot ng trn
nguyn tc lng trng lc, s dng dng in xoay chiu (c th l 1 chiu nhng t
dng), lm cc ht nh lin kt li vi nhau thnh cc ht ln hn, lng xung di,
ko theo c cht rn. Dng du th sch i ra bn trn thit b loi mui. Nc i ra
bn di thit b loi mui c a ti phn xng x l nc thi. Sau mt thi

52
gian, ngi ta tin hnh ra bn, mn y thit b loi mui. Dng du th ra khi
thit b loi mui th nht c trn vi nc sch v cht ph nh i vo thit
b mix th 2, sau i sang van trn ri i vo thit b loi mui th 2. Thit b loi
mui th 2 hot ng ging thit b loi mui th nht, dng du th i ra khi thit
b loi mui th 2 c i ti thit b gia nhit. Dng nc ra khi thit b loi mui
th 2 i sang thit b loi mui th nht.

Hnh 2.3. H thng ra mn, bn y thit b loi mui [5]

Nguyn tc ca thit b loi mui:
Thit b loi mui da trn nguyn tc lng trng lc, tun theo 2 nh lut l nh
lut lc ht tnh in gia cc git v nh lut stock.
- nh lut lc ht tnh in:

CV02 D 6
d4

Trong :
F: lc ht tnh in
C: hng s lc ht tnh in

V0: gradient in th, V/inch

53
D: ng knh git

d: khong cch gia cc git

Lc ht tnh in c trng cho kh nng kt dnh ca cc git nc, lc ht tng,

kh nng kt dnh ca cc git nc tng. tng lc ht, chng ta cn tng in
th, tng lng nc ra.

Hnh 2.4.Qu trnh kt dnh cc git nc vi nhau trong thit b loi mui [6]
- nh lut Stock:
v

kD 2 ( w o)

Trong :
k: hng s

v: vn tc lng

D: ng knh git ncw: khi lng ring ca nc

ca nc

: nht ca du
o: khi lng ring

nh lut Stock c trng cho kh nng loi mui ca thit b. Nu vn tc lng

nh, thi gian lu i hi ln, nh vy n c th khng thi gian lng, nn
hiu qu qu trnh loi mui khng t.

54

Hnh 2.5. Qu trnh kt dnh v lng cc git nc trong thit b loi mui [6]
2.2. Cc bin hot ng qu trnh loi mui
Mt vi bin hot ng ca thit b loi mui l lu lng du th, nhit , p
sut, tn tht p sut trn van trn, vn tc nc ra, nhit , cht lng nc ra,
in th qu trnh loi mui. Nhit du th l bin rt quan trng cho hiu qu
hot ng ca thit b loi mui.
Nhit qu trnh
Vn tc lng ph thuc vo khi lng ring v nht ca du th. Khi
tng nhit , khi lng ring v nht s gim, vn tc lng s tng vi nhit
da trn trng lc ca du th.
Nhng khi tng nhit , dn in ca du th tng, lm tiu th nng lng
nhiu hn, hn na nu tng nhit qu mc, s lm nh thng t, ging nh

55
trong t in, gy nn chy n. do vy gi tr nhit ny cn phi tm ra gi tr
thch hp. thng thng n nm trong khong 120-150oC [6],[10],[11],[12].
Lu Lng du th
Lu lng du th nh hng ti th tch thit b. Nu cng mt th tch thit
b, nu mun tng lu lng du th x l th ta cn tng hiu qu ca qu trnh loi
mui.
Nc
-

T l nc ra:
Ngoi dng mui tn ti trong nh, n cn tn ti di dng t do. V vy cn
dng nc sch ha tan mui t do, tng mt cc git nc. T l nc ra s
dng ph thuc vo API ca du th, nhng thng thng n nm trong khong
3-10% ca tng lu lng du th [10], 3-6% i vi du nh, 6-10% i vi du
nng [6]. Tng lng nc ra tng vn tc kt dnh.

