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Zdeněk Benedikt: What Is An AMERICANISM?
Zdeněk Benedikt: What Is An AMERICANISM?
A m e r ic a n E n g l is h a n d B r it is h E n g l is h
Zdenk Benedikt
The English language, whether it be spoken in North America, the British Isles, Australia or any other place in the whole world, is one
language and its different varieties equal siblings. Although the size of the territory where the varieties are used and the number
of people living there are not always comparable, linguistically, however, they enjoy equal status, and therefore it would be wrong
to say that one of them is the sole representative of correct English with the others representing substandard forms.
I would like to stress the fact that even after four hundred years of physical separation, the American and British varieties of the English
language, which we will primarily be focusing on, have maintained a great deal of sameness or similarity and that although there
will be many individual differences discussed and pointed out between these two most frequently encountered varieties, we need to
keep in mind that these have been purposefully dug out and presented in detail, while the everyday communication between
Englishmen and Americans is not hampered to such an extent as may be the false impression resulting from the long list of differences
presented to you in this research paper.
This material is based on my own personal experience of an English teacher and a speaker of predominantly American English, as well
as on research carried out using and exploiting different materials of both academic and non-academic nature. (see bibliography)
What is an AMERICANISM?
a word or one of its meanings, which is currently used in American English and has a different equivalent in the British variety
(elevator lift, gasoline petrol)
a word which refers to sth exclusively characteristic of American realia (convention, caucus, fraternity, bayou)
a word which originated in American English but has since spread to other varieties of English, even British English (bike, bulldozer,
boom, boost, boss)
a word or an expression which originated in British English but is no longer used among the Brits, i.e. is extinct in the English of the
British Isles, but is still used on the North American continent (apartment, baggage, bug, rooster, fall, gotten, guess, sick)
American English maintains certain features of old British English, which it comes from. So does Canadian French carry with itself
a certain air of old 17th century French, as it was spoken before the French revolution. (We have gotten a new car since you last saw
us.)
Dnen americk vslovnost odr stav jihoanglick vslovnosti v dob vypuknut roztrky mezi mateskou zem a 13 koloniemi,
tj. kolem roku 1770. (Peprnk, str.15)
In many cases, when speaking about American and British equivalents, the distinction is not really a matter of one nation having one
word/expression which the other variety is not familiar with and vice versa. Its more a matter of one of the expressions being prevalent
and most widely used in one of the varieties, while the majority of speakers using the other variety of the two are more familiar and
comfortable with the other, if the equivalents form a pair, which is not always the case. (fall is the most frequently used term for one of
the four seasons of the year but autumn, which is considered a purely British expression, can also be found in the writing of American
authors, mainly when striving for a higher stylistic form)
One word/phrase often has different connotations/meanings in the two varieties. (mudguard BrE blatnk auta, AmE blatnk bicyklu;
suspenders BrE podvazky, AmE le)
Sometimes the two connotations carry totally opposite meanings. (I am through, when given to a partner in a telephone
conversation, would mean a totally different thing to a Brit than to an American. The Brit would think it means Weve made the
connection, we can talk., whereas the American would suppose the phone call is over as the Brit is apparently implying I am finished,
its over.; another example is the adjective inflammable", which in American English means that it is not possible to set the material
on fire, while in British English it means Watch out! This material can go ablaze very easily)
Here are a few examples of Briticisms (a term not as common as Americanism) which have entered and were absorbed by American
English: A-level, au-pair girl, back bencher, bank holiday, redbrick university, terraced houses, bloody, bobby, dustman, headmaster,
fortnight, pram, mackintosh, ring sb up, Establishment, posh, postman, shop, tabloid, luggage
On the other hand, a great many Americanisms have been adopted by Britons and can be commonly heard on both sides of the
Atlantic. These are more plentiful as American English seems to affect all the other varieties of English more than any other form, mostly
due to the impact of show business (ie. the movies, popular music) as well as the economic and political influence of the United States
around the world. Here are the most well-known examples: talk with sb, I wouldnt know, blizzard, get the hang of sth, blurb, editorial,
commuter, rock in the sense of stone, be on the air, top secret, double talk, baggage in connection with traveling on a ship, etc.
Br [a:] before -f, -s, -S, m, n is pronounced [] (ask, after, half, path, chance, plant, sample)
Br [o] in words such as not, block, cross, stop, college, doctor, comedy is pronounced [a:]
Br [i] in timid, America is often pronounced [?]
Br [a] in but, hurry is pronounced closer to [?]
AmE does not leave out the r-sounds in better, perceive, bird, here, poor
Br [ju:] after consonants d, t, n is pronounced [u:], eg. duty, tune, new
Br [t] betw. a vowel and a voiced consonant or vowels is pron. more like [d] latter, putting
BrE reduces the secondary stress more than AmE, eg. secretary, secondary, necessary
Suffix -ile is pronounced [-?l] in AmE and [-ail] in BrE, eg. agile, fertile, hostile, mobile
The British diphthong [?u] is replaced by [ou], which does not exist in BrE at all, eg. Oh, no!
Nkter z rys obecn americk anglitiny psob nelib na britsk ucho, zejmna retroflexn [r], neredukovn nepzvunch slabik,
nazalizace a intonace. Brit vyrostl v jihoanglickm standardu vnm americkou vslovnost jako pli robustn, drsnou a hrubou,
jej nazalizace mu pipad vulgrn. Naopak Amerianovi se zd jihoanglick vslovnost usekan (clipped), pli zjemnl
a afektovan.
(Peprnk, str. 15)
Sounding or not sounding the rs is not a clear-cut matter which would distinguish the two varieties from each other. For example, in
Great Britain, there are many areas, such as Scotland, Lancashire or Ireland, where the rs would be sounded pretty much like they are
in General American. On the other hand, many Americans would tend to leave the r sound out, especially around metropolitan New
York, in Eastern New England or in the coastal south of the United States.
eg. car, bar, beer, clear, fear, the letter r
The past tense forms of the two following verbs are pronounced differently.
BrE
AmE
shine shone [on]
shine shone [oun/a:n]
eat ate [et]
eat ate [eit]
Here are a few examples of words which are pronounced differently in the U.S. than in the U.K.
BrE
AmE
resource
[rizo:s]
[ri:so:s]
figure
[fig?]
[figj?r]
leisure
[le?]
[li:?r]
either
[ai?]
[i:?r]
research
[ris?:]
[ri:s?:r]
glacier
[glsi?]
[glei?r]
schedule
[edju?l]
[sked?l]
clothes
[kl?uz]
[klouz]
twenty
[twenti]
[tweni]
Asia
[eia]
[ei?]
garage
[gra:, grid]
[g?ra:, g?ra:d]
lever
[li:v?]
[lev?r]
cant
[ka:nt]
[knt]
record
[reko:d]
[rek?rd]
advertisement
[?dv?:tism?nt]
[dv?rtaizm?nt]
BrE
AmE
half an hour
half a bottle
a half hour
a half bottle
pneumonia
tuberculosis
the pneumonia
the tuberculosis
in hospital
at university
in the hospital
at the university
administration are
council are
crew are
crowd are
jury are
team are
government are
company are
administration is
council is
crew is
crowd is
jury is
team is
government is
company is
plenty of time
a couple of months
half of the world
plenty time
a couple months
half the world
need it badly
mightily dangerous
really hard
drive slowly
need it bad
mighty dangerous
real hard
drive slow
now
here
right now
right here
do you have?
I dont have
dont lets
lets not
get hit
get rained on
if he were not busy
I have gotten
The so called Standard American does not differ from the Standard British English nearly as much as do the individual substandard
colloquial or dialectal spheres of the language. That is to say that when two university professors, one from the U.S. and the other from
the U.K., are speaking to each other, they have less difficulty understanding each other than if we had two uneducated speakers of
different regional or even social dialects from the two countries having a conversation.
American English seems to be have been more creative in the past couple of centuries. Many new words have been coined based on
otherwise well-known and commonly used vocabulary.
Suffixes
-dom (bachelordom)
-ee (retiree)
-eer (racketeer)
-ette (launderette)
-ician (mortician)
-itis (Americanitis)
-ize (burglarize)
-ster (gangster)
-teria (cafeteria)
Prefixes
anti- (antiperspirant)
be- (bespectacled)
de- (debugging)
mid- (mid-January)
semi- (semi-annual)
New expressions combining two or more words, resulting in a set phrase/compound noun
cottonwood
copperhead
log cabin
ghost town
disk jockey
soap opera
sweat shop
rowing boat BrE
sailing boat BrE
sparking plug BrE
rowboat AmE
sailboat AmE
spark plug AmE
lumber
(originally the word had the same meaning in AmE
as it did in BrE but as the building timber stacked
alongside the streets in American cities started to be
in the way, people began calling this timber
lumber, which even sounded similar.
(bed) bug
very unpleasant kind of insect which
is found in the beds
of the poorest and dirtiest slums
bug
meaning any kind of insect
faucet
exists only in regional dialects of BrE
Standard BrE uses tap
faucet
standard AmE
homely
pleasant
homely
not good looking
List of equivalents in BrE in the left column and their counterparts in AmE on the right.
BrE
AmE
grilled steak
broiled steak
staff
faculty
wireless
radio
auto parts
saloon
sedan
windscreen
gear lever
boot
bonnet
hood
dynamo
mudguard
sparking plug
windshield
gear shift
trunk
hood
top
generator
fender
spark plug
loo, toilet
public toilets
bathroom
restrooms
bring to a boil
do the washing
do the laundry
curriculum vitae
the cinema
lift
elevator
sunglasses
shades
block of flats
apartment building
lorry
truck
pavement
sidewalk
road surface
pavement
taxi
cab
(book)shop
(book)store
rubbish
garbage
subway
underpass
underground, tube
subway
washbasin
sink
cottage
cabin
sweets
candy
biscuit
cookie
mad
crazy
angry
mad
chemists
drugstore
ground floor
first floor
motorway
freeway
headteacher, headmaster
principal
dustbin
garbage can
post
maths
math
trousers
pants
fanny OBSCENE!!!
bumbag
crisps
potato chips
return (ticket)
round trip
timetable
schedule
cooker
stove
holiday
vacation
fill in a form
stay at home
stay home
Monday to Friday
rubber
eraser
rucksack
backpack
pub
bar, tavern
sweet
dessert
nappy
diaper
torch
flashlight
chips
French fries
tram
streetcar
zip
zipper
tick
check
smart (elegant)
smart (intelligent)
queue
line
caravan
trailer
diversion
detour
tea-towel
dish towel
toll motorway
turnpike
get a rise
get a raise
pram
baby carriage
garden
yard
collect
pick up
petrol
gas, gasoline
off-licence
liquor store
railway line
railroad tracks
mean
stingy
bloke, chap
spanner
wrench
revise
review
at the weekend
set homework
give homework
take an exam
take a decision
make a decision
different to
fraternity
knickers
panties
football
soccer
secondary school
high school
basic school
elementary school
arsehole OBSCENE!!!
asshole OBSCENE!!!
Words which have infiltrated the other variety and are now known in both of the Englishes. The arrow indicates where the word originated and who
adopted it.
talk with sb
the more British phrase is talk to
I wouldnt know.
blizzard
used side by side with snowstorm
get the hang of something
dressing gown
dinner jacket
replaced tuxedo, which sounds a little sub-standard
luggage (esp. air travel)
blurb
used interchangeably with leading article
editorial
commuter
rocks in the sense of stones which can be thrown
be on the air
top secret
double talk
A-level
au-pair girl
in AmE the expression governess is more common
Establishment
postman
tabloid
Expressions frequently found in American English but unacceptable even for Americans
Annie and me
anyways instead of anyway
six mile down the road instead of using the plural
and I says xxxxx"
Political correctness has first become an issue in the United States, that is why most of the following expressions were first made up and used in
American English:
physically challenged
colored person
weight challenged
acoustically challenged
vision impaired
literacy challenged
sanitation engineer
flight attendant
(no wonder Brits often accuse Americans
of long-wordedness)
10
Indian languages
there were over 300 Indian languages spoken in what is now called the United States of America when Europeans started to settle
down in large numbers on the North American continent.
