bdkbZ 25 efgyk

lekt

vkUnksyuksa ds izfr jkT; vkSj ukxfjd

dh izfrf;k

25-0 ms ;
25-1 izLrkouk
25-2 Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk izkjaHk fd, x, lkafo/kkfud ,oa vU; mik;
25-2-1 lkafo/kkfud izko/kku
25-2-2 dsUnzh; lekt dY;k.k ifj"kn~

25-3
25-4
25-5
25-6

jk"V la?k izfrf;k&vUrjkZ"Vh; efgyk o"kZ dh ?kks"k.kk rFkk vxyh igy

lh- ,l- MCY;w- vkbZ izfrosnu
;kstuk ds ifjizs{; esa tsaMj
lh-,l- MCY;w-vkbZ- fjiksVZ ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk mBk;s x;s fo'ks"k dne
25-6-1
25-6-2
25-6-3
25-6-4
25-6-5
25-6-6
25-6-7

25-7
25-8
25-9
25-10

laLFkkxr lg;ksx dk fodkl

efgyk foks"k fo/kkf;dk ds mik;
uhfr-fu/kkZj.k
lkdY;oknh ;kstuk,a
foks"k izfrosnu
ukjh dh vkfFkZd Lora=rk ds fy, dk;Ze
efgykvksa ds eqs ds v/;;u gsrq 'kks/k dsUnz

xSj-ljdkjh mie
lkjka'k
'kCnkoyh
dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

25-0 ms ;
mUuhloha 'kRkkCnh ds lq/kkjoknh vkUnksyuksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh rFkk ckn esa chloha
'krkCnh ds izkjaHk esa jk"Vh; la?k"kksZ esa Hkkxhnkjh us Hkkjrh; efgykvksa esa vius vf/kdkjksa
ds izfr c<+rk tkx:drk mRiUu dhA muds laxfBr igy Lora= Hkkjr ds lafo/kku rFkk
fo/kkf;dh; izko/kkuksa esa ySfa xd lekurk esa izfrQfyr gqbZA fQj Hkh ;s dkuwuh izfrHkwfr;k
gekjs lekt esa efgykvksa ds Lrj ds okLrfod fodkl ds ft, i;kZIr ugha Fkha 1960
nkd ds mkjk)Z rFkk 1970 nkd ds iwokZ)Z esa lekt esa efgykvksa ds Lrj dks mUur
cukus dh fnkk es]a eq[;r% foo esa efgykvksa ds laxfBr gksus ds i`"B izHkko (after effect)
ds dkj.k jk"Vh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vh; Lrj ij laxfBr iz;kl gvkA ;|fi fd lkekU; :i
ls mBs eqs foks"k {ks= rd lhfer Fks fdUrq ySfa xd Hksn-Hkko dk eqk loksZifj FkkA
bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ipkr~ vki le> ldsaxs %

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ySafxd lekurk ds izko/kku(

thou ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa ySfa xd Hksn-Hkko dks feVkus gsrq la;qDr jk"V dh igy( vkSj

Lkjdkjh Lrj Lkekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks mUur djus ds fy, izkjaHk dh xbZ
uhfr;k] ;kstuk, ,oa dk;ZeA
207

efgyk, ] lkekftd
vka n ks y u vkS j ifjorZ u

25-1 iz L rkouk
tSlk fd geus fiNyh bdkbZ esa ns[kk gS] fd ukjh psruk dk fodkl vkSj Hkkjr esa
efgykvksa ds Lrj dks mUur djus ds ifjiks"kh (corroborative) iz;kl vkSifuosf'kd dky
ds e/; izkjaHk gq, vkSj jk"Vh; la?k"kZ dky ds e/; bldh xfr c<+hA efgyk laxBuksa vkSj
efgykokfn;ksa dh ,slh igy ds izfr Hkkjr ds jk"Vh; usrkvksa dh izfr Hkkjr ds jk"Vh;
usrkvksa dh izfrf;k] Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzl
s }kjk 1931 ds djkph lEesyu esa ySfa xd
lekurk dks ekSfyd vf/kdkj ds :i esa viukus vksj fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk esa efgykvksa
dh Hkwfedk ds lEcU/k esa ns[kus ds fy, jk"Vh; ;kstuk lfefr dh ,d milfEkfr dk xBu
djus ds :i esa O;Dr gqbZ] bls Hkh geus ns[kk gSA mi-lfefr dks jk"Vh; ;kstuk lfefr
us efgykvksa ds Lrj ij izfrosnu nsus rFkk vko;d laLrqfr djus dks dgk x;kA bl
izdkj tsM
a j uhfr ds fodkl dh tM+ Lora=rk ds iwoZ gh etcwrh idM+ pqdh Fkh vkSj
rRipkr~ Lora= Hkkjr dh ljdkj us tsM
a j uhfr dks etcwr djuk tkjh j[kkA
Lora=k Hkkjr dh ljdkj us efgyk laxBuksa rFkk lf; dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk mBk;s x;s
tsM
a j ds eqksa ds izfr Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa tsM
a j lekurk dk izko/kku djds] fufpr :i
ls izfrf;k O;Dr dha bu lkafo/kkfud izko/kkuksa ds lkFk gh efgykvksa dh vko;drkvksa
vkSj eqksa dks ns[kus vkSj laLrqfr;k djus ds fy, rFkk lekt esa efgykvksa ds Lrj dks
mBkus ds fy, vkxkeh dk;Zeksa dks lq>kus gsrq vusd ljdkjh fudk;ksa dk Hkh xBu
fd;k x;kA rc ls Lora= Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ls ljdkj }kjk efgyk lkfDrdj.k dh
fofHkUu uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;Zeksa dk vfr izekf.kdrk ls ykxw djuk n'kkZrk gSA ljdkj us
lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks mUur djus ds fy, vusd oS/kkfud rFkk vU;
lfefr;ksa dk xBu Hkh fd;k ftUgsa tkp djds viuh laLrqfr;k Hkh nsuh Fkha efgykvksa ds
fgr dks Lora= Hkkjr dh ljdkj }kjk Lora=rk ds rqjUr ckn /;ku esa j[krs gq;s u;s
dkuwuksa dks ykxw djus vkSj izpfyr dkuwuksa esa lq/kkj djus dk Hkh iz;kl fd;k x;kA
ljdkj }kjk bl izdkj ds vf/kdkak iz;kl efgykvksa ds lkekftd lalk/kuksa esa U;k;
laxr Hkkx ds izfr fd, x, vkUnksyuksa dh izfrf;k Lo:Ik gh FksA bl bdkbZ ds izFke
esa tsUMj lkekurk ds fy, fd, x, lkafo/kkfud izfo/kku rFkk vU; mBk;s x;s dneksa
dk mYys[k gSA
la;qDr jk"V }kjk o"kZ 1975 dks efgyk o"kZ rFkk vxys nkd 1975-1985 dks efgyk
nkd rFkk lacfa /kr vU; iz;kl foo esa efgykvksa ds izfr iwoZ /kkj.kkvksa esa cgqr
cM+k ifjorZu yk,A bu iz;klksa ds QyLo:Ik foo dk jk"Vh; ljdkjksa us Hkh vius
nskksa esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks mUur cukus ds fy, fofHkUu dk;Ze ykxw fd,A
bl bdkbZ ds nwljs Hkkx esa ;w- ,u- dh vUrjkZ"Vh; efgyk o"kZ dh ?kks"k.kk ds lkFk mBk;s
x;s dneksa vkSj efgykvksa ls lacfa /kr eqksa ds izfr lEiw.kZ foo dk /;ku vk"V
djus ds fy, ;w- ,u- ds laj{k.k esa vk;kstr foo lEesyuksa dk laf{kIr mYys[k fd;k
x;k gSA
;w- ,u- dh ?kks"k.kk dh izfrf;k Lo:Ik Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr
dk tk;tk ysus ds fy, ,d lfefr (CSWI) dk xBu fd;kA bl lfefr ds izfrosnu
ds izdkku us Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fodkl dh n`f"V ls
Hkkjr ljdkj ds iz;klksa esa izcy ifjorZu yk fn;kA ;g ljdkj dh fodkl uhfr;ksa rFkk
f=T; uhfr;ksa rFkk dk;Zeksa esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA bl bdkbZ dk rhljk vkSj vkxs ds
[kaMksa esa lh- ,l- MCY;w- vkbZ- ds izfrosnu rFkk izfrosnu esa mYysf[kr bafxr fcUnqvksa ,oa

208

laLrqfr;ksa ds izfr ljdkj }kjk mBk, x;s dneksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vfUre [kaM esa
lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks pk mBkus esa xSj-ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds iz;klksa dk
mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA
D;k vki tkurs gSa\ 1
1939 esa jk"Vh; ;kstuk lfefr ,u-ih-lh- ftlds iafMr usg: v/;{k Fks] us
fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk (role) ds v/;;u gsrq ,d milfefr ,slh 29 mi-lfefr;ksa esa ls ,d xfBr dhA bl mi-lfefr dks ;g
Hkh dgk x;k Fkk fd og Hkkjrh; efgyk dh izfLFkfr vkSj viuh laLrqfr;ksa dks
,u-ih-lh- dks okil HkstsA bl mi lfefr ds funsZ'k 'kCn O;kid FksA bls
efgykvksa ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj oS|kfud Lrj dk fopkj djuk vkSj
foks"kdj bls ikfjokfjd thou vkSj laxBu] ?kj]efgykvksa esa ukSdjh] fookg vkSj
mkjkf/kdkj vkSj buls lacaf/kr dkuwu ls ljksdkj j[kuk Fkk( fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa
efgykvksa dh lsok nkk;sa( lkekftd jhfr-fjokt vkSj laLFkk;sa tks efgykvksa ds
fodkl esa ck/kd gSa vkSj mi;qDr fk{kk ds izdkj ,oa fof/k;k ftlls efgyk;sa
x`gLFkh] O;olk; rFkk lkekftd ,oa jk"Vh; lsokvksa ;k vU; lacaf/kr izuksa esa
viuh Hkwfedk vnk djus esa l{ke gks ldsaA lfefr dk izfrosnu ,d izdkj ls
dk;Z ;kstuk FkkA lfefr dh vU; laLrqfr;ksa esa Fkha %
fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk dk ms; efgykvksa dks vleku cks> ls NqVdkjk
fnykuk vkSj lekurk] fk{kk vkSj lHkh {ks=ksa esa volj }kjk ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k
iznku djuk ftuls mudh iw.kZ izfrHkk dk fodkl laHko gks lds
LFkkuh; Lrj ij efgyk lkfDrdj.k ds fy, dk;Z
izfrHkwfr vkSj ifjorZu ds fy, vk/kkj :i esa fo/kk;h dk;Z
Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ds izu ds fodkl esa mi-lfefr dk izfrosnu ;qxkUrjdkjh
(Landmark) FkkA ;|fi Lora=rk ipkr~ Hkkjr dh ifjppkZvksa esa ;g izfrosnu
cgqr le; rd misf{kr jgkA efgyk lekurk ds fl)kUr dk iquLFkZkiu ds fy,
dfri; izLrko ikfjr fd;s x;sA
lzksr % yhyk dLrwjh 2004-

25-2 Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk izkjaHk fd;s x;s lkafo/kkfud ,oa

vU; mik;
vkSifuosfkd Hkkjr esa jk"Vh; vkUnksyu ds nkSjku fofdflr efgyk psruk ds fodkl vkSj
efgyk vkUnksyuksa ,oa efgyk laxBuksa ds iz;klksa ds izR;qkj esa Lora= Hkkjr dh ljdkj
us Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh vko;drkvksa esa foks"k #fp yhA blus tsM
a j lekurk dks cuk;s
j[kus ds fy;s lafo/kku esa foks"k izko/kku cuk;sA ljdkj us jk"Vh; ;kstuk lfefr dh
milfefr ds vk/kkj ij lekt esa efgy mRFkku ds fy;s dqN oS/kkfud laLFkkvksa dk xBu
fd;k lkFk gh tsM
a j ds izfr laons ukhy oS/kkfud mik; viuk;sA vkb;s ge mUgsa ;gk
laf{kIr :i esa ns[ksAa

25-2-1 lkafo/kkfud izko/kku

tsM
a j lekurk dk fl)kUr lafo/kku ds vkeq[k] ekSfyd vf/kdkjks]a ekSfyd dkZO;ksa rFkk
funsZkd fl)kUrksa esa izfr"Bkfir gSA lafo/kku esa u dsoy efgykvksa dks lekurk iznku dh
xbZ gS vfirq jkT;ksa dks efgykvksa ds i{k esa fo/kk;h HksnHkko ds mik; viukus dh 'kfDr