Hnh 2.6. Mt cc git nc trong du th cc t l 1%, 5%, 10%

cng iu kin [6]
-

Cht lng nc ra:

Nc qu trnh c s dng cho qu trnh loi mui. Nc nn l nc mm
hn ch lng ion Mg, Ca Nc phi khng c du, cht rn, c PH xp x 7,
c lng NH3, Clo, Oxy thp. Oxy trong nc ra ca thit b loi mui c th
nguyn nhn mi mn nh thit b, ng thi d gy chy n. Hm lng clo trong
nc, nh hng n kh nng ha tan mui. Khi pH ca nc ln hn 8 n c th
to thnh x phng vi axit hu c trong du th, l cht n nh nh du trong

56
nc. Hm lng NH3 trong nc ra cao hn 40ppm, n gy ri ro cao (do hin
tng fouling) trn a [6].
Cht lng nc ra:
pH trong khong 6-8
Hp cht clo t hn 25ppm
NH3 t hn 40ppm
Cht rn t hn 10 PTB
cng (nh CaSO4) t hn 175ppm
Hp cht lu hunh trong khong 10-20ppm
Hp cht phenol trong khong 100-200ppm
-

V tr tim nc:
Thng thng, nc ra c tim trc thit b trn nc v du. Tuy nhin,
hn ch s lng ng cht rn, mui thit b tin gia nhit, 1 phn ca nc ra
(10-30%) c tim vo sau bm du th (bm nguyn liu) [6].

p sut
p sut trong thit b loi mui phi m bo sao cho ch tn ti pha lng trong
thit b loi mui. S ha hi ca du/nc chim th tch thit b, ng thi d gy
chy n vi tia h quang in ca thit b loi mui.
Tn tht p sut qua van trn xc nh hiu qu ca qu trnh trn. Tuy nhin tn
tht p sut ny phi nm gi tr va phi, nu tn tht p sut ln, n chia cc
git nh thnh cc git qu nh, bn dn ti kh tch nc ra khi du. Nu tn tht
p sut nh, cc git nc khng phn tn tt trong du th, lm gim hiu qu ca
qu trnh tch nc. Tn tht p sut ny thng vo khong 0,5-1,5bar [6].

57

Hnh 2.7. nh hng ca tn tht p sut qua van mix ti hiu qu qu trnh loi
mui, rn [6]

Cht ph nh [8]
Cht ph nh lm tng hiu qu tch nc v mui trong thit b tch mui
gim s n mn trong phn xng. Cht ph nh lm tng ti a lu lng dng
du th bi iu chnh lp nh tng to thnh ti b mt phn cch nc/du ca
thit b tch mui.
Cht ph nh c a vo ti 2 im:
* Ti ng du th trc khi i vo dy tin gia nhit ngui (Cold Preheat
Crude Train).
* Ti ng du th trc khi i vo thit b tch mui cp th hai. Dng ha
cht ny c cp theo yu cu trong qu trnh khi ng phn xng.

58
CHNG 3. TI U NHIT CHO THIT B LOI MUI TRONG
NH MY LC DU DUNG QUT
Hiu qu ca qu trnh loi mui c nh gi da trn nh lut Stock. Khi
vn tc lng ln hn, ng ngha vi lng du th x l c ln hn do nh
my s thu c li ch nhiu hn. Tuy nhin ta phi tnh ti chi ph sinh ra khi thay
i iu kin vn hnh. Li nhun thu c khi thay i nhit ca qu trnh loi
mui chnh l hiu ca 2 yu t ny. Nh vy qu trnh ti u nhit cho qu trnh
loi mui chnh l tm nhit m ti li nhun thu c l ln nht. y, nh
my c trc, do vy khi chng ta thay i iu kin, chng ta phi ch tn
dng nhng thit b c trc. Do chng ta tnh ton li nhun da vo vic so
snh li nhun thu c khi thay i v cha thay i.
3.1. C s l thuyt tnh ton thay i li ch cho thit b loi mui khi thay
i nhit
3.1.1. Phn tch nh hng ca nhit vo qu trnh loi mui
Nh trnh by trn, vn tc lng ph thuc nhiu vo nhit . Khi lng ring
v nht ca cht lng thng gim khi tng nhit . N c ngha l khi thay i
nhit , vn tc lng s thay i, m y, l vn tc lng tng khi nhit tng,
do ci thin c hiu qu tch mui. Trong mt thit b loi mui cho trc, s
tch ci thin c ngha l mt lng ln du th c th c loi mui trong cng
mt thi gian. N gi cho chng ta mt iu rng c th nhit cao hn s cho
li ch cao hn. Tuy nhin khi nhit tng, ko theo dn in ca du th tng,
dn ti nng lng in tiu th ca qu trnh cng tng. Hn na, tng nhit
hot ng i hi tng nhit ca qu trnh gia nhit. d dng hn trong tnh
ton, chng ta biu din khi lng ring v nht ca du th di dng hm
ph thuc vo nhit . S ph thuc ca khi lng ring vo nhit c xc
nh bng ASTM-D-1298. S ph thuc ca nht vo nhit c xc nh
bng ASTM-D-445. T kt qu ca phng php ny, chng ta c th s dng quy
hoch thc nghim tm ra hm biu din cho nhit v nht. Thay cc hm
ny vo biu thc tnh vn tc lng, ta c s ph thuc ca vn tc lng vo nhit
[13].