Over twenty-six states within the Union have their official name taken from one of the Indian languages which were once spoken on
their territory.
Here are a few expressions that originated in one of the many Indian tongues but are now known by virtually all speakers of the English
language, not only its American variety.
squash, raccoon, skunk, squaw, woodchuck, bury the hatchet, pale face, sequoia, moose, moccasin, potlatch, powwow, teepee,
wigwam, iron horse
Differences in SPELLING
Major simplification of English spelling can be attributed to one of the most distinguished linguists of the 19th century America, Noah
Webster. This man authored the first dictionary of American English, which was first published in 1828. The changes he had made
(although many of the suggested changes have never been respected and were never used) reflected the practical/pragmatical and
anti-elitist spirit of the American public.
Here are the most basic differences between British and American spelling patterns which you are sure to find when reading works
originating on both sides of the Atlantic.
BrE
AmE
11
kidnapped, worshipped
kidnaped, worshiped
abridgement, judgement
abridgment, judgment
miscellaneous:
ageing
cheque
curb
tsar
draught
grey
gypsy
gaol
jewellery
mould
pyjamas
plough
programme
sceptic
storey
tyre
vice
waggon
woollen
worshipping
aging
check
kerb
czar
draft
gray
gipsy, gypsy
jail
jewelry
mold
pajamas
plow
program
skeptic
story (floor)
tire
vise
wagon
woolen
worshiping
on the sometimes ignorance-based attitudes and fallacies of Brits towards Americans professor Quirk reiterates a story: My own
favourite (story) is one of the mid-nineteenth century when a fashionable Boston debutante was visiting London. She was at a society
ball one night and was dancing with a young British Guards officer and he made no attempt to conceal his admiration for her (which
was all right, of course), but equally he made no attempt to conceal his surprise at being with an American girl that he could
understand. He had the nerve to compliment her on her English and even went so far as to suppose that she must be unique among her
12
countrywomen in speaking English so well. To this, Im glad to say, the young lady had the wit and presence of mind to reply, Oh, yes,
but then I had unique advantages; there was an English missionary stationed near my tribe.
the author points out the differences which exist even among speakers of one variety, ie. American English:
Oklahoma man: I knowed you wasnt Oklahoma Folk. You talk queer kinda. Tht aint no blame, you understan?
Arkansas woman: Everbody says words different. Arkansas folks says em different, and Oklahomy folks says em different. And we
seen a lady from Massachusetts, an she said em differentest of all. Couldn make out what she was sayin.
When foreign teachers are worried about which English they should teach British or American it seems to me that weve now
arrived at the point where we can say without hesitation: Teach the form that you know and that you have the resources to teach.
reminds me of a time I was sitting in a little lunch-room in the United States, and an American woman of some social pretensions
came in with her husband; when the waitress showed them a seat, she looked across the room and said (in what she clearly thought
was a superior accent) Cant [ka:nt] you put us over there? But a couple of moments later, talking more naturally just to her husband,
I heard her say Is it half [hf] past six yet? It sounded ridiculous to hear her mix her forms of language, though certainly she thought
that her [ka:nt] was better than her ordinary pronunciation as represented by [hf].
Professor Quirk:
Do you know that old one (joke) about the American lady who is supposed to have said to someone in England, Do you have many
children? and the reply was, Oh no, only one every couple of years. This rests on the rather dubious existence of a tendency in England
to use do in questions with the verb have only when habitual actions are referred to.
Professor Marckwardt:
Well, then theres the one about the Englishman coming to New York and trying to buy a saloon; he was directed to the government
bureau concerned with liquor licensing, because of course although he only wanted a car, he is supposed to have wanted to open a bar,
a pub.
Bibliography: