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Dynamics: Introduction

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IV/3

Pressure gradient force

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O 1HZWRQVODZ

K
K
K
dv
F = i Fi = m
dt

O )ROORZLQJDWPRVSKHULFIRUFHVDUHLPSRUWDQW 
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IV/4

Pressure gradient force

,93UHVVXUHJUDGLHQWIRUFH
O 3UHVVXUH IRUFHDUHD
O )RUFHIURPOHIW

Fleft = p dy dz
p

Fright = p + dx dy dz
x

p
p
dx dy dz = dV
x
x
1 p
p dV
O )RUFHSHUXQLWPDVV

m x
x dm
m
O VXP RI IRUFHV

F px = Fleft + Fright =

m =

O *HQHUDO
IV/5

K
1 K
1
p =
grad p
fp =
m
m

1RWHXQLWLV 1NJ

Pressure gradient force

,93UHVVXUHJUDGLHQWIRUFH FRQWLQXHG
K
1 K
1
fp =
p =
grad p
m
m

KK
p

O SUHVVXUHJUDGLHQWIRUFHDFWVGRZQKLOORI WKHSUHVVXUHJUDGLHQW
O ZLQG IRUPHGIURPSUHVVXUHJUDGLHQWIRUFHLVFDOOHG(XOHULDQ ZLQG
O WKLV W\SH RI ZLQGVDUHIRXQG
DW WKHHTXDWRU QR &RULROLVIRUFH
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IV/6

Thermal circulation

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O7KHUPDOFLUFXODWLRQLVFDXVHGE\DKRUL]RQWDOWHPSHUDWXUHJUDGLHQW
([DPSOHV
RYHQ ZDUP DQG ZLQGRZ FROG
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FROGODNH DQGZDUPVKRUH
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FRRORFHDQ DQGZDUPODQG VHHEUHH]H
ZDUPRFHDQ DQG FROG ODQG QLJKWZLQWHU

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WUDGHZLQGV HTXDWRU DQGFRROVXEWURSLFV
PRQVRRQ ,QGLDQ2FHDQDQG,QGLDQVXEFRQWLQHQW
EXWQRWHWKDW&RULROLVIRUFHDOVRFRQWULEXWHWRWKHVHW\SHV RI FLUFXODWLRQ

IV/7

Thermal circulation

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IV/8

baroclinity and thermal circulation

:
:
3UHVVXUHJUDGLHQWIRUFH

:DUQHFNH

IV/9

EDURFOLQLW\

Gravity force

,9*UDYLW\ IRUFH
O 1HZWRQ ODZ
O JUDYLW\IRUFH

K
K
Fg = m g
K
K
K
fg = g = g k

1RWHXQLWLV 1NJ

O VXUIDFHV RI HTXDOJHRSRWHQWLDOKHLJKW ] H[SHULHQFHWKHVDPHJUDYLWDWLRQDO


IRUFH
h
JHRSRWHQWLDOKHLJKW

z=

1
go

h= 0

dh ' g ( , h ')

*HRSRWHQWLDO

= go z = g ( , h) h
K
K K
K K
f g = z = h
IV/10

0
K
= 0
g z
o

g ( , h)
h
go

F riction

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IV/11

Coriolis force

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O 1HZWRQVODZLVRQO\YDOLGLQDV\VWHP ZKLFKLV DW UHVWRULVLQXQLIRUPPRWLRQ
FRQVWDQWYHORFLW\HJFRQVWDQW VSHHG DQG FRQVWDQW GLUHFWLRQ
O (DUWK LVURWDWLQJDURXQGLWVD[LV DQGWKHUHIRUHLVDQDFFHODUDWLQJ V\VWHP
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LVDSSOLHG
dv
= m 2 r = m v 2 / r
O ([DPSOH5RXQGDERXW m

dt

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&HQWULSHGDOIRUFH

K
Fc

3HUVRQRQ WKHURXQGDERXWIHHOVWKHPRPHQW RI LQHUWLD


&HQWULIXJDOIRUFH

K*
Fc

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IV/12

K K*
Fc + Fc = 0

= 2 / T

Coriolis force

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O ([DPSOH 6RXWKQRUWKPRWLRQ

IV/13

Coriolis force
O ([DPSOH 6RXWKQRUWKPRWLRQ FRQWLQXHG

a = 2 sin v = f v
f 2 sin
IV/14

Coriolis parameter

cos ( + ) cos

d cos
d

Coriolis force

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O *HQHUDOGHVFULSWLRQ RI PRWLRQ DFFHOHUDWLRQ LQDURWDWLQJHDUWK V\VWHP

K
K
K K K
K K
dv dva
=
2 ( v ) ( r )
dt
dt
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&RULROLVIRUFH

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O &RULROLV IRUFH

K
K K
f C = 2 ( v )

K
K K
O &HQWULIXJDOIRUFHWHUPLVFRQWDLQHG
LQWKHFRUUHFWLRQIRU
( r ) = 2 r
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IV/15

Coriolis force

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K
K K
O /HWVORRN LQWRWKHYDULRXVWHUPVFRQWDLQHG LQWKH&RULROLVIRUFH f C = 2 ( v )

&DOFXODWHGOLNHDGHWHUPLQDQW RIDPDWUL[

u
K
v = v
w

K
i x
K
K
K
K
K K
fC + f g = v g k = 2 j y
K
k z
w  u, v
w 0
2 u  g

IV/16

K
= 2 (v sin w cos ) i
K
2 ( u sin ) j +
K
K
+ 2 ( u cos ) k g k =

K
0
u
i
K
K
v g k = 2 j cos
K
w
k sin

K
v gk =
w

2QO\KRUL]RQWDO
FRPSRQHQW RI &RULROLV
IRUFHLPSRUWDQW

2 v sin
K
K
K

2 (v sin ) i 2 ( u sin ) j g k = 2 u sin

Coriolis force

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O &RULROLV IRUFHFDQEHQRZVLPSOLILHGDVIROORZV

K
K
K K
2 sin v
v
f C = 2 ( v ) ( f C ) =
= f =
H
2
sin

u
K
K
K K
= fv i fu j = f ( k v H )
2QO\KRUL]RQWDOYHORFLW\FRPSRQHQWLPSRUWDQW

u
K
vH =
v

K K
k vH

IV/17

&RULROLVSDUDPHWHU

f 2 sin

K
k

K K K
c = ab

K
vH
K K
k v H

O &RULROLV IRUFHGLUHFWVWKH ZLQGWRWKH ULJKW IURPLWV


RULJLQDOGLUHFWLRQJLYHQE\ Y+ LQWKH1+ WRWKHOHIW LQ6+

Navier-Stokes Equation

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K
K
K
K
K K
dv v
1 K
KK K K
=
+ (v ) v = f =
p g k 2 ( v ) + f F
m
dt t

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,
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K
KK K

v
dv
O $FFHOHUDWLRQ RIDLU SDUFHOORFDOGHULYDWLYHDQG DGYHFWLRQWHUP (v ) v
t
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IV/18

Navier-Stokes Equation

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K
K
K
K
K K
dv v
1 K
KK K K
=
+ (v ) v = f =
p g k 2 ( v ) + f F
m
dt t
O LQFDUWHVLDQFRRUGLQDWHV

X
X
X
 S
GX X
=
+X
+Y
+Z
= D
DDD +  (Y VLQ Z FRV ) + I)[
W
[
\
]
P [
GW
Y
Y
Y
 S
GY Y
=
+X
+Y
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= D
DDD  X VLQ DDDDDDDD + I)\
P \
W
[
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GW
Z
Z
Z
 S
GZ Z
=
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=
J  X FRV DDDDDDDD + I)]
P ]
W
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\
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GW
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O $OOEDVLFHTXDWLRQV RI K\GURG\QDPLFVWKHUPRG\QDPLFVWKDWDUHLPSRUWDQWIRU
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IV/19

,9

Navier-Stokes Equation

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O %DVLFHTXDWLRQV RI K\GURG\QDPLFVWKHUPRG\QDPLFVWKDWDUHLPSRUWDQWIRU
DWPRVSKHULFG\QDPLFVDUH
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FRQWLQXLW\HTXDWLRQ l PDVVFRQVHUYDWLRQ

K
m
K
= ( m v )
t
ZDWHUYDSRUEXGJHW
VWODZ RIWKHUPRG\QDPLFV
JDVODZV LGHDOJDV3RLVVRQHTXDWLRQUHODWHGWRDGLDEDWLFSURFHVVHV

O 7KHVHEDVLFODZVDUHUHTXLUHGLQQXPHULFDOPRGHOV LQDGGLWLRQWKHUHPD\EHD
QHHGIRUFKHPLFDOWHUPVEXWQRWQHHGHGLQZHDWKHUSUHGLFWLRQPRGHOV

IV/20

Scale analysis

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O 6LQFHHTXDWLRQ RI PRWLRQDUHGLIILFXOWWRVROYHRQHFDQWU\WRVLPSOLI\HTXDWLRQV
E\DQDO\VLV RI VFDOHV PDJQLWXGH RIRUGHURI YDULRXVWHUPV
O +HUHZHFRQVLGHUPLGODWLWXGHV\QRSWLFVFDOHV / NP&KDUDFWHULVWLF
YDOXHVDUH
KRUL]RQWDOZLQG VSHHG8 9 PV
9HUWLFDO ZLQG VSHHG:  PV
+HLJKW WURSRVSKHUH + NP
3UHVVXUHYDULDELOLW\3 K3D
7LPH VFDOH7 /8a V K
&RULROLVSDUDPHWHUI 8VLQK a QV VLQ a; V
SP NJP
* PV
3 K3D

IV/21

Scale analysis

,96FDOHDQDO\VLV

IV/22

Geostrophic approximation

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O ,QPRVWDSSUR[LPDWLRQVDEDODQFH RI IRUFHVLVDVVXPHG HTXLOLEULXP VWDWHQR
DFFHOHUDWLRQ HJ

K
K
f = fi = 0
i

,9JHRVWURSKLFDSSUR[LPDWLRQ

K
K
( f C ) H + ( f p )H = 0
K K
K
K K
K
1
1
m p 2( v H ) = m p f (k v H ) = 0
K
K
f
v

( C )H H
K
K
f
v

( p) H
H

O *HRVWURSKLF ZLQG FRPSRQHQW


IV/23

K
v gs =

K K
1
k H p)
(
m f

Geostrophic approximation
,9JHRVWURSKLFDSSUR[LPDWLRQ FRQWLQXHG

K
v gs =

K K
1
k H p)
(
m f

O *HRVWURSKLFDSSUR[LPDWLRQLVVXIILFLHQWO\YDOLGDERYHSODQHWDU\ ERXQGDU\OD\HU
DERYHNPDOWLWXGH
O $W ORZODWLWXGHV QHDUHTXDWRU JHRVWURSKLF ZLQG VSHHG YJV LQFUHDVHVVLQFH
WKH&RULROLVSDUDPHWHU I DSSURDFKHVEXWSUHVVXUHJDUGLHQWIRUFHDOVR
WHQGVWR]HUR,QJHQHUDOJHRVWURSKLFZLQGVDUHQRW ZHOOGHILQHGLQWKHWURSLFV

IV/24

K
K
K
fC + f p + f Z = 0

I] FHQWULIXJDOIRUFH

Cyclostrophic wind
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O QR &RULROLVIRUFH HTXDWRU
O QRIULFWLRQ IRUFH RFHDQ
O 2QO\SUHVVXUHJUDGLHQWIRUFH IS DQG FHQWULIXJDOIRUFH I= EDODQFH

K
fp

K
+ fZ

( ) ( )
H

=0

1 p v 2

+ =0
m n r
O $QWLF\FORQLF DQG F\FORQLFPRWLRQVDUHDOORZHG
O ([DPSOHWURSLFDOVWRUPV KXUULFDQHVW\SKRRQV
UaNP
IRUP PDLQO\QHDU ODWLWXGHV
LQPLGGOHODWLWXGHVWKH\GHYHORSLQWRZHDNHUF\FORQHV PXVWDFFRXQWIRU
JHVWURSKLF ZLQG FRPSRQHQW KHUH

IV/25

Ageostrophic wind
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O ([DPSOHWRUQDGRHV
UaP

,9DJHRVWURSKLF ZLQG IULFWLRQIRUFH


O * GHFUHDVHVZLWKDOWLWXGH
O * DW VXUIDFHLVDIXQFWLRQ RI URXJKQHVV
OD\HUVWDELOLW\DQG JHRJUDSKLFDOODWLWXGH
O *OREDODYHUDJHQHDUVXUIDFH* 

IV/26

ageostrophic wind
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O VXUIDFHIULFWLRQWHQGWRGHFUHDVHWKH
SUHVVXUHJDUGLHQWV ILOOORZV DQG HPSW\
KLJKV
O /RZVDUHILOOHGIDVWHU RQODQG WKDQ RQ
RFHDQ ODQG LVURXJKHUWKDQRFHDQ
O /RZVDUHSUHIHUDEO\IRUPHGRYHURFHDQ
O 7URSLFDOVWRUPVGHYHORSRQO\RYHURFHDQ
DQG TXLFNO\GLVVLSDWHRYHU ODQG
O &RQWLQXLW\HTXDWLRQUHTXLUHVWKDWLQ
/RZV DLU LVULVLQJ DQG VLQNLQJLQ+LJKV

IV/27

ageostrophic wind
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O 6XUIDFH/RZ ULVLQJ DLU PDVV SUHFLSLWDWLRQ DQG FRQGHQVDWLRQ
O 6XUIDFHKLJK VLQNLQJ DLU PDVV GLVVROYLQJFORXGVVWDELOLVLQJOD\HULQJ LQYHUVLRQ 

IV/28

Vertical motion

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K
K
( fg ) + ( f p ) = 0
V

O OHDGV WRK\GURVWDWLFHTXDWLRQ

1 p
g
=0
m z
p

= m g
z

IV/29

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2QH FHOOFLUFXODWLRQ E\+DGOH\


IV/30

7KUHHFHOOFLUFXODWLRQ E\%HUJHURQ

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IV/31

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IV/32

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