59

Hnh 3.1. S khi cho phng php tnh ton ti u nhit ca thit b
loi mui
3.1.2. M hnh tnh ton nhit cho qu trnh loi mui
Nguyn tc ca xc nh hiu qu ca qu trnh loi mui da trn nh lut Stock

kD 2 ( w o)

(1)

60
Trong :
k: hng s

v: vn tc lng, m/s

: nht ca du, cSt

D: ng knh git nc, m

w: khi lng ring ca nc, kg/m3

o: khi lng ring ca nc, kg/m3

Thi gian lu ti a ca cc git nc trong thit b loi mui:

h
v

(2)

Trong :

l thi gian lu ti a ca git nc, s

l khong cch t git nc trn cng n vng cha nc ca

thit b loi mui, m

l vn tc lng, m/s

Lu lng ca mt git:
Fd

Vd

(3)

Trong :

Fd
Vd

lu lng ca git nc, m3/s

th tch ca git nc, m3

thi gian lu ca git nc, h

Nh phn trc, khi p sut v tn tht p sut qua van mix khng i, kch
thc v s git nc c th xem l hng s ti bt k nhit . Do lu lng

61
nc i qua thit b chnh/ lu lng ca mt git bng s git (gi s tt c nc
u to nh).
Fw ( ra )
Fd

Fw ( ra )*
Fd *

(4)

Trong :

Fw( ra )
Lu lng nc ra ti nhit xt, m3/nm

Fd

lu lng ca mi git nc, m3/s

Fw( ra )*

Lu lng nc ra ti nhit vn hnh hin ti (c bit trc),

m /nm
3

Fd *

lu lng ca mi git nc ti nhit vn hnh hin ti, m3/s

T phng trnh (1), (2), (3), (4) chng ta bin i thnh:

Fw ( ra )

v
Fw ( ra )*
v*

(5)

Khi lu lng nc v lu lng du vo thit b loi mui c tnh ton theo

cng thc:
Fw( vao )

Fw ( ra )

y:

Fw (in )
lu lng nc vo thit b loi mui), m3/nm

Fw( ra )
Lu lng nc ra khi thit b loi mui, m3/nm

(6)

62

Hiu qu qu trnh loi nc

FO ( vao )

Fw ( vao )
Rwo

(7)

Trong :

FO ( vao )
Lu lng du th vo, m3/nm

FO ( ra )
Lu lng du th ra, m3/nm

Rwo
t l nc/du th nguyn liu

Li ch khi tng lu lng do tng hiu qu qu trnh loi mui

Nh trnh by, nu tng nhit , vn tc lng ca nc s tng. Do mt
lng ln hn du th c th c x l, v cho nhiu sn phm hn. Chnh lch
li ch t qu trnh ny c nh gi nh sau:
BFI ( Fo ( vao ) F

*
o ( vao )

)( xi Pi P )
i 1

Trong :
BFI

Li ch khi tng lu lng, USD/nm

Fo (vao )
Lu lng du th vo thit b, m3/nm
Fo ( vao )*

Lu lng du th vo thit b hin ti, m3/nm

xi
phn trm ca sn phm i

(8)

63

Pi

gi ca sn phm i trn th trng, USD/m3

P gi ca du th thng mi, USD/m3

s phn on chng ct c tnh ton

Chi ph do tng nng lng

Khi tng nhit , dn du th tng, do tiu th nhiu nng lng in

trong qu trnh kt dnh cc git hn. C ngha l c mt khon chi ph sinh ra do
qu trnh ny. Lu lng du th v nhit hot ng tng, i hi thm nng
lng cho cc thit b khc. Ta gi chi ph pht sinh ny l CP:

CP ( P P* )tCkwh
(9)
Trong :
CP

chi ph pht sinh v nng lng ca phn xng,USD/nm

nng lng vn hnh cc thit b ngoi bm ti nhit ang xt,kw

P*

nng lng vn hnh cc thit b ngoi bm ti nhit hot ng hin

ti,kw

tng s gi hot ng trn nm,h

Ckwh
gi nng lng, USD/kwh
Tng lu lng ca du th i hi phi thm bm hot ng cho c du th v nc.

CB (P-P* )tC kwh

(10)
Trong :

64
CB

P
P*

chi ph do bm, USD/nm

nng lng vn hnh bm ti nhit ang xt,kw

nng lng vn hnh bm ti nhit hin ti,kw

Ckwh
gi nng lng, USD/kwh
t

tng s gi hot ng trn nm, h

Li nhun thu c:

Nh vy li nhun thu c t vic thay i nhit hot ng c tnh nh sau:

Pr ofit BFI (CP CB )

Trong :
Profit: li nhun thu c
BFI: li ch thu c do thay i cng ngh, USD/nm
CP: chi ph do tng nng lng, USD/nm
CB: chi ph do tn hao bm mi thm vo, USD/nm

(11)

65

3.2. Ti u nhit hot ng cho thit b loi mui trong nh my lc du

Dung Qut
3.2.1. D liu tnh ton cho thit b loi mui trong nh my lc du Dung
Qut
Vn tc lng theo nhit

Hnh 3.2. th m t s ph thuc ca vn tc lng vo nhit [6]

Cc thng s cng ngh hin ti
- iu kin bin ca phn xng CDU:
Bng 3.1. Nhng iu kin bin ca phn xng CDU [8]

66
Nhng iu kin bin (Battery
Limit)

p sut vn
hnh (kg/cm2g)

Nhit vn
hnh (oC)

Nhng dng vo
Du th t b cha

20

50

Wild Naphtha t LCO/HDT

5.5

45

Nc x l t SWS

2.5

50

Wild Naphtha t NHT

5.5

40

LGO n b cha TK-5115

6.0

55

LGO n LCO/HDT

7.3

55

Dng thi t thit b tch mui n

ETP

3.5

50

Nc chua n SWS

3.5

50

Residue n RFCC

5.5

111

4.5

85

HGO n b cha TK-5109

5.5

55

HGO n LCO/HDT

6.5

55

Off gas n RFCC

0.7

50

Nhng dng ra

Residue n b cha
5103)

(TK-

67

Kerosene n b cha
5114

TK-

6.5

40

LPG n cm thu hi kh trong

RFCC

20.5

50

LPG n b cha LPG khng t

tiu chun TK-5102

20.5

50

Full range Naphtha n NHT

4.0

50

Full range Naphtha n b cha

TK-5112

3.5

40

Dng tun hon li t CDU n b

cha du th

4.3

70

Du thi nh (Light Slop) t CDU

3.1

55

Du thi nng (Heavy Slop) t

CDU

4.0

55

Phn b sn phm ca nh my lc du Dung Qut hin ti

Bng 3.2. Phn b sn phm ca nh my lc du Dung Qut hin ti [8]
Sn Phm

Lu lng dng
(Kg/h)

% khi lng
(%wt)

LPG

2181

0.27

68

Naphtha

108314

13.30

Kerosene

51188

6.28

Light Gas Oil

170716

20.96

Heavy Gas Oil

69822

8.57

Residue

407324

50.01

Nng lng tiu th hin ti cho cc thit b trong phn xng CDU
Bng 3.3. Nng lng tiu th ca cc thit b trong phn xng CDU
ca nh my lc du Dung Qut [8]
Thit b

Nng lng (quy i sang kw)

Thit b loi mui th nht

30

Thit b loi mui th 2

30

E1111

265,2

E1112

136,2

E1114

20,4

E1116

93,2

E1117

27

E1121

34

E1122

96

E1126

42,6

E1129

11,4

E1133

98

69
P1101

761,6

P1102

97,3

P1103

56,7

P1104

256,0

P1105

49,8

P1106

49,5

P1110

95,5

P1112

79,3

P1113

10

P1114

8,1

P1115

9,7

P1118

27,4

P1119

63,9

P1120

8,6

P1121

9,3

P1122

35,8

P1123

0,3

P1124

0,3

P1125

0,3

P1126

0,3

P1127

11,8

P1128

4,9

B1101

60

H1101

83740

70

- Gi ca sn phm ca phn xng CDU

Bng 3.4. Gi ca cc sn phm phn xng CDU 12/3/2015[14]

LPG

610USD/m3 ( quy i)

Xng

652USD/m3

Kerosene

317,34USD/m3

Gasoil

207,56USD/m3

Cn chng ct

87,05USD/m3

Mt mt

Du th

59,13USD/thng

- T l nc/du [8]: 1/20

- Gi in cng nghip Vit Nam
Bng 3.5. Gi in cng nghip Vit Nam ngy 12/3/2015 [16]

Gi in (vnd)

S gi trong
ngy (h)

Gi thp im

869

Gi bnh thng

1,388

13

Gi cao im

2,459

3.2.2. Tnh ton nhit ti u cho thit b loi mui trong phn xng
CDU nh my lc du Dung Qut
- Tm hm biu din s ph thuc ca vn tc lng ca git nc theo nhit .

71
T hnh 3.1, thc hin ni suy s dng quy hoch thc nghim, ta tm ra c
hm m t s ph thuc ca vn tc lng ca git nc vo nhit :
v=0,001+0,4355T+0,0394T2+0,000T3
y:
T: F.
v: vn tc lng ca git nc,m/s
- Tnh ton li ch khi thay i nhit :
Thay phng trnh (5), (6), (7) vo (8) ta c:
n

BFI ( Fo ( vao ) Fo ( vao )* )( xi pi p )

i 1

v v* n
Fo (vao ) * ( xi pi p)
v
i 1

=(365*24)*814510

( 0,001+ 0,4355T +0,0394 T 2+ 0 T 3 ) 3,2

3,2

(0,27*610+13,30*652+6,28*317,34+29,53*207,56+50,01*87,05+0371,887)
=466902427,25*(-3,199+0,4355T+0,0394T2)
- Tnh ton gi in trung bnh trong ngy
Ckwh=(5*2459+13*1388+6*869)/24=1481,4vnd=0,678USD/kwh
(tnh theo gi la ngy 7/6/2015 l 1USD=21840vnd)
- Tnh chi ph nng lng do s thay i iu kin cng ngh
T (9) v (10) ta c th quy v mt cng thc:

tongchiphi ( p p * )tCkwh

72
p* (

p* (

Fo ( vao )
Fo (vao )*

1)tCkwh

v
1)tCkwh
v*

0, 001 0, 4355T 0, 0394T 2

84125(
1) *(365* 24) *0, 678
3, 2

=573279489,59*(-3,199+0,4355T+0,0394T2)
- Tnh ton li nhun thu c:
Profit = BFI tongchiphi

=466902427,25*(-3,199+0,4355T+0,0394T2)-573279489,59*(3,199+0,4355T+0,0394T2)

= -106377062,34*(-3,199+0,4355T+0,0394T2)

73
3.3. nh gi kt qu
th hnh 3.3 di y m t li nhun ca phn xng khi thay i nhit . Tuy
nhin d dng hn trong tnh ton, tc gi lc b cc hng s, ch ly li hm
ph thuc, do , s khng c n v cho li nhun.

Hnh 3.3. Kt qu c tnh nhit ti u theo hm li nhun

Ban u khi tng nhit , hiu qu ca qu trnh loi mui tng nhanh hn so
vi chi ph b ra. Do li nhun thu c l dng v tng dn. Tuy nhin khi
tip tc tng, n mt gi tr ca nhit th li nhun thu c bt u gim, mc
d hiu qu qu trnh (li ch) vn ang tng, chi ph vn hnh tng. iu ny c
l gii nh sau: hiu qu qu trnh tng khi tng nhit , nhng cng st vi gi tr
nhit ng vi li nhun cc i , hiu qu ca qu trnh tng nh, khng ng
k, trong khi chi ph vn hnh thit b loi mui. tng manh, dn ti li nhun ny
gim dn. V nu tip tc tng tip nhit , ti khong nhit tip, chi ph s ln
hn li ch dn ti li nhun m.
T kt qu tc gi rng thy nhit 280 0F (1370C ) l ti u cho qu trnh hin
ti. Trong thc t vn hnh, tnh cht du th thng thay i nh nht , khi
lng ring do qu trnh trn du th nguyn liu cng nh hng n kt qu qu
trnh tnh ton bao gm c v tnh ton nng lng. Mi loi du c nhng c tnh
khc nhau, nn khng th em cng iu kin p dng cho cc loi du th nguyn
liu khc nhau. tnh ton cho nguyn liu khc nhau th phi tnh ton li t u
nhit ti u. Vi s liu tnh ton cho nguyn liu l du th Bch H, nhit

74
hot ng ca thit b loi mui l 138 0C, cho du th Dubai l 133 0C. Do nguyn
liu du th vo phn xng phi c tnh cht (ng cong chng ct TBP tng
ng vi nguyn liu dng lm thit k phn xng), do gi tr nhit ca
thit b loi mui s khng khc xa so vi nhit thit k. Nh vy nhit 137 0C
l c th tha mn.

75
KT LUN
Sau thi gian thc hin n, tc gi thu c mt s kt lun sau
1. tng quan l thuyt v phn xng CDU ca nh my lc du
2. tng quan v cm thit b loi mui
3. xut c m hnh ti u nhit cho thit b loi mui
4. ti u nhit cho qu trnh loi mui vi nguyn liu hin ti phn
xng CDU nh my lc du Dung Qut l 1370C
5. bt u so snh kt qu m hnh vi thc t, v chng t c m hnh
ng tin cy v c th dng c
KIN NGH
Mc d tc gi so snh kt qu m hnh vi thc t, v c gng ly ht cc
thng s v chi phi vn hnh ca phn xng CDU, tuy nhin cc phn xng ph
tr, lin quan khc cn cha xt ti nh cc khu vc ngoi vi (Mc d cc yu t
ny ch nh hng nh ti kt qu ca bi nghin cu do sai s v chi ph 1 vi bm
nh). Tuy nhin khi cng tnh ton ti cc yu t lin quan, bi nghin cu cng
chnh xc hn.
Ngun nguyn liu vn hnh nh my thay i tng ngy, v vy cc c tnh
ca du th nguyn liu cng thay i theo, do vn hnh ng c nhit
ti u ca qu trnh loi mui cho tng nguyn liu c th, th cn phi lin tc xy
dng gi tr nhit ti u ny. Do tit kim thi gian v chi ph, cng nh
nhanh chng xy dng c kt qu nhit ti u ca qu trnh, cn xy dng
thm chng trnh m t s tng quan gia nhit ti u ca qu trnh loi
mui vi tnh cht du th.

76
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Phan T Bng (2002)-Gio trnh cng ngh lc du-NXB Xy Dng, tr 5-16
[2] http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx
[3] Kt qu thng k nng lng IEA-2010
[4]Babiker K.Abdalla (2015)-Optimum Electrostatic Desalting Efficiency of Alfulla
Crude Oil-College of Postgraduate and Scientific Research, Karary University
[5] E.Sellman (2012)-Use of advanced electrostatic fields for improved dehydration
and desalting of heavy crude oil and Dibit - Cameron Process Systems
[6] Nguyn Mnh Thnh (2007)-Crude distillation unit- Phng cng ngh, nh my
lc du Dung Qut
[7] Tng quan cc phn xng cng ngh nh my lc du Dung Qut (ngun nh
my lc du Dung Qut)
[8] S tay vn hnh phn xng CDU nh my lc du Dung Qut (2008) (ngun
nh my lc du Dung Qut), tr 5-15, 700-755
[9] Nguyn Minh Cnh, Nguyn Mnh Thnh-Cc nh chp v cc thit b ca
phn xng CDU lc bo dng nm 2014 Phng cng ngh, nh my lc
du Dung Qut
[10] A. ELKAMEL (2003)-Experimental investigation of crude oil desalting and
dehydration - Chemical Engineering Department, Kuwait Oil Company
[11] www.crudeoildesalting.com
[12] A.C.Potter (2007)-Crude oil conductivity-NALCO ENERGY SERVICES
[13] Erik Fetter Pruneda (2005)- Optimum temperature in the electrostatic desalting
of Maya Crude Oil-Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Ciudad
Universitaria, Mxico
[14] http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/gasdiesel/
[15] http://www.globalpetrolprices.com/lpg_prices/
[16] http://www.npc.com.vn/bieugiabandien.aspx