BAI 2

MACH IEN MOT CHIEU (DC)

A. MUC CH :
Bai th nghiem giup sinh vien thc hien cac mach ien c ban nh mach
chia ap, mach chia dong va kiem chng cac luat Kirchhoff trong mach ien DC.
Ngoai ra, bai th nghiem con giup sinh vien so sanh ket qua gia tnh toan ly
thuyet va ket qua th nghiem cua mach ien DC mot nguon va nhieu nguon.

B. AC IEM :
Mach ien DC ch ton tai cac phan t nguon va ien tr. Nen tang cua
phan tch mach ien DC la luat Ohm va cac luat Kirchhoff. Ngoai ra, e tang
hieu qua cua qua trnh tnh toan mach DC, ngi ta co the da tren cac phep
bien oi tng ng ( chia ap, chia dong, bien oi nguon ) hay phan tch
dung ma tran (the nut, dong mac li ).

C. PHAN TH NGHIEM :
I. o kiem thong so mach:
Dung cau o RLC (hay chc nang o cua DMM ) o lai gia tr thong so
mach tren module th nghiem va ien vao gia tr o trong bang so lieu. Gia
tr o va cong thc ly thuyet c dung e xac nh gia tr tnh trong cac
bang so lieu ve sau.
Phan t
R1
R2
R3
R4

Gia tr danh nh
2.2 k
4.7 k
5.6 k
10 k

Gia tr o

II. Mach chia ap:

a) Thc hien mach chia ap nh Hnh 1.2.1 tren breadboard.
ieu chnh nguon DC e thay oi gia tr ien ap u nh trong bang so lieu.
Dung DC volt ke ( hoac chc nang DCV cua VOM hay DMM ) o ien ap u1,
u2, u3 tren cac ien tr ien vao cot o. T ien ap u ta xac nh u1, u2, u3
theo cong thc mach chia ap va ien vao cot Tnh. Xac nh sai so theo cong
thc :
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% sai so =

gia tr o gia tr ung

.100%
gia tr o

Gia tr ung = la gia tr tnh theo ly thuyet hay gia tr nhan c t cac thiet
b chnh nh hoac thiet b o co o chnh xac cao.
Ta co bang so lieu:
u(V)
Tnh

u1
o

%sai
so

Tnh

u2
o

%sai
so

Tnh

u3
o

5
15

Hnh 1.2.1: Mach chia ap

b) Kiem chng luat Kirchhoff ve ien ap.
Theo luat Kirchhoff ve ien ap oi vi mach DC ta co:
u = uk = u1 + u2 + u3
Tnh uk t solieu o phan b) va ien vao bang so lieu:
u (V)
5
15
ay, % sai so =

%sai so

uk

u - u .100%
u
k

c) Thiet ke mot mach chia ap DC gom hai ien tr R1 va R2 thoa :

+ Ap vao mach 5 V, ap ra 2 V.
+ Dong trong mach phai be hn 10 mA.
+ Ve mach thiet ke va cho biet cac tr so:

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%sai
so

R1 =

(), R2 =

().

III. Mach chia dong:

a) Thc hien mach chia dong nh Hnh 1.2.2 tren breadboard. Thay oi gia tr
u, o dong tong I1 va cac dong re I2 , I3 (dung amper ke mac noi tiep cac
ien tr hoac thong qua o ap tren cac ien tr nay theo gia tr ien tr o
cua chung) va ghi so lieu vao cot o c. T gia tr I1 ta tnh I2 va I3 theo
cong thc mach chia dong va ghi ket qua vao cot tnh toan. Tnh sai so.

Hnh 1.2.2: Mach chia dong

Ta co bang so lieu:
u
(V)

I1
(mA)

Tnh
toan

I2 (mA)
o
c

%sai
so

Tnh
toan

5
15
b) Kiem chng luat Kirchhoff ve dong ien .
Theo luat Kirchhoff ve dong ien oi vi mach DC ta co:
I1 = Ik = I2 + I3
Tnh Ik t solieu o phan a) va ien vao bang so lieu:
I1 (mA)

ay, % sai so =

%sai so

Ik

I - I
I
k

.100%

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I3 (mA)
o
c

%sai
so

c) Thiet ke mot mach chia dong DC gom hai ien tr R1 va R2 noi song song
thoa :
+ Dong tong la 10 mA.
+ R1 = 4.7 (k) va dong qua no la 4 mA.
+ Ve mach thiet ke va cho biet tr so R2 = ().
IV. Giai tch mach DC nhieu nguon dung the nut va mac li:
Thc hien mach th nghiem nh Hnh 1.2.3 tren breadboard.

Hnh 1.2.3: Mach DC nhieu nguon

Vi:
nguon DC.

E1 = nguon ap DC co gia tr 5 V tren hop th nghiem hay bo

E2 = nguon ap DC co gia tr 15 V tren hop th nghiem hay bo

nguon DC.
Dung volt ke DC hay DMM o lai gia tr cac nguon E1 va E2 va ghi vao
ca 2 cot gia tr tnh va cot gia tr o. Tnh ien ap tren cac ien tr dung
phng phap the nut hay dong mac li va ghi vao cot gia tr tnh. o ien
ap tren cac ien tr dung volt ke DC hay DMM va ghi vao cot gia tr o.
Hay hoan thanh bang so lieu:
ien ap
E1
E2
u1
u2
u3
u4

Gia tr tnh

Gia tr o

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% sai so
0
0

V. Giai tch mach DC nhieu nguon dung nguyen ly xep chong:

+ Ch cho tac ong len mach nguon E1 = 5V bang cach thc hien mach th
nghiem nh Hnh 1.2.4 tren breadboard. Dung DC volt ke hay DMM o u11, u21,
u31 , u41 va ghi tng ng vao cot Mach ch co nguon E1.

Hnh 1.2.4: Mach ch co nguon E1

Hnh 1.2.5: Mach ch co nguon E2

+ Ch cho tac ong len mach nguon E2 = 15V bang cach thc hien mach th
nghiem nh Hnh 1.2.5 tren breadboard. Dung DC volt ke hay DMM o u12, u22,
u32 , u42 va ghi tng ng vao cot Mach ch co nguon E2.
+ Tnh u1, u2, u3 , u4 dung nguyen ly xep chong va ghi vao cot gia tr tnh theo
xep chong. Xac nh sai so khi dung xep chong. Ta co bang so lieu:
ien
ap
u1
u2
u3
u4

Mach ch
co nguon
E1

Mach ch
co nguon
E2

Gia tr tnh
theo xep
chong

Gia tr o
khi co ca
hai nguon

% sai so
khi dung
xep chong

VI. S o Thevenin-Norton va nguyen ly truyen cong suat cc ai:

+ Khao sat mach th nghiem nh Hnh 1.2.3.
+ Lay ien tr R2 khoi mach. H mach v tr R2 e o Uhm (Hnh 1.2.6). Ngan
mach v tr R2 e o Inm (Hnh 1.2.7). ien tr tng ng Thevenin Rth xac
nh theo so lieu o: Rth = Uhm / Inm. Lap bang vi Gia tr tnh da tren thong
so mach. Ve s o tng ng Thevenin Norton cho mach Hnh 1.2.3.
Uhm
Gia tr o Gia tr tnh

Inm
Gia tr o Gia tr tnh

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Rth
Gia tr o Gia tr tnh

+ Thc hien tren breadboard mach nh Hnh

1.2.8. Thc hien khoang 10 gia tr cua bien tr
VR t 1k en 10k (trong o co gia tr bang
Rth). o ap u2 tren VR. Tnh cong suat tren VR
theo PVR = u22/VR. Lap bang so lieu. Cho biet
gia tr cc ai cua cong suat tren VR o c
va gia tr cc ai theo ly thuyet .

Hnh 1.2.7: o Inm

VR
u2
PVR

1k

Hnh 1.2.6: o Uhm

Hnh 1.2.8: Khao sat cong suat max

Rth

PVR(max o c)
=
PVR(max theo ly thuyet) =

D. DUNG CU TH NGHIEM:
-

Hop th nghiem (hay bo nguon DC hai ngo ra).

Breadboard.
ien tr : 2.2k, 4.7k, 5.6k, 10k va bien tr 10k.
ong ho o van nang so (DMM).
Day noi th nghiem (co day noi tren breadboard).
----------------------------------------------------

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10k