Chng 4

Lp Network
Computer Networking:
A Top Down Approach
Featuring the Internet,
3rd edition.
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Addison-Wesley, July
2004.

Slide ny c bin dch sang ting Vit theo

s cho php ca cc tc gi

All material copyright 1996-2006

J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

Lp Network

Chng 4: Lp Network
Mc tiu:

hiu cc nguyn l nn tng ca cc dch v lp

network:
cc

m hnh dch v lp network

forwarding v routing
mt router lm vic nh th no
routing (chn ng)
x l vi scale
cc ti nng cao: IPv6, mobility

hin thc trong Internet

Lp Network

Chng 4: Ni dung trnh by

4. 1 Gii thiu
4.2 Virtual circuit v

datagram networks
4.3 Bn trong mt
router?
4.4 IP: Internet
Protocol

dng thc Datagram

a ch IPv4
ICMP
IPv6

4.5 cc gii thut

Routing

Link state
Distance Vector
Hierarchical routing

4.6 Routing trong

Internet

RIP
OSPF
BGP

4.7 Broadcast v

multicast routing
Lp Network

4. 1 Gii thiu

Lp Network

lp Network
chuyn cc on t host

gi n host nhn
bn gi s ng gi cc
on vo trong cc
datagram
bn nhn s chuyn cc
on cho lp transport
cc giao thc lp
network trong mi host,
router
Router s xem xt cc
trng header trong tt
c cc IP datagram
c chuyn cho n

application
transport
network
data link
physical

network
data link
physical

network
data link
physical

network
data link
physical

network
data link
physical

network
data link
physical

network
data link
physical

network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical

application
transport
network
data link
physical

Lp Network

2 chc nng chnh

forwarding: di chuyn

cc gi t u vo n
u ra thch hp ca
router

routing: xc nh

ng i cho cc gi
t ngun n ch
cc

gii thut routing

tng t:
routing: tin trnh lp

k hoch chuyn i t
ngun n ch

forwarding: tin trnh

vn chuyn qua 1 giao

im

Lp Network

Tc ng qua li gia routing & forwarding

gii thut routing

bng forwarding cc b
gi tr header ng ra
0100
0101
0111
1001

3
2
2
1

gi tr ang n
trong header ca gi
0111

1
3 2

Lp Network

Thit lp kt ni
chc nng quan trng th 3 ca mt s kin trc mng:

ATM, frame relay, X.25

trc khi cc datagram chuyn i, 2 host v cc
router trung gian thit lp kt ni o
cc router cng lin quan
dch v kt ni lp network vi lp transport:
network: gia 2 host (c th cng cha cc router
trung gian trong trng hp kt ni o)
transport: gia 2 tin trnh

Lp Network

m hnh dch v Network

Hi: M hnh dch v l g (cho knh truyn cc
datagram t bn gi n bn nhn)?
V d cc dch v cho cc
datagram ring bit:
giao nhn bo m
giao nhn bo m vi
tr < 40 ms

V d cc dch v cho 1
lung cc datagram:
giao nhn datagram
theo th t
bo m bng thng ti
thiu cho lung
hn ch cc thay i
trong khong trng
gia cc gi
Lp Network

m hnh dch v Network

kin trc
Network
Internet

M hnh
dch v

Bo m?

phn hi
tc nghn

Th nh
Bngthng Mt
t
mt
th
khng khng khng khng (pht hin
best effort khng
thng qua mt mt)

ATM

CBR

ATM

VBR

ATM

ABR

ATM

UBR

c
tc
khng i
c
tc
c bo m
khng
bo m
ti thiu
khng
khng

khng
tc nghn
khng
c
tc nghn
khng c

khng khng

c
c

Lp Network

10

4.2 Cc mng virtual circuit v

datagram

Lp Network

11

Kt ni lp network v dch v
khng kt ni
datagram network cung cp dch v khng

kt ni lp network
kt ni o cung cp dch v kt ni lp
network
tng t vi cc dch v lp transport,
nhng:

dch v: host-to-host
khng la chn: network ch cung cp 1 dch v
hin thc: bn trong phn li ca network

Lp Network

12

cc mch o
cch x l ng t ngun n ch phi tng t vi
mch in thoi

hiu qu

thit lp cuc gi, chia nh mi cuc gi trc khi d liu c

th truyn
mi gi mang nhn dng kt ni o (khng phi l a ch ch)
mi router trn ng t ngun n ch gi nguyn trng
thi qua mi kt ni
kt ni, cc ti nguyn router (bng thng, b m) c th
c cp pht cho kt ni o (cc ti nguyn dnh ring =
dch v c th d on trc)
Lp Network

13

hin thc kt ni o
mt kt ni o bao gm:
1.
2.
3.

ng t ngun n ch
cc s hiu kt ni o, mi s dnh cho mi kt
ni dc theo ng
cc im ng k vo cc bng forwarding
trong router dc theo ng

gi thuc v kt ni o mang s hiu (khng

l a ch ch)
s hiu kt ni o c th thay i trn mi
kt ni

s hiu mi c cp t bng forwarding

Lp Network

14

Bng Forwarding

s hiu
22

12

bng Forwarding trong

router gc ty-bc:
giao tip vo
1
2
3
1

s hiu
giao tip

s hiu kt ni vo giao tip ra

12
63
7
97

32

3
1
2
3

s hiu kt ni ra
22
18
17
87

Cc Router gi nguyn thng tin trng thi kt ni!

Lp Network

15

cc mch o: cc giao thc gi tn

hiu
dng thit lp, duy tr kt ni o
dng trong ATM, frame-relay, X.25

khng dng trong Internet ngy nay

application
transport 5. bt u dng d liu
network 4. cuc gi kt ni
data link 1. khi to cuc gi
physical

application
transport
3. chp nhn cuc gi
network
2. cuc gi n
data link
physical
6. nhn d liu

Lp Network

16

cc mng Datagram
khng thit lp cuc gi ti lp network

cc router: khng c trng thi v cc kt ni end-

to-end

khng c khi nim mc network ca kt ni

vn chuyn cc gi dng a ch host ch

cc gi gia cng cp ngun-ch c th c cc ng i
khc nhau
application
transport
network
1. gi d liu
data link
physical

2. nhn d liu

application
transport
network
data link
physical

Lp Network

17

bng Forwarding
Vng a ch ch

4 t im
ng nhp c th
Giao tip kt ni

11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000

n
11001000 00010111 00010111 11111111
11001000 00010111 00011000 00000000
n
11001000 00010111 00011000 11111111

11001000 00010111 00011001 00000000

n
11001000 00010111 00011111 11111111
khc

3
Lp Network

18

So trng prefix di nht

So trng prefix
11001000 00010111 00010
11001000 00010111 00011000
11001000 00010111 00011
ngc li

Link Interface
0
1
2
3

Cc v d:
DA: 11001000 00010111 00010110 10100001

Chn interface no?

DA: 11001000 00010111 00011000 10101010

Chn interface no?

Lp Network

19

Datagram hoc network: ti sao?

Internet (datagram)
d liu trao i gia cc my

ATM (kt ni o)
pht trin t h thng in

tnh
thoi
dch v mm do, khng
m thoi ca con ngi:
nh th cht ch
nh th cht ch, yu
cc h thng u cui thng
cu tin cy
minh (cc my tnh)
cn thit cho cc dch v
c th thch ng, iu
bo m
khin v sa li
cc h thng u cui t
bn trong mng n gin,
thng minh
bn ngoi phc tp
in thoi
nhiu kiu kt ni
bn trong mng phc
cc c tnh khc nhau
tp
ng nht dch v kh
khn
Lp Network

20

4.3 Router

Lp Network

21

Tng quan kin trc Router

2 chc nng chnh:
chy cc giao thc/gii thut routing (RIP, OSPF, BGP)
y cc datagram t kt ni vo n kt ni ra

Lp Network

22

Cc chc nng cng vo

lp Physical:
tip nhn mc bit

lp Data link:
v d: Ethernet
xem chng 5

switch khng tp trung:

vi ch ca datagram bit trc, tm

cng ra dng bng forwarding trong b

nh cng vo
mc tiu: hon tt x l cng vo da trn
tc dng
sp hng: nu datagrams n nhanh hn
tc forwarding bn trong switch
fabric
Lp Network

23

3 kiu switching fabrics

Lp Network

24

Switching thng qua b nh

Cc router th h th nht:
cc my tnh c in vi switch di s iu khin
trc tip ca CPU
gi c sao chp vo trong b nh h thng
tc gii hn bi bng thng b nh
cng
vo

b nh

cng
ra

Bus h thng

Lp Network

25

Switch thng qua 1 Bus

datagram t b nh cng vo n b

nh cng ra thng qua mt bus chia

s
tranh chp bus: tc switch gii
hn bi bng thng ca bus
1 Gbps bus, Cisco 1900: tc
cho truy xut cc router

Lp Network

26

Switch thng qua 1 mng kt ni ni b

vt qua cc gii hn ca bng thng bus
cc mng kt ni ni b khc lc u c dng

kt ni cc b x l trong thit b c nhiu b x l

thit k nng cao: phn mnh datagram vo cc
di c nh, chuyn cc thng qua fabric.
Cisco 12000: chuyn vi tc hng Gbps thng
qua kt ni ni b

Lp Network

27

Cc cng ra

m c yu cu khi cc datagram n t fabric

nhanh hn tc truyn
Scheduling discipline chn gia nhng datagram
sp hng truyn
Lp Network

28

Sp hng ti cng ra

m khi tc n thng qua switch vt qu tc

dng ra
sp hng (tr) v mt mt bi v b m ti cng ra
b trn!
Lp Network

29

Sp hng ti cng vo
Fabric chm hn s phi hp ti cc cng vo -> sp

hng xy ra ti cc hng vo
Tc nghn Head-of-the-Line (HOL): datagram sp
hng pha trc ca hng ngn cn cc datagram khc
di chuyn ln trc
sp hng (tr) v mt mt bi v b m ti cng vo
b trn!

Lp Network

30

4.4 IP - Internet Protocol

Lp Network

31

Lp Internet Network
Cc chc nng:
lp Transport: TCP, UDP

lp
Network

giao thc IP
cc quy c nh a ch
dng thc datagram
cc quy c qun l gi

cc giao thc Routing

chn ng
RIP, OSPF, BGP

forwarding
table

giao thc ICMP

thng bo li
router signaling

lp Link
lp physical

Lp Network

32

dng thc IP datagram

s hiu phin bn
giao thc IP
di header
(bytes)
kiu ca d liu

s hop cn li
ti a
(gim xung ti
mi router)
giao thc lp trn

32 bits
head. type of
length
ver
len service
fragment
16-bit identifier flgs
offset
upper
time to
header
layer
live
checksum

dnh cho vic

phn mnh/
tng hp

32 bit a ch IP ngun
32 bit a ch IP ch
ty chn (nu c)

bao nhiu overhead

vi TCP?
20 bytes ca TCP
20 bytes ca IP
= 40 bytes +
overhead lp app

tng di
datagram (bytes)

d liu
( di thay i,
ty theo on TCP
hoc UDP)

v d: trng
timestamp
ghi nhn ng i,
danh sch cc
router
i n

Lp Network

33

Phn mnh & tng hp IP

cc kt ni mng c MTU

(max.transfer size) - frame

mc kt ni ln nht c th.
cc kiu lin kt khc nhau,
cc MTU khc nhau
cc datagram ln c chia
(phn mnh) bn trong mng
1 datagram thnh mt vi
datagram
tng hp ti ch cui
cng
cc bit ca IP header xc
nh, th t lin quan cc
mnh

phn mnh:
vo: 1 datagram ln
ra: 3 datagram nh hn

tng hp

Lp Network

34

Phn mnh & tng hp IP

V d
4000 byte
datagram
MTU = 1500 bytes
1480 bytes trong
trng d liu
offset =
1480/8

length ID fragflag offset

=4000 =x
=0
=0
1 datagram ln thnh mt vi datagram nh hn

length ID fragflag offset

=1500 =x
=1
=0
length ID fragflag offset
=1500 =x
=1
=185

length ID fragflag offset

=1040 =x
=0
=370

Lp Network

35

nh a ch IP: gii thiu

a ch IP: 32-bit nhn

dng cho host, router

interface
interface: kt ni gia
host/router v kt ni
vt l

router thng c nhiu

interface
host thng c 1
interface
mi a ch IP lin kt
vi mi interface

223.1.1.1
223.1.2.1
223.1.1.2
223.1.1.4
223.1.1.3

223.1.2.9

223.1.3.27

223.1.2.2

223.1.3.2

223.1.3.1

223.1.1.1 = 11011111 00000001 00000001 00000001

223

1
Lp Network

1
36

Cc Subnet (mng con)

a ch IP:
phn subnet (cc bit c
trng s cao)
phn host (cc bit c
trng s thp)
subnet l g?
cc interface thit b
c phn subnet ca a
ch IP ging nhau
c th tm thy nhau
khng cn s can thip
ca router

223.1.1.1
223.1.2.1

223.1.1.2
223.1.1.4
223.1.1.3

223.1.2.9

223.1.3.27

223.1.2.2

subnet
223.1.3.1

223.1.3.2

mng gm 3 subnets

Lp Network

37

Subnets

223.1.1.0/24

223.1.2.0/24

phng php
xc nh subnet,
tch mi interface t
host hoc router ca
n, to vng cc mng
c lp. Mi vng mng
c lp c gi l mt
subnet.
223.1.3.0/24

Subnet mask: /24

Lp Network

38

Subnets

223.1.1.2

Bao nhiu?

223.1.1.1

223.1.1.4
223.1.1.3

223.1.9.2

223.1.7.0

223.1.9.1

223.1.7.1

223.1.8.1

223.1.8.0

223.1.2.6
223.1.2.1

223.1.3.27
223.1.2.2

223.1.3.1

223.1.3.2

Lp Network

39

nh a ch IP: CIDR
CIDR: Classless InterDomain Routing
phn subnet ca a ch c di bt k
dng thc a ch: a.b.c.d/x, trong x l s bit
trong phn subnet ca a ch

phn
subnet

phn
host

11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000

200.23.16.0/23
Lp Network

40

cc a ch IP: lm sao ly mt?

Hi: Lm sao host ly c a ch IP?
m ha cng do ngi qun tr h thng trong 1 file

Wintel: control-panel->network->configuration>tcp/ip->properties
UNIX: /etc/rc.config
DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol: t ng
ly a ch t server
plug-and-play
(xem chng k tip bit r hn)

Lp Network

41

cc a ch IP: lm sao ly mt?

Hi: Lm sao mng ly c phn subnet ca a
ch IP?
p: ly phn cp pht ca khng gian a ch
IP do ISP cung cp
khi ca ISP

11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000

200.23.16.0/20

T chc 0
T chc 1
T chc 2
...

11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000

11001000 00010111 00010010 00000000
11001000 00010111 00010100 00000000
..
.

200.23.16.0/23
200.23.18.0/23
200.23.20.0/23
.

T chc 7

11001000 00010111 00011110 00000000

200.23.30.0/23

Lp Network

42

nh a ch phn cp: route tch hp

cho php thng bo hiu qu thng tin routing:

T chc 0

200.23.16.0/23
T chc 1

gi cho ti bt c th g
vi cc a ch bt u
200.23.16.0/20

200.23.18.0/23

T chc 2

200.23.20.0/23

T chc 7

.
.
.

.
.
.

Fly-By-Night-ISP
Internet

200.23.30.0/23
ISPs-R-Us

gi cho ti bt c th g
vi cc a ch bt u
199.31.0.0/16

Lp Network

43

nh a ch phn cp: nhiu cch route xc

nh
ISPs-R-Us c nhiu cch route n T chc 1
T chc 0

200.23.16.0/23

T chc 2

200.23.20.0/23

T chc 7

.
.
.

.
.
.

gi cho ti bt c th g
vi cc a ch bt u
200.23.16.0/20
Fly-By-Night-ISP
Internet

200.23.30.0/23
ISPs-R-Us
T chc 1

200.23.18.0/23

gi cho ti bt c th g
vi cc a ch bt u
199.31.0.0/16
hoc 200.23.18.0/23

Lp Network

44

nh a ch IP:...
Hi: Lm sao mt ISP ly c khi a ch?
p: ICANN: Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers
cp pht cc a ch
qun l DNS
gn cc tn min, gii quyt tranh chp

Lp Network

45

NAT: Network Address Translation

phn cn li ca
Internet

mng cc b
(vd: mng gia nh)
10.0.0/24
10.0.0.4

10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2

138.76.29.7
10.0.0.3

Tt c datagram i ra khi mng cc cc Datagram vi ngun hoc ch

b c cng mt a ch IP NAT l: trong mng ny c a ch 10.0.0/24
138.76.29.7,
vi cc s hiu cng ngun khc nhau

Lp Network

46

NAT: Network Address Translation

Mng cc b ch dng 1 a ch IP i vi bn ngoi:

khng cn thit dng 1 vng a ch t ISP: ch cn 1

cho tt c cc thit b
c th thay i a ch cc thit b trong mng cc b
m khng cn thng bo vi bn ngoi
c th thay i ISP m khng cn thay i a ch cc
thit b trong mng cc b
cc thit b trong mng cc b khng nhn thy, khng
nh a ch r rng t bn ngoi (tng cng bo mt)

Lp Network

47

NAT: Network Address Translation

Hin thc: NAT router phi:

cc datagram i ra: thay th (a ch IP v s hiu

cng ngun) mi datagram i ra bn ngoi bng (a ch
NAT IP v s hiu cng ngun mi)
. . . cc clients/servers xa s dng (a ch NAT IP
v s hiu cng ngun mi) nh a ch ch

ghi

nh (trong bng chuyn i NAT) mi cp chuyn

i (a ch IP v s hiu cng ngun) sang (a ch
NAT IP v s hiu cng ngun mi)

cc

datagram i n: thay th (a ch NAT IP v s

hiu cng ngun mi) trong cc trng ch ca mi
datagram n vi gi tr tng ng (a ch IP v s
hiu cng ngun) trong bng NAT
Lp Network

48

NAT: Network Address Translation

2: NAT router
thay i a ch t
10.0.0.1, 3345 ->
138.76.29.7, 5001,
cp nht bng

bng chuyn i NAT

a ch pha WAN a ch pha LAN

1: host 10.0.0.1
gi datagram n
128.119.40.186, 80

138.76.29.7, 5001 10.0.0.1, 3345

S: 10.0.0.1, 3345
D: 128.119.40.186, 80

S: 138.76.29.7, 5001
D: 128.119.40.186, 80

138.76.29.7
S: 128.119.40.186, 80
D: 138.76.29.7, 5001

3: phn hi n a ch :
ch 138.76.29.7, 5001

10.0.0.1

10.0.0.4
S: 128.119.40.186, 80
D: 10.0.0.1, 3345

10.0.0.2

10.0.0.3
4: NAT router
thay i a ch datagram
ch t
138.76.29.7, 5001 -> 10.0.0.1, 3345
Lp Network

49

NAT: Network Address Translation

trng s hiu cng 16-bit:
60,000 kt ni ng thi ch vi mt a ch pha
LAN
NAT cn c th gy ra tranh lun:
cc router ch x l n lp 3
vi phm tha thun end-to-end
nhng ngi thit k ng dng phi tnh n kh nng
NAT, vd: ng dng P2P

s thiu thn a ch IP s c gii quyt khi

dng IPv6
Lp Network

50

ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol

c cc host & router

dng truyn thng thng

tin lp network
Thng bo li: host,
network, port, giao thc
khng c thc
phn hi request/reply
(dng bi lnh ping)
lp network trn IP:
cc thng ip ICMP
cha trong cc IP
datagram
thng ip ICMP: kiu, m
thm vi 8 byte u tin
ca IP datagram gy ra li

kiu m
0
0
3
0
3
1
3
2
3
3
3
6
3
7
4
0
8
9
10
11
12

0
0
0
0
0

m t
echo reply (ping)
dest. network unreachable
dest host unreachable
dest protocol unreachable
dest port unreachable
dest network unknown
dest host unknown
source quench (congestion
control - not used)
echo request (ping)
route advertisement
router discovery
TTL expired
bad IP header
Lp Network

51

Traceroute & ICMP

ngun gi mt chui cc

on UDP n ch

u tin c TTL =1
th hai c TTL=2, tng
t.
khng ging s port

khi datagram th n n

router n:

Router hy datagram
v gi n ngun mt ICMP
message (kiu 11, m 0)
thng ip cha tn ca a
ch router& IP

Khi thng ip ICMP n,

ngun tnh ton RTT

Traceroute thc hin cng
vic ny 3 ln
tiu chun dng
on UDP n ln lt ti
host ch
ch tr v gi ICMP host
khng c thc (kiu 3, m
3)
Khi ngun c ICMP ny ->
dng.

Lp Network

52

IPv6
ng lc thc y ban u: khng gian a ch

32-bit sm c cp pht cn kit.

ng lc b sung:

dng thc header gip tng tc x l/forwarding

header thay i to iu kin thun li cho QoS
dng thc IPv6 datagram:
40 byte header, di c nh
khng cho php phn mnh

Lp Network

53

IPv6 Header (tt)

u tin: xc nh u tin ca cc datagram trong lung
nhn lung: xc nh cc datagram trong cng lung
(khi nim lung khng c r rng).
header k tip: xc nh giao thc lp trn cho d liu

Lp Network

54

Nhng thay i khc na so vi

IPv4
Checksum: b ht, nhm gim thi gian x l

ti hop
Options: cho php, nhng nm ngoi header,
ch th bi trng Next Header
ICMPv6: phin bn mi ca ICMP
cc kiu thng ip b sung, vd Packet Too Big
cc chc nng qun l nhm multicast

Lp Network

55

Chuyn t IPv4 sang IPv6

khng phi tt c router u c th nng cp

ng thi

mng c cc router dng c IPv4 v IPv6 hot ng

th no?

Lp Network

56

Tunneling
cch nhn logic:

cch nhn thc:

IPv6

IPv6

IPv6

IPv6

IPv6

IPv6

IPv6

IPv6

tunnel

IPv4

IPv4

Lp Network

57

Tunneling
cch nhn logic:

cch nhn thc:

IPv6

IPv6

IPv6

IPv6

IPv4

Flow: X
Src: A
Dest: F

data

A-to-B:
IPv6

IPv6

IPv6

IPv4

IPv6

IPv6

tunnel

Src:B
Dest: E

Src:B
Dest: E

Flow: X
Src: A
Dest: F

Flow: X
Src: A
Dest: F

data

data

B-to-C:
IPv6 inside
IPv4

B-to-C:
IPv6 inside
IPv4

Flow: X
Src: A
Dest: F
data

E-to-F:
IPv6
Lp Network

58

4.5 Cc gii thut Routing

Lp Network

59

Tc ng ln nhau gia routing,

forwarding

gii thut routing

bng forwarding cc b
gi trheader l.kt ra
0100
0101
0111
1001

3
2
2
1

gi tr trong header
ca gi n
0111

1
3 2

Lp Network

60

M hnh th
5
2

2
1

th: G = (N,E)

w
3

N = tp cc routers = { u, v, w, x, y, z }
E = tp cc kt ni ={ (u,v), (u,x), (v,x), (v,w), (x,w), (x,y), (w,y), (w,z), (y,z) }

Ghi ch: M hnh th cng dng c trong nhng ng cnh khc

V d: P2P, trong N l tp cc im v E l tp cc kt ni TCP
Lp Network

61

M hnh th: cc chi ph

5
2

v
2

c(x,x) = chi ph kt ni (x,x)

w
3

- v d: c(w,z) = 5

chi ph c th lun lun l 1, hoc

ngc li lin quan n bng thng,
hay lin quan n tc nghn

chi ph ca ng (x1, x2, x3,, xp) = c(x1,x2) + c(x2,x3) + + c(xp-1,xp)

Hi: chi ph thp nht trn ng t u n z ?

gii thut Routing: gii thut tm ng c chi ph thp nht

Lp Network

62

phn lp gii thut Routing

thng tin ton cc hoc khng
tp trung

ton cc:
tt c router c ton b thng
tin v chi ph kt ni, cu trc
mng
cc gii thut trng thi kt
ni - Link State
khng tp trung:
bit cc kt ni vt l n cc
im ln cn v chi ph ca n
lp li qu trnh tnh ton, trao
i thng tin vi cc im ln
cn
cc gii thut vector khong
cch Distance Vector

Tnh hay ng?

Tnh:
vic tm ng i thay
i chm chp theo
thi gian
ng:
vic tm ng i thay
i rt nhanh

cp nht theo chu k

phn ng vi nhng thay
i chi ph kt ni

Lp Network

63

1 gii thut Routing trng thi kt

ni
gii thut Dijkstra
bit chi ph kt ni, cu trc

mng ca tt c cc nt
tt c cc nt c thng
tin ging nhau
tnh ton ng i chi ph
thp nht t 1 nt (ngun)
n tt c cc nt khc
cho trc bng
forwarding ca nt
sau k ln duyt, bit c
ng i chi ph thp nht
ca k ch

K hiu:
c(x,y): chi ph kt ni t

nt x n y; = nu khng
kt ni trc tip n im
ln cn

D(v): gi tr chi ph hin ti

ca ng t ngun n ch
v
p(v): nt trc nm trn
ng t ngun n nt v
N': tp cc nt m ng i
chi ph thp nht c
xc nh
Lp Network

64

gii thut Dijkstra

1 Khi to:
2 N' = {u}
3 for tt c cc nt v
4
if v k vi u
5
then D(v) = c(u,v)
6
else D(v) =
7
8 Lp
9 tm w khng c trong N' nhng D(w) ti tiu
10 thm w vo N'
11 cp nht li D(v) cho tt c v k vi w v khng c trong N' :
12
D(v) = min( D(v), D(w) + c(w,v) )
13 /* chi ph mi n v l chnh n hoc chi ph ng i ngn nht
14 cng vi chi ph t w n v */
15 cho n khi tt c cc nt nm trong N'
Lp Network

65

gii thut Dijkstra: v d

Bc
0
1
2
3
4
5

N'
u
ux
uxy
uxyv
uxyvw
uxyvwz

D(v),p(v) D(w),p(w)
2,u
5,u
2,u
4,x
2,u
3,y
3,y

D(x),p(x)
1,u

D(y),p(y)

2,x

D(z),p(z)

4,y
4,y
4,y

5
2

v
2

w
3

2
Lp Network

66

gii thut Dijkstra: v d (2)

Cy kt qu ng i ngn nht t u:

z
x

Bng forwarding kt qu trong u:

ch

kt ni
v
x

(u,v)
(u,x)

(u,x)

(u,x)

(u,x)

Lp Network

67

gii thut Dijkstra: tho lun

phc tp gii thut: n nt
mi ln duyt: cn kim tra tt c cc nt w khng c trong N
n(n+1)/2 php so snh: O(n2)
c nhiu cch hin thc t hiu qu hn: O(nlogn)
c th dao ng:
vd: chi ph kt ni = s lng lu thng

D
1

1
0

A
0 0

1+e

khi to

2+e

0
1

A
1+e 1

tnh ton li
routing

A
0 0

2+e

C 1+e

tnh ton li

2+e

A
1+e 1

tnh ton li
Lp Network

68

gii thut Vector khong cch

cng thc Bellman-Ford
nh ngha
dx(y) := chi ph thp nht ca ng i t x n y
th

dx(y) = min {c(x,v) + dv(y) }

v

trong min c tnh trn tt c ln cn v ca x

Lp Network

69

Bellman-Ford: v d
5
2

v
2

w
3

r rng, dv(z) = 5, dx(z) = 3, dw(z) = 3

5

cng thc B-F cho:

du(z) = min { c(u,v) + dv(z),
c(u,x) + dx(z),
c(u,w) + dw(z) }
= min {2 + 5,
1 + 3,
5 + 3} = 4

ch rng ti tiu t c l hop k tip

trong ng i ngn nht
Lp Network

70

gii thut Vector khong cch

Dx(y) = c lng chi ph thp nht t x n

y
nt x bit chi ph n mi ln cn v: c(x,v)
Nt X duy tr vect khong cch Dx =
[Dx(y): y N ]
Nt X cng duy tr cc vect khong cch
n cc ln cn ca n

vi mi ln cn v, x duy tr
Dv = [Dv(y): y N ]
Lp Network

71

gii thut Vector khong cch (4)

tng chnh:
mi nt nh k gi c lng vector khong cch
ca n n cc ln cn
khi 1 nt x nhn c lng Dv mi t ln cn, n cp
nht DV ca mnh dng cng thc B-F:
Dx(y) minv{c(x,v) + Dv(y)}

vi mi nt y N

Di nhng iu kin t nhin, c lng Dx(y) hi

t ti chi ph dx b nht thc s dx(y)

Lp Network

72

gii thut Vector khong cch (5)

lp, khng ng b: mi lp
cc b c gy ra bi:
chi ph kt ni cc b thay
i
DV cp nht thng bo t
ln cn

phn b:

mi nt:

ch cho (thay i trong chi

ph kt ni cc b hoc thng
bo t ln cn)

tnh ton li cc c lng

mi nt thng bo n cc

ln cn ch khi DV ca n
thay i

cc ln cn sau thng
bo n cc ln cn ca n
nu cn thit

nu DV n bt k ch no
c thay i, thng bo cho
cc ln cn

Lp Network

73

chi ph n
x y z

x 0 2 7
y
z
bng nt y
chi ph n
x y z

x
y 2 0 1
z
bng nt z
chi ph n
x y z
x
y
z 71 0

Dx(z) = min{c(x,y) +
Dy(z), c(x,z) + Dz(z)}
= min{2+1 , 7+0} = 3

chi ph n
x y z

bng nt x

Dx(y) = min{c(x,y) + Dy(y), c(x,z) + Dz(y)}

= min{2+0 , 7+1} = 2

x 0 2 3
y 2 0 1
z 7 1 0

thi gian

Lp Network

74

x
y
z 71 0

t
t

x 0 2 7
y 2 0 1
z 7 1 0
chi ph n
x y z
x 0 2 7
y 2 0 1
z 3 1 0

x 0 2 3
y 2 0 1
z 3 1 0
chi ph n
x y z
x 0 2 3
y 2 0 1
z 3 1 0

chi ph n
x y z

x
y 2 0 1
z
bng nt z
chi ph n
x y z

x 0 2 3
y 2 0 1
z 7 1 0

Dx(z) = min{c(x,y) +
Dy(z), c(x,z) + Dz(z)}
= min{2+1 , 7+0} = 3

chi ph n
x y z

chi ph n
x y z

x 0 2 7
y
z
bng nt y
chi ph n
x y z

chi ph n
x y z

chi ph n
x y z

bng nt x

Dx(y) = min{c(x,y) + Dy(y), c(x,z) + Dz(y)}

= min{2+0 , 7+1} = 2

x 0 2 3
y 2 0 1
z 3 1 0
thi gian

Lp Network

75

Vector khong cch: cc thay i chi ph

kt ni
cc thay i chi ph kt ni:
nt kim tra thay i chi ph kt ni
cp nht thng tin dn ng, tnh

ton li vector khong cch

nu DV thay i, thng bo cc ln
cn

duyt
tin tc
tt
nhanh

y
50

Ti thi im t0, y kim tra thay i chi ph kt ni, cp nht DV

v thng bo n cc ln cn ca n
Ti thi im t1, z nhn c cp nht t y v cp nht bng ca n.
N tnh ton chi ph thp nht mi n x v gi DV ca n n cc
ln cn

Ti thi im t2, y nhn c cp nht ca z v cp nht bng khong

cch ca n. Cc chi ph thp nht ca y khng thay i v hn na
y khng gi bt k thng bo no n z.
Lp Network

76

Vector khong cch: cc thay i chi ph

kt ni
cc thay i chi ph kt ni:
duyt tin tc tt nhanh

duyt tin tc xu chm - vn

m n v tn!
44 ln duyt trc khi n nh

60

y
50

Poisoned reverse:
Nu Z dn ng t Y thng ti

X:

Z ni vi Y khong cch ca n
n X l (v th Y s khng
dn ng n X i qua Z)

s gii quyt trit vn

m v tn?

Lp Network

77

So snh cc gii thut LS v DV

thng bo phc tp
LS: vi n nt, E kt ni, O(nE)

cc thng bo c gi
DV: ch trao i gia cc ln
cn

s linh hot: iu g xy ra nu
router hot ng sai chc
nng?
LS:

Tc hi t
LS: gii thut O(n2) yu cu

O(nE) thng bo
c th c cc dao ng
DV: thi gian hi t thay i
c th do cc qu trnh lp
tm ng
vn m v hn

nt c th thng bo chi ph
kt ni khng chnh xc
mi nt ch tnh ton bng
ring ca n

DV:

nt c th thng bo chi ph
ng i khng chnh xc
bng ca nt c th c nt
khc dng
li lan truyn thng qua mng

Lp Network

78

Hierarchical Routing
nghin cu trong mi trng l tng ha
tt c cc router ng nht
mng phng
khng ng trong thc t
quy m: vi 200 triu
ch
khng th ghi nh tt c

ch trong bng routing!

bng routing s kim sot
cc kt ni!

qun tr
internet = mng ca cc

mng
mi qun tr mng mun
iu hnh routing trong
mng ca h

Lp Network

79

Hierarchical Routing
cc router gom thnh cc

vng, cc h thng t trautonomous systems (AS)

cc router trong cng AS
chy giao thc routing ging
nhau

Gateway router
trc tip kt ni n
router trong AS khc

giao thc intra-AS

routing
cc router trong AS khc
nhau c th chy giao thc
intra-AS routing

Lp Network

80

Kt ni cc AS
3c

3a
3b
AS3
1a

2a

1c
1d

1b

2c
AS2

AS1

2b

bng Forwarding c cu

hnh bi c gii thut intrav inter-AS routing

g.thut
Intra-AS
Routing

g.thut
Inter-AS
Routing

bng
Forwarding

Intra-AS thit lp cc
im ng nhp vo cc
ch ni mng
Inter-AS & Intra-As thit
lp cc im ng nhp vo
cc ch ngoi mng
Lp Network

81

cc tc v Inter-AS
gi s router AS1 nhn

datagram vi ch nm
ngoi n

Router s forward v
mt trong nhng
gateway router k tip,
nhng l ci no?

AS1 cn:
1. hc cc ch no c
th chm n thng
qua AS2 v AS3
2. lan truyn thng tin
ny n tt c cc
router trong AS1
cng vic ca inter-AS
routing!

3c
3b

3a
AS3

1a

2a

1c
1d

1b

2c
AS2

2b

AS1
Lp Network

82

V d: thit lp bng forwarding trong router 1d

Gi s AS1 hc (thng qua giao thc inter-AS) m

subnet x c th chm n qua AS3 (gateway 1c) nhng

khng qua AS2.
Giao thc Inter-AS lan truyn thng tin ny n tt c
cc router ni mng.
Router 1d xc nh t thng tin intra-AS routing v I
s nm trn ng i chi ph thp nht n 1c.
a gi tr (x,I) vo bng forwarding
3c

3a
3b
AS3
1a

2a

1c
1d

1b

2c
AS2

2b

AS1
Lp Network

83

V d: Chn gia nhiu AS

By gi gi s AS1 hc t giao thc inter-AS l

subnet x c th chm n t AS3 v t AS2

cu hnh bng forwarding, router 1d phi xc nh
gateway no c dng chuyn cc gi n ch x.
y cng chnh l cng vic trn giao thc inter-AS
routing!
3c

3a
3b
AS3
1a

2a

1c
1d

1b

2c
AS2

2b

AS1
Lp Network

84

V d: Chn gia nhiu AS

Hot potato routing: gi cc gi n 2 router

gn nht

hc t giao thc
inter-AS l subnet x
c th chm n thng
qua nhiu gateways

dng thng tin t

giao thc intra-AS
xc nh cc chi
ph ca cc ng
i c chi ph thp
nht n mi
gateway

Hot potato routing:

chn gateway
no c chi ph thp
nht

xc nh t bng
forwarding l I c th
dn n gateway chi
ph thp nht. a
gi tr (x,I) vo bng

Lp Network

85

4.6 Routing trong Internet

Lp Network

86

Intra-AS Routing
cng gi l Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)
cc giao thc Intra-AS routing ph bin:

RIP: Routing Information Protocol

OSPF: Open Shortest Path First

IGRP: Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (Cisco

c quyn)

Lp Network

87

RIP ( Routing Information Protocol)

gii thut vector khong cch
cng b nm 1982 trong BSD-UNIX Distribution
khng gian khong cch: s lng hop (ti a 15 hop)
t router A n cc subset:
u

x
y

ch
u
v
w
x
y
z

s hop
1
2
2
3
3
2

Lp Network

88

cc thng bo ca RIP
Cc vector khong cch: trao i gia cc

ln cn mi 30s thng qua Response

Message (cng c gi l thng bo).
Mi thng bo: danh sch ln n 25 mng
ch trong mi AS

Lp Network

89

RIP: v d
z
w

C
Network ch

w
y
z
x

Router k tip

A
B
B
-.

S hop n ch

2
2
7
1

....

bng Routing trong D

Lp Network

90

RIP: v d
ch
w
x
z
.

K tipS hop
1
1
C
4

...

Network ch

w
y
z
x

thng bo
t A n D

z
x

Router k tip

A
B
B A
-.

bng Routing trong D

S hop n ch

2
2
7 5
1
....

Lp Network

91

RIP: kt ni sai & phc hi

Nu khng c thng bo no sau 180s ln cn/kt ni
c xem nh cht
nhng ng i qua ln cn khng cn dng c
gi thng bo mi cho cc ln cn
cc ln cn tip tc gi ra nhng thng bo mi
(nu cc bng thay i)
thng tin kt ni li nhanh chng (?) lan truyn trn
ton mng
poison reverse dng ngn chn cc vng lp pingpong (khong cch v hn = 16 hop)

Lp Network

92

RIP: x l bng
cc bng RIP routing c qun l bi cc tin trnh

mc application gi l route-d (daemon)

cc thng bo gi trong cc gi UDP, lp li theo
chu k
routed

routed

Transprt
(UDP)
network
(IP)
link
physical

Transprt
(UDP)
bng
forwarding

bng
forwarding

network
(IP)
link
physical
Lp Network

93

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

open: sn sng cng khai
dng gii thut Link State
phn phi gi LS
bn cu trc mng ti mi nt
tnh ton ng i dng gii thut Dijkstra
thng bo OSPF mang 1 entry vo mi router ln cn

cc thng bo phn tn n ton b AS (thng qua c

ch flooding)

thng ip OSPF trc tip trn IP (ch khng phi l TCP hoc
UDP)

Lp Network

94

cc c tnh OSPF cao cp (khng c

trong RIP)
bo mt: chng thc tt c cc thng ip OSPF (ngn

nhng k c xu)
cho php nhiu ng i c chi ph ging nhau (RIP ch
cho 1)
vi mi kt ni, c nhiu khng gian chi ph cho TOS
khc nhau (vd: chi ph kt ni v tinh c thit lp
thp t hiu qu tt, cao cho thi gian thc)
h tr uni- v multicast tch hp:
Multicast OSPF (MOSPF) dng cng c s d liu
cu trc nh OSPF
OSPF phn cp trong nhng min ln.
Lp Network

95

OSPF phn cp

Lp Network

96

OSPF phn cp
phn cp mc 2: vng a phng, backbone.

cc thng bo Link-state ch bn trong vng

mi nt c cu trc vng chi tit; ch bit hng
(ng i ngn nht) n cc mng trong cc vng
khc
cc router ngoi bin vng: tng hp khong cch
n cc mng trong vng ca n, thng bo n cc
router ngoi bin vng
cc Backbone routers: chy OSPF routing hn ch
n backbone.
cc router ngoi bin: kt ni n cc AS khc.

Lp Network

97

Internet inter-AS routing: BGP

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol): chun thc t
BGP h tr cho mi AS:
1. Ly thng tin kh nng chm subnet ch t cc AS ln
cn.
2. lan truyn thng tin n tt c cc router bn trong
AS.
3. Xc nh ng i tt n cc subnet da trn thng tin
kh nng chm subnet ch v chnh sch.
cho php subnet thng bo s tn ti ca n trn

Internet

Lp Network

98

cc c s BGP
Cc cp router (BGP peers) trao i thng tin

routing trn cc kt ni TCP bn bn vng: BGP

sessions

cc phin BGP khng cn cc kt ni vt l tng xng

Khi AS2 thng bo 1 prefix n AS1, AS2:

AS2 c th tch hp cc prefix trong thng bo ca n

3c
3a
3b
AS3
1a
AS1

2a

1c
1d

1b

2c
AS2

2b

eBGP session
iBGP session
Lp Network

99

Phn phi thng tin kh chm ch

Vi phin eBGP gia 3a v 1c, AS3 gi thng tin kh chm cho

AS1.
1c sau c th dng iBGP phn phi thng tin kh chm n
tt c router trong AS1.
1b sau c th thng bo li thng tin kh chm n AS2
trn phin eBGP t 1b-n-2a
Khi router hc xong prefix mi, to entry cho prefix trong
bng forwarding ca n.
3c
3a
3b
AS3
1a
AS1

2a

1c
1d

1b

2c
AS2

2b

eBGP session
iBGP session
Lp Network

100

cc thuc tnh ng i & BGP

khi thng bo 1 prefix, trong c cha cc

thuc tnh BGP

prefix + cc thuc tnh = dn ng

2 thuc tnh quan trng:

AS-PATH: cha cc AS qua thng bo prefix
truyn i: AS 67 AS 17
NEXT-HOP: Ch nh router bn trong AS l hop k
tip (c nhiu kt ni t AS hin ti n AS hop k
tip)
Khi gateway router nhn thng bo tm ng,

n dng import policy chp nhn/t chi.

Lp Network

101

chn BGP route

Router c th hc nhiu hn mt nhng ch

c chn mt.
Cc quy tc hn ch:
1.
2.

3.
4.

Thuc tnh gi tr u tin cc b: quyt nh

chnh sch
AS-PATH ngn nht
NEXT-HOP router gn nht: hot potato routing
Tiu chun b sung

Lp Network

102

cc thng ip BGP
trao i cc thng ip BGP dng TCP
cc thng ip BGP:

OPEN: m kt ni TCP n peer v chng thc ngi

gi
UPDATE: thng bo ng i mi
KEEPALIVE gi kt ni sng (alive), cng gi l yu
cu OPEN cc ACK
NOTIFICATION: thng bo cc li trong thng
ip trc , dng ng kt ni

Lp Network

103

chnh sch BGP routing

legend:

B
W

provider
network

customer
network:

C
Y

Figure 4.5-BGPnew: a simple BGP scenario

A,B,C l nhng nh cung cp mng

X,W,Y l khch hng (ca nhng nh cung cp mng)
X l dual-homed: gn vo 2 mng

X khng mun dn ng t B qua X n C

.. v th X s khng thng bo vi B v ng n C

Lp Network

104

chnh sch BGP routing (2)

legend:

B
W

provider
network

customer
network:

C
Y

A thng bo vi B v ng AW
Figure 4.5-BGPnew: a simple BGP scenario

B thng bo vi X v ng BAW
B s thng bo vi C v ng BAW?

Khng c cch no! B khng c "li ch" v ng CBAW cng nh W

khng phi l nhng khch hng ca B, C

B mun buc C phi tm ng n W thng qua AB

B ch mun tm ng n/t khch hng ca n!
Lp Network

105

Ti sao phi routing Intra- v Inter-AS khc

nhau?
chnh sch:

Inter-AS: ngi qun tr mun iu hnh hot ng lu

thng routing, ai routing thng qua mng ca h

Intra-AS: 1 ngi qun tr, v th khng cn cc quyt
nh chnh sch

linh hot:

routing phn cp tit gim kch thc bng, gim lu

lng cp nht
hiu sut:
Intra-AS: c th tp trung vo hiu sut
Inter-AS: chnh sch quan trng hn hiu sut

Lp Network

106

4.7 Broadcast v multicast

routing

Lp Network

107

Broadcast Routing
Chuyn cc gi t ngun n tt c cc nt khc
Ngun trng lp th khng c hiu qu
trng lp

to/truyn dn
trng lp

R1

R1
trng lp

R2

R2
R3

ngun
trng lp

R4

R3

R4

trng lp
trong mng

Ngun trng lp: lm sao xc nh a ch

ngi nhn?

Lp Network

108

Trng lp trong mng

Ngp lt: khi nt nhn gi broadcast v gi n tt

c cc ln cn

cc vn : bo broadcast & lp li

Ngp lt c iu khin: nt ch gi broadcast nu n

khng gi gi no ging nh vy trc

nt phi theo di cc gi broadcast

hoc reverse path forwarding (RPF): ch forward gi nu
n n trn ng ngn nht gia nt v ngun

Cy m rng
ti bt k nt no cng u khng nhn tha cc gi

Lp Network

109

Cy m rng
u tin xy dng Cy m rng
Cc nt forward cc bn sao ch trn Cy

m rng

A
B

c
D
F
G

(a) Broadcast khi u ti A

D
G

(b) Broadcast khi u ti D

Lp Network

110

Cy m rng: to
Nt trung tm
Mi nt gi thng ip gia nhp unicast n nt

trung tm

Thng ip forward cho n khi gp mt nt nm trn

cy m rng
A

A
3

c
4

F
1

c
D

(a) cc bc xy dng
mt cy m rng

(b) cy m rng xy
dng xong
Lp Network

111

Multicast Routing: pht biu vn

Mc tiu: tm mt cy (trong cc cy) kt ni

cc router c cc thnh vin nhm Multicast

cy: khng phi tt c cc ng i gia cc router c dng

cy da trn ngun: cy khc nhau t ni gi n ni nhn
cy chia s: cy ging nhau dng bi tt c cc thnh vin
nhm

cy chia s

cy da trn ngun

Cc cch tip cn xy dng cc cy

multicast
cy da trn ngun: mt cy mi ngun
cc cy ng i ngn nht
cy ng i ngc
cy chia s nhm: nhm dng 1 cy
m rng ti thiu (Steiner)
cc cy trung tm

nghin cu cc cch tip cn c bn

Cy ng i ngn nht
cy ng i ngc multicast: cy ng i ngn

nht dn ng t ngun n tt c cc im nhn

gii thut Dijkstra

S: ngun

K hiu

R1
1

R4

R2
3
R3

router vi cc thnh vin ca

nhm gn vo

5
4

R6

router khng c cc thnh

vin ca nhm gn vo

R5
6
R7

kt ni dng cho forward,

i ch th t kt ni thm
vo bi gii thut

Cy ng i ngc forward:
ph thuc tri thc ca router ca ng i

ngn nht unicast t n n ni gi

mi router c cch x l forwarding n gin
if (multicast datagram nhn c trn kt ni n trn
ng i ngn nht k t trung tm)
then trn ngp datagram ln tt c cc kt ni ra
else l i datagram

Cy ng i ngc forward: v d
S: ngun

K hiu

R1

R4

router vi cc thnh vin

ca nhm gn vo

R2
R5
R3

R6

R7

router khng c cc thnh

vin ca nhm gn vo
datagram s c
forward
datagram s khng c
forward

kt qu l mt cy SPT o ngc
c th l mt la chn ti vi cc kt ni khng
ng b

Cy ng i ngc forward: ct
gim

cy forward cha cc cy con vi cc thnh vin

nhm khng multicast

khng cn forward cc datagram xung cy con
ct gim cc thng ip gi ln bi router
K hiu

S: ngun
R1

router vi cc thnh vin

ca nhm gn vo

R4

R2

R5
R3

R6

P
R7

router khng c cc thnh

vin ca nhm gn vo

thng ip ct gim
cc kt ni vi multicast
forward

Cy chia s: cy Steiner
cy Steiner: cy chi ph thp nht kt ni

tt c cc router vi cc thnh vin nhm

gn vo
vn l NP-complete
c cc heuristic rt tt
khng dng trong thc t:
phc tp tnh ton
cn thng tin v ton b mng
monolithic: chy li bt c khi no 1 router cn
gia nhp/ri khi

Cc cy trung tm
mt cy truyn nhn chia s cho tt c
1 router c gi l trung tm ca cy
gia nhp:

bn ngoi gi thng ip gia nhp unicast cho

router trung tm
thng ip gia nhp c x l bi cc router
trung gian v chuyn n router trung tm
thng ip gia nhp gp nhnh ca cy tn ti
hoc n c trung tm
ng i thu c khi thng ip gia nhp n
tr thnh nhnh mi ca cy cho router ny

Cc cy trung tm: v d
gi s R6 c chn lm trung tm:
K hiu
R1

R4

3
R2

router vi cc thnh vin

ca nhm gn vo

2
R5

R3

R6

R7

router khng c cc thnh

vin ca nhm gn vo

th t ng i trong y
cc thng ip gia nhp
sinh ra

Internet Multicasting Routing: DVMRP

DVMRP: giao thc multicast routing dng

vector khong cch, RFC1075

flood & prune: forward ng i ngc, cy
da trn ngun
cy RPF da trn cc bng routing ca DVMRP
ca ring n c xy dng bi truyn thng cc
router DVMRP
khng c cc gi thit v unicast bn di
datagram ban u n nhm multicast lm trn
ngp mi ni thng qua RPF
cc router khng phi nhm: gi cc thng ip
ct gim

DVMRP: (tt)
trng thi mm: router DVMRP chu k (1

pht) qun cc nhnh ct gim:

d liu mcast mt ln na xung cc nhnh khng

ct gim
router dng xung: ti ct gim hoc tip tc nhn
d liu

cc router c th nhanh chng ti ct gim

gia nhp IGMP ti cc nt l

cn li
hin thc ph bin trong cc router thng mi
hon thnh routing dng DVMRP

Tunneling
Hi: Lm sao kt ni cc o multicast
router trong mt bin cc unicast router?

cu trc vt l

cu trc logic

multicast datagram c ng gi trong datagram thng

thng (khng c multicast)

datagram IP thng thng gi thng qua ng ng v qua IP
unicast n router multicast nhn
router multicast nhn m gi ly multicast datagram

PIM: Protocol Independent Multicast

khng ph thuc vo bt k gii thut unicast

routing bn di no

hai kch bn phn phi multicast khc nhau

Tr mt:

Tha tht:

cc thnh vin nhm

s lng cc mng vi cc

ng gi tr mt
bng thng d tha

thnh vin nhm t

cc thnh vin nhm phn
b tha tht
bng thng khng d tha

Hu qu s phn chia tha tht-tr mt

Tr mt:

nhm cc thnh vin

Tha tht:

khng c thnh vin cho

router l gi cho n khi

n khi c cc router gia
cc router ct gim thc
nhp thc s
s
kin trc hng ngi
kin trc hng d liu
nhn trn cy multicast
trn cy multicast (vd:
(vd: cy trung tm)
RPF)
bng thng v router
bng thng v router
khng thuc nhm x l
khng thuc nhm x l
va phi
phung ph

PIM- kiu tr mt
flood-and-prune RPF, tng t DVMRP,
nhng:
giao thc unicast bn di cung cp thng tin

RPF cho datagram n

t phc tp (t hiu qu)
c c ch giao thc cho router kim tra c
phi router l nt l

PIM kiu tha tht

tip cn hng trung

tm
router gi thng ip
gia nhp n
rendezvous point (RP)

cc router trung gian

cp nht trng thi v
forward thng ip gia
nhp

sau khi gia nhp bng

RP, router c th
chuyn sang cy xc
nh ngun

hiu sut tng: t tp

trung, cc ng i ngn

R1

R4

join
R2

R3

join
R5

join

tt c d liu
multicast
n t RP

R7

R6
RP

PIM kiu tha tht

bn gi:
d liu unicast n RP,
RP phn phi xung cy
c nt gc l RP
RP c th m rng cy
multicast dng ln n
ngun
RP c th gi thng
ip dng nu khng c
bn nhn no c gn
vo

khng c ai ang lng

nghe!

R1

R4

join
R2

R3

join
R5

join

tt c d liu
multicast
n t RP

R7

R6
RP