Thc n trong nui dng b sa

1. Vai tr ca thc n: Thc n ca b sa, ch yu l thc n xanh th.

Trong thc n xanh th, trc ht phi ni n l c ti. Trng hp thiu
c ti, c th thay bng l su ho, ci bp, c kh loi tt, c chua v c
qu. i vi b sa, thc n nhiu nc c ngha sinh l quan trng v
mun to c mt lt sa phi c 450-500 lt mu vn chuyn cc cht dinh
dng vo tuyn v. C qu v b bia l ngun thc n rt tt cho b sa.
Cho n b sung thc n tinh trong nhiu trng hp l tng nng lng,
khng phi tng lng protein trong khu phn nn phi c thc n xanh
th v cho b n t do. Cn thc n tinh cho n trn ln vi thc n xanh
th (khng cho n ring bit), mi hp vi sinh l d c v hiu qu s dng
thc n ca b sa mi cao.
Nhu cu dinh dng
c nui dng v chm sc tt, b sinh sn (sa v tht) lc 18-24
thng tui phi t khi lng 180-220 kg b lai Sind v 280-300 kg b
lai Holstein Friesian, c th phi ging cha la u, v sau khi c 2-3
thng, phi ging tr li c cha, th mt i b sinh sn s cho nhiu sa,
nhiu tht hn.
V vy cn ch m bo y cc nhu cu ca b sa, v cc cht
dinh dng t lc cn l b mi sinh.
a) Protein: Sn lng sa v nng sut tht t cao hay thp l do lng
protein thc n quyt nh. Nu thiu protein, b sa gy yu, khng cho
sa v tng trng km. sinh sng, b cn 0,5g protein cho 1kg khi
lng. Sn xut c 1 lt sa, b cn 60 gam protein t thc n. Khi b c
cha, cng cn thm mt lng protein nui thai.
Nhng thc n giu protein l c non, c h u, dy lc, kh du lc,
kh du u tng, bt c, b u ph, b bia v.v
b) Bt ng v m (gluxit v lipit): L nhng cht dinh dng cn thit
cung cp nng lng cho b hot ng v cho sn phm. Cht bt ng c
nhiu trong bt ng, bt cao lng, cm, go, tm, khoai lang, sn.

Cht m cp nng lng nhiu nht, thng gp 2,5 ln so vi protein

v bt ng, tuy nhin i vi b thng c s chuyn ho ng, x
thnh axit bo qua qu trnh trao i vi sinh trong d c.
c) Cht khong: Canxi v pht pho l hai cht khng th thiu ca b
to xng v tit sa. Mt b sa cho 15 lt sa/ngy cn c 75-85 gam
canxi v 60-66 gam pht pho trong thc n. Cho b n thm bt xng, bt
v s, v hn... c th b sung c lng canxi, pht pho. Ngoi ra, b cn
mui n mi ngy 35- 145 gam tu theo khi lng v cc nguyn t vi
lng khc nh st, ng, km, mangan, cban, it... Nhng cht trn
thng c trong c xanh, thn cy ng xanh, rau, u.
d) Vitamin: B cn cc vitamin thuc nhm B, A v D. Vitamin A rt cn
thit duy tr sc kho v cho sa. Vitamin A, B c nhiu trong c xanh, c
chua, ng ht, b ng, khoai ty. Vitamin D c nhiu trong cc loi thc n
men, c kh, b u, b ru, b bia. B cn c chn th ngoi nh
nng mt tri c iu kin t tng hp vitamin D.
e) Nc ung: B tht, nht l b sa rt cn nc vn chuyn cc cht
dinh dng, iu chnh thn thit v sn xut sa. Hng ngy b cn mt
lng nc kh ln bng khong 1/10 khi lng c th, tc khong 50 -60
lt mt ngy. V vy cung cp nc ung cho b cng cn nh cho n n
no vy.
2. Ngun thc n phn loi:
Thc n cho b sa ni chung khng cu k v kh kim nh i vi
ln v gia cm, tuy nhin vn phi m bo y cc cht dinh dng nh
nng lng, protein, mui khong v.v... b sa mi c nng sut sa cao.
Ngun thc n ch yu ca b l c ti ngoi bi chn, c kh, rm r
v mt vi loi thc n xanh th khc nh ngn l ma, b da, thn cy
ng, dy lang, dy lc, cc loi bo, thn cy chui, l su ho, ci bp, mu
khoai, mu sn v.v..
i vi b sa, trong thi gian vt sa ngoi nhng loi thc n xanh
th k trn, phi cho n thm c trng, thc n tinh (cm go, bt ng, bt
go... ) kh du (kh du lc, kh u tng, kh du da, kh du ht
bng), c qu (khoai lang, sn, b ) v nht l thc n nhiu nc (b

