91240 FEC GEOTECHNIQUE VOLUME XXV NUMBER 1 MARCH 1975 ae THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS GREAT GEORGE STREET - LONDON ume AMT RA pions © w‘London, ormation fech. Fen relation mn Arbor, eth and ech. Fén Soll for of: Soll n Engng Mum Woon, A. M. (1975). Géotechnique 28, No.1, 115-127 The circular tunnel in elastic ground A.M. MUIR WOOD, MA, FICE* Neither the ground around a tunnel nor, usually, the ‘unne! lining, behaves in an elastic manner. Never- theless, the linear characteristic ofan elastic or visco- clastic analysis has great merit particularly when, as Frequently occurs, limitations of knowledge of the behaviour of the ground do not justify greater elaboration, ‘This Paper sets out to establish the loading on a circular tunnel in the ‘elliptical’ mode of deforma- tion, making certain simplifying assumptions. The fects of shear forces between ground and lining are first ignored and subsequently introduced in an explicit manner, Bending moments in a lining are elated to a stiffness factor, 4@ higher mode of deformation of a tunnel is only applicable to problems of stability for thin linings, nevertheless, consideration of this con- ition allows the coeficient of ground reaction A to be evaluated for conditions of asymmetrical deform: Direct radial toading of a tunnel lining is related to its compressibility factor R... The component of radial loading caused by migration of water towards the tunnel is also established ‘Some aspects of application of the method are dis- cussed including the effects of joints in a lining and the benefits established on account ofthe deliberate Variation of R... The method has serious limitations but frequently serves asa first and very useful, indie cation of the relative importance of the principal factors, prior to a more refined analysis. An important point, frequently overlooked, concerns the effect of variation of Poisson's ratio of the ground as loads change, which may greatly affect the stress sistibution in the ground and, in consequence, the Toads on the fining Nie terrain autour du tunel, ni généralement Je tunnel proprement’ dit, ne se comportent ‘d'une manire dastique. Néanmoins, les caractristiques linéaires d’une analyse dastique ou vsco-dlastique font beaucoup de mérite, particulitrement quand, comme cela arrive fréquermment, les limitations des ‘connaissances du comportement du sol ne justfint pas une plus grande précision, Cette communication tente d'établic le chargement sur un tunnel crculaire se déformant d'une maniere clliptique en faisant certaines simplifications dans les hypothises ‘Les forces de cisaillement entre le sol et fe tunnel sont en premitre phase ignorées et ensuite intro- duites une maniére explicte, Les moments fiéchissants dans la votte sont rliés & an coefficient de raideur Re. Alors qu'un mode de déformation plus important une votte de tunnel est seulement applicable aux roblémes de stablité des tunnels minces, on con- sidére néanmoins que cette condition conduit & un Coefficient de réaction du sol A évalué pour les con: ditions de déformation asymétrique Le chargement direct radial d'un tunnel est reli & son facteur de compressible R.. La composante de la charge radiale provoquee par la migration de YTeau vers fe tunnel est auss!établie, Quelques aspects de application de la méthode sont discutés y compris les effets des joints dans un tunnel et le bénéfice resultant de la prise en compte des variations délibérées de R.. La méthode a de sérieuses limitations, mais sertfréquemment comme Dremiére et trés utile indication pour mettre en Evidence Fimportance relative des principaux fac- furs avant une analyse plus raffinée Un point important, fréquemment néglig, con- ‘cerne ls effets de variation du coefficient de Poisson, 4u sol lors des modifications de charges, ce qui peut ‘ravement affecter la distribution des’ contraintes dans le sol et en conséquence les charges sur Te tunnel In a day of high manipulative capability for numerical solutions to problems of increasing complexity there yet remains an important place for the simple approach, This is especially true for tunnels for which the degree of confidence in the properties of the ground, including Provisions for heterogeneity and variability, rarely justifies the more prodigious exercises in number-crunching. 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Mok wooD preciably less reased as the at the joint is 1 in equation oad around xistence of ts, say 7, we round a seg- cing parallel 1 into that of corresponds g moment in of elliptical Clay and in 1 (1973) per- f the simple sblem which n immediate reproducing. lic tests on. and strain, ding to the ot Poisson's of low per- 1d Poisson’s and 9, the assuming a stress terms 1». Where away from le than that erms merits lesigned to- acking tests resenting a ns. In the mn of piezo- ‘THE CIRCULAR TUNNEL IN ELASTIC GROUND ro ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Author acknowledges much benefit from discussions over the years with colleagues and pihers concerned with the application of these design methods. He also wishes re thank Mr Frank Cooper, MS, MICE, for criticism and comment during drafting REFERENCES Ferere RK. & Wood, W.1. (1973. Deformation of tunnel with variable ground reaction, Proe Insin Cio. Eners 88, 479486. Fesaereth K- 096), Correspondence on Morgan, Géotechnique It, No 3, 246-248, Tron eth & Johannesson, 8. (1922). ‘Shield and commresed air roosting’ Meciraw Hi oeap fh Reed, A. J.(1978). Moder cast iron tenneand shat Hoge aed seg and Tumel, Conf San Francisco, weipagg + D- (961). A contibtion tothe analysis of stress ina cular tuane. Géotecnigue 4, 37-46, Ma eas Ne Mi 190). Proc. Vith Conference of Int. Soe. of Soil Mechanics and Foundation rene, ‘Mexico 3, 363-365, Muir Wood, A. M. (1970), Soft ground tunnelling Technology and Potential of Tunnelling, Johannesburg 1, 167-174, and 2, 72-45, Mur Wood A: M. (1972. “Tunnels for roads and motorways. Q. Jn! Eneng Geol. 5, 111-196 Pane Weeds, M; (1973). High relaxation tunel lining.” Provisional peed Ser Sedge ree Pe ie galt des Ouvrage soutrain~soubncment et evtemee. ear de recherche No, 28. Paris: Laboratoires des Ponts et Chaussées, eed Tel Cae ing MORMZB. (1972). Sat ofthe arin soft ground tunneling. 1st Rapid Exe, ‘and Tunnel Conf, Mlinois 1, 259-286. Senrans US Sree rahe Probleme des Tunnel—und Drucksolnbaues, Belin: Springer, Engi. ‘sans. US Bureau of Reclamn, Tech, Memo. 262, 1931), Schulas, H. & Duddeck, H. (1964. Spannungen ia shildvorgetiebenen Tunneln. Beton snd Stakibeton, TT,oath Railway Vehicles with the Track PIE Substructure Edited by Kl. Knothe ee aeINTERACTION OF RAILWAY VEHICLES WITH THE TRACK AND ITS SUBSTRUCTURE Edited by KI. Knothe, St.L. Grassie and J.A. Elkins Proceedings of the 3rd Herbertov Workshop on Interaction of Railway Vebicles with the Track and its Substructure held in Herbertov/Czech Republic September 19-23,1994 Supplement to Vehicle System Dynamics, Volume 24 PUBLISHERS MEE IOIPLTEIanree UNICAMP HRUOTEA DC PSK DE PHTTIRTA — guByOTECA CENTRAL SWETS & ZEITLINGER B.V1 of Civil Engi- ns de Fer, Vol. tthe Technical sored by Office m of Railways jecled vehicles Pp. 319-341, heldhorizdat, * partie, avec es, deuziéme ress Report, Proceedings barer Sehei- 7, 1927, pp. nd ihr Ein- den Bisen- Vehicle System Dynamics Supplement 24199 pp. 7-12 © Swets & Zeitinger History of Winkler Foundation LADISLAV FRYBA SUMMARY ‘The paper reminisces the history of one of the wide used theoretical models of the substructure, the Winkler foundation. 1. INTRODUCTION Prof. Dr. Emil Oscar WINKLER was born in the year 1835 in Silesia and died in 1888. He studied Technical University in Dresden where he also habilitated (habilitation = procedure including a thesis proving the teaching qualification; it is common at Central European universities) E. Winkler became a full Professor at the Technical University in Prague in the year 1865 where he began to teach water engineering, later on railway ‘engincering, engineering mechanics and bridge engineering. Although he was in Prague only three years these years were very productive. Prof. Winkler Published in Prague two books [1] and [2] consisting of four volumes where he formulated for the first time the elastic foundation. Since 1868 Prof. E. Winkler was at the Technical University in Vienna while his successor in Prague became the well known Prof. Melan, ‘The broad field of interest of Prof. Winkler included engineering mechanica, railway and bridge engineering, He published in this area 3 books of together 8 volumes : 1. Lectures on Railway Engineering, two volumes, 1867, see Fig. 1 and (1), 2. Theory of Elasticity and Strength of Materials, two volumes, 1867, see Fig. 2 and (2], 3. Lectures on Bridge Engineering, four volumes, 1873, se [3].\. Joa yong 7 ig 11) 1009 949 jo 08d suosy 1 ig ‘Sao1WimoG w xox oVTEEA ‘est ‘pvaa ‘MeqtedO - uTEqUesT Jog. PyoEr soeacr HAL Id Sed UF ompsespmey woposoqoOyOd worosEgOG ‘imoy wr uayH, rote OVENHVENGASIT TOVULUOADIE LEHRE on die ELASTICITAET FESTIGKEIT Desonderer Recksicht auf ihre Anwendung in der Techni, Polytecbasche Schule, Bauakademien, Ingeieare, Maschinenbaner, Archileten, ete. Dr. B Winkler, ond. Profator de Tagieebakande am Polyucic in Prag Mit in den Tent gedracten Holsesiten aad lihograpiren Tefela 2 thet. 9 teas WOU PRAG, 1867. Verlag von H. Dominicas, Fig 2. 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Yong vap (puny puBezg yup UaqlapIyoosssansty sg ModiBuvige youoitnssunzG_ WOH cou O wOK “ORNS = au vouuoy os “f= Suryonzporg arp 3st (.-uowus -2q Wyo! ayfoayog Jap Funyoradsivag ayp yoxs Ysoy] OF ‘gor ouonaodoad yaquroneyorig oud d oxanaq uapuaypstior 20m wap (52 31g g MELA) q_aPIINg vaBIAer|Aq wauIE UL Sanrog ap wr alfonyog Zop Sumxonapury oxp seup yoous Sunzjossnvioy op uv uaA, “QIOOYL “TET swoysfsaoyoaupstuey (q ureaq 213 Jo woryayep ~ 209 — 5 ‘“ypSuoy yun sod vopssordusos — & :o104 uy sd wo} relluns w ur parade ureaq » Jo worepunoy Anisele ou azaye [2] Yooq oy) POH 29]4UIMA “Jorg ‘ZogT wo oUrES ayy Uy gig a0 ‘ay-Vy s98ed wo ,f09H,, 251 YdesPere * ,si0do01g rwurpmysSu0T,, (q ‘ae Jo seuaey Jo wuaNs, 1X “seyD “Joa yeaa ‘[1] UY poysyqnd sem 7] ‘radaaje any Jo uonoayap — A ‘woryepuna) Jo yuotyyoor— 2 In sad wojesoidusos ~ d :a1oym, urz0y 811) ut sado9qs peurpnyuo] ¥ Jo snoiaeysq ayy porpnys SPPMIAL, “Jozd Woy aunty qs1y 9471 405 paseodde uotyepuno} snes oN, NOLLVONNOS USTANIM "% aqua AvIsiavT a1when Prof. Winkler m ngth of Materials of ry” on pages 44-45, [2] where the elastic setzung Bettung em hier onal ist, cht be: 1 wir ingigen ner D at des en Ela- Druck stat ls flr a die tekst HISTORY OF WINKLER FOUNDATION n He formulated also the differential equation of the beam on elastic founda- tion and derived ite solution n= Act + Bel + Cel + Det where it has been designed E ~ modulus of elasticity, W ~ modulus of resistance, ~ length coordinate of the beam, A,B,C, D ~ constants depending on boundary condition, 4, ,¢,d ~ roots of the biquadratic equation 24 = —4k*, aw)? ~ constant of a beam on elastic foundation. It was published in (2), First Vol., Part V "Loads with Axial Forces” , Chapt. XX "Simultaneous Axial and ‘Transversal Load”, Annexe C, Paragraph 195 "Continuous Load Proportional to the Deflection” on pages 182-184. 3. CONLUSIONS Since that time the elastic foundation has been applied to many engineering problems where the interaction of structures with foundation is necessary to be solved. That's the problem appearing in ground transportation systems like rails, sleepers, pavements etc. ‘Timoshenko [4] proved that the discrete supports of rails may be assumed as an elastic continuous foundation of Winkler type. ‘The Winkler foundation was many times improved, e.g. taking into account two coefficients of foundation (Pasternak foundation [6]), considering non-linear effects, by introducing the stochastic distribution of foundation stiffness (see (6}) and by other improvements. ‘The Winkler foundation was many times cursed and refused, but the scien- ‘iste return to this simple law again and again. I think that it shares the same lot as the other simple theories like Bernoulli-Euler beam, Palmgren-Miner rule etc. : Their simplicity wins against more precise formulations, REFERENCES 1. Winkler, E.: Vortrige aber Eisenbahnbau. Heft 1, 2. H. Dominicus, Prag, 1867 2 Winkler, E.: Die Lehre von der Elasticitaet und Festigheit. Theil 1, 2. H. 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