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Chapter 5:Cell division

2014

5.1 Mitosis
The meaning and significance of mitosis
No
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

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State three importance of mitosis to living organism 3m
P1- mitosis increases the number of cells in organism (during growth process)
P2- mitosis important for replacing dead / worn out / damaged cells.
P3- Injured organ can be repaired
P4- Some organism can regenerate lost parts of their bodies/ reproduction through Mitosis
P5- mitosis ensures that new cells that are formed will have exactly the same genetic
information and characteristic as it parent cell.
Explain the important of the process (mitosis) to the living thing Essay & Structure
F1-increase the number of cells(during growth process)
P1-replacing dead cell/repair the damaged tissue/organ
P2-for growth/development in living organism
F2-to produce genetically identical for daughter cells
P3-asexual reproduction (for unicellular organism)
P4-maintain the chromosomal number (of daughter cells)
any 2 F+P
Give two significant of mitosis
P1-Mitosis allow a zygote to produce more cell in order to grow into a a multicellular organism
P2-Mitotic cell division allows damaged cells to be repaired replaced and regenerated
P3-Mitosis is the basis for asexual reproduction in unicellular organism

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Where do processes (mitosis) occur in an animal?/ Name the type of cell in human where
mitosis take place
Somatic cells

Give three example of cells named in (c)


Muscle cells
Connective cells //blood cell/nervous cells

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Chromosomes and chromosomal number


No
(a)

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Chapter 5:Cell division

(b)

(c)

2014

State the chromosomal number of each daughter cell produced at the end of the division shown
in diagram 3
12chromosomes
Trial Johor 2011
Based on your biological knowledge, give a reason for answer
E2-During meiosis, the cell undergoes two nuclear division but the chromosomes/DNA of each
chromosomes only replicates once
E3-each daughter cell receives half the number of chromosomes from the parent cell
Any one E
The chromosome number in somatic cell of this organism is 12 state the chromosome number
in each of the daughter cell in Z
A-Six(chromosomes)
R-(during meiosis) the daughter cell/ n receive half the daughter chromosome from the parent
cells/2n//daughter cell haploid/n, daughter cell haploid/2n

The cell cycle


No
(a)

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Phase V

Name phase U and V


Phase U: Interphase
Phase V: Mitotic cell division/M phase
(b)

(c)

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Phase U is further divided into three sub phases, X, Y and Z. Describe what
Happens at sub phases X, Y and Z.
X : Cell synthesizes protein / new organelles formed
Y : DNA is synthesized / is replicated / 2 sister chromatids formed
Z : Cell accumulates energy / synthesize energy / prepare forcell division
The number of chromosomes present in the nucleus of a somatic cell is 6.
Diagram 2.2 shows a stage of cell division to produce gametes.
Complete the diagram to show the chromosomes for a daughter cell produced

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Chapter 5:Cell division

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at the end of sub-phase Q 2

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No. of chromosomes are haploid / 3 chromosomes


Types of chromosomes/ non homologous
New genetic combination any 2

(d)

(e)

Name stage Q
Interphase
Explain the importance of stage Q 2/State what happen in cell during U phase
F1-Replication of DNA occurs
P1-to produce two genetically identical sister chromatids
F2-Synthesis ATP //accumulate energy

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Interphase
Interphase
G1

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Name phase P and state the process that occurs in this phase 2
P1-G1/growth phase 1
P2-synthesis of new protein /organelles occurs in the cell
S phase
G2

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Describe what happens at S phase


DNA is synthesized / is replicated / 2 sister chromatids formed
Describe what happens at G2
Cell accumulates energy / synthesize energy / prepare for cell division
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Chapter 5:Cell division

The phase of mitosis in animal cells

2014

Trial Johor 2010 Trial Kedah 2008 Trial Pahang 2007

Trial PP 2012
No
(a)

(b)
(c)

(d)

Marking scheme

Marks

What is meant by Mitosis


P1-The division of cell nucleus forms two daughter cell
P2-Each with same chromosome number and type of chromosome as the parent
State the type cell division involved in the cell cycle/ What type of nuclear division is
Mitosis/Mitotic cell division
State one reason for your answer(refer to the question got answer there) e.g. mitosis occur in
root cell /somatic cell
P1-has 4 phase : prophase /metaphase/anaphase/telophase
P2-Only 2 daughter cells are formed / produced
P3- Chromosome number in the daughter cells are same as parents
State two characteristic of daughter cell when parent cell undergoes P(mitosis)
P1-The daughter cell has a similar number of chromosome to the parent cell
P2-The daughter cell has similar genetic content to the parent cell

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(e)

(f)

In diagram 2 which chromosomes labeled A,B,C,D is homologous to chromosomes x


E
Explain why root tip is used for preparing slide to shows this cell cycle2m
F :Root tip is growing region/root tip has meristem
P: the cell are actively dividing by mitosis

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(g)

(h)

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Arrange the stages in Diagram 1 according to the correct sequence of events during
cell division.
L, N, K and M
State one organs where this type of cell division occurs
Ovary//testis

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Chapter 5:Cell division

Phase
Trial Kedah 2008

2014

Marking scheme
Name the stages labeled L/ What stage of nuclear division is
Prophase
State the characteristic of the of phase (prophase)
P1-the chromosome become shorter and thicker
P2-Each chromosome consists of two identical thread called chromatids
Explain what happen at stage L
P1-chromosomes thicken and shorten
P2-the nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear
P3-The spindle fibres form
Name the stages labeled N/ What stage of nuclear division is
Metaphase
Explain the behavior of chromosomes during stages K and N./ Give a
reason for your answer
Homologous chromosomes line up / align at metaphase plate

Marks
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Explain the chromosomal behavior in stage Q


F-Q is metaphase
E1-Chromosome align at metaphase plate/equator of the cell
E2-spindle fibres fully formed
E3-Attach to centromere of the chromosome Any 2
For a plant cell where 2n=4, draw three separate diagram to show
Metaphase, mitosis

D- Chromosome are line up on the spindle fibre


State the important of the chromosomal behavior in mentioned in (b) (i)
P1-to ensure new cells produced are identical in chromosomal number
P2-to ensure the sister chromatids can separate /move to the opposite side
Name the stages labeled K/ What stage of nuclear division is
Anaphase
Explain the behavior of chromosomes during stages K and N.
K : Sister chromatids separate and move towards the opposite poles

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Chapter 5:Cell division

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Name the stage Y


Early telophase

Name the stages labeled M / What stage of nuclear division is


Telophase

Draw the chromosomes in daughter cell I and daughter cell II produced


through mitosis

Draw a daughter cell of cell P after both cells have completed the cell
division. in the boxes provided below 2

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NOTE : Number of chromosome ,n = 2. 1


The type (colour) of chromosomes 1
State the number of daughter cells and number of chromosomes
(i)
Number of daughter cells
4
(ii)

Number of chromosomes

2
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Cytokinesis
No

Marking scheme

(a)

Structure v is form during cytokenesis bur in animal cell, actin filament in cytoplasm contract
to pull a ring of the plasma membrane inward forming a groove. Name the groove
Cleavage furrow

(b)

(c)

Marks

Explain the process (cytokinesis) occurs (plant cell)


F-Cytokinesis,which is the division of cytoplasm
P1-A cell plate is formed at the cell equator, that enlarged and eventually combines with the
plasma membrane
P2-A new cell wall is formed

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Describe how cytokinesis occurs in plant and animal cells to produce two daughter cells.
F-process of cytoplasmic division
P1-begins before nucleus division is complete / during telophase to form two daughter cells
P2-in animal cells, actin filaments in the cytoplasm contracts
P3-to pull a ring of the plasma membrane inwards
P4-forming a groove called a cleavage furrow
P5-the cleavage furrow pinches at the equator of the cell and deepens progressively until two
daughter cells are separated
P6-in plants cells, the membranous vesicles are formed along the equator between the two
nuclei
P7-the vesicles fuse to form a cell plate
P8-the cell plate grows outwards until its edges fuse with the plasma membrane of the parents
cell
P9-at the end of cytokinesis , cellulose fibres are produced by the cells to strengthen the new
cell walls

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Cytokinesis takes place both in animal cell and plant cell


State two similarity and one different between the cytokinesis in animal cell and plant cell
during mitosis
1
Similarity-F1-Both involved the division of the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells
1
F2-Both produced two nuclei each with an identical chromosomes
Differences F1-Inanimal cells cytokinesis occurs ny formation of cleavage furrows/actin
1
filament while in plant cell cytokinesis occurs by formation of cell plate
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Chapter 5:Cell division

The effect of uncontrolled mitosis


No
(a)

Trial Melaka 2009 Trial Melaka 2008

Marking scheme
Diagram 2.1 shows the formation of tumor in lungs. Trial Kedah 2008
Tumor is an abnormal mass of cells that can invade and destroy neighboring cells.

Explain the formation of tumor


P1-When cell divides through uncontrolled mitosis
P2- caused by severe disruptions to the mechanism that controls
the cell cycle / give example // mutation
P3- cancerous cells will be formed
P4-Cancer cells compete with surrounding normal cells to obtain
nutrients (and energy) for growth
P5-Cancer cells will grow to form tumor, an abnormal mass of
cells // Cancerous cell undergoes mitosis to produce more
Cancerous cells.
P6- tumor can spread/expand and destroy neighboring cells.
(b)

(c)

(d)

2014

Marks

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Any 3

Explain one activity that can cause tumor in lung.


F1 : Expose to radiation/ x-ray/ example
E1: Consist/ carry high level of energy
E2: Destroy/disrupt the chromosome structure
Or other suitable example

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Cancer is genetic disease caused by uncontrolled mitosis. Name two chemical substances
which cause a cancer
P1-benzo-alpha pyrene
P2-nicotine/any suitable
Name the process occurred and state a factor that causes it
Process deletion Factor
F1-Rays: X-rays/gamma rays/UV rays/nuclear radiation /radioactive rays
F2-chemical: benzene/formaldehyde/carbon tetrachloride/asbestos/mustard gas/ tar/pesticides

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Chapter 5:Cell division

(e)

(f)

(g)

2014

Explain how radiotherapy affected cell cycle in cancer treatment.


F : Radiotherapy uses radiation / high energy rays
E1 : destroy the nucleus of cancerous cells
E2 : cancerous cells die / cannot divide mitotically
E3 : cell cycle stops
Ahmad has been exposed to gamma rays which results in the failure of
structure R to be formed
F1 : Structure X is the spindle fibre
P2: If structure X fails to be formed, chromosomes cannot be pulled to the opposite poles.
P3 : This causes the reproductive cells to have either extra or less number of chromosomes
Which process related to the formation of cancerous cells?
Mitosis

(h)

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Explain how cancerous cells are formed in human body.


F: The cancer cells occur due to severe disruption of mechanism that controls the cell cycle.
E: The cells divide without control and regulation to form cancerous cells// uncontrolled
division of cells forms cancerous cells

(i)

State two ways to prevent from being exposed to factor you have named in above
P1-prevent form exposure to radioactive rays//use sun block
P2-Prevnet from taking food containing flavor /coloring /additive/ preservative

Cloning
No
(a)

(b)

Trial Johor 2010


Marking scheme

Marks

Define cloning
P1-process of producing new genetically identical organism (refer to the question needed
eg. Frog )
P2-Through asexual reproduction
P3-by stem/leaf cutting/layering/grafting/tissue culture
Explain the principles used in the cloning technique
P1 : Cloning is an asexual reproductive process of producing clones//does not involve gamete
P2 : A clone is a group of cells//organism//a population of organisms produced from a single
ancestral cell.
P3 : A clones genetically identical
P4 : The technique can be used to produce high quality of organism / orchids/ oil palm / cocoa
plants.

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Chapter 5:Cell division

(c)
(d)

(e)

(f)
(g)
(h)

2014

Based on Diagram 2, state the meaning of cloning.


Cloning is a process to produce a new frog identical to its parent by mitosis
Name the type of reproduction shown in Diagram 2.
Give a reason for your answer.
F-Asexual reproduction.
P-The production of offspring is not involving the process of fertilization.
Describe why a mature intestinal cell is used in this experiment
P1-Mature intestinal cells are able to undergo cell division
P2-have all the necessary factors required for a complete cell division.
Based on Diagram 2, name the species of frog that will be produced at the endof the experiment
Species Y
Explain your answer in (g) (i).
The nucleus of the frog is obtained from species Y.
Describe a cloning technique in a production of dairy cow.
F1-Somatic cells from the cow are extracted from the mammary glands/any somatic tissue and
placed in culture medium(low nutrient)
F2-An egg cell is extracted from the ovary of female cow/surrogate mother
F3-The nucleus of egg cell is then sucked out/removed
F4-The nucleus of somatic cell fused into the anucleated/ egg cell without nucleus
F5-Stimulating them with electric pulse
F6-The fused cell/ new cell divides repeatly by mitosis ( in the medium) to form an embryo
F7-Th embryo is then implanted into surrogate mother/female cow
F8-The embryo develop into a new individual and born as a cloned animal MAX 7
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Tissue culture
No
(a)

(b)

Marking scheme

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Trial melaka2007 essay


Explain how the plant being cloned
Technique-tissue culture
P1-Small pieces of tissue of (explants) Taken form sterilized parent plant
P2-The explants are then placed inside a test tube containing nutrient and growth hormones
P3-Plant divide by mitosis to form a callus(undifferentiated mass of tissues)
Cells in the callus develop into embryo and later into plantlet
P5-The rooted plantlets are then transferred to the soil and kept in controlled environment until
they grow into adult plants
P6-From one original plant , hundreds of genetically plants could be produced

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Skill of application
Q1-Must have P2&P4&P5
Diagram 6.3 shows an experiment to show the different between two ginger plants which is
obtained from tissue culture and are planted in two different environment

A piece tissue is taken


from the parent plant

Plantlet is planted in the open


ground (loam soil),spaced 30
cm apart and exposed to
bright sunlight. the plantlet is
watered on alternative days

Plantlet is planted in flower pots


(sandy loam soil), spaced 10 cm
apart and place under the tree
shade. The plantlet is watered on
alternate days

Explain the role of tissue culture in this experiment 2


F1-Plantlets from tissue culture have the same genetic material
P1-This is to show /ensure/proof the different of the plants in Set A and Set B are caused by
abiotic factors

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(c)

Diagram 6.1 is a new variety of vegetable which has a great commercial value
Diagram 6.2 is the original parent of the plant
Based on the above diagram and with your biological knowledge, explain how a farmer can
propagate this variety to give a large scale of yield and at the same tome maintain its quantity
6
P1-the technique used is issue culture technique
P2-A piece of tissue / explants is taken from the young part of the parent plant eg. Root and cut
into smaller pieces
P3-The tissue are sterilized (with dilute sodium hypochlorite solution o prevent the growth of
pathogens /bacteria/fungus
P4-Each pieces of sterilized tissue ia placed onto a growth medium / gel containing nutrient
(eg. Glucose, amino acids, mineral etc.) And hormone/ auxin with optimum pH level
P5-The apparatus and culture, medium used must be in sterile condition and keep under the
suitable temperature/30oC-35oC
P6-the tissue cells then divide repeatedly by mitosis to produce mass of undifferentiated
cell/callus
P7-After several weeks, callus differentiated to produce shoots and roots /organogenesis
P8-once the roots grow , the plantlets/ little plant removed and transferred t the soil for growth
into the adult plant
P9-the plantlets produce this way are genetically identical and known as clones
P10-Therefore, all adults plans that develops from them fruits

Advantage of cloning
No
(a)

(b)

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State one advantage of cloning


Advantage
P1-large number of offspring can be produce
P2-in a short time
P3-All the good characteristic of parent can be maintained in offspring

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A farmer wants to breed a good variety of banana plants for commercial production. Suggest a
suitable method to be used and explain how the method named can increase the crop yield. 3
T : Tissue culture / Cloning
E1 : Large numbers of clones can be produced
E2 : Within a short period of time / any time
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Chapter 5:Cell division

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E3 : Clones inherited good characteristics/ resistance to diseases


/ fast growth rate / large fruit / good genetic traits
A farmer wants to breed a good variety of pineapple plants for commercial production
Suggest a suitable method to be used which is involved the cell cycle in diagram 2.1
cloning
Explain how the method named can increase the crop yield
F-large numbers of clones can be produced
E1-Within a short period of time / any time
E2-clones inherited good characteristic
E3-example on good characteristic /resistance to disease /fast growth rate/large fruit ANY 2

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Disadvantage of cloning
No
(a)

(b)

Trail Johor 2010 Trial Melaka 2009


Marking scheme

Marks

State one disadvantage of cloning


Disadvantage
P3-The offspring produced do not show any genetic variation
P4-the offspring produced have same level of resistant to certain disease/pests
P5-All the offspring can be destroyed by a disease if they do now have the resistance
State a problem that can occur when using this method(cloning)
Clones can be destroyed completely if they do not have the resistance to new diseases /
pest.//No variation

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5.2 Meiosis
The significant of meiosis
No
(a)

Marking scheme
State the importance of processes P and Q.

(b)

P : To produce haploid gamete cell


Name two cells produced through meiosis in humans
P1- ovum / egg cell
P2- sperm / spermatids

(c)

Marks
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Where do processes P (meiosis) occur in an animal?


P: In reproductive organ// ovary// testis
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The necessity for the production of haploid gametes the type of cells that undergoes meiosis
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Chapter 5:Cell division

No
(a)

(b)

2014

Marking scheme

Marks

Trial Kedah 2012 Trial Pahang 2008 Trial PP 2012 Trial SBP 2012

Based on diagram 3.1, name the type of cell division / What type of nuclear division is
Meiosis
State your reason
P1-The crossing over process occur during prophase
P2-The tetrad(sister chromatids) are formed

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(c)
Membrane V

(a) Name the structure labeled P, Q and membrane V.


P : Centriole
Q : Chromatid
Membrane V : nuclear membrane
(d)
(e)

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State the function of centromere


Hold two sister chromatid together
What happen to the homologous chromosomes in
(i)First cytoplasmic division
The homologous chromosomes separate in opposite direction
(ii)Second cytoplasmic division
The chromatids separate into two to form a haploid form

The stage of meiosis I


Phase
Prophase I

Trial Pahang 2008 Trial PP 2012 Trial SBP 2012 Trial selangor 2010
Marking scheme

Marks

Name stage X/ Name phase X


Prophase I

Explain one important event that takes place using stage X(Prophase I) / Explain
the chromosome behaviour during this phase
1
F1-crossing over
1
E1-An exchange of segment of DNA between non-sister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes
1
E2-which result in new combination of genes on a chromosomes AN Y 2
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Chapter 5:Cell division

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Trial Kedah 2012
Trial Selangor 2010

Metaphase I

Trial Johor 2011


Trial Kedah 2012

2014

Explain how the chromosome behavior contributes to the survival of animal


species
P1-(crossing over) cause variation to occur among animal species
1
P2-this will enhance the ability to adapt in different environment
1
State the event that occur during stage X in diagram 3.1
Crossing over
1
Explain one important event in stage X ( crossing over)
P1-(the crossing over results) exchange of genetic material between non-sister 1
chromatids of a bivalent
1
P2-result in the new combination of alleles on a chromosome//cause variation
Explain the process /chromosome behavior that occur in stage X Essay &
Structure
1
P1-Chromosome become shorter thicker
1
P2-Homologous chromosome (come together) to form bivalent
1
P3-through a process synapsis (sometimes no marks given)
1
P4-Non sister chromatids exchange segment of DNA/genetic material//
1
P5-through Crossing over
1
P5-nucleus membrane disappears
P6- Spindle fibres form
Name stage /phase Y// Describe the behavior of chromosomes in X and Y
Metaphase I
1
Explain the chromosomal behavior during phase T
P1-Homologous chromosomes are arranged in line
1
P2-at the metaphase plate//cell equator
1
Explain events during metaphase I which contribute to variation in organism
P1-Independent assortment of chromosomes
1
P2-which are randomly arranged during metaphase I, produce different haploid 1
gametes
Draw the chromosome behaviour in stage Y
L-Location of homologous chromosomes
1
P-correct pairing
1
For a plant cell where 2n=4, draw three separate diagram to show Metaphase I,
meiosis, and

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Describe the chromosomes behavior in stage R


P1-Homologous chromosomes
P2-move to opposite poles
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Cell wall-1
homologous chromosome line uo at metaphase plate -1
Anaphase I

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State one significance of the movement of the chromosomes in Cell B.


When homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposites poles of Cell B,
the chromosome number is halved.

Explain the process that occurs in stage


Stage S: Telophase 1

P2-spindle fibre disappears

Phase
Prophase II

Anaphase II

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P1- chromosome arrive at the poles

The stage or meiosis II

Trial selangor 2010

Marking scheme
Draw the chromosome behavior in stages D and E in the space provided
D :Chromosome are in prophase II

Marks
1

For a plant cell where 2n=4, draw three separate diagram to show Metaphase, meiosis
in three different cells of the same plant.

1
Telophase II
Trial Kedah 2012
Trial Melaka 2008
Selangor 2008

State the occurrence at Telophase II


P1-four daughter cells formed
P2-each daughter cell has two chromosome/haploid/n

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Trial Johor 2011

Based on diagram 3, draw one of the cell daughter cells produced at the end of the
division

Any one daughter cell with the correct combination of chromosomes


Correct drawing of chromosomes (number and combination)-D1
Correct drawing of the cell (chromosomes are enclosed in a nuclear-D2

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Draw the possible chromatids that occur after the non disjunction in diagram 3.1
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D:all correct the number of sister chromatids formed


S:al correct the sequence of sister chromatids formed
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Chapter 5:Cell division

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Draw a daughter cell of cell P and Q after both cells have completed the cell
Division. in the boxes provided below

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NOTE: Number of chromosome, 2n = 4.


The type (color) of chromosomes

The different between meiosis I and meiosis II


No
(a)

Marking scheme
Trial Johor 2011 Selangor 2008
Based on diagram 3, state two different between the chromosomal behaviour in stage X and Y

Prophase I
D1-Homologous
chromosomes
are
arranged randomly
D2-The centromeres of the chromosomes
are not hold by/attached to any spindle
fibre.
D3-(the homologous chromosomes paired
and) crossing over take place
(b)

Marks

Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes are arranged on
the metaphase/equator plate
The centromeres of chromosomes are hold
by/attached to the spindle fibre
(the homologous chromosomes paired and)
crossing over does not take place

Meiosis consists of two spate division; meiosis I and meiosis II .there are a lot of different between
both division .Give two differences between prophase I and Prophase II
Prophase
Prophase II
P1There is no synapsis occurs
Synapsis occurs between homologous
chromosomes
P2The chromosome do not crossing over
Corssing
over
occurs
between
homologous chromosomes

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Chapter 5:Cell division

(c)

2014

State the different between meiosis I and meiosis II based on stage P, Q, R dan S.
Stage
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Prophase
P

Homologous
together

form

chromosome
bivalent

come chromosome locate at random no

through crossing over

synapsis.There is crossing over


Metaphase
Q
Anaphase
R
Telophase

Pairs of homologous chromosome

chromosome arrange at metaphase

arrange at metaphase plate

plate in a straight line

Homologous

chromosome

move Chromatid move to opposite poles

towards opposite poles


Chromosome arrive at the poles

Chromatid arrive at poles

The differences and similarity between mitosis and meiosis


No
(a)

Trial Melaka 2008 Kelantan 2008

Marking scheme

Marks

Trial Melaka 2008


Diagram 3.1 shows cell P and cell Q undergoes one of the stages for two types of
cell division

(a) (i) State the type of cell division shown in diagram 3.1
P : Meiosis
Q : Mitosis
(b)

1
1

According to the stage metaphase anaphase telophase in the cell division , differentiate the
event happening during mitosis and meiosis
Stage
Mitosis
Meiosis
Metaphase D1-homologous chromosome are D2-homologous chromosome line up
arranged in linear sequence side by side at the metaphase plate
/randomly at the mata phase plate
D3-seperation f sister chromatids D4-seperation
of
homologous
Anaphase
to the opposite pole// the chromosomes
to
the
opposite
centromere of each chromosome pole//sister chromatids still remain
divide into two and allows sister attached to each other during
chromtids to move to opposite pole movement to the opposite pole
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Chapter 5:Cell division

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D5-two daughter nuclei are formed D7-Four daughter nuclei are formed
D6-Diploid (2n) number of D8-diploid
(2n)
number
of
chromosome is remain
chromosomes is reduced to haploid
D6-daughter cells are genetically D9-daughter cells are differ from the
identical to each other and to the parent and from each other// variation
parent cell
occurs among daughter clls
1m each= max 4 marks
State a function of the two cell divisions mentioned in (a)(i).
P : Meiosis is important in producing gametes
Q : Mitosis is important in replacing dead //
damaged cells // asexual reproduction //
increasing the number of cells (growth)
State one differences between process P (meiosis) and Q (mitosis).
Telopase

(c)

(b)

1
1

P1- crossing over occur in P but not in Q


1
P2-Process P produces 4 daughter cells whereas process Q produces 2 daughter cells.
1
P3-Daughter cells produced in P have variation whereas daughter cells produced in Q are
1
identical to parent cell.
Any two
State the different processes U (Meiosis) and V (Mitosis) 2
P1-Number of chromosome of daughter cells is halved in U compared to process V which has 4 1
P2-crossing over occurred in process U but in V, the daughter cells are genetically identical
1
P3-Daughter cells are variant in process U but in V , the daughter cells are genetically identical 1
ANY 2
Explain the differences between mitosis and meiosis, by using appropriate diagram
Mitosis
Prophase

Meiosis
Prophase I
1

location of chromosome is at random

homologous chromosome synapsis


1

no crossing over/ no chiasmata

crossing over/ chiasmata

Metaphase

Metaphase I

1
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1

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Chapter 5:Cell division

chromosome are arrange at the middle of


cell

homologous chromosome are arrange at the


middle of cell

Anaphase

Anaphase I

chromatid move to the opposite pole

homologous chromosome will move to the

2014
1

1
opposite
Telophase

Telophase I
1

Each daughter cell has the same number

Each daughter cell has half number

of chromosome

2 daughter cell that is 2n

4 daughter cell that is n

only one division

two times division

does not cause genetic variation

cause genetic variation


Diagram: 4

Exp: 6 = Max: 10

10

The important of meiotic cell division


No
(a)

Marking scheme

Marks

85

Explain why the sperm has 24 chromosomes


P1-Homologous chromosome fail to separate equally(during anaphase I)

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Chapter 5:Cell division

(b)

(c)

2014

P2-due to exposure to mutagen //any example of mutagen


Explain the genetic disease faced by offspring P
P1-offspring has 47 chromosome
P2-Down syndrome
P3-Chromosome number 21 has three chromosome
P4-Has short tongue/broad face//any suitable characteristic any 2
Trial melaka2007
Mitosis, differentiation and
growth

1
1
1
1
1

Juvenile (2n)

Mitosis differentiate
and growth
Zygote (2n)

Adults (2n)

Meiosis
Sperm (n)

Fusion to form
zygote

(d)

Egg (n)

Meiosis

Haploid stages
diploid stages

Explain the importance of meiosis in maintaining the number of chromosomes in human in


diagram 7.1
The important of cell division
P1-Meiosis is the process of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells
//meiosis halved the number of chromosomes in the parent cell
P2-Meiosis produce haploid reproductive cell or gamete
P3-each gamete receive one chromosomes from every pairs of homologous chromosomes
P4-the gamete contain only 23 chromosomes/haploid number of chromosomes
P5-sexual reproduction involved the fusion of two haploid gamete during the fertilization
P6-this result in the formation of a diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes (similar number of
chromosomes with parent)
Explain briefly how meiosis involved in genetic variation.
F1 - crossing over during prophase I of meiosis
E1 non sister chromatids of homologous chromosome break at the chiasma
E2 segments of the chromatids exchange places
E3 segment of the marternal chromatids become attached to the paternal chromatids
E4 new combinations of genes are produced on these chromatids
F2 independent assortment of chromosome

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
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E1 at metaphase I the homologous pairs of chromosomes arranged on the metaphase plate at


random
E2 each homologous pair of chromosomes is positioned relative to the poles of the cell
independent of other pairs
E3 there is independent assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes into daughter cells
E4 result in a variety of gametes each with different combinations of maternal and paternal
chromosome

1
1
1
1

10

5.3 Appreciating the movement of chromosome during mitosis and meiosis Trial Kedah 2012
No
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Marking scheme

Marks

Trial Johor 2011


Explain what will happen in human if the chromosomes fail to separate during stage Y 2
E1-One of the daughter cells produced might contain one extra chromosomes/one lesser
chromosome
E2-During fertilization , if the cell with an extra /lesser chromosome fuses with an normal
sperm the zygote shall contain one extra/47//one lesser/45 chromosomes
E3-producing down/klinefelters//turners syndrome baby/offspring ANY two

1
1

Name the disorder that may occur when normal gamete fertilize with the no disjunction
affecting human chromosomes 21that occur as in diagram 3..2
Down syndrome
This child is suffering from a type of genetic disorder/ he has a moon face , slated eye, a short
neck and protruding tongue/ Uncontrolled meiosis leads to gamete produced both abnormal
number of chromosomes .Name one disease caused by uncontrolled meiosis 1
Down syndrome /turner syndrome /klinefelter
Based on the information above , name the type of genetic disorder shown by the child
Downs syndrome

The ovum in diagram 22 carrier 24 chromosomes. Which chromosomes has an extra copy
Chromosomes number 21
Explain how the abnormal chromosomal number in the ovum can cause the genetic disorder
mentioned in
P1-Chromosomes number 21 fails to separate during anaphase I//non disjunction of
chromosomes number 21 during anaphase I
P2-When fertilization occurs, 24 chromosomes in the ovum will fused with 23 chromosomes in
the sperm
P3-produce zygote with 47 chromosomes // trisomy 21

1
1
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