ru, b bia, b u ph v.v...). Sau y l mt s loi thc n chnh thng

phi gieo trng ch bin v d tr.
2.1 Thc n xanh
a) C voi (Penisetum purpurerum)
Ging c c nng sut cao nht, thn ng thuc h ho tho, r
chm, trng bng hom, cao cy 1,2 - 1,8 m ging nh ma. Nng sut cao,
c th thu ct 6 - 8 la t 120 - 180 tn/nm. T l protein ngang vi ng
ht, trung bnh 101 gam/kg cht kh. Thu hoch lc cn non (di 30 ngy
tui t l protein cao hn (127g/ kg cht kh). Lng ng trong c voi,
nht l c voi lai cao hn nhiu so vi cc ging c ho tho khc, trung
bnh 70 - 80 gam trong 1 kg cht kh. ta hin nay c cc ging c voi
napier, kingrass, selecsion 1 thng trng ct cho b n ti chung hoc
chua d tr trong v ng v ma kh.
b) C pangola (Digitaria decumbens)
C thn b, l ging c ha tho trng chn th v ct phi kh d
tr. C thu hoch 5- 6 la/nm. Sn lng c xanh t 40 - 60 tn/ha/nm.
Sn lng c xanh t 40 - 60 tn/ha/nm. Lng protein thp (7 - 8% cht
kh, lng x cao (33 - 36% cht kh) do t l l trong c thp.
c) C ghin (Panicum maximum) cn c tn l c Ty Ngh An.
Ging c ho tho thn bi, r chm, cao khong 0,6 - 1,2 m. C trng
dng lm bi chn nl~i hoc thu ct lm thc n xanh ti chung. Sn
lng khong 30 - 50 tn cht xanh /ha/nm.
C Ghin c kh nng chu hn v gi c mu xanh trong v ng.
d) Keo du (Leucaena leucocephala)
Cy thn g thuc h u, cao ti 7 - 10 mt, trng thnh rng ci
to t, chng xi mn v trng thnh bng ly l lm thc n xanh cho b
sa, b tht v ch bin thnh bt c cho ln v gia cm. Nng sut cht
xanh bnh qun 40 - 60 tn/ha/nm/ Lng protein trong l kh cao (270 280 g/kg cht kh), t l x thp (15 - 16% cht kh). T l l keo du trong
thc n xanh thch hp vi b sa, l 20 - 25%. Do ngi ta thng trng
xen keo du vi c voi, c Ghin t l 1/3 - 1/4 thu ct lm thc n xanh
hn hp giu protein v vitamin nui b sa.

2.2 Thc n th
a) Rm
L thc n th cho b vng trng la, gi tr dinh dng thp, nhiu
x (32 - 34%), ngho protein (2 -3%), cc cht hu c trong rm tiu ho
c t (khong 48 - 50%).
Trng hp nui b sa, nu kim ho rm bng nc vi, hoc rm
vi ur, r ng, gi tr dinh dng ca rm s c nng ln v b thch
n.
b) Thn cy ng sau khi thu hoch
L ngun thc n th cho b nhiu vng. Gi tr dinh dng ph thuc
vo ging ng v thi v thu hoch. Trong 1 kg thn cy ng c 600 - 700
gam protein th v 310 - 320 gam x. i vi b t l tiu ho cc cht hu
c trong thn cy ng cao hn so vi rm, trung bnh i 52 - 55%. T l s
dng v gi tr dinh dng ca thn cy ng s c nng ln nu n vi
ur v r mt trc khi s dng.
c) C kh
L ngun thc n th chnh ca b sa trong v ng. C kh c gi tr
dinh dng cao hn so vi cc loi thc n th khc. Gi tr dinh dng ca
c kh ph thuc vo thnh phn dinh dng ca cc loi c ti dng phi
kh, vo k thut phi sy v iu kin bo qun.
m thch hp trong c kh l di 15%, nu trn 18% c d b mc, kh
bo qun.
C ti non c phi sy, sy kh nhanh c gi tr dinh dng cao hn c
gi qu la. C kh t c b u c lng protein, khong a lng v vi
lng cao hn c kh t cy ho tho.
2.3 Thc n c qu
L loi thc n dng tng i ph bin trong chn nui b sa d
trng v cho nng sut cao, gm c sn, khoai lang, khoai ring, khoai s,
khoai ty, b v.v...
c im chung ca nhm thc n ny l nhiu nc, ngho protein,
m, x v khong, nhng giu tinh bt, ng. Cc cht hu c trong thc

n c qu d tiu ho v hp th, nn gi tr nng lng trao i ca chng

(tnh trn cht kh) khng thua km thc n ht.
a) Khoai lang.
Thi gian sinh trng tng i ngn, trng c nhiu v trong nm, l loi
thc n c qu l tng cho b sa. Lng cht kh trong c qu 270 290g/kg, bin ng tu theo ging v ma v thu hoch, m ca t v
giai on pht trin... Trong c khoai c nhiu tinh bt v ng (850 - 900
gam/kg cht kh). Khoai lang v giu tinh bt hn khoai lang trng. Gi
tr nng lng tng i cao (3100 - 3200 Kcal trong 1 kg cht kh), nhng
ngho protein (3,5 - 3,6%) v cc cht khong.
b) Sn
c dng rng ri trong chn nui b sa b tht trung du min ni.
T l cht kh, tinh bt trong sn c cao hn khoai lang c, cn protein, m,
khong thp hn. Trung bnh 1 kg cht kh c 22 - 27 gam protein, 3 - 4
gam m, 650 gam tinh bt trong sn ngt v 850 gam trong sn ng.
Trong sn ti c nhiu glucozit - lenamarin di tc dng ca cc men
ng tiu ho, phn gii thnh axit cyanhydric t do (HCN) gy c cho gia
sc. Lng axit cyanhydric trong sn ng cao hn sn ngt. Sn c thi
mng phi kh, hoc ra sch t ngm nc 2 - 3 gi, gim ng k lng
axit cyanhydric, dng cho b sa, b tht n rt tt.
c) Khoai ty
Gi tr dinh dng v lng protein ca khoai ty cao hn khoai lang v
sn. Trong khoai ty c V itamin B1, B2 v vitamin C. Lng cht kh trung
bnh 210 - 240g/kg, protein th 80 -100g/kg cht kh. Gia sc tiu ho cht
hu c trong khoai ty rt tt. T l ny b sa, l 85 - 87%. Khi cho n
khoai ty sng cn ch l v khoai v mm c c c t solanin (400 700mg%) c th gy ri lon chc nng h thn kinh v tiu ho, nn khi
dng khoai ty cho b sa, cn ra trc v v cho n loi khoai ti khng
mc mm.
d) B
L ngun thc n ca ngi nhiu vng ng thi cng dng lm
thc n cho b sa, b tht dng ti. B c lng nc cao (88,1% ).

Trong mt kg cht kh c 101,4 gam cht khong, 627 gam dn xut khng
m, c bit, hm

lng caroten trong mt s ging b rt cao, ti 70

mg/kg cht kh. Do , b cng vi khoai lang l ngun thc n c qu

nhiu nc rt tt cho b sa trong giai on tit sa.
2.4 Thc n ht
Gm cc ht ca cc loi cy ho tho v b u. Ht ho tho giu
tinh bt, l ngun thc n tinh cung cp nng lng cho c th. Ht b u
giu protein v cc axit min khng thay th, l ngun thc n b sung
protein thc vt cho gia sc, b sa b tht v gia cm.
a) Ng:
L thc n giu nng lng. Thnh phn chnh ca ng l tinh bt,
ng, chim 80% vt cht kh. T l m trong ht ng tng i cao (4
-6%), ch yu tp trung mm ng. Bt ng bo qun kh hn ht v m
trong bt ng d b xy ho. T l protein trong ht ng tng i cao 8 12%, x 1,5 - 3,5%. Gia sc trong c b sa, b tht v gia cm tiu ho
tt cc cht dinh dng trong ht ng (trn 90%).
b) Cao lng (Sorghum bicolor)
L loi cy vng nhit i, trng ly thn lm thc n xanh v ly
ht lm thc n tinh cho chn nui.
Ht cao lng c lng protein thp hn ng, nhng cao hn thc.
Trong ht cao lng c 11 - 12% protein th, 3,0% - 3,1% m, 3,1% - 3,2%
x, 79 - 80% dn xut khng m v gn 3000 Kcalo nng lng trao i/kg
cht kh.
c) u tng: L ngun thc n giu protein (41 - 43% cht kh), m (16 l8%) v nng lng trao i (3600 - 3700 kcalo/kg cht kh). u tng
thng dng lm thc n cho b sa dng b u, cn kh du v bt u
tng dnh nui cc loi gia sc khc nh ln v gia cm.
d) Lc: L cy ph bin vng nhit i, c nhiu du m: 38 - 40% trong lc
c v, 48 - 50% trong lc nhn. Trong chn nui thng s dng kh du lc,
l ngun thc n thc vt quan trng. T l protein trong kh lc nhn l 45
- 50,3%, trong kh lc p c v l 30 -32%. T l x tng ng l 5,7 v
27,2% trong cht kh. Nhc im chnh ca kh du lc l ngho lysine.

Tuy nhin i vi b sa, dng kh du b sung vo thc n tinh c th m

bo c dinh dng protein cn thit cho tng nng sut tht v sa.
3. K thut gieo trng mt s loi cy thc n
3.1 C voi - Kingrass (Pemsetum Purpureum)
L loi c thn ng, sng lu nm, sinh trng nhanh v cho nng
sut rt cao khi c trng t nhiu mn, ti xp, c tng t canh tc
dy, nhiu nh sng. C pht trin hn ch t ngho dinh dng, m
t qu cao v khng chu ngp ng. C trng thu ct cht xanh cho b
n ti chung v chua lm thc n d tr trong ma kh, lnh.
Thi v gieo trng: Trng trong ma ma nhng tt nht l u ma ma
Chun b t: Cy t su 20-25 cm, ba v cy o (ln 2) lm ti t,
v c di v san phng mt t trng. Rch hng su 15-20 cm theo hng
ng-ty; khong cch hng l 60-80 cm.
Phn bn: u t cho 1 ha c trng
Phn hu c: 15-20 tn
Super ln : 250 - 300 kg
Sulfat kali: 150 - 200 kg
Phn m ur: 400 - 500 kg
Cc loi phn hu c, ln , kali dng bn lt ton b theo lng rnh
hng, phn m urea bn chia u cho cc ln thu hoch trong nm v bn
thc
- Ging: S dng loi thn ging c tui 80- 100 ngy v c cht vt
thnh hom c di 50-60 cm/hom. Mi hom c 3-5 mt mm. Tt nht ly
phn thn bnh t. S dng 7- 10 tn ging/ha.
- Cch trng: t sau khi rch hng v bn phn y theo quy nh, t
hom theo lng rnh, t hom ny gi ln na hom kia ni tip nhau, dng
cuc lp kn hom mt lp t 3-5 cm, m bo mt t bng phng sau khi
trng lp ging.
- Chm sc: Sau khi trng 10-15 ngy, tin hnh kim tra t l ny mm
(mm nh ln mt t). Trng dm nhng ch b cht v lm c ph vng
(trnh khng lm ng thn ging trng). Dng cuc lm c di 2-3 ln
trc khi c ln cao ph kn t trng. Dng 100 kg phn ure/ha bn thc

khi c giai on 25-30 ngy tui. Sau mi ln thu hoch, li chm sc lm

c di v bn thc phn ur c ti sinh l mi.
- Thu hoch: Thm c c thu hoch khi c c 70-80 ngy tui (cy c
thn cng - khng thu ct non la u). Cc la ti sinh thu hoch khi thn
c c cao 80-120 cm. Tu theo ma kh hoc ma, cao ct gc li
khong 5 cm. Dng lim hoc dao sc thu hoch ton b khng li cy
mm thm c ti sinh mc li u.
2.2 C Ghin (Panicum maximum - Guinea grass)
L loi c sinh trng nhanh, pht trin thnh cm khm, c nng sut
cao, c kh nng chu hn. C ghi n dng xy dng ng c chn th,
hoc thu ct cht xanh cho n ti chung. C c kh nng sinh sn v nhn
ging nhanh bng ht v bng thn cm khm.
- Thi v gieo trng: Trong ma ma nhng tt nht trng u ma ma
m bo t l sng cao.
- Chun b cy t: Cy v t vi su 20 cm, ba v cy o (ln 2), ba
ti t, gom sch c di v san phng mt t trng. Nu dng ht gieo th
phi chun b t k hn, cy ba nhiu ln m bo t ti nh v thi
gian chun b t phi di hn nhm gim bt ht c di mc. Rch hng
vi khong 40-50 cm, sau 15 cm (trng bng thn khm) hoc 7- 10 cm
(gieo bng ht).
- Phn bn u t cho 1 ha:
Phn hu c 10 - 15 tn
Super ln 200 - 250 kg
Sulfat kali 100 - 200 kg
m ure 300 -350 kg
Cc loi phn hu c, ln, kali dng bn lt theo hng. Khi trng, phn m
ure bn chia u cho mi ln thu hoch trong nm v bn thc.
- Ging: gieo trng bng ht cn 4-6 kg ht tiu chun/ha. Trng bng thn
khm s dng 4-6 tn/ha v c chun b nh sau: Khm c ghin lm
ging c xn b phn l ngn li gc cao khong 25-30 cm. Dng cuc
nh khm c ln, p r t khi gc r, ct bt r di li cn 4-5 cm.

Sau tch khm thnh cc cm nh lin khi - m bo mi cm c 4-5

thn nhnh ti.
- Cch trng: t sau khi rch hng, bn phn theo quy nh, t tng cm
ging vo thnh hng rch vi khong cch 3540 cm, dng cuc lp kn 1/2
di ca thn ging (phn gc) v dng chn dm cht t lp phn gc
r c tip xc cht vi t to iu kin m, chng ny mm v t t
l sng cao.3
Nu dng ht, gieo ri u theo hng rch v dng t nh lp kn ht mt
lp mng hoc dng tay kho u ht vi t theo hng trng.
- Chm sc: Sau khi trng 15-20 ngy, kim tra t l sng, nhng ch khng
c thn mm xanh mc th trng dm b sung. Nu l cy con mc t ht
th phi ch n khi phn lp r (rt d nhm ln vi c di mc) mi chm
sc c trong hng v trng ta b sung. Chm sc lm c di 2 ln trc khi
c pht trin tt ph kn mt t. Dng phn ure bn thc khi thm c ny
mm v sau khi lm c di.
- Thu hoch: La u thu hoch khi thm c trng c 60 ngy tui, cc la
ti sinh thu hoch khi thm c c cao 4560 cm (tu theo ma v trng
thi pht dc ca c). Phn gc li l 10-15 cm.
Trng c ghin chn th th hai la u tin phi thu ct, n la th ba
mi a b vo chn th. Thm c chn th c cao 35-40 cm l hp l.
Thi gian ngh c ti sinh mc li (chu k chn th) khong 25-30 ngy
v thi gian chn th gia sc lin tc trn mt l c khng qu 4 ngy.
2.3 C Pangola (Digitaria decumbens)
L loi c thn b che ph mt t, sinh trng nhanh vo ma ma
m v c ch nhit v nh sng thch hp. Ma kh lnh c sinh
trng rt yu. C Pangla trng lm bi chn th gia sc hoc thu ct cht
xanh phi lm c kh d tr trong ma kh, lnh. Nhn ging bng thn.
- Thi v gieo trng: u ma ma l thch hp
- Chun b t: Lm t trng c pangola cn c lm k, cy ba 2-3 ln
m bo t nh, ti xp, sch c di; mt t trng bng phng v rch
hng trng vi khong cch hng 50-60 cm.
- u t phn bn cho 1 ha c trng Phn hu c 10 tn

Super ln 150 -200 kg Sulfat kali 100 - 150 kg m ur 250 - 300 kg

Phn hu c, ln, kali dng bn lt theo hng rch trc khi trng c. Phn
m ure ng bn thc sau khi gieo trng v thu hoch (tp trung vo
thi gian ma ma trong nm).
- Ging: Trng bng thn hom, c ging c tui 75-90 ngy, c ct thnh
hom c di 35-40 cm (xn b phn l ngn). Dng 1,2 -1,5 tn ging/ha
gieo trng.
- Cch trng: t sau khi rch hng v bn phn theo quy nh, c ging
c t thnh tng khm p v mt pha thnh ca hng rch to gc xin
35-400 t khm cch nhm 15-20 cm (pha gc di v pha ngn trn).
Trong mi khm c 4-6 thn hom ging, dng cuc lp t ph kn 2/3,
h 1/3 chiu di hom trn mt t; dm nh t trn phn thn hom c
lp trnh kh hom ging, nhng cng khng lm dp thn ging.
- Chm sc: Kim tra ny mm v trng dm sau 10 -15 ngy. Sau khi trng
2-3 tun tin hnh dit c di, xi ph vng. Cn chm sc lm c di hai
ln trc khi c pangola pht trin che ph t trng. Dng phn m bn
thc khi rung c c mu xanh v ti sinh ra l mi.
- Thu hoch: thu hoch la u khi c c 70-75 ngy tui, ph kn mt
t. Thm c dy c. Cc la ct tt sinh thu hoch khi thm c c cao
40-50 cm ( thu ct) v 25- 30 cm ( chn th). Thm c pangola thu ct
lm c kh khi 7080 ngy tui (cn lu khi iu kin thi tit thun li
phi c). cao cy khi thu hoch cn li 10 cm l thch hp cho thm c
ti sinh mc li.
3.4 Cy keo du (Leucaena leucocephala)
Keo du cn c tn l bnh linh (min Nam), qu dp (min trung). Mt
s ni cn gi l me di. Keo du l cy ph bin cc nc nhit i. Cc
nc xung quanh Vit Nam u trng v s dng lm thc n xanh giu
protein cho gia sc.
Keo du c 3 loi hnh ch yu:
- Loi Shalvador: Cy cao 20 cm. Hng nm ra hoa 1 ln, t kt ht. Cy c
tim nng khai thc g v ly l lm thc n gia sc. Hin nay Vin Chn
nui c 2 ging tt ca loi ny.

- Loi Pru: Cy cao 10m. Hng nm ra hoa 2 ln, kt ht nhiu. Cy phn

cnh sm, b l xum xu. Loi hnh ny c nhiu nc s dng lm thc
n gia sc v ly ci, lm bt giy ... Hin nay Vin chn nui c 3 ging
tt, trong ging lai Cunningham l tt nht, ang nhn ging m rng
din tch.
- Loi Hawai: Cy cao 5m, ra hoa lin tc, ht rt nhiu. Cy t l, thng
ngi ta dng lm cy ph i ly ci. Nng sut cht xanh ca loi
Hawai ch bng na loi Peru hay Shalvador.
K thut gieo trng
Chn t: t thot nc, t chua (pH = 5,5 - 7)
Lm t: Cy ba v lm t bnh thng nh cc loi u khc. Ln
lung rng 3m. Trn lung rch hng cch nhau 70-80 cm.
Bn phn: Nu c phn chung, bn theo hng 10 tn/ha, phn ln nung
chy 300 kg/ha. Phn ln v ka li bn trc khi cy ba ln cui hoc hng
nm bn mt ln vo u ma xun.
Ht ging: ht ging gieo cho 1 ha l 20 kg. Ht cn c x l trc khi
gieo theo phng php sau:
+ Ngm t ht bng nc l
+ nc si 90- 1000C vi lng nc gp 2 ln ht vo ht lm t.
Gi cho nhit n nh 80-850C (nng rt tay) trong 4-5 pht.
+ Gn ht nc, thm nc l ngp ht, ngm tip 6- 10 gi. Nu ht cn
t qu, trn thm t bt hoc tro gieo cho d. Nu t kh thi tit
khng thun, sau khi x l ht bng nc nng 4-5 pht, ra phi kh
ngay, v bo qun ni kh ro. Khi thi tit thun li em gieo, khng cn
x l na. Ht x l khng th qu 1 thng. Trng hp khng bo
qun c th gim ht (2 ht) vo bu.
Gieo ht: Ht x l, gieo thnh hng rch su 7-10 cm, lp su 4-5 cm
(khng qu su). Vi lng ht 20 kg ht kh/ha, trung bnh 1 m gieo 20 ht
khi cy 4 thng tui c 10 cy/m. Nu trng bng bu, cy cch cy
10m.
Chm sc: Sau khi gieo ht 7-10 ngy cy mc u. Nu cy b cht cn
gieo dm. Sau khi cy mc 15 ngy lm c t u. Xi t gia hng, nh

c trong hng. 20 ngy sau lm c t u, lm c ln 2 (ch yu xi c

gia 2 hng) khng cn tht ht c, ch cn c ch c di to iu kin cho
keo du sinh trng
Sau 2 thng, cy con mc kho: nu cn c di nhiu, cn xi c tip, to
iu kin cho keo du ln t c di
Ch : keo du mc chm thi k u, nn cn lm c sau 2 thng, cy
sinh trng nhanh ln t c c di.
Thu hoch: khi cy cao 1,5m - 1,6 m thu hoch la u. Thng thng,
t cao ny thng mt 4-5 thng tu t. Khi thu hoch cha gc 70
cm. Cc la tip sau, 40-50 ngy (nhnh ti sinh 60-70 cm). La sau ct
cha li cnh mi ti sinh 5cm.
Ch bin v s dng: C th s dng cho b n ti (on di 50-60 cm),
lng n cho 1 b sa, b tht l 10- 12 kg,
chim 20-25% lng thc n xanh/ngy. Cho n ln cng vi cc loi thc
n xanh th khc.
C th phi kh, tch ly l lm bt c theo cch sau:
Cnh keo du ct, c th li ti rung trn hng cy ct qua 1 ngy
cho bt nc, sau gom li a v sn phi mng, tr u, to iu kin
cho l kh nhanh. Gp thi tit thun li, ch phi p mnh, l rng ht. C
th ln mt s cung l. Khi gom l li, cn loi bt cung l. Khi l kh c
th em nghin bng loi my nghin thng thng (loi 3,8 KW). Tu yu
cu mn c th cho qua l sng 1-1,5mm.
Nu d tr lng l hoc bt dnh cho ma ng cn bo qun trong ti
nylon, bn ngoi l bao t da en (trnh nh sng lm mt mu xanh).
Cht lng: L keo du ti c 18% protein th. Cht kh 25%. y l loi
thc n xanh rt tt cho b sa, b tht.
Bt l keo du c hm lng protein trung bnh 25%, m 12%, x 10%.
i vi b sa, b tht c th trn vo thc n tinh 1 - 1,5 kg bt/ngy/con.
B sa c n keo du nng sut sa tng trung bnh 10- 15%. Khi cho g
trng, g tht n lng 3% trong khu phn c ng trng v 1-1,5% trong
khu phn c ng , lng trng c mu vng sng: da, chn v m g

c mu vng p ng th hiu ngi tiu dng, lm tng gi tr sn phm

(gi bn) ln 10%.
Mt nm, keo du ct c 4-5 la. Ma kh, keo du thng b rp gy hi
nng ko di t thng 1 n thng 5. Thng khng cn phun thuc, v rp
ph lin tc, phun thuc khng t hiu qu kinh t. Khi c ma ro, rp
cht, cy tip tc sinh trng rt mnh. Keo du s dng c nhiu nm.
Thng chu k thu hoch l 5-6 nm mi phi trng li. Hng nm t nm
th 2 tr i ch cn lm c bn phn 1 ln vo v xun.
4. K thut ch bin, s dng thc n
4.1 xanh thc n (ging nguyn l mui da ci nn cht v y
kn)
L loi thc n xanh c ct ngn cho vo b hoc h m nn tht
cht, to mi trng ym kh, ln men nh v ly cho b n dn trong v
ng. Thc n xanh gi c cht dinh dng ca nguyn liu . B sa,
n ngon ming v c d tiu ho.
K thut xanh
- Nguyn liu :
+ C th xanh c t nhin, c trng nh c voi, c Ghin, thn cy ng
bp ngm sa, thn cy ng sau thu bp cn ti v.v...
+ C non nn ct vo thi im trc khi ra hoa, khng qu non cha nhiu
nc kh , cng khng qu gi. Nu l c trng nn thu ct sau 45
ngy. C th nhiu loi c vi nhau. C h u nn chung vi c voi hoc
thn cy ng sau thu bp.
+ Cc nguyn liu b sung: r ng 2 -4%, mui 1 -2% so vi khi lng c
ti.
- H :
Tnh theo s lng b nui v lng c cn d tr cho v ng v ma kh
m chun b h . Mt b sa, b tht bnh thng c th n 10 - 12kg c
/ngy. H 1m3 c 750 - 800 kg c. Cn c vo nh mc trn ch h
chn nui c th tnh ton kch thc h : h hnh khi hoc h hnh tr
(ging nh ci ging).

Chn ch t cng cao ro xy h , c th xy bng gch trt xi mng.

y h cn c rnh dc thot nc ra ngoi khi cn thit.
H khng nn xy su xung lng t, s gp kh khn khi ly thc n
cho b n. Tt nht chiu su h khong 1 m, phn ni trn mt t khong
1/4 (h na ni na chm), cn cc kch thc khc nh chiu di, chiu
rng (hoc ng knh) h tu theo khi lng thc n xanh cn
quyt nh.
- K thut :
+ Chun b h : y h lt mt lp rm ct nh, dy 10 cm ht
nc c .
+ Cho c vo hm :
y l khu k thut quan trng, quyt nh cht lng c v sau. Cng
vic ny phi lm xong trong ngy, khng qua ngy khc.
C ct ngn 5 -10 cm, nu c c t l nc cao trn 75% em phi ho hoc
b sung rm, b ma ct ngn 5 -15%. Trng hp c qu kh, dng lng
nc ho r ng (1 - 2%) ti vo c cho m 65 - 70%.
Cho vo h mt lp c dy 20 -30cm, ri ri u mt lp mui v r ng.
Nu r ng qu c c th pha vi mt t nc cho d trn ln vo c.
Dng xng, co st trn u v nn cht. Li cho tip mt lp c mi, dy
20 - 30cm cng vi mui n v r ng nh thao tc trn cho n khi
c 1/3 h , th m nn c cho tht cht, nht l xung quanh thnh h .
C th dng xng v chn dm cho c c nn cht.
Tip tc cho c v m nn cht cho n khi c y v cao hn thnh h
30 cm, t chc m v nn tht cht thnh h v b mt ca h .
C th dng my ko cng nng m nn i vi cc h ln, cn i vi
cc h nh 1 - 2m3, c th nn bng chn, nhng cn c nn k. Lp c
gia bao gi cng cao hn xung quanh.
Trn cng ph mt lp rm dy 15 - 20cm. Ph nylon, ch chn nylon
xung quanh thnh. Dng t st hoc t bn ph mt lp dy 20 cm trn
cng, tip l xp nhng tng nng ln trn.
+ Ch thc n vo h xong trong ngy, khng qua ngy khc, do
phi tnh ton d tr nguyn liu .

H cn c mi che ma. Tuyt i gi khng nc ma thm vo c .

- Dng thc n xanh cho b n
C th ly cho b n khi c hai thng. C tt l c c mi thm, mu
vng xanh ca da ci mui, khng mm nhn, khng qu chua mi dm,
khng b mc v c th d tr c nhiu thng.
Ly thc n xanh cho b n cn ly ln lt t u ny sang du kia (ly
tng lp mt) hoc xn c theo chiu su t trn xung di. Ch khng
m rng ming h, khng kh vo nhiu lm thm mu.
Ly c xong, y ngay nylon li cho tht kn.
4.2 Ch bin c kh
C tp trong t nhin hay c trng thn b nht l c pangola, c
Ghin u c th phi lm c kh d tr cho v ng min Bc v ma
kh min Nam.
Thng thu hoch c ti phi kh vo cui thng chn n u thng 11 l
nhng thng cui ma ma thi tit thch hp cho ch bin c kh. C sau
khi ct, phi ngay trn bi c trong thi gian 3 - 4 nng o 2 - 3 ln, c kh
u, t l nc cn 15 - 18%, c th ng bnh hoc nh ng d tr c
lu.
Tuy nhin, trong thi gian c ma, c ti sinh nhanh hn so vi thng 9
thng 10, thu hoch c nhiu la v nu thu hoch lm c kh, sn lng
c kh/ha ng c s cao hn nhiu. Kinh nghim cho thy: theo di thi tit
bit trong tun khng c ma, tri nng, c th ct c u tun phi kh
trong 2 - 3 nng , l c th nh ng hoc ng bnh cho vo kho d tr.
Khi phi c kh, nu gp tri ma, nc ma s ra tri cc cht dinh
dng, ng thi cc nm mc v vi sinh vt khc s pht trin lm gim
cht lng c kh. Do , vic theo di thi tit quyt nh thi im ct
c phi kh l rt cn thit.
C phi kh loi ti gi c mu xanh, nh vng, c mi thm, b rt thch
n. C th cho b sa n c kh t do. 1kg c kh c th thay c 3 - 4kg
c ti.
4.3 rm kh vi ur
L bin php b sung nit phi protein vo rm kh.

- H : c th dng h na ni na chm nh h thc n xanh, c th xy b

ni hoc trong bao nylon dy hoc thnh cy rm, xung quanh c nylon
dy bao ph kn, c dy buc cht.
- Cch :
+ Cn rm mi ln 10kg, ri u vo ni , mi lp dy 20cm.
+ Dng bnh ti rau ( doa) cha ng 10 lt nc cn ng 400 g ur (t
l l 4%) ho ur vo bnh ti, khuy trn u cho n khi ur ho tan ht
vo nc.
+ Ti nc pha ur vo rm, c mi lp rm 10kg rm th ti 10 lt
nc. Nu rm ti t th ch ti 6 - 7 lt nhng vn 400g ur.
+ Dng chn dm cht rm (c th i ng sch) nht l cc gc bn h .
+ Ri tip 10 kg rm. Lp li cc ng tc nh trn cho n khi y h v
ht rm.
+ Ph vi cao su hoc nylon ln kn b mt rm, nht k vi cao su hoc
nylon ni thnh h v cc gc gi kn hi. Khng cho nc ma v gi
lt vo.
+ Sau 7 ngy , bt u ly cho b n v tip rm mi vo bn, hoc b
th hai. Mt h sa b tht mt ngy c th n 9
- 10kg rm kt hp vi n c xanh hoc chn th ngoi ng. Lc u b n
t, sau 2 - 3 ngy b s n quen v lng tng ln dn.
Ch : khi cho b n rm ur phi ch cho b ung nc: 20
lt/con/ngy. Ma kh cho b ung nc tng gp 2 -3 ln.
Tuyt i khng cho b n trc tip ur.
4.4 rm kh vi ur v r ng.
T l rm, ur, nc cng ging nh trn nhng thm r mt ng, 40
kg r ng cho 1 tn rm. R mt gip cho qu trnh ln men tt hn, ngoi
ra cn cung cp thm lng ng cho b. Rm c thm r ng mi
thm hn, t hng, v ngt, b sa thch n v n c nhiu. Gi tr dinh
dng ca rm v vy cng cao hn.
Cch hon ton ging nh trn, ch sao cho ur, r mt ng ho tan
u trong nc.

4.5 rm kh vi v v b da
V da v b da nht l v da ti khng th cho b n nhiu v b
b rt li, do phi v da 2 - 5 ngy cho v da c v chua th mi ht
rt li. Nhng trong qu trnh v da dch cha nhiu cht dinh dng s
chy i rt ph; v vy cn kt hp v da vi rm, rm kh ho nc s
ht cht dinh dng t v da v di tc dng ca v da rm cng mm
ra, b d n.
K thut tng t nh trn: sp mt lp rm ri ti mt lp v da, c th
cho n ht, ri ph kn bng bao nylon, sau 5- 7 ngy ly ra cho b n.
Ch : Cch ny i hi phi nn rt cht v y rt kn, c th ph thm
mt lp t dy 10cm bn trn. Cho n sau 10 ngy. Cng vic phi hon
thnh trong 1 ngy trnh hng.
4.6 Kim ho rm
Qua kim ho, t bo x trong rm b ph v, nh t l tiu ho x
ca rm t 53% tng ln 60%.
Cng thc kim ho tnh theo trng lng rm kh vi 6% vi v 60% nc,
ngha l c 100 kg rm kh dng 6 kg vi v 60 lt nc.
Cho rm ct ngn 6- 10cm vo b xi mng, ho nc vi v o trn u
trong 3 ngy (mi ngy o 2-3 ln). Sau vt rm ln gi nghing
chy ht nc vi. Dng nc ra sch vi, hoc cho b n ngay, hoc phi
kh cho b n dn. Mi ngy, b c th n c 7- 10 kg.
4.7 Sn xut tng lim r mt - ur
- Nguyn liu v cng thc:
R mt ma (30% cht kh): 40 -50%
Ur: 10%
Mui n: 5%
Cht m (cm go loi 2, cm m): 25%
Cht kt dnh (vi sng v xi mng): 5 - 10%
- Khun p v khi lng mu:
Kch thc khun lm bng g hay bng st Loi 5 kg: Di 200mm, Rng
200mm, Cao 170mm

Loi 10 kg: Di 250mm, Rng 200mm,

Cao 200mm
C th dng khun b tng kch thc mi khun l 2m x 3m x 0,2m (tng
ng 1.200kg).
Sau ct nh 250 x 200 x 200 mm (tng ng 10kg).
- nh lng cc thnh phn nguyn liu:
Tu theo khi lng thc n cn sn xut, c th nh lng cc thnh phn
nguyn liu theo cng thc trn thnh cc m trn 100kg, 200kg, 1000kg.
- Dng c trn:
Thng trn: C th lm bng st hoc xy bng gch c chiu cao 0.5 m v
dung tch ph hp vi m trn cn thit.
Dng c trn: xng, co o, gy khuy, nu c dm di chy in cng tt.
Cc dng c khc xc cha, vn chuyn.
- Trnh t phi hp:
Bc 1: + R mt - ur - mui
+ Khuy k cho ho tan ht ur - mui vo r mt. Ma ng, tri
lnh nhit thp, c th hm nng r mt d khuy tan ur.
Bc 2: + Cht m - kt dnh
+ Trn tht u cht kt dnh vi cht m
Bc 3: + bn thnh phm bc 2 vo bn thnh phm bc 1
+ Khuy o nhanh tay, lin tc (khng c dng), cho ti khi c
mt hn hp do mn, c nhit 30 - 350C.
+ Thi gian trn khong 15 - 20 pht.
- p khun:
+ Tu theo khun chn, dng xng xc hn hp vo khun.
+ p mnh t pha trn (nh p gch x) v kt hp xa u (nht l xa
xung quanh) loi tr cc khe h, l hng to s lin kt u, lin tc,
khng xp. Vi khi lng ln c th dng dm di xa.
Ch : phi lm nhanh tay, lin tc li dng nhit ca hn hp 30 - 35 0C
to khi lin kt tt nht.

+ nguyn cho hn hp t kh trong khong 10 - 15 gi (cch mt m,

sau tho khun). Nu l khun ln, th dng dao dy (nh l loi dao ct
t) ct thnh nhng tng nh 10kg hoc 5kg.
- Bao gi v bo qun: Nu dng ngay, th ch cn lt mi tng lim mt
ming giy. Gi bng giy xi mng hoc trong giy ng bao thc n hn
hp, c th bo qun trong kho trn 6 thng.
4.8 Kt qu s dng ngn l sn chua lm thc n cho gia sc
c tnh hng nm nc ta c khong hn 1 triu tn ngn l sn
ti sau khi thu hoch c, cn t c s dng lm thc n gia sc. Ngn l
sn tuy giu protein (18-20% protein tnh trong cht kh) nhng li cha c
t xyanoglucoxit lm gia sc chm ln hoc c th gy cht khi c hm
lng cao. Nhng khi ch bin bng phng php chua lm gim r rt
hm lng c t (bng 1)
Bng 1: nh hng ca phng php chua n hm lng c t axit
xyanhydric trong ngn l sn
Cc phng thc ch bin

Hm lng HCN (mg/kg cht kh)

Ngn l ti

862,5

Ngn l chua

Ngn l ngm, ra trong 3 ngy467,0

Bt l sn

32,5
90,2

Theo quy nh ca Cng ng Chu u th thc n hn hp cho gia sc

ch c php cha thp hn 60mg HCN, nh vy hm lng ny ngn l
sn chua l rt thp. R rng phng php chua va n gin va d tr
c lu, va lm gim mnh m hm lng HCN. Kt qu s dng l sn
chua nui b sa:
Bng 2: nh hng ca khu phn c ngn l sn chua n nng sut
sa ca b th nghim
Ch tiu

L 1: Ngn l sn thay

L 2: Ngn l

sn thay
th 60% c xanh
xanh
Yu t th nghim:

100%

Ngn l sn chua (kg/con/ngy)

C xanh (kg/con/ngy)

14,5

22,7

11

Nng sut sa (kg/con/ngy)

-

Giai on chun b (15 ngy)

Giai on th nghim (60 ngy)

14,0

14,2
14,7

14,6

Tiu tn nng lng trao i (Kcal/kg sa)2132

2216

Mi l gm 5 b sa (Holstein x lai sind) lc bt u th nghim b vt sa

thng th 2 v 3. C 2 l b cng c n 0,3 kg thc n tinh tnh cho 1kg
sa v 12kg b bia hng ngy cho 1 b m. Kt qu bng 2 cho thy c
th thay th 60% c xanh hoc 100% c xanh bng l sn chua trong
khu phn cho b sa, nng sut sa vn t kh cao v cht lng sa vn
tt. Mt khc gi tin chi ph thc n sn xut 1kg sa l thay th hon
ton c xanh bng l sn chua thp hn l ch thay th 60% c xanh l
11,3%.
3.9 Kt qu nghin cu s dng thn cy lc chua lm thc n gia
sc
Hng nm nc ta c gn 12 triu tn thn cy lc ti, nhng phn
ln khi lng ny c b li ngoi ng lm phn bn, 1 phn nh c
dng lm cht t. Lc chim l v lc chnh, thng thu hoch vo thng 6
thng 7 hng nm, ng vo ma ma nn thn cy lc rt kh tho qun
v cy lc giu protein rt d b nm mc v vi sinh vt phn hu. Nghin
cu chua d tr thn cy lc c tin hnh ti Vin Chn nui v
thu c kt qu tt. pH ca cy lc chua t 4,3-4,5: hm lng axit
lactic t kh cao 2,8%. Kt qu th nghim s dng thn l cy lc nui b
sa: nh hng ca khu phn c thn l lc chua n sn lng sa ca
b
Ch tiu

L 1

L 2

Giai on th nghim 1
-

Yu t th nghim
chua

Nng sut sa (kg/con/ngy)

n c xanh

n cy lc

+ Giai on chun b (15 ngy)

8,6

+ Giai on th nghim (45 ngy)

-

So snh vi nng sut sa ban u (%)

104,7

8,5
8,4

8,9
97,7

Tiu tn nng lng trao i (Kcal/kg/sa)

Giai on th nghim II (o l)

Yu t th nghim

Nng sut sa (kg/mg/con)

n cy lc

n c xanh

+ Giai on chun b (15 ngy)

8,1

8,7

+ Giai on th nghim (45 ngy)

8,2

8,0

- So snh vi nng sut sa ban u (%)

101,0

92,0
- Tiu tn nng lng trao i (Kcal/kg/sa) 2557

2613

Mi l th nghim c 13 b sa. C 2 l cng c n 5,8kg sn c; 3,5

kg thc n tinh (gm bt sn 50%, cm go 25%, ng 24%, premix khong
1 %), nhng 1 l b c n 32 kg c xanh cn l kia c n thn l lc
chua n t do (nhng thc t n c hng ngy l 8,5kg) v 14kg c xanh.
Nh vy c 2 giai on th nghim l b n cy lc chua u cho nng
sut sa kh cao, mc d cy lc chim 39% nng lng ton khu phn,
ng thi gi tin chi ph thc n gim i 18%.
Ngun: vcn.vnn.vn