209

efgyk, ] lkekftd
vka n ks y u vkS j ifjorZ u

iznku dh gSA lafo/kku ds Preamble esa nsk ds lHkh ukxfjdksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj
jktuSfrd U;k; iznku fd;k gSA tsM
a j lekurk dk fl)kUr lafo/kku ds Preamble esa
ekSfyd vf/kdkj ds :i esa tks dkuwu ds laeq[k lekurk vkSj dkuwu ds laeq[k leku
lqj{kk iznku djrk gS vuqPNsn 14] ySfa xd vk/kkj ij HksnHkko ij jksd vuqPNsn 15 1]
ljdkjh lsokvksa esa lekurk vuqPNsn 16] jkT; dks efgykvksa ds fy, foks"k izko/kku
cukus ds fy, l{ke djds etcwrh ls dk;Z vkSj /kukRed Hksn vuqPNsn 15 2] vkSj
thou dh j{kk rFkk O;fDxr Lora=rk vuqPNsn 21A
bu ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds lkFk gh lafo/kku esa funsZkd fl)kUr ds izko/kku Hkh fufgr gSa
tks jkT; dks funsZk nsrs gS]a thou fuokZg ds fy, mi;qDr lk/ku miyC/k djuk] leku
dk;Z ds fy, leku osru] dfeZ;ksa dh 'kfDr vkSj LokLF; vkSj ukxfjdksa dks fcuk tsM
a j
dk /;ku fd, ukxfjdksa dks viuh vk;q ,oa 'kfDr ds fy, vuqi;qDr O;olk; esa vkfFkZd
vko;drk dh ck/;rk ds dkj.k u tkus ds fy, vkoLr djukA ;|fi fd funsZkd
fl)kUr vlaxr gS]a buesa ls dqN igys gh dkuwu cu pqds gS]a mnkgj.k ds fy,] ekr`Ro
ykHk vf/kfu;e] LFkkuh; izkklu esa efgykvksa dk vkj{k.k] fk{kk dks ekSfyd vf/kdkj dh
ekU;rk nsuk vkfnA blds vfrfjDr vuqPNsn 326 efgykvksa dks jktuSfrd lekurk dh
xkjUVh nsrk gSA pquko lkekU; izkS<+ erkf/kdkj ds vk/kkj ij lapkfyr gksrs gSa vkSj
lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 325 pquko izi= vkSj ukekofy;k fyax ds vk/kkj ij cukus dks
jksdrk gSA
D;k vki tkurs gS\ 2
tsaMj lekurk ds fy, lkafo/kkfud <+kapk ,d utj esa
vuqPNsn 14 % dkuwu ds laeq[k lekurk
vuqPNsn 151 % jkT; fdlh ukxfjd ds lkFk dsoy /keZ] uLy] tkfr] ;k
fyax ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko ugha dj ldrk
vuqPNsn 16 % lsokvksa ds volj esa lekurk
vuqPNsn 39 (a) % thodksiktZu dk leku vf/kdkj
vuqPNsn 39(d) % leku dk;Z ds fy, leku osru
vuqPNsn 42 % dk;Z ,oa ekr`Ro lqfo/kk ds fy, mi;qDr ,oa ekuoh; nkkvksa
dk vkoklu
vuqPNsn 51 (A) (e) % ukxfjdksa }kjk efgykvksa ds izfr viekutud
O;ogkj dk izR;kx
vuqPNsn 243 D (3) % izR;sd iapk;r esa efgyvksa ds fy, 33% lhVksa dk
vkj{k.k
vuqPNsn 243 (T) % izR;sd uxj ikfyd esa efgykvksa ds fy, 33% lhVksa dk
vkj{k.k

25-2-2 dsUnzh; lekt dY;k.k ifj"kn~

Hkkjr ljdkj us 1953 dsUnzh; lekt dY;k.k ifj"kn~ dk xBu fd;k oSls gh jkT; esa
laxBu cuk;s x;s ftudk ms; LoSfPNd laxBuksa }kjk lekt dY;k.k ds f;k-dykiksa
dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj efgykvksa ds fy, dY;k.k dk;Zeksa dks ykxw djuk FkkA bl ifj"kn
210

dks nksgjk nkf;Ro lkSia k x;k] dY;k.k lsokvksa dks lekt ds fucZy oxZ foks"kdj
efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa rd igqpkuk vkSj jk"Vh; Lrj ij ,sls LoSfPNd laxBuksa dh
vk/kkfjd lajpuk fodflr djuk ftuds }kjk ;s lsok;sa laHko cukbZ tk ldrh gSAa ifj"kn
us efgyk dY;k.k dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, fofHkUu f;kdyki fy, vkSj ,sls gh
f;dykiksa dks ljdkj ls feydj ysus ds fy, efgyk laxBuksa dks izkRs lkfgr fd;k]
ftlls gj Lrj ij efgykvksa ds vk/kkfjd Lrj ds laxBuksa dks fodflr fd;kA
bu laLFkkxr igy ds lkFk gh jk"Vh; lfefr] Je ij jk"Vh; vk;ksx vkfn us lekt
esa efgykvksa dh mUufr ds fy, laLrqfr;k dhA ljdkj us Hkh vusd fo/kk;h mik; fd,
ftuls efgykvksa ds izfr lekt dh /kkj.kkvksa esa ifjorZu vk;k foks"kdj ifjokj] fookg]
lEifk vkfn ds ekeyksa esa fo/kk;h mik;ksa dk mYYks[k Hkkx 25-7-2 esa fd;k tk;sxk
ljdkjh vUrjkZ"Vh; Lrj ij fofHkUu f;kdykiksa ds xfr esa vkus ls ljdkjh mik;ksa dks
izkRs lkgu feykA ;w-,u- ds xBu ls izkjaHk gksdj yksxksa esa iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds leku
vf/kdkjksa ds fl)kUr ds izfr laons uk fodflr djus ds fy;s egoiw.kZ lfEefyr oSfod
dk;Z gq,A bl fnkk esa eq[; iz;kl jk"V la?k }kjk fd;k x;k vkSj ;g efgykvksa ds
eqksa dks oSfod Lrj ij izdkk esa ys vk;kA jk"V la?k us bl ms; ls 1970 ds nkd
ds izkjaHk esa dqN Bksl dne mBk;sA ge jk"V la?k dh igy ds lEcU/k esa vxys Hkkx esa
ns[ksaxsA

25-3 jk"V la ? k iz f rf;k & vUrjkZ " V h ; efgyk o"kZ dh

?kks"k.kk rFkk vxyh igy
1970 ds nkd ds izkjaHk esa efgykvksa dk vkUnksyu vkSj efgyk vf/kdkjoknh lf;rkokn
lekt esa rsth ls iuikA ,slh psruk fodflr ds efgykvksa dh tuu vkSj iztuu
Hkwfedk,a mudh jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaLfrd] fof/kd] 'kSf{kd vkSj /kkfeZd
nkkvksa ds lkFk fudVrk ls tqMh+ gSAa blds vykok blls yksxksa ds chp laons ukhyrk
iui ldrh Fkha fd efgykvksa dk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k] mikUrhdj.k vkSj neu ifjokj]
leqnkf;d] jk"Vh;] {ks=kh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vh; Lrj ij vlk/; vlekurkvks]a vU;k; vkSj
'kks"k.kdkjh nkkvksa ls etcwr gq, gSAa
bl tkx:drk ds QyLo:Ik efgykvksa fo:) HksnHkko dks lekIr djus vkSj lekt esa
mudh Hkkxhnkjh dks vkkoLr djus ds fy, cgqr iz;kl gq, gSAa jk"V la?k }kjk 1975
dks vUrjkZ"Vh; efgyk o"kZ ?kksf"kr djuk bu f;kvksa ds izR;qkj dk FkkA bldk ms;
efgykvksa ds eqksa dh vksj /;ku vk"V djuk rFkk iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds chp lekurk
ykus okys iz;klksa dks l?ku cukuk] lai.w kZ fodkl esa efgykvksa ds ;ksxnku dks c<+kuk FkkA
1975 ds mkjkZ) esa vUrjkZ"Vh; efgyk o"kZ dks vUrjkZ"Vh; efgyk nkd rd foLr`r
djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA
vUrjkZ"Vh; efgyk o"kZ ds laikr esa efgykvksa ds Lrj ij izFke foo lEesyu eSDlhdks
flVh esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA efgyk o"kZ ds ms;ksa dks dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, mDr
foo lEesyu esa ,d foo dk;Z ;kstuk Lohdkj dh xbZA bl lEesyu us] lk/kkj.k lHkk
}kjk ?kksf"kr jk"V la?k nkd 1976-1985 ds lkFk gh tsM
a j lekurk ij fooO;kih ppkZ
izkjaHk djds efgykvksa dh mUufr ds fy;s oSfod iz;klksa ds u;s ;qx dk 'kqHkkjaHk fd;kA

211

efgyk, ] lkekftd
vka n ks y u vkS j ifjorZ u

D;k vki tkurs gSa\ 3

efgykvksa ds fodkl ifjizs{; esa cnyko
Hkkoh ms;ksa ds fodkl] efgykvksa ds fodkl ds fy;s izHkkoh j.kuhfr rFkk dk;Z
;kstuk dh vko;drk ij vUrjkZ"Vh; /;ku dsfUnzr djkus ds fy;s jk"V la?k
lk/kkj.k lHkk }kjk eSDlhdks flVh dkUQzsal cqykbZ xbZ FkhaA bl ms; ds fy;s
lk/kkj.k lHkh us rhu eq[; ms; fufpr fd;s tks efgykvksa ds izfr fy, jk"V
la?k ds dk;Z ds vk/kkj cusaxs %
iw.kZ tsaMj lekurk vkSj tsaMj laca/kh HksnHkko nwj djuk
fodkl esa efgykvksa dks ,dhdj.k ,oa iw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh
foo 'kkfUr dks etcwr djus ds fy;s efgykvksa dk c<+k gqvk ;ksxnku
lk/kkj.k lHkk }kjk fu/kkZfjr rhu eq[; ms;ksa dks vxys nl o"kksZ esa izkIr djus ds fy;s
lEesyu esa fufpr dh x;h foo dk;Z ;kstuk ,d vfHkys[k gS ftlus ljdkjksa vkSj
vUrjkZ"Vh; leqnk; dks funsZkd fcUnq fn;sA bl mikxe ls efgykvksa ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k
esa ,d ifjorZu vk;k ftUgsa 1930 ds nkd esa vkdkj ysuk izkjaHk dj fn;k FkkA vc
efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa ds leku Hkkxhnkj] volj vkSj lalk/kuksa esa leku vkf/kdkj lEiUu
ns[kk tkus yxk tcfd igys efgykvksa dks lg;ksx vkSj lgk;rk dk fuf"; izkIrdkkZ
le>k tkrk FkkA blh izdkj dk cnyko fodkl ds iz;kl esa vk jgk Fkk] fodkl
efgykvksa dks mUur cukus dk dke djrk gS bl iwoZ /kkj.kk esa cnyko ds lkFk ubZ
,derrk ds vuqlkj efgykvksa dh iw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh ds fcuk fodkl laHko ugha gSA
1975 ds izFke foo efgyk lEesyu ds ipkr~ jk"V la?k us efgykvksa dh mUufr dks
vo:) djus okyh ck/kkvksa dks ikj djus ij fopkj gsrq rhu vkSj foo lEesyu 1980]
1985 vkSj 1995 esa vk;ksftr fd;sA vUrjkZ"Vh; efgyk nkd ds iwokZ)Z esa gqbZ izxfr
dk vkdyu djus ds fy;s dksius gsxus esa nwljk foo lEesyu vk;ksftr gqvkA dksius
gsxus foo lEesyu esa efgykvksa ds fy;s jk"V la?k ds nwljs v/kZ nkd ds fy;s dk;Z
;kstuk Lohr dh lekurk] fodkl vksj 'kkfUr ftlesa fo|eku ck/kkvks]a vkSj efgykvksa
ds fodkl ds fy;s mBk;s x;s dne ij fo|eku vUrjkZ"Vh; ,derrk ij foLrkj ls
fopkj fd;k x;kA foo dk;Z ;kstuk rFkk xfrfo/k;ksa ds dk;Ze esa 'kkfey j.kuhfr;k
efgykvksa ds Hkfo"; ds fy;s ifjiz{s ; ds foLrkj dh fnkk esa egoiw.kZ dne Fksa 1985 esa
uSjksch ds r`rh; efgyk lEesyu esa vUrjkZ"Vh; efgyk nkd apkb;ksa ij igqpkA blus
1986 vkSj 2000 ds e/; efgykvksa ds fodkl ds fy;s Hkfo";ksUeq[k j.kuhfr;k Lohdkj
dh ftlesa efgyk nkd ds y{; ,oa ms;ksa ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh ck/kkvksa dks ikj djus
ds Bksl mik; FksA
1995 esa gqvk prqFkZ foo efgyk lEesyu esa chftax ?kks"k.kk vkSj dk;Z ds fy;s eap
Lohdkj djus ls pkb;ksa ij igqpkA bl ?kks"k.kk 1985 esa uSjksch esa Lohr j.kuhfr;ksa
dks 20oha 'krkCnh dh lekfIr ds iwoZ gh ykxw djus vkSj eap }kjk fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dks izkIr
ds fy;s lalk/ku ,df=r djus dh fnkk esa dk;Z djus ds fy, ljdkjksa dh izfrc)rk
izkIr dj yhA dk;Z ds fy;s chftax eap ds ms;ksa esa efgykvksa ds fo:) HksnHkko lekIr
djuk] xjhch gVkuk vkSj izeq[k LFkkuksa ij efgykvksa dh fufpr la[;k dks LFkkfir djus
ds fy, mik; fu/kkZfjr djuk 'kkfey FksA blus ;g Hkh ekuk fd viuh ySfa xdrk vkSj
iqujksRiknu ij fu;a=.k ikus dk vf/kdkj efgykvksa dk ekuoh; vf/kdkjksa esa ls ,d gSA

212

blus efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy;s fo/kku dks etcwr cukus dh vko;drk
dks vkxs c<+k;kA foo ds chftax dk;Zep
a dk ikp vkSj nl o"kksZa esa iqujh{k.k djus vkSj
nskksa }kjk fd;s x;s fodkl dk vkdyu Hkh gksuk Fkk tks ,d izdkj ls dk;Z eap }kjk
nh xbZ laLrqfr;ksa dh fnkk eaas foo ds nskksa }kjk fo/kk;h dk;Z djus ds fy, ncko FkkA
foo lEesyu ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa dh mUufr ds fy;s mik;ksa vksj j.kuhfr;ksa ij
vUrjkZ"Vh; ,derrk dks c<+kok nus ds vykok] jk"V la?k us] ekuo vf/kdkj dh lkj
HkkSfed ?kks"k.kk] ukxfjd ,oa jktuSfrd vf/kdkjksa ij vUrjkZ"Vh; izlfa onk (covenant)
vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLfrd vf/kdkjksa ij vUrjkZ"Vh; izlfa onk (covenant)]
efgykvksa ds izfr gj izdkj ds HksnHkko dks feVkus ds fy, lEesyu vkfn] vusd
vUrjkZ"Vh; lEesyu Lohdkj fd;s tks efgykvksa ds Lrj dks mUur djus ds fy;s jk"Vh;
ljdkjksa ds dk;ksZ dk ekud fu/kkZfjr djus ij yf{kr gSAa efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks
c<+kok nsus ds fy;s le;-le; ij vUrjkZ"Vh; Je ekudksa ds lkFk vUrjkZ"Vh; Je
laxBu Hkh vkxs vkrs gSAa jk"V la?k }kjk vk;ksftr foo lEesyuksa esa efgykvksa ds eqksa
ds vfrfjDr Hkwfe fk[kj lEesyu] ekuof/kdkj lEesyu vkfn Hkh fy, x;sA
jk"V la?k dh 'kq#vkr esa vf/kdrj Hkkjr ,d ikVhZ gksus ds ukrs jk"V la?k dh laLrqfr;ksa
dks viukus esa lPph yxu ls iz;kl djrk gSA Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ds Lrj ds vkdyu
djus ds fy;s lfefr dk xBu jk"V la?k dk funsZk dk izR;kskj Lo:Ik gh FkkA jk"V la?k
dh lk/kkj.k lHkk us] ^^efgykvksa ds fo:) HksnHkko dh lekfIr ij ?kks"k.kk**A 1967 esa
izLrko ikfjr fd;k vkSj Hkkjr lfgr lHkh lnL; jkT;ksa ls fuosnu fd;k fd os viusvius nsk esa efgykvksa ds Lrj ij izfrosnu rS;kj djsa 1975 esa gksus okys vUrjkZ"Vh;
efgyk o"kZ ds lUnHkZ esa 1970 ds nkd ds izkjaHk esa jk"V la?k lHkh lnL; jkT;ksa dks Lrjizfrosnu ds fy;s Lej.k-Ik= HkstAs ;g Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ds Lrj ij lfefr ds xBu
esa ijkdk"Bk ij igqp
a kA

25-4 lh- ,l- MCY;w- vkbZ- izfrosnu

1971 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dk v/;;u djus ds fy;s] ^^Hkkjr
esa efgykvksa ds Lrj ij lfefr**] lh- ,l- MCY;w- vkbZ-] uked lfEkfr dk xBu fd;k]
tks Hkkjr ds lkekftd bfrgkl esa ,d ;qxkUrjdkjh FkkA bl lfefr dks lkafo/kkfud]
dkuwuh vkSj izkklfud izfo/kkuksa dh tkp djuh Fkh ftudk izHkko efgykvksa dks
lkekftd Lrj] mudh fk{kk vkSj lsok dk;Z ij iM+rk gSA bls mu izfo/kkuksa dk efgykvksa
ds thou ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ij iM+us okys izHkko dk vkdyu djuk vkSj lekt esa
efgykvksa ds Lrj dks mBkus ds fy;s lq>ko nsuk lkFk gh lkFk vU; mik; lq>kuk Fkk
ftuls os jk"V ds fuekZ.k esa viuk iw.kZ vkSj mfpr :Ik ls dk;Z lEiknu ds ;ksx;
cu ldsAa
lfefr us lekurk dh vksj viuk izfrosnu 1974 esa izLrqr dj fn;kA ;g nsk esa
efgykvksa ds Lrj ij loZiFz ke O;kid ,sfrgkfld ,oa ledkyhu fof/kdj.k FkkA izfrosnu
us lekt esa efgykvksa ds ,dkUrhdj.k vFkZO;oLFkk esa 'kks"k.k] lkk dh vksj igqp ij jksd]
fu.kZ; ysus dh izf;k ls vyxko vkSj vf/kd egRoiw.kZ :Ik ls ?kj vkSj ckgj nksuksa
txgksa ij efgykvksa ds izfr fgalk dk inkZQkk fd;ka ;g izfrosnu efgykvksa dsh fuEu
fLFkfr ij ljdkj] fof/k fuekZrkvks]a lf; dk;ZdrkZvksa vkSj lEiw.kZ leqnk; dh vk[ksa
[kksyus okyk FkkA blus Hkkjr ds lafo/kku vkSj izpfyr dkuwu ijEijk;sa vkSj O;ogkj esa
fojks/kkHkkl ik;kA thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa tsM
a j lekurk cgqr nwj dh ckr yxrh gSA

213

efgyk, ] lkekftd
vka n ks y u vkS j ifjorZ u

lfefr us nkkZ;k] ^^efgykvksa dh v;ksX;rk;sa vkSj mu ij cU/kuksa dk iqujh{k.k tks

lekt-lkaLd`frd laLFkkvksa ls fudyrs gS]a ladrs djrs gSa fd vHkh Hkh vf/kdkak efgyk;sa
lafo/kku }kjk iznk vf/kdkjksa vkSj lqvoljksa dk mi;ksx djus ls dkslks nwj gSAa lekt
vHkh rd efgykvksa }kjk orZeku Hkkjr esa vU;kU; Hkwfedkvksa dks iwjk djus fy;s visf{kr
fu;e ,oa laLFkk;sa cukus esa Hkh lQy ugha gks ik;kA ge ;g vuqHko djrs gSa fd
lkekftd /kkj.kkvksa vkSj laLFkkvksa esa rsth ls ifjorZu ugha yk;k tk ldrkA fQj Hkh ;g
vko;d gS fd fu;ksftr vksj lksps le>s iz;klksa }kjk ifjorZu dh izf;k dks xfr
iznku dh tk;sA bl rst pky ds nkf;Ro dks jkT; vksj leqnk; dks lk>k djuk pkfg,]
foks"kdj leqnk; ds ml oxZ dks tks efgykvksa dh lekurk esa fookl djrk gSAa lh,l-MCY;w- vkbZ- 1974
lfefr us efgykvksa ds LrjksUa u;u ds fy;s vusdksa fofk"V lq>koksa dh laLrqfr dh tSls
fofHkUu dkuwuksa vkSj izfo/kkuksa esa lq/kkj vkSj lakks/ku] fk{kk {ks= esa efgykvksa ds fodkl
ds mik;] lsok dk;Z vkSj LokLF;] lgk;rk lsok ds <kps ds izfo/kku] mudh jktuSfrd
Hkkxhnkjh c<+kus dh laLrqfr;k vkfnA izfrosnu 1975 esa yksdlHkk ds laeq[k izLrqr dh
xbZA yksd lHkk us ,d loZlEer izLrko ikfjr fd;k vkSj iz/kkuea=h ls fuosnu fd;k
fd os Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh mu ck/kkvksa dks ftuls os vkt Hkh tw> jgh gS]a gVkus ds
fy;s fo/kk;h vkSj izkklfud mik; djsAa
tc ls lh-,l-MCY;w-vkbZ- dk izfrosnu izdkfkr gqvk gS rc ls efgykvksa dks yf{kr cgqr
ls fo/kk;h fodkl gq;s gSAa ge ;gk muesa ls dqN ns[krs gS%a

NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds le; ls fodkl vkSj efgykvksa dh fnkk esa fd;s x;s
mik; esa ifjorZu vk;k FkkA vc efgyk;sa dY;k.k dk y{; ek= ugha ekuh tkrh
Fkh vfirq mUgsa fodkl izf;k dk lalk/ku le>k tkus yxkA

lkafo/kkfud fudk; tSls jk"Vh; efgyk vk;ksx vkSj jk"Vh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx
efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks mUur djus ,oa tsaMj U;k; ds izfr tkx:drk iSnk djus
ds fy, xfBr fd;s x;s FksA

tsaMj ifjizs{; dks 'kkfey djus ds fy, yksd lHkk }kjk orZeku dkuwuksa esa vusd
ifjorZu fd;s x;sA

jk"Vh; fk{kk uhfr vkSj jk"V dk;Z ;kstuk esa ckfydk fk{kk ij cy fn;k x;k gSA

2001 esa efgyk lkfDrdj.k ij jk"Vh; uhfr ?kksf"kr dh xbZ FkhA

jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+kus gsrq LFkkuh; izkklu esa efgykvksa dk
33% vkj{k.k djus ds fy;s lafo/kku esa lakks/ku fd;s x;s gSaA efgykvksa ds 33%
vkj{k.k ds fy, yksdlHkk vkSj fo/kku lHkkvksa esa ppkZ izkjaHk gqbZA

efgykvksa ds fy, vusd fodkl dk;Ze izkjaHk fd;s x;sA

fofHkUu uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;Zeksa rFkk ljdkj ds okf"kZd ctV esa tsaMj i{k dks Hkh
'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

25-5 ;kstuk ds ifjizs{; esa tsaMj

214

lh-,l-MCY;w-vkbZ- ds izfrosnu ds ckn ls efgykvksa ds fodkl dh :ikoyh (paradigm)

esa cgqr cM+k ifjorZu vk;kA NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk rFkk blds ckn dh ;kstukvksa esa
efgykvksa ds fodkl ds rjhdksa esa ,d ifjorZu ns[kk x;kA rc rd dsoy dsUnzh; lekt

dY;k.k ifj"kn vkSj jkT; lekt dY;k.k lykgdkj ifj"knksa dk rjhdk eq[; :Ik ls
efgykvksa dks jkgr igqpkus dk Fkk vkSj mUgsa ,d ek= jkgr izkIrdrkZ le>k tkrk FkkA
,d foLr`r ifjiz{s ; esa ,d cnyko vk;kA NBh ;kstuk vfHkys[k esa igyh ckj efgyk
fodkl ds fy, ,d vyx v/;k; tksMk+ x;k Fkk ftlesa efgykvksa ds LokLF;] fk{kk vksj
lsok dk;Z ij tksj fn;k x;k FkkA lkroha ;kstuk esa efgykvksa ds lektkfFkZd Lrj ds
mUu;u vkSj jk"Vh; fodkl esa mUgsa eq[;/kkjk esa ykus dh j.kuhfr Fkha vkBoha ;kstuk esa
efgykvksa ls lEcfU/kr foks"k dk;Zeksa dks fodkl dks lkekU; dk;Zeksa esa iwjd dh rjg
tksMk+ x;kA fodkl izf;k esa efgykvksa dh /kkj.kk iq#"kksa ds lkFk leku lk>snkjh efgyk
fodkl dk dsUnz fcUnq cu xbZA fodkl ;kstukvksa ds vUrxZr efgyk vaxHkwr ;kstuk
(woman component plan) dh j.kuhfr ykxw dh xbZ ;g fufpr djus ds fy;s fd
fofHkUu ea=ky;ksa ds foHkkxksa }kjk efgykvksa ds fy, 30% ls de ykHk@/ku u fn;k tk;]
uoha ;kstuk ls ykxw dh xbZA efgykvksa dks vkfFkZd lkfDrdj.k ds fy;s dk;Zeksa ds
vfHklj.k dks izkIr djus gsrq Hkh iz;kl djus gsrq Hkh iz;kl gq;s gSAa nloha ;kstuk esa
efgykvksa ds lkfDrdj.k dh izf;k tkjh jghA ;g efgykvksa ds lkfDrdj.k vkSj
cPpksa ds fodkl ds fy, izfrc) gSA ;g jk"Vh; efgyk uhfr esa viuk;s x;s uhfrxr
lq>koksa dks dk;ksZ esa ifj.kr djus dk iz;kl djrh gSA bl ;kstuk esa lkekftd
lkfDrdj.k] vkfFkZd lkfDrdj.k vkSj tsM
a j U;k; lfgr jk"Vh; uhfr ds lq>koksa ds
vk/kkj ij ,d fofk"V {ks= ds fy;s rhu Lrjh; j.kuhfr viukbZ tkrh gSA
D;k vki tkurs gS\ 4
;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls tsaMj uhfr dk fodkl
o"kkZuqo"kZ efgyk fodkl ls lacaf/kr uhfr ds fodkl dk mYys[k uoha iapo"khZ;
;kstuk esa fuEu izdkj ls fd;k x;k gS %
fodkl laca/kh ;kstuk ds iwoZ pj.kksa esa efgyk fodkl dh /kkj.kk eq[;r
^dY;k.k* vk/kkfjr FkhA lkB ds nkd esa efgyk fk{kk dks izeq[krk nh xbZ -lkj ds nkd esa dk;Z fof/k esa dY;k.k ls fodkl dh vksj ,d fufpr
ifjorZu Fkk] ftlus fodkl esa efgykvksa dks Hkkxhnkj ekuuk izkjaHk dj fn;kA
vLlh ds nkd esa rhu vk/kkj {ks=ksa LokLF;] fk{kk vkSj lsok dk;Z dks foks"k
cy ds lkFk cgqvuq'kklfud mikxe (Multi-disciplinary approach) ls :Ik esa
viuk;k x;kA uCcs ds nkd esa efgykvksa dks vkfFkZd n`f"V ls Lora= ,oa vkRefuHkZj cukus ds vfUre ms; ls izfk{k.k vkSj vk; mRiknd dk;Zeksa ij
dsfUnzr gksus dk izkjaHk gqvkA
bl rjg geus ns[kk fd o"kkZuqo"kZ efgykvksa ds fodkl rFkk fodkl uhfr;ksa ds fuekZ.k ds
n`f"Vdks.k esa ,d fufpr ifjorZu vk;kA 1970 ds nkd ls ;g ifjorZu lqLi"V gSA bl
cnyko dk Li"V dkj.k jk"Vh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vh; efgyk lf;rk dk ncko gSA fodkl
uhfr;ksa esa efgykvksa dks /kukRed :Ik ls 'kkfey djus ds vykok Hkkjr ljdkj us lekt
esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks mUur djus ds fy;s vkSj Hkh rjhds viuk;s gSAa
D;k vki tkurs gS\ 5
X;kjgoha ;kstuk esa tsaMj U;k; ij dsfUnzr gksus dh ekax
efgykvksa ds lewgksa us ;kstuk vk;ksx dks X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa tsaMj
lekurk vkSj tsaMj U;k; dks dsUnzh; y{; ds :i esa izLrqr djus dks dgkA
tsaMj lekurk esa vfUre y{; ;g vkoLr djuk gS fd lekt ds lalk/kuksa
215

efgyk, ] lkekftd
vka n ks y u vkS j ifjorZ u

ls ykHk] volj vkSj iqjLdkj esa efgykvksa vkSj iq#"kksa dh leku :Ik ls igqp
gksA efgykvksa ds lewgksa us ;kstuk vk;ksx dks crk;k fd blh ds vUrxZr
efgykvksa dks ;g ifjHkkf"kr djus esa Hkh leku Hkkxhnkjh vko;d gS fd D;k
egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj mls dSls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vk;ksx ds laeq[k izLrqr dh xbZ laLrqfr;ksa dk eq[; ms; vkys[kh; rRoksa
O;oLFkkvksa dks ykxw djus vkSj ljdkj }kjk mBk;s x;s dneksa dh leh{kk dh
izf;k esa tsM
a j eqs dks eq[;/kkjk esa ykuk gSa laLrqfr;k efgyk ,oa fodkl
dk;Ze ds lfEefyr iz;kl ls rS;kj dh xbZ gSAa ,d rS;kj dh xbZ ;kstuk ds
vUrxZr lHkh cM+h uhfr;ksa esa tsM
a j vk;ke vk;sxk jktdks"k] O;kikj] f"k]
dkj[kkuk] vk/kkfjd lajpuk] Je vkSj lsok dk;ZA bls iq#"kksa vkSj efgyvksa dh
fofk"V vko;drkvksa dks uhfr vkys[ku f;kUou vkSj bu uhfr;ksa dk mu ij
iM+us okys izHkko dks 'kkfey djds izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tsM
a j dks mlds
tkfr] oxZ] tutkrh; fLFkfr] xjhch vkSj vU; lkekftd otZu ds cgqeq[kh
vk;keksa dks lacksf/kr djus ds fy;s ,d lekdfyr vkSj vUr% vapy mikxe ds
lkFk ,d cgqvk;keh j.kuhfr dks viukus dk lq>ko FkkA
lzksr % n fgUnw] vxLr 2006

25-6 lh-,l-MCY;w-vkbZ- fjiksZV ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk

mBk;s x;s fo'sk"k dne
Hkkjr lafo/kku ds mu izko/kkuksa dh tkudkjh gesa gSa tks fyax laca/kh U;k; dks izksRlkgu
nsrs gSaA gekjs lekt esa fyax lekurk dks izksRlkgu nsus ds fy, vkt+knh ls iwoZ ds
lq/kkjksa dks tkjh j[kdj ljdkj us bl {ks= esa izfrc)rk fn[kkbZ gSA 'kSf{kd Lrj ij
efgykvksa dks eq[;/kkjk esa ykus gsrq igys Hkh iz;kl fd;s tk pqds gSa tc C.S.W.I. ds
fjiksZV esa Hkkjrh; ukjh dks okLrfod fLFkfr dks mtkxj fd;k ftlls ljdkjh lq/kkjksa
dks ,d ubZ xfr feyhA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gsrq vusdksa
mik; fd, x,A fyax Hksn esa lq/kkj ds fy, ljdkj us dqN u;s dkuwu cuk;s rFkk dqN
iqjkus dkuwuksa dks la'kks/ku dj ljdkjh ,oa xSj-ljdkjh {ks=ksa esa bls c<+kok nsus dk iz;kl
fd;kA efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kus ds fy, u;s dkuwu cuk;s x,A
efgykvksa dh n'kk esa lq/kkj gsrq fof'k"V ;kstuk,a cukbZ xbZ fo'ks"k {ks=ksa esa dqN lfefr;ka
cukbZ xbZ tks efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dh leh{kk djrh FkhA efgykvksa ds fgrksa dks /;ku
esa j[kdj fodklkRed dk;Ze dks c<+kok nsus gsrq dqN laLFkk,a LFkfir dh xbZA o"kZ
2001 esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gsrq ,d jk"Vh; uhfr cukbZ xbZ FkhA bu esa ls
cgqr ls mie efgyk laxBuksa ds lkFk vU; ljdkjh vkSj xSj-ljdkjh laLFkkvksa esa
efgykvksa ds fgrksa ds fy, rRij jgrh gS ds }kjk mBk;s x;s fyax laca/kh eqksa dh
izfrf;k Fkh vkb;s vkxs ds [kaM esa ns[ksa fd bu esa ls dqN mieksa esa fyax laca/kh eqksa
ls dSls fuiVk x;k gSA

25-6-1 laLFkkxr lg;ksx dk fodkl

ljdkj us dsUnzh; Lrj efgykvksa ,oa yM+fd;ksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk gsrq ,d foHkkx efgyk
,oa cky fodkl dh LFkkiuk dhA efgyk ,oa cky fodkl foHkkx] jk"Vh; Lrj ij ,d
dsUnzh; laxBu ds :i esa dk;Zjr gSa( tks fd fMtkbu dk;kZUo;u] fu"iknu] ns[kHkky
ewY;kadu lg;ksx leFkZu rFkk xSu-ljdkjh v)Z ljdkjh ,oa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa
216

ls leFkZu ,oa vUrZea=ky; lg;ksx dks la?kfVr djus esa ljdkj ds lkFk dk;Zjr gSa tks
fd efgyk fgrksa ds fodkl dk;ks esa c<+kok nsrs gSaA fo'ks"k rkSj ij nwljk earO; fopkj
;g gS fd fyax lekurk ds ifjizs{; dks oS/kkfud] ljdkjh uhfr] dk;Ze ,oa ;kstukvksa
ds lanHkZ esa la?kfVr djuk gS tks fd efgyk vf/kdkjksa ds jkLrs esa vkusokys laHkkfor
vojks/kksa dks nwj djsaA blds lkFk gh ge efgykvksa ds lkFk gksus okys vusdksa rjg ds
HksnHkko dks nwj djus ds lkFk gh muesa n{krk l{kerk tkx:drk ,oa l'kfDrdj.k esa
izf'k{k.k ds tfj;s mudks izksRlkfgr djsa muesa lq/kkj djsaA 2006 rd ;g foHkkx ekuo
lalk/ku fodkl dk vax FkkA tuojh 2006 esa ;g Lora= ea=ky; cuk& efgyk ,oa cky
fodkl ea=ky; ftldk ftEek ,d jkT; ea=h ds ikl FkkA
jk"Vh; efgyk vk;ksx vf/kfu;e] 1990 ds vUrxZr ,d lkafof/kd fudk; ds :i esa
LFkkfir jk"Vh; efgyk vk;ksx efgykvksa ds lexz vf/kdkjksa rFkk fgrksa dh j{kk djrk
gSA ;g vk;ksx fo|kuksa dh leh{kk,a Hkh djrk gS mRihM+u dh fof'k"V f'kdk;rksa esa chpcpko djus rFkk efgykvksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, fuokjd mik; lq>kus ds dk;Z Hkh
djrk gSA vk;ksx ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa i{kksa ds chp le>kSrs ds ek/;e ls ikfjokfjd
fooknksa ds fuiVku ds fy, dSaiksa ds vk;kstu }kjk efgykvksa dh f'kdk;rksa ds laca/k esa
Rofjr U;k; lqfuf'pr djrk gSA dqN jkT;ksa us jkT; efgyk vk;ksx dh LFkkiu rFkk
efgyk fodkl fu;eksa lfgr efgyk o cky fodkl ds i`Fkd foHkkx ds l`tu dh Hkh
igy dh gS rFkk ;s jkT; lexz jk"Vh; ifjn`'; esa efgykvksa ds fy, viuh Lo;a dh
;kstuk,a ,oa uhfr;ka rS;kj dj jgs gSaA
o"kZ 1997 esa laLFkkfir] ,d ofj"V lkaln dh v/;{krk okyh lalnh; efgyk l'kfDrdj.k
vk;ksx ,d fgrizgjh ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS rFkk chftax ?kks"k.kk ds vkyksd esa uhfr
o dk;Ze fu;kstu esa efgyk oxZ dks eq[;/kkjk esa yk, tkus vkSj bl laca/k esa dkjZokbZ
ds fy, eap ds laca/k esa tkap djsxhA o"kZ 1993 esa efgyk o cky fodkl foHkkx }kjk
LFkkfir jk"Vh; efgyk dks'k vkj-,e-ds- vukSpkfjd {ks= esa xjhc o t:jrean
efgykvksa dks _.k miyC/k djkus okyh jk"Vh; laLFkk ds :i esa dk;Z dj jgh gSA
mi;ZqDr ds vfrfjDr] efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr ekeyksa ls fuiVus ds fy, fofHkUu dsUnzh;
ea=ky;ksa rFkk foHkkxksa esa efgyk lsy fo|eku gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, m|ksx ea=ky; esa
LFkkfir efgyk lsy efgykvksa ds fy, m|erk fodkl dk;Ze vk;ksftr djrs gSaA Je
ea=ky; esa LFkkfir lsy efgyk etnwjksa ls lacaf/kr dkuwu dh leh{kk o fu/kkZj.k ds fy,
mkjnk;h gSaA foKku ,oa iz;ksfxdh foHkkx esa efgyk lsy mi;qDr izkS|ksfxdh ij igqap
dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA efgykvksa ds izfr vR;kpkj dh ?kVuk ls fuiVus ds fy, iqfyl
LVs'kuksa esa efgyk lsyksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA ;gka rd fd dqN iqfyl LVs'ku esa lHkh
efgyk iqfyl dfeZd rSukr dh xbZ gSaA
6 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPpksa] xHkZorh efgykvksa rFkk Lruiku djus okyh efgykvksa dks
fofHkUu izdkj dh ikSf"Vdrk o LokLF; laca/kh lsok,a iznku djus okyh ,dhr cky
fodkl lsok ;kstu ds vUrxZr LFkkfir vkxuokM+h uked dsUnz xzkeh.k Lrj dsUnzksa ds
jk"VO;kih usVodZ }kjk fofHkUu izdkj dh efgyk laca/kh lg;ksx lsokvksa dks Hkh lgk;rk
miyC/k djk jgs gSaA ,dhr cky fodkl lsok vkbZlhMh,l laca/kh izf'k{k.k
xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, LFkkfir jk"Vh; tu lg;ksx ,oa cky fodkl laLFkku ,uvkbZihlhlhMh
esa ,d efgyk foHkkx gS rFkk efgyk ekeyksa ij lalk/ku dsUnz ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ij laLFkkxr ra=ksa ds laca/k esa vf/kd tkudkjh ds fy, iqLrd 1
dh bdkbZ 11 dk lanHkZ ysaA

217

efgyk, ] lkekftd
vka n ks y u vkS j ifjorZ u

vius vuqHko ls lh[ksa

vius ?kj ds ikl ,d vkaxuokM+h esa tk;saA muls ckr djds muds mu dk;ks
dh tkudkjh ys tksa ml {ks= esa efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ds fy, fo|ky; pykus
ds vfrfjDr djrh gSaA

25-6-2 efgyk lacaf/kr fo|k;h@oS/kkfud 'kfDr;ka dk;Zokgh

Hkkjr ljdkj us bu o"kks esa efgykvksa dh j{kk ds fy, lafo/kku ds vUrxZr vkus okys
ekSfyd rFkk dqN vU; vf/kdkjksa ds vykok Hkh vusd oS/kkfud dk;Zokgh dh gSa
laoS/kkfud dne mBk;s x, gSaA ;s fo|k;h 'kfDr;ka bu {ks=ksa esa dk;Zjr gSa%
1 'kknh] rykd] xksn ysuk ,oa laifr vf/kdkj bR;kfn ls lacaf/kr dqN O;fDrxr
dkuwuA ;s os dkuwu gSa tks LokLF; oSokfgd thou ds lkFk gh 'kknh ds le; ls
ysdj xHkkZoLFkk ds le; fpfdRlk fu;eksa ls lacaf/kr gSA
2 efgykvksa ds fo#) vijk/k] tSls vtUesa cPpsa dk fyax fu/kkZj.k tkuuk] ngst]
cykRdkj dk;ZLFky mRihM+u vkfn ,oa
3 jkst+xkj lHkh os leku osru ,oa volj nsuk] lkekftd lqj{kk] O;kolkf;d ykHk
vkfnA
4 jktuSfrd vf/kdkj l'kfDrdj.k] buesa ls dqN laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj Lora=rk iwoZ
gh vf/kfu;fer ykxw dj fn;s x;s FksA
fczfV'k 'kklu ds nkSjku gh efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr dkuwu ykxw vf/kfu;fer dj fn;s x;s
FksA fczfV'k 'kkldksa us Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks ;wjksih; ekudksa ds vuqlkj
vuqeku yxk;k FkkA os efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr fgUnw lekt ds mu ijaijkxr jhfr-fjoktksa
dks ekuus ls budkj djrs gSa] ftuesa eq[;r;k cky-fookg dk fjokt] fgUnw fo/kkvksa dk
thou] lrh izFkk] ngst ,oa fojklr esa feyh jhfr-fjoktksa rFkk fo/kok fookg ij jksd Hkh
'kkfey gSA mu fnuksa os tks Hkh dkuwu ykxw fd;s tSls lrh izFkk dkuwu 1829 fo/kok
iqufoZokg vf/kfu;e 1856] cky fookg jksd vf/kfu;e 1828] vkfnA os [kkldj Hkkjrh;
lekt esa efgykvksa ds fgrksa ds fo#) dk;Zjr mu nfd;kuwlh fjoktksa dks /;ku esa
j[kdj fy, x, FksA vkt+knh ds ckn efgykvksa ds ifjokj ,oa muds lkekftd thou
dks csgrj cukus ds fy, bl rjg vusd dkuwu ykxw fd, x,A 1970 esa efgyk
vf/kdkjksa ds vkUnksyu ds lkFk gh muesa lkekftd vf/kd ,oa jktfufrd lekurk ykus
ds fy, dkuwu ds foLrkj esa ,d u;h tkx:drk dk lapkj FkkA efgyk fgrksa ls lac)
laLFkk,a ckykRdkj ngst ifjokj ls ifr ,oa izk;% lHkh mu {ks=ksa esa cM+s iSekus ij cnyko
ls lacaf/kr dkuwuksa dh leh{kk dhA ljdkj ij bl rRdky izHkko gqvk ,oa buls
lacaf/kr lHkh dkuwuksa dh leh{kk dh x;h ,oa vU; u;s dkuwuksa dks vkSj vf/kd l[r
fd;k x;k ftlls blrjg ds dkuwuksa dks mfpr rjhds ls ykxw fd;k tk ldsA ljdkj
us varjkZ"Vh; efgyk vf/kdkj o"kZ ,oa efgyk n'kd }kjk 'kq: fd, x, tkx:drk ds
vkxs c<+kus dk chM+k mBk;k] tks efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr leL;kvksa esa c<+kp<+kdj is'k
djrk gS] tks ?kjsyw fgalk vkSjrksa dk ;kSu 'kks"k.k] NsM+NkM+ vkfn ls lacaf/kr gSA bldk
ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd bu ekeyksa ls alcaf/kr u;s dkuwuksa ds dk;kZUo;u esa vklkuh gqbZA
eq[; :i ls ;gka ge efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr dqN izeq[k dkuwuksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr
djsaxs tks Lora=rk ds ckn ykxw fd, x,A
218

oS;fDrd O;fDrxr dkuwu% O;fDrxr dkuwu ,sls dkuwu gksrs gSa tks ifjokj] 'kknh
,oa fojklr ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSaA tcfd Hkkjr esa cgq&/kkfeZd lekt ds yksx jgrs gSaA
fofHkUu /kkfeZd lewgksa ds yksx vius thou 'kSyh ds vuqlkj fofHkUu rjg ds O;fDrxr
dkuwu cuk j[ks gSaA ;|fi fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ,d ,sls loZekU; ljdkjh dkuwu ykus
ij fopkj dj jgk gS tks lHkh /kkfeZd lewgksa ij fu;a=.k j[ksA Lora=rk ds ckn ljdkj
ekStwnk O;fDrd dkuwuksa vkSj vR;f/kd laosnu'khy cukus ds fy, ;k rks dqN cnyko
fd;k ;k mls dkuwu dk :i ns fn;kA blesa ls vf/kdka'kr% cnyko efgyk laxBuksa ,oa
muds lewgksa dh ekaxksa ds vk/kkj ij fd; x, FksA dqN vf/kfu;e ;gka lwphc) fd;s
x, gSa%
&

fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e] 1955

&

fgUnw mrjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 1956

&

fgUnw vaxhdj.k ,oa ns[kjs[k vf/kfu;e] 1956

&

ikjlh fookg ,oa rykd lq/kkj vf/kfu;e] 1956

&

xHkZikr vf/kfu;e

&

ckyfookg jksd vf/kfu;e lq/kkj] 1976

&

ifjokfjd vnkyr vf/kfu;e 1989

&

eqfLye efgyk rykd ds vf/kdkj ij jksdFkke vf/kfu;e] 1986

D;k vki tkurs gSa\ 6
ikfjokfjd vnkyr vf/kfu;e] 1984
ikfjokfjd vnkyr vf/kfu;e] 1984 ds }kjk ikfjokfjd vnkyrsa Hkkjr ds
ikfjokfjd fooknksa ds 'kSfyiwoZd gy djus ,oa ikfjokfjd ekeyksa ls lacaf/kr
fookgksa dks tYn fucVkus ds fy, xfBr dh xbZ FkhA vusd lkekftd dk;Z
laxBuksa( efgyk la?kks ,oa O;fDrxr :i ls Hkh yksxksa us le; le; ij ,d ,sls
eap dksje dk xBu ds fy, vuqjks/k fd;k tgka ij ncko ls ikfjokfjd
fooknksa ds 'kkafriw.kZ le>kSrs ls lkek/kku fudkyk tk;A ikfjokfjd vnkyrs
tEew ,oa d'ehj dks NksM+dj iwjs ns'k esa QSyh gqbZA bl vf/kfu;e esa ;g
izko/kku gS fd jkT; ljdkj vius 'kgjksa esa ,d fo'ks"k ifjokfjd vnkyrs
LFkkfir djsa tgka dh vkcknh ,d yk[k gksA
bl vf/kfu;e dk ,d vge igyw ;g Hkh gS fd ;g ,d lkekftd ,oa ykHkizn
dkuwu gSA bl vf/kfu;e ds rgr ikfjokfjd vnkyr dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd
os vius dk;Zfof/k;ksa ds vuqlkj gh ekeys ds nj[kkLr ;k dk;Zokgh ls mlds
le>kSrksa ds gy rd igqaprs gSaA fdlh Hkh rjg ikfjokfjd vnkyr ds dk;Zokgh
ds nkSjku ;k igys dksbZ Hkh dkuwu dk tkudkj dks izfrosnu djus dh vuqefr
ugha gksxhA fQj Hkh mUgsa bl ckr dk vf/kdkj gS fd fooknksa ds gy ds fy,
,d dkuwu ds tkudkj ls fu;qDr dj ldrs gSaA ikfjokfjd vnkyr dk ;g
,d iz;kl gksxk fd og le>kSrs ds gy rd nksuksa i{kksa dks lg;ksx djus dk
iz;kl djrh gSA
ikfjokfjd vnkyrsa fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa vf/kdkj j[krh gS%
nks i{kksa esa chp 'kknh ds fujLrhdj.k ;k oSokfgd vf/kdkjksa dh izR;iZ.k ;k
fookg dh voS/krk esa eqdnek ;k dk;ZokghA

219

efgyk, ] lkekftd
vka n ks y u vkS j ifjorZ u

fookg dh oS/krk ;k fdlh O;fDr dh oSokfgd izfLFkfr laca/kh eqdnek ;k

?kks"k.kkA
fookg ds i{kksa ds chp nksuksa i{kksa ;k fdlh ,d i{k dh laifr ls lacaf/kr
eqdnek ;k dk;ZokghA
oSokfgd laca/k ls mRiUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkns'k ;k fu"ks/kkKk ds fy,
eqdnek ;k dk;ZokghA
fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh oS/krk dh ?kks"k.kk ls lacaf/kr dkuwu ;k dk;Zokgh
Hkj.k iks"k.k ls lacaf/kr dkuwu ;k dk;Zokgh
fdlh Hkh ukckfyd O;fDr ds laj{k.k vfHkj{kk] ;k igqap ls lacaf/kr dkuwu
;k dk;ZokghA

lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds fo#) dkuwu% efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr lkekftd dqjhfr;ka

rFkk ngst dh ekax] ?kjsyw o vU; izdkj dk mRihM+u] tUe ls iwoZ cPps ds fyax dk irk
yxkuk] cykRdkj vkfn fo"k; efgyk lektlsod ds fy, vkanksyu ds fo"k; gSA rFkk
ljdkj bu vijk/k esa dM+s n.Mksa ds fy, u, dkuwuksa dks cukdj rFkk ekStwnk dkuwuksa
esa la'kks/ku }kjk bl vksj dkjZokbZ dh xbZ gSA buesa ls dqN dks ;gka nsf[k,A
lizS'ku vkWQ bEekSjy VSfQd bu oweSu ,aM xYlZ ,DV 1956 vkSj bEekSjy VSfQd
izhoSa'ku ,DV 1986A
ngst fu"ks/k vf/kfu;e 1961] ngst mUewyu la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1986
vijkf/kd dkuwu f}rh; la'kks/ku vf/fu;e] 1983
lrh fu"ks/k vk;ksx vf/kfu;e 1987
tUe ls iwoZ xHkZ tkap rduhd fu;eu vkSj nq#i;ksx ls cpko vf/kfu;eA
?kjsyw fgalk fuokj.k vf/kfu;e] 2005
Je dkuwu% gkykafd ns'k esa jkstxkj] etnwjh rFkk dk;Z dh 'krks] ?kkVs {kfriwfrZ]
lkekftd lqj{kk] dY;k.k o Jfed ds vU; igyqvksa ls lacaf/kr vusd dke dkuwu
f;k'khy gS ijUrq cgqr de dkuwu fof'k"V :i ls efgykvksa ds fy, gSA blds
vfrfjDr lkekU;r% Je dkuwu dsoy laxfBr Jfed ij gh ykxw gksrk gSA vlaxfBr
lsDVj esa] tgka efgyk,a iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd jkstxkj izkIr djrh gSa ogka yxHkx
lEiw.kZ Jfed oxZ ekStwnk Je dkuwuh dh ifjf/k ls ckgj gS rFkk xfr'khy dkuwu dh
Nk;k ls ckgj gSA pfy, ns[ks dqN ,sls ekStwnk dkuwu tks fof'k"V :i ls efgyk Jfedksa
ds fy, gSa rFkk ,sls dkuwu Hkh ftlesa efgyk Jfedksa ds fy, fo'ks"k izko/kku gSA

220

leku etnwjh vf/kfu;e] 1976

izlwfr ykHk vf/kfu;e] 1961
deZpkjh jkT; chek vf/kfu;e] 1948
U;wure etnwjh vf/kfu;e] 1948
vUrj jkT; izoklh jkstxkj fofu;eu rFkk lsok 'krs vf/kfu;e] 1979
Bsdk etnwj fofu;eu ,oa mUewyu vf/kfu;e] 1970
ekbUl ,DV] 1952
QSDVjh ,DV] 1948
IykaVs'ku yscj ,DV

chM+h vkSj flxjsV etnwj vf/kfu;e] 1966

chM+h etnwj dY;k.k fuf/k vf/kfu;e] 1976
vkS|ksfxd jkstxkj vf/kfu;e] 1976
dY;k.k fuf/k vf/kfu;e] 1972
deZpkjh isa'ku ;kstuk] 1995

jktuhfr vf/kdkj ij dkuwu% efgykvksa dks jktuhfr :i ls l'kDr cukus ds fy,

72osa ,oa 74osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds }kjk xzke iapk;rksa ,oa 'kgjh fudk;ksa ds lHkh Lrjksa
ij muds fy, ,d frgkbZ lhV vkjf{kr dh xbZ gSA ;|fi Hkkjrh; lafo/kku jktuSfrd
lekurk dh xkjaVh nsrk gSA blds ckotwn Hkh efgykvksa dh jktuhfr esa Hkkxhnkjh cgqr
de gSA la'kks/ku ds }kjk ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k gS fd iapk;r lnL;ksa esa de ls de
,d frgkbZ efgyk lnL; gksuh gh pkfg,A rkfd tehuh Lrj ij vf/kd ls vf/kd
efgyk,a jktuSfrd Lrj ij n`f"Vxr gksaA
ubZ dkuwu dh 'kq#vkr% Hkkjr ljdkj us efgykvksa dh n'kk esa lq/kkj ykus gsrq le;
le; ij dbZ dkuwu cuk;s gSa rkfd efgykvksa ds l'kfDrdj.k dh izf;k dks rhoz xfr
nh tk ldsA ;s dkuwu Hkkjr ljdkj ds ml opu o)rk dks Hkh iwjk djrk gS ftlesa
ljdkj efgyk laxBu ,oa vUrjkZ"Vh; eap Qksje esa bl ckr dh ?kks"k.kk djrh gS fd
ljdkj efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj djus ds fy, opuc) gSA blds fy, ljdkj ds
dqN ubZ dkuwu cukbZ gSA dqN iqjkus dkuwu esa la'kks/ku dh gS rFkk dqN ubZ dkuwu ykxw
fd;k tkuk gSA 73osa ,oa 74osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj laln esa efgykvksa
ds fy, ,d frgkbZ lhV vkjf{kr djus dh ;kstuk cukbZ gSA ;g fcy fiNys dqN o"kks
ls ljdkj ds fopkj/khu gSA nwljk dkuwu tks ljdkj ds fopkj/khu gS og dk;ZLFky ij
efgykvksa ds lkFk ;kSu mRihMu fcy gSaA

25-6-3 uhfr -fu/kkZj.k

eq[; :i ls C.S.W.I. fjiksVZ ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj ds }kjk viukbZ xbZ dqN jk"Vh;
uhfr esa eq[; dsUnzfcanq efgykvksa rFkk mlls lacaf/kr leL;kvksa ij gSA tSls jk"Vh; uhfr
iks"k.k jk"Vh; LokLF; uhfr rFkk f'k{kk ij jk"Vh; uhfrA blds vykok] 2001 esa Hkkjr
ljdkj us efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, ,d uhfr;ka cukbZ gSA buesa ls dqN fyax fof'k"V
izko/kku dks uhps of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA
efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, jk"Vh; uhfr% Hkkjr ljdkj us 2001 esa efgyk
l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, jk"Vh; uhfr rS;kj dh gSA bu uhfr;ksa esa fuEufyf[kr ms';ksa dh
ppkZ dh xbZ gS%
bl izdkj dk okrkoj.k rS;kj djuk] ftlesa efgyk vius 'kfDr dk iw.kZ fodkl
dj ldsaA

efgyk Hkh iq#"k ds leku lHkh izdkj ds ekuokf/kdkj rFkk Lora=rk dks izkIr djsaA

jk"V ds lekftd jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd uhfr fu/kkZj.k esa efgyk dh cjkcj dh
Hkkxnkjh lqfuf'pr dh tk,A

xq.kokkiw.kZ f'k{kk] jkstxkj] LokLF; lsok,a vk;s lHkh {ks=ksa esa leku Hkkxhnkjh gksA

dkuwuh i)fr dks etcwr dh tk, rkfd efgykvksa ds fo#) HksnHkko dks lekIr
fd;k tk ldsA
221

efgyk, ] lkekftd
vka n ks y u vkS j ifjorZ u

efgykvksa rFkk yM+fd;ksa ds f[kykQ lHkh izdkj ds fgalk rFkk HksnHkko dks lekIr
djukA

eq[;/kkjk dh vksj eksM+uk

efgykvksa vkSj iq#"k dh lf; Hkkxhnkjh }kjk lkEiznkf;d xfrfof/k;ka vkSj lekIr
esa n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu djukA

ukxfjd lekt ds lkFk fo'ks"k dj efgyk laLFkkvksa ds lkFk lk>snkfj;ksa dk fuekZ.k

djuk vkSj mUgsa et+cwr cukukA

;g uhfr uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk vkSj efgykvksa ds lkfDrdj.k ls lacfa /kr vU; lSDVjy
uhfr;ksa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[krh gSA efgykvksa ds vkanksyu vkSj xSj-ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds
O;kid ra= us ftldh tu lk/kkj.k Lrj ij xgjk izHkko gS vkSj efgykvksa ds eqksa dh
xgu varnZ`f"V gS] mUgksua s efgykvksa ds lkfDrdj.k ds fy;s igy dks mRizjs d djus esa
;ksxnku fn;k gSA ;g uhfr efgykvksa ds lkfDrdj.k vkSj fodkl ds fy;s dbZ
Prescriptions iznku fd;s gSa tSls (i) oS/kkfud vkSj U;k;ikfydk O;oLFkk dks efgykvksa
dh vko;drkvksa ds izfr vf/kd ftEesnkj cukuk (ii) lkk ds caVokjs esa lekurk fufpr
djuk vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa lf; Hkkxhnkjh (iii) mi;qDr uhfr;ks]a dk;Z vkSj O;oLFkkvksa
}kjk fodkl izf;k esa ySfa xd ifjiz{s ; dh mainstreaming lqfufpr djuk (iv) uhfr;ksa
vkSj dk;Zeksa ds :ijs[kk }kjk efgykvksa ds lkekftd lkfDrdj.k dks lqfufpr djuk
(v) efgykvksa ds mUu;u dks izkRs lkfgr djus ds fy;s laLFkkxr ra= iSnk djuk (vi)
vUrjkZ"Vh; nkf;Roks@
a commitment lHkh {ks= esa ykxw djuk vkfnA ;g uhfr bu uhfr
Prescriptions dks dk;kZfUor djus ds fy;s dbZ operational j.kuhfr;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr
djrh gSA
fk{kk ij jk"Vh; uhfr
fk{kk ij jk"Vh; uhfr 1986 esa viukbZ vkSj 1992 esa update dh xbZA vU; dbZ
izko/kkuksa ds vykok ;g uhfr vksV nsrh gS fd efgykvksa ds lkfDdj.k vkSj oafpr ds
fy;s vf/kdkjiw.kZ LFkku dh izkfIr ds fy;s fk{kk ,d ldkjkRed vkSj n[kyiw.kZ Hkwfedk
vnk djsA fk{kk ij jk"Vh; uhfr us igpkuk fd fk{kk lac/a kh miyfC/k;ksa esa ijaijkxr
fyax fo"k;d fk{kkRed <kapk lacksf/kr ugha dj ldk vkSj yM+fd;ksa esa fk{kk dk uhp
Lrj cuk jgs vkSj os fodkl ds gkfk;s ij jgsA ,u-ih-bZ us efgykvksa ds i{k esa ,d lgh
lksp ds lkFk vkLFkk ds act vkSj lkekftd ;kaf=dh ds :i esa lkDr comimitment
cuk;kA ;s commitment Bksl fnkk funsZk esa vuqokfnr gqvk gS vkSj blds ifj.kke
Lo:Ik dbZ n[kyankt gqbZA fk{kkRed izf;k esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds fy;s ,d
criticial 'krZ ds :i esa efgyk lkfDrdj.k ij /;ku dsfa nzr djrh gSA
D;k vki tkurs gS\ 7
ekuo lalk/ku ea=kky; dh orZeku ;kstukvksa esa efgykvksa ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr
foks"k izko/kku j[ks x;s gS%
vkWijsku CySd cksMZ izko/kku djrh gSa fd Hkfo"; esa fk{kdksa esa 50%
efgyk;sa gksuh pkfg,A vks- ch- ;kstuk ds varxZr Hkjh x;kh 1]13]259 inksa
esa ls 48-6% efgyk;sa gSaA
fk{kkdehZ ifj;kstuk tks ,d fk{kd okys fo|ky;ksa esa nks LFkkuh; fuoklh
fk{kkdehZ dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk LFkkukiUu djukA buesa ls 10-2% efgyk;sa gSA
222

xSj-fk{kk dh ;kstuk esa ,u-,Q-bZ- dsUnksa esa 90% assistance foks"k :i ls

yM+fd;ksa ds fy;s gSA
izR;sd uoksn; fo|ky; esa de ls de ,d frgkbZ fo|kFkhZ yM+fd;k gksA
uoksn; vkSj dsUnzh; fo|ky;ksa esa d{kk XII rd yM+fd;ksa dks eqqQr fk{kk
nh tkrh gSA
$2 Lrj ij dsUnzh; :i ls sponsered dk;Ze esa] Ldwy NksM+us okyh
yM+fd;ksa dh vko;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s O;olk; ij tksj nsus okys
O;olkf;d dk;Zeksa dh :ijs[kk rS;kj dh tk jgh gSA
foofo|ky; vkSj egkfo|ky;d Lrj ij efgykvksa dh fk{kk dk lekt]
m|ksx vkSj O;kikj dh cnyrh t:jrksa ds lkFk y; j[krs gq;s cgqekxhZdj.k
vkSj iqu laxBu fd;k x;k gSA
jk"Vh; LokLF; uhfr
jk"Vh; LokLF; uhfr 2001 vk/kkjHkwr LokLF; ns[kjs[k efgykvksa dh o/kZeku igqp
a
lqfufpr djrh gS vkSj efgykvksa ds LokLF; ls lacfa /kr pqus x;sa dk;Zeksa ds fok dks
lokZf/kd izkFkfedrk nsrh gSA uoha ;kstuk dky ds nkSjku iqu:Riknd vkSj cPpk LokLF;
ds vak ds :i esa dbZ igy dh x;hA ftlds }kjk bu lqfo/kkvksa dks o`gn vk/kkj okyh
vkSj xzkgd vuqdy
w cuk;k tk ldsA cPpk laj{k.k vkSj lqjf{kr ekr`Ro ds mi;qDr
dk;Ze dh n[kyankft;k vk-lh-,p- dk fgLlk cu x;hA bl nkSjku dsUnzfcanq oS;fDrd
js[kh; n[kyankft;ksa ls gV dj iqu:Riknd LokLF; ns[k-js[k ij vf/kd /;ku nsus ds
lkFk ,d vf/kd lexz ,dhr thou p mikxe dh vksj pyk x;kA blesa mi ftyk
Lrj ij xHkkZoLFkk ds lEiw.kZ dky esa izlfw r lac/a kh ns[k js[k rd igqp
a vkikrdkfyd
tPpk ns[kjs[k dk leqnk; ds ;Fkk laHko lehi j[kus dk izko/kku] lqjf{kr xHkZikr lsokvksa
esa lq/kkj vkSj foLrkj vkSj vkbZ-Vh-vkbZ-@,l-Vh-vkbZ ds ekeyksa ds mipkj dk izko/kku
'kkfey gSAa
jk"V h ; la i ks " k.k uhfr
jk"Vh; laiks"k.k uhfr 1993 vYi@dqiks"k.k dh cgqeq[kh leL;kvksa lacfa /kr vYirkvksa
vkSj chekfj;ksa ds fuokj.k ds fy;s lexz vUr {ks=h; j.kuhfr dh odkyr djrh gS rkfd
lekt ds lHkh oxksZ ds fy;s iks"k.k dh vuqdy
w rk voLFkk dks izkIr djuk fdUrq ,sls
vkSjrks]a ekrkvksa vkSj cPpksa ds fy;s foks"k izkFkfedrk ds lkFk tks laons u'khy (vulnerable)
gksus ds lkFk-lkFk [krjs esa Hkh gSAa efgyk,a [kkldj ek vkSj cPps o`) vkSj lw{e iks"kd
dHkh lhbZMh tSlh nks eq[; leL;kvksa ls xzflr gksrs gSA o`gn iks"k.k lac/a kh vYirk,a
fpVdkfyd dh vYirk ls izdV gksrh gS vkSj lwne iks"k.k lac/a kh vYirk,a foVkfeu ,]
yksg vkSj vk;ksMhu dh vYirkvksa esa izfrfcfacr gksrh gSA

25-6-4 lkdY;oknh ;kstuk,a

jk"Vh; dk;Z fu;kstu% bls 1976 esa viuk;k x;k ,d n'kd ls Hkh vf/kd bl us
efgyk fodkl ds lanHkZ esa vkSj ekxZ n'kZd izys[k ds :i esa dk;Z fd;kA ;g uhfr 1988
rd fo|eku jgs tc dksj fo'sk"kK ny }kjk ,d jk"Vh; efgyk ifjizs{; ;kstuk
1988&200 dk elkSnk rS;kj fd;k x;k tksfd efgyk fodkl ds fy, lkdY;oknh
n`f"Vdks.k ds ifjyf{kr djrk gSA
223

efgyk, ] lkekftd
vka n ks y u vkS j ifjorZ u

jk"Vh; efgyk ifjn`'; ;kstuk 1988&2000 efgyk o cky fodkl foHkkx us

lacaf/kr ea=ky;ksa rFkk foHkkxksa ds ijke'kZ ls o"kZ 2000 ds e/;e ifjn`'; esa jk"Vh;
efgyk ifjn`'; ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ;g Hkkjrh; efgykvksa ds fy, ,d lexz
fdlh rS;kj djus dh vksj ,d iz'u FkkA ifjn`'; ;sktuk dk ms'; gS&
1 vFkZO;oLFkk dh eq[;/kkjk esa efgykvksa dk vkfFkZd fodkl o ,dtqVrk rFkk 2 lHkh
efgykvksa ds fy, lekurk o lkekftd U;k; iznku djukA blus yxHkx n'kdksa dh
fu;ksftr fodkl dh leh{kk dh rFkk ukS {ks=ksa ds fy, laLfr dhA ;s ukS {ks= gSa xzkeh.k
fodkl] LokLF;] dkuwu] jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh] lapkj LoSfPNd dk;Z] lgk;ksx lsok]
f'k{kk o jkst+xkjA ;kstuk us jk"Vh; fodkl dh oSdfYid ;kstuk dks rS;kj djus dh
ckr dgh tks u dsoy efgykvksa dks lekt esa dqN vkSj LFkku miyC/k djk,xh] cfYd
yksdrkaf=d] lerkoknh] /keZfuiZs{k] ljdkjh lekt dk gksuk <+kpk rS;kj djsa ftlesa
efgyk,a iz[;ksa ds leku cM+h gks ldsaA vU; izko/kkuksa ds vfrfjDr ;g ;kstuk efgyk
fodkl ds fy, lkdR;oknh n`f"Vdks.k dks xzg.k djus ds lkFk lkFk efgyk vf/kdkj o
dkuwu izorZu vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr ij cy nsrk gS tks vkxs py dj efgyk jk"V dks
LFkkfir djus esa lgk;d gksxkA
o"kZ 1991-2000 ds fy, ckfydk gsrq jk"Vh; dk;Z ;kstuk% ;g ,d ,dhr
cgq-{ks=h; n'kdh; ;kstuk gS tks ckfydk o o;Ld ckfydk ds fy, fo'ks"k fyax
laosnu'khyrk lfgr cky thou] lqj{kk o fodkl dks lqfuf'pr djsxkA ;k ckfydkvksa
ds thou o mudh lqj{kk dks lqfjuf'pr djus okys mik;ksa ij dk;Z djsxkA bl ;kstuk
esa ckfydk xHkZgR;k o Hkzw.kgR;k dks jksdusA fyax HksnHkko dks [kRe djus] ?kjksa ds LoPN
is; ty o ?kjksa dh O;oLFkk] 'kks"k.k] izgkj rFkk nq#i;ksx ls ckfydkvksa dks lqj{kk iznku
djus ij cy fn;k x;k gSA ljdkj dh jk"Vh; uhfr rFkk ckfydk o ifjokj ij dk;Z
vuqla/kku ifj;kstuk Hkh ckfydk dh fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus ds fy, dk;Ze rS;kj dj jgs
gSaA

25-6-5 foks"k izfrosnu

Hkkjr ljdkj us efgyk lac/a kh fofk"V fpark ds {ks=ksa ij ,d foks"k fjiksZV rS;kj dhA
xzkeh.k Je ij jk"Vh; dehku dh fjiksVZ% bl fjiksZV esa efgykvksa ds fodkl dks
rhozrj djus ds fy;s dbZ vuqeksnu izLrqr fd;s x;s gSAa buesa ls dqN bl izdkj gSAa
(i) efgyk dkexkjksa esa O;olkf;d fofo/krk dks izkRs lkgu (ii) efgykvksa ds izfr HksnHkko
dks nwj djus ds fy;s fojklr ds dkuwuksa esa lq/kkj (iii) mRiknd fdz;kvksa dks Persue djus
ds fy;s ,sfPNd ,stfs Ul;ksa dks efgykvksa ds lewg ds O;oLFkkiu dks izkRs lkfgr djuk
(iv) efgykvksa esa mRikndrk lq/kkjus ds fy;s dkSky izfk{k.k (v) oSf/kd mik;ksa ds }kjk
efgyk dkexkjksa dh dk;Z ds vfu;eu vkSj vuqc/a kdj.k ds foijhr izHkkoksa ls lqj{kk
(vi) ?kj ij fLFkr dkexkjksa dh muds fgrksa vkSj dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s dkuwu
ds ek/;e ls lqj{kkA
vukSipkfjd {ks= esa Lodk;Zjr efgykvksa ds jk"Vh; vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ
futh O;olk; vkSj vukSipkfjd {ks=ksa esa cgqr cM+h ek=k esa efgykvksa ds dk;Zjr gksus ds
dkj.k 1987 esa dk;Z dh nkkvks]a Je lqj{kk] dkSky izfk{k.k vkSj fodklkRed rFkk
O;olkf;d lqj{kk vkfn dk /;ku j[kus ds fy;s 1987 esa ,d lfefr xfBr dh x;hA
bl lfefr dks fn;s x;s lHkh eqksa esa dqy dsUnz fcUnq dsoy futh dk;Z esa yxh efgyk;s
224

Fkh blesa vU; vlqjf{kr efgyk dkexkj 'kkfey ugha FkhA gkykafd] lfefr us leL;k
dk o`grj fujh{k.k fd;k vkSj vlqjf{kr efgyk dkexkjksa ds lEiw.kZ oxZ dks lfEefyr
djus dk fup; fd;k ftlesa futh dk;Zrj vkSj oSrfud Je] oSrfud vkSj voSrfud
Je] vukSipkfjd vkSj vuqc/a k Je esa efgyk Je dks 'kkfey fd;kA
dehku us dbZ {ks= fofk"V vkSj efgykvksa dh dbZ Jsf.k;ksa ds vuqeksnu fd;s tSls
ykpkj] ;kSu dk;Z esa fyIr efgykvksa ds fy;s lfefr us lHkh f;kvksa oSrfud vkSj
voSrfud] ?kj esa ;k ?kj ds ckgj dk;Z djus okyh efgykvksa dks lfEefyr djus ds fy;s
efgyk dkexkj dh ifjHkk"kk dks O;kid cukus dh flQkfjk dhA bl lfefr dh dqN
egRoiw.kZ flQkfjk bl izdkj gS %
mRiknd lalk/kuksa ij efgykvksa ds fu;a=.k vkSj LokfeRo dks c<+kus ds fy;s
j.kuhfr;k cukukA
fu/kZu vkSj futh dk;Z esa lHkh efgykvksa ds fy;s foks"k :i ls fok ra=ksa dh LFkkiuk
dk;Z ds vf/kdkj dks ekSfyd vf/kdkj esa ykukA ?kjsyw dke dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd
mRiknd dk;Z ds :i esa igpkuukA
efgykvksa ds fy;s lkekftd lqj{kk dks"k cukuk] lgdkjh] QkeZ Jfed] [kk|kUu
ize.k pkjk vkSj ba/ku fodkl vkfn esa yxs Jfedksa dks 'kkfey djus ds fy;s
vkanksyu dk foLrkj (convergence) vkSj izlkj djukA
efgykvksa vkSj ckfydkvksa dks fk{kk nsus ds fy;s foks"k dne mBkukA
Hkkjr ljdkj us lfefr dh dqN flQkfjk dks ykxw djus dh igy dh tcfd dqN vHkh
ykxw gksuh gSA

25-6-6 ukjh dh vkfFkZd Lora=rk ds fy, dk;Ze

efgykvksa ds fy;s vkfFkZd Lora=rk ds ms'; ds fy, efgyk vkSj cPpk fodkl foHkkx
MhMCY;wlhMh us efgykvksa dks mUu;u ds fy, dbZ ifj;kstuk,a pykbZ gSaA foHkkx dbZ
dk;Zeksa ds leUo;u ds lkFk lkFk dbZ ykHkksUeq[k ;kstukvksa dks Monitor Hkh djrk gSA
blds vykok uoha ;kstuk ds vkys[k esa owesu dEiksusUV Iyku ladYiuk Hkh j[kh x;hA
;g ,d egRoiw.kZ j.kuhfr gS tks ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd 30 izfr'kr rd QaM@ykHk
nwljs fodkl {ks=ksa ls efgykvksa dh vksj izokfgr gksA
D;k vki tkurs gSa\ 8
efgykvksa ds fy, dqN fodklkRed dk;Ze
izf'k{k.k vkSj jkstxkj ds fy, lgk;rk dk;Ze (STEP) ijaijkxr {ks=ksa
esa efgykvksa ds dkS'ky dks c<+kok nsdj xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh vk; c<+kus
dk y{; j[krk gSA
ukjosf;bu ,stl
as h QkWj MoyiesVa dksvksijs'ku (NOARD) ds }kjk izf'k{k.k
vkSj dkS'ky fodkl ds fy, vkSj xSj ikjaifjd O;olk;ksa esa efgykvksa ds
fy, vk;l`tu ds }kjk vkRefuHkZjrk dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, enn nh
xbZ gSA
ckfydk le`f) ;kstuk (BSY) 1997 esa izkjEHk vkSj 1999 esa ckfydk ds
izfr leqnk; esa n`f"Vdks.k ifjorZu vkSj muds fo|ky; esa nkf[kys rFkk
fVds jgus ds fo'ks"k ms'; ls iquxfBZr dh xbZA

225

efgyk, ] lkekftd
vka n ks y u vkS j ifjorZ u

226

xzkeh.k jkstxkj vkSj xjhch mUewyu foHkkx xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; dk

foHkkx gS ftlus dbZ ;kstuk,a izkjEHk dh gSaA ftuesa 30 ls 40 izfr'kr
yxHkx xjhch js[kk ds uhps jgus okyh efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr gSaA bu
;kstukvksa ds ihNs efgykvksa esa Lo-lgk;rk vkSj O;olkf;drk dks c<+kok
nsus dk n'kZu fufgr gSA

Lo.kZt;Urh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk vizSy 1999 esa izkjEHk dh xbZ FkhA
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa dk leqfpr fodkl (DWCRA),
,dhr xzkeh.k fodkl dk;Ze (IRDP) vkSj Lojkst+xkj ds fy, xzkeh.k
;qokvksa dk izf'k{k.k (TRYSEM) dk fefJr vkSj la'kks/ku :i gSA

tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk (JRY) izf'k{k.k vkSj jkstxkj ds ek/;e ls

lqfo/kk,a iznku djrh gSaA ts vk vkbZ dk ,d vax bafnjk vkokl ;kstuk
gS tks fu/kZuksa dks eqr ?kj nsus ij yf{kr gSaA efgykvksa dks viuh laifr
ds ;ksX; cukus ds fy, ;s ?kj efgykvksa ;k ifr iRuh ds la;qDr uke esa
fn, tkrs gSaA

O;kikj lEc/kh O;olkf;d enn ,oa fodkl (TREAD) ljdkj }kjk 1995
esa izkjaHk dh xbZA ;g xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa 45]000 efgykvksa ds fy,
Lojkst+xkj l`ftr djus ds fy, cukbZ xbZA bl esa xSj f"k {ks= esa xSj
ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds }kjk fokh; enn vkSj lsok iznku dh tkrh gSA

f"k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, jk"Vh; cSad (NABARD) fu/kZuksa dh

fokh; vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds ms'; ls cSadksa dks Lolgk;rk
lewgksa ds lkFk tksM+k x;k gSA bu cSadksa ls tqM+s lewgksa esa85 izfr'kr
efgyk,a gSaA

efgykvksa ds fodkl laca/kh lgdkfjrk,a 1986-87 ls 19 jkT;ksa esa LFkkfir

dh xbZ ;s efgyk O;olk;h dks igpkuus ds lkFk lkFk ijke'kZ rFkk vU;
enn Hkh nsrh gSA

lg;ksx iz.kkfy;ksa dh LFkkiuk 59]591 dk;Zjr efgykvksa ds fy, 841

dkedkth efgykvksa ds gksLVy rFkk dkedkth ekrkvksa ds 7]878 cPpksa ds
fy, 301 f'k'kqA

fnol dsUnzksa ds :i esa dh x;h jkstxkj ,oa izf'k{k.k ds Mk;jsDVjsV

tujy ds v/khu efgykvksa ds fy, izdks"B (PGEST) jkT;ksa ds lkFk fey
dj efgykvksa ds fy, O;olkf;d izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA

bafnjk efgyk ;kstuk (IMY) Hkkjr ds 200 [kaMksa esa 1995 esa efgykvksa esa
lexz l'kfdrdj.k esa fy, izkjaHk dh x;hA IMY 238 [kaMksa esa ykxw dh
tk jgk gS vkSj vc ru bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr 40]000 efgykvksa ds lewg
cuk;s tk pqds gSa buesa ls 3000 lewg 1999&2000 ds chp cusA

xzkeh.k efgyvksa ds fodkl vkSj l'kfDrdj.k ifj;kstuk Lo'kfDr ifj;kstuk

1998 esa pkyw dh xbZA ;g Lolgk;rk lewgksa dh LFkkiuk ds ek/;e ls
N% jkT;ksa esa efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dh izf;k dks etcwr cukus ds fy,
ykxw dh xbZA

25-6-7 efgykvksa ds eqs ds v/;;u gsrq 'kks/k dsUnz

efgykvksa ds eqksa ds v/;;u ds fy, 'kks/k dsUnz CSWI dh fjiksVZ ds izdk'ku ds ckn
ns'k ds f'k{kkfonksa ds chp efgykvksa ds fo"k; esa 'kks/k djus dh #fp fn[kkbZ nhA 1980
ds n'kd ds nkSjku vkSj rc ls efgykvksa ij v/;;u lkexzh vkSj rduhd fuiq.krk dk
proliferation gqvk gSA efgykvksa ds fy, jk"Vh; vkSj jkT; Lrj ij ra=ksa dh LFkkiuk]
Lo;Rrk fudk;ksa] efgyk v/;;u bdkb;ksa vkSj dbZ esa efgyk v/;;u vkSj fodkl
dsUnzksa dh LFkkiuk ds ifj.kkeLo:i efgykvksa ij v/;;u lkexzh fuekZ.k esa Spurt gqvk
gSA jk"Vh; fudk;ksa tSls NCERT vkSj NIEPA us f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa fyax fo"k;d iwokZxzg
dh deh esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA foof/k 'kks/k laLFkkuksa tSls ISST, CWDS, CSR vkfn
us efgykvksa ij O;ogkfjd vkSj ekSfyd 'kks/k esa ;ksxnku fn;k gS dbZ lekt lsoh
laLFkkvksa us efgykvksa ds O;oLFkkiu vkSj fodkl dk;Zeksa esa efgykvkssa dh
Hkkxhnkjh vf/kd djus vkSj la?kVu ds fy, uohu j.khuhfr;ka vkSj mechanism dk
evolve fd;k gSA
fo|ky;ksa esa fof'k"Vhr efgyk v/;;u foHkkx dbZ jkT; vkSj jk"Vh; Lrj dh fo'o
fo|ky;ksa esa fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx ds vanj vkrs gSaA bl izdkj ,df=r v/;;u
lkexzh dks ljdkjh vkSj xSj-ljdkjh ,stsfUl;ksa tks efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds fy,
dk;Zjr gSa csgrj ;kstuk vkSj ;kstukvksa esa mPprj allocation ds fy, iz;ksx dj ldrh
gSA efgykvksa ds 'kks"k.k dks jksduk vkSj csgrj Enforcement dh lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,
csgrj vkSj vf/kd izHkkoh dkuwu cuk;s tk ldrs gSaA

25-7 xSj -ljdkjh mie

efgykvksa ds vkUnksyu vkSj jk"Vh; rFkk vUrjkZ"Vh; Lrjksa ij izkjaHk mieksa }kjk izkjaHk
lekt esa efgykvksa dh 'kkspuh; nkk ds ckjs esa fodflr gksrh gqbZ O;kid psruk ds
QyLo:Ik LoSfPNd dk;Z lewgksa ds usr`Ro esa yksxksa dh Lo;a lf; lgHkkfxrk gksus
yxhA ,slk LoSfPNd dk;Z Lora=rk ds fnuksa ls gqvk Fkk] fdUrq bldh xfr esa c<+r 1970
vkSj 1980 ds nkdksa esa vkbZ] tSls gh efgykvksa ds eqs rsth ls dsUnz fcUnq esa vk;sA okLro
es]a dk;Z ds fy;s ljdkj dks izfs jr djus ds fy;s O;fDrxr lkekftd lf; dk;ZdrkZ
vkSj xSj-ljdkjh laxBu lkekU; :Ik ls vkUnksyu esa vxz.kh jgs gSa vkSj efgykvksa ls
lEcfU/kr dfri; uhfr;ksa vkSj dkuwu cuokus esa eq[; :Ik ls mkjnk;h jgs gSAa
D;k vki tkurs gSa\ 9
Hkkjr esa ,sfPNd dk;Z
Hkkjr esa ,sfPNd dk;Z lnSo gh lkekftd vkSj lkaLfrd ijEijk dk vfHkUu
vax jgk gSA vktknh ds igys ,sfPNd laLFkk;sa lkekftd lq/kkj] lekt
dY;k.k] fk{kk] LokLF; vkfn vusdksa f;kvksa esa layXu FkhA vktknh ds ckn
,sfPNd laLFkkvksa dks lg;ksx djus vkSj etcwr djus dh izfrc)rk ds dkj.k
,sfPNd laLFkkvksa dh la[;k esa izkaluh; c<+r gqbZ gSA cgqr lh ,sfPNd laLFkkvksa
us efgykvksa ds mUu;u ds dk;Ze fy;s gSaA bu laLFkkvksa ds dqN mnkgj.k
esa ;g laLFkk;sa vkrh gSa dLrwjck xk/kkh jk"Vh; Le`frU;kl] Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k
efgyk la?k] gfjtu lsod la?k] vkU/kz efgyk la?k] dkedkth efgyk eap]
vUuiw.kkZ efgyk eaMy] ;qok efgyk bZlkbZ laLFkk vkfnA
227

efgyk, ] lkekftd
vka n ks y u vkS j ifjorZ u

vUrjkZ"Vh; efgyk nkd vkSj Hkkjr dh ikpoha vkSj NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk;sa
,d gh le; esa gqbZ] ftlus xSj-ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds lkFk ljdkjh lg;ksx ij
cgqr vf/kd tksj fn;kA ljdkjh ;kstukvksa] uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;Zeksa esa xSjljdkjh laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfek dks vf/kd mfpr <axds lkFk gh ldkjkRed <ax ls
js[kkafdr fd;k tkus yxkA
lzksr% lkdZ xkbM cqd
bu laxBuksa dh xfr fof/k;ksa dks eksVs rkSj ij bl izdkj lewghr dj ldrs gS%a d
fulgk; efgykvksa ds fy;s dY;k.k dk;Ze pykuk [k efgykvksa dk izfk{k.k vkSj
dk;Z dsfUnzr dkSky fodkl x fok miyC/k djkus vkSj mRiknd lsok dk;Z dh
vko;drkvksa ds fy;s efgykvksa ds lgdkjh laLFkkvksa vkSj efgykvksa ds vU; izdkj ds
laxBu cukuk ?k efgykvksa dks izHkkfor djus okys eqksa dks mBkuk] psruk tkx`r djuk]
O;fDrxr ekeyksa esa lgk;rk dk;Z djuk vkSj dkuwuh lgk;rk iznku djuk rFkk vU;
lsok;sa vxzoky vkSj jko 2001 fodkl dsfUnzr cgqr lh ljdkjh ;kstuk;sa xSj-ljdkjh
laLFkkvksa }kjk pykbZ tkrh gSAa efgykvksa dks laxfBr djus ds ljdkjh iz;klksa vkSj _.k
tqVkus dks pSuyc) djus dk dk;Z xSj-ljdkjh laxBu gh djrs gSAa

25-8 lkjka ' k

Hkkjr esa tks lekt O;oLFkk fo|eku Fkh mlesa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr lnSo xkS.k vkSj
vkfJr dh FkhA lkekftd] jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd thou esa tsM
a j lekurk dh
vo/kkj.kk ledkyhu Hkkjr esa nkdksa ds xqIr ,oa [kqys lf;kokn dh mit FkhA
mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds lekt lq/kkj vkUnksyu vkSj chloha 'krkCnh ds Lora=k laxkz e esa Hkkx
ysdj Hkkjr dh efgykvksa us fl) dj fn;k iq#"kksa ds leku gh jk"V ds izfr mudk Hkh
nkf;Ro gSA ,slk djus ls tkfr] oxZ] {ks=] /keZ vkfn lHkh lkekftd laoxksZ dks rksMd
+ j
efgykvksa }kjk Hkksxs x;s HksnHkko ds izfr dkQh gn rd tu psruk iSnk dj nhA buds
laxfBr iz;kl ds dkj.k gh tsM
a j lekurk ds izfo/kku Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa yk;s x;sA
;|fi tsM
a j lekurk oS/k cuus ds ckn Hkh lkekU; yksxksa dh lksp cnyko ugha yk ldh
D;ksfa d mudh lksp ij iqjkuh ijEijkvksa dk izHkko Fkk tks lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr
dks xkS.k ekurh Fkha ;gh dkj.k gks ldrk gS fd lafo/kku esa iznk tsM
a j lekurk dks
;FkkFkZ :i esa ugha yk;k tk ldkA
vkt+knh ds ckn ukjh lf;rkokn ds tkjh jgrs gq;s iz;klksa ds lkFk ljdkj us lekt
esa tsM
a j lekurk vkSj U;k; dh vkkk esa vusdksa fo/kku cuk;sA ljdkjh mieksa dks 1970
ds nkd esa efgyk vkUnksyu ds iqu:RFkku ds lkFk ftlesa lekt esa tsM
a j lekurk ykus
ds fy, dBksj dne mBkus dh ekax dh xbZ Fkh ls vfrfjDr izkRs lkgu feykA ,d fed
?kVuk e] tSls Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ds Lrj ij ,d lfefr xfBr djuk vkSj mldk
izfrosnu izdkfkr djuk] jk"V la?k }kjk vUrjkZ"Vh; efgyk fnol vkSj vUrjkZ"Vh;
efgyk nkd ?kksf"kr djuk vkSj blds fy;s dk;Ze lapkfyr djuk] vUrjkZ"Vh; efgyk
lEesyu vkSj efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa ds izfr fooO;kih tkx`fr ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik gh
efgykvksa dh mUufr ds fy;s Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fofHkUu dk;Zeksa dk vk;kstu djuk]
uohu fo/kku cukuk] dk;Ze vkSj uhfr;k viukuk] laLFkkxr O;oLFkk;sa LFkkfir djuk
'kq: gqvkA ;s Hkkjr esa vkSj 'ks"k foo esa efgykvksa }kjk izkjaHk fd;s x;s laxfBr dk;ksZa
dk gh ifj.kke FksA
228

;g bdkbZ Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks mUur djus ds fy;s mBk;s x;s
dneksa dh :ijs[kk izLrqr djrh gSA oSfod leqnk;ksa dh dk;Z lwph ds fuekZ.k esa tsM
a j

ds eqs dks jk"V la?k }kjk ykuk cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA bl bdkbZ esa jk"V la?k ds }kjk mBk;s
x;s dneksa dk Hkh laf{kIr mYys[k gSA efgykvksa ds fy;s cgqr ls ljdkjