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BIOLOGY Form 4 Chapter 5 Cell Division
BIOLOGY Form 4 Chapter 5 Cell Division
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Chapter 5:Cell division
2014
5.1 Mitosis
The meaning and significance of mitosis
No
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Marking scheme
State three importance of mitosis to living organism 3m
P1- mitosis increases the number of cells in organism (during growth process)
P2- mitosis important for replacing dead / worn out / damaged cells.
P3- Injured organ can be repaired
P4- Some organism can regenerate lost parts of their bodies/ reproduction through Mitosis
P5- mitosis ensures that new cells that are formed will have exactly the same genetic
information and characteristic as it parent cell.
Explain the important of the process (mitosis) to the living thing Essay & Structure
F1-increase the number of cells(during growth process)
P1-replacing dead cell/repair the damaged tissue/organ
P2-for growth/development in living organism
F2-to produce genetically identical for daughter cells
P3-asexual reproduction (for unicellular organism)
P4-maintain the chromosomal number (of daughter cells)
any 2 F+P
Give two significant of mitosis
P1-Mitosis allow a zygote to produce more cell in order to grow into a a multicellular organism
P2-Mitotic cell division allows damaged cells to be repaired replaced and regenerated
P3-Mitosis is the basis for asexual reproduction in unicellular organism
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Where do processes (mitosis) occur in an animal?/ Name the type of cell in human where
mitosis take place
Somatic cells
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1
Marks
Selangor 2008
Marking scheme
Marks
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Chapter 5:Cell division
(b)
(c)
2014
State the chromosomal number of each daughter cell produced at the end of the division shown
in diagram 3
12chromosomes
Trial Johor 2011
Based on your biological knowledge, give a reason for answer
E2-During meiosis, the cell undergoes two nuclear division but the chromosomes/DNA of each
chromosomes only replicates once
E3-each daughter cell receives half the number of chromosomes from the parent cell
Any one E
The chromosome number in somatic cell of this organism is 12 state the chromosome number
in each of the daughter cell in Z
A-Six(chromosomes)
R-(during meiosis) the daughter cell/ n receive half the daughter chromosome from the parent
cells/2n//daughter cell haploid/n, daughter cell haploid/2n
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1
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Marks
Phase V
(c)
1
1
Phase U is further divided into three sub phases, X, Y and Z. Describe what
Happens at sub phases X, Y and Z.
X : Cell synthesizes protein / new organelles formed
Y : DNA is synthesized / is replicated / 2 sister chromatids formed
Z : Cell accumulates energy / synthesize energy / prepare forcell division
The number of chromosomes present in the nucleus of a somatic cell is 6.
Diagram 2.2 shows a stage of cell division to produce gametes.
Complete the diagram to show the chromosomes for a daughter cell produced
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Chapter 5:Cell division
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(d)
(e)
Name stage Q
Interphase
Explain the importance of stage Q 2/State what happen in cell during U phase
F1-Replication of DNA occurs
P1-to produce two genetically identical sister chromatids
F2-Synthesis ATP //accumulate energy
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Interphase
Interphase
G1
Marking scheme
Marks
Name phase P and state the process that occurs in this phase 2
P1-G1/growth phase 1
P2-synthesis of new protein /organelles occurs in the cell
S phase
G2
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Trial PP 2012
No
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Marking scheme
Marks
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(e)
(f)
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(g)
(h)
68
Arrange the stages in Diagram 1 according to the correct sequence of events during
cell division.
L, N, K and M
State one organs where this type of cell division occurs
Ovary//testis
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Chapter 5:Cell division
Phase
Trial Kedah 2008
2014
Marking scheme
Name the stages labeled L/ What stage of nuclear division is
Prophase
State the characteristic of the of phase (prophase)
P1-the chromosome become shorter and thicker
P2-Each chromosome consists of two identical thread called chromatids
Explain what happen at stage L
P1-chromosomes thicken and shorten
P2-the nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear
P3-The spindle fibres form
Name the stages labeled N/ What stage of nuclear division is
Metaphase
Explain the behavior of chromosomes during stages K and N./ Give a
reason for your answer
Homologous chromosomes line up / align at metaphase plate
Marks
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Chapter 5:Cell division
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Draw a daughter cell of cell P after both cells have completed the cell
division. in the boxes provided below 2
1
1
Number of chromosomes
2
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Chapter 5:Cell division
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Cytokinesis
No
Marking scheme
(a)
Structure v is form during cytokenesis bur in animal cell, actin filament in cytoplasm contract
to pull a ring of the plasma membrane inward forming a groove. Name the groove
Cleavage furrow
(b)
(c)
Marks
1
1
Describe how cytokinesis occurs in plant and animal cells to produce two daughter cells.
F-process of cytoplasmic division
P1-begins before nucleus division is complete / during telophase to form two daughter cells
P2-in animal cells, actin filaments in the cytoplasm contracts
P3-to pull a ring of the plasma membrane inwards
P4-forming a groove called a cleavage furrow
P5-the cleavage furrow pinches at the equator of the cell and deepens progressively until two
daughter cells are separated
P6-in plants cells, the membranous vesicles are formed along the equator between the two
nuclei
P7-the vesicles fuse to form a cell plate
P8-the cell plate grows outwards until its edges fuse with the plasma membrane of the parents
cell
P9-at the end of cytokinesis , cellulose fibres are produced by the cells to strengthen the new
cell walls
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Chapter 5:Cell division
Marking scheme
Diagram 2.1 shows the formation of tumor in lungs. Trial Kedah 2008
Tumor is an abnormal mass of cells that can invade and destroy neighboring cells.
(c)
(d)
2014
Marks
1
1
1
1
1
Any 3
1
1
1
Cancer is genetic disease caused by uncontrolled mitosis. Name two chemical substances
which cause a cancer
P1-benzo-alpha pyrene
P2-nicotine/any suitable
Name the process occurred and state a factor that causes it
Process deletion Factor
F1-Rays: X-rays/gamma rays/UV rays/nuclear radiation /radioactive rays
F2-chemical: benzene/formaldehyde/carbon tetrachloride/asbestos/mustard gas/ tar/pesticides
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Chapter 5:Cell division
(e)
(f)
(g)
2014
(h)
1
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(i)
State two ways to prevent from being exposed to factor you have named in above
P1-prevent form exposure to radioactive rays//use sun block
P2-Prevnet from taking food containing flavor /coloring /additive/ preservative
Cloning
No
(a)
(b)
Marks
Define cloning
P1-process of producing new genetically identical organism (refer to the question needed
eg. Frog )
P2-Through asexual reproduction
P3-by stem/leaf cutting/layering/grafting/tissue culture
Explain the principles used in the cloning technique
P1 : Cloning is an asexual reproductive process of producing clones//does not involve gamete
P2 : A clone is a group of cells//organism//a population of organisms produced from a single
ancestral cell.
P3 : A clones genetically identical
P4 : The technique can be used to produce high quality of organism / orchids/ oil palm / cocoa
plants.
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(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
2014
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Tissue culture
No
(a)
(b)
Marking scheme
Marks
1
1
1
1
1
Skill of application
Q1-Must have P2&P4&P5
Diagram 6.3 shows an experiment to show the different between two ginger plants which is
obtained from tissue culture and are planted in two different environment
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Chapter 5:Cell division
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(c)
Diagram 6.1 is a new variety of vegetable which has a great commercial value
Diagram 6.2 is the original parent of the plant
Based on the above diagram and with your biological knowledge, explain how a farmer can
propagate this variety to give a large scale of yield and at the same tome maintain its quantity
6
P1-the technique used is issue culture technique
P2-A piece of tissue / explants is taken from the young part of the parent plant eg. Root and cut
into smaller pieces
P3-The tissue are sterilized (with dilute sodium hypochlorite solution o prevent the growth of
pathogens /bacteria/fungus
P4-Each pieces of sterilized tissue ia placed onto a growth medium / gel containing nutrient
(eg. Glucose, amino acids, mineral etc.) And hormone/ auxin with optimum pH level
P5-The apparatus and culture, medium used must be in sterile condition and keep under the
suitable temperature/30oC-35oC
P6-the tissue cells then divide repeatedly by mitosis to produce mass of undifferentiated
cell/callus
P7-After several weeks, callus differentiated to produce shoots and roots /organogenesis
P8-once the roots grow , the plantlets/ little plant removed and transferred t the soil for growth
into the adult plant
P9-the plantlets produce this way are genetically identical and known as clones
P10-Therefore, all adults plans that develops from them fruits
Advantage of cloning
No
(a)
(b)
1
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Marks
1
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A farmer wants to breed a good variety of banana plants for commercial production. Suggest a
suitable method to be used and explain how the method named can increase the crop yield. 3
T : Tissue culture / Cloning
E1 : Large numbers of clones can be produced
E2 : Within a short period of time / any time
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Disadvantage of cloning
No
(a)
(b)
Marks
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5.2 Meiosis
The significant of meiosis
No
(a)
Marking scheme
State the importance of processes P and Q.
(b)
(c)
Marks
1
The necessity for the production of haploid gametes the type of cells that undergoes meiosis
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Chapter 5:Cell division
No
(a)
(b)
2014
Marking scheme
Marks
Trial Kedah 2012 Trial Pahang 2008 Trial PP 2012 Trial SBP 2012
Based on diagram 3.1, name the type of cell division / What type of nuclear division is
Meiosis
State your reason
P1-The crossing over process occur during prophase
P2-The tetrad(sister chromatids) are formed
1
1
(c)
Membrane V
1
1
1
Trial Pahang 2008 Trial PP 2012 Trial SBP 2012 Trial selangor 2010
Marking scheme
Marks
Explain one important event that takes place using stage X(Prophase I) / Explain
the chromosome behaviour during this phase
1
F1-crossing over
1
E1-An exchange of segment of DNA between non-sister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes
1
E2-which result in new combination of genes on a chromosomes AN Y 2
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Chapter 5:Cell division
Metaphase I
2014
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Cell wall-1
homologous chromosome line uo at metaphase plate -1
Anaphase I
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Chapter 5:Cell division
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Phase
Prophase II
Anaphase II
1
1
Marking scheme
Draw the chromosome behavior in stages D and E in the space provided
D :Chromosome are in prophase II
Marks
1
For a plant cell where 2n=4, draw three separate diagram to show Metaphase, meiosis
in three different cells of the same plant.
1
Telophase II
Trial Kedah 2012
Trial Melaka 2008
Selangor 2008
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Chapter 5:Cell division
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Based on diagram 3, draw one of the cell daughter cells produced at the end of the
division
1
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Draw the possible chromatids that occur after the non disjunction in diagram 3.1
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Chapter 5:Cell division
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Draw a daughter cell of cell P and Q after both cells have completed the cell
Division. in the boxes provided below
1
1
Marking scheme
Trial Johor 2011 Selangor 2008
Based on diagram 3, state two different between the chromosomal behaviour in stage X and Y
Prophase I
D1-Homologous
chromosomes
are
arranged randomly
D2-The centromeres of the chromosomes
are not hold by/attached to any spindle
fibre.
D3-(the homologous chromosomes paired
and) crossing over take place
(b)
Marks
Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes are arranged on
the metaphase/equator plate
The centromeres of chromosomes are hold
by/attached to the spindle fibre
(the homologous chromosomes paired and)
crossing over does not take place
Meiosis consists of two spate division; meiosis I and meiosis II .there are a lot of different between
both division .Give two differences between prophase I and Prophase II
Prophase
Prophase II
P1There is no synapsis occurs
Synapsis occurs between homologous
chromosomes
P2The chromosome do not crossing over
Corssing
over
occurs
between
homologous chromosomes
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Chapter 5:Cell division
(c)
2014
State the different between meiosis I and meiosis II based on stage P, Q, R dan S.
Stage
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Prophase
P
Homologous
together
form
chromosome
bivalent
Homologous
chromosome
Marking scheme
Marks
(a) (i) State the type of cell division shown in diagram 3.1
P : Meiosis
Q : Mitosis
(b)
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According to the stage metaphase anaphase telophase in the cell division , differentiate the
event happening during mitosis and meiosis
Stage
Mitosis
Meiosis
Metaphase D1-homologous chromosome are D2-homologous chromosome line up
arranged in linear sequence side by side at the metaphase plate
/randomly at the mata phase plate
D3-seperation f sister chromatids D4-seperation
of
homologous
Anaphase
to the opposite pole// the chromosomes
to
the
opposite
centromere of each chromosome pole//sister chromatids still remain
divide into two and allows sister attached to each other during
chromtids to move to opposite pole movement to the opposite pole
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D5-two daughter nuclei are formed D7-Four daughter nuclei are formed
D6-Diploid (2n) number of D8-diploid
(2n)
number
of
chromosome is remain
chromosomes is reduced to haploid
D6-daughter cells are genetically D9-daughter cells are differ from the
identical to each other and to the parent and from each other// variation
parent cell
occurs among daughter clls
1m each= max 4 marks
State a function of the two cell divisions mentioned in (a)(i).
P : Meiosis is important in producing gametes
Q : Mitosis is important in replacing dead //
damaged cells // asexual reproduction //
increasing the number of cells (growth)
State one differences between process P (meiosis) and Q (mitosis).
Telopase
(c)
(b)
1
1
Meiosis
Prophase I
1
Metaphase
Metaphase I
1
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Chapter 5:Cell division
Anaphase
Anaphase I
2014
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opposite
Telophase
Telophase I
1
of chromosome
Exp: 6 = Max: 10
10
Marking scheme
Marks
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Chapter 5:Cell division
(b)
(c)
2014
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1
Juvenile (2n)
Mitosis differentiate
and growth
Zygote (2n)
Adults (2n)
Meiosis
Sperm (n)
Fusion to form
zygote
(d)
Egg (n)
Meiosis
Haploid stages
diploid stages
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5.3 Appreciating the movement of chromosome during mitosis and meiosis Trial Kedah 2012
No
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Marking scheme
Marks
1
1
Name the disorder that may occur when normal gamete fertilize with the no disjunction
affecting human chromosomes 21that occur as in diagram 3..2
Down syndrome
This child is suffering from a type of genetic disorder/ he has a moon face , slated eye, a short
neck and protruding tongue/ Uncontrolled meiosis leads to gamete produced both abnormal
number of chromosomes .Name one disease caused by uncontrolled meiosis 1
Down syndrome /turner syndrome /klinefelter
Based on the information above , name the type of genetic disorder shown by the child
Downs syndrome
The ovum in diagram 22 carrier 24 chromosomes. Which chromosomes has an extra copy
Chromosomes number 21
Explain how the abnormal chromosomal number in the ovum can cause the genetic disorder
mentioned in
P1-Chromosomes number 21 fails to separate during anaphase I//non disjunction of
chromosomes number 21 during anaphase I
P2-When fertilization occurs, 24 chromosomes in the ovum will fused with 23 chromosomes in
the sperm
P3-produce zygote with 47 chromosomes // trisomy 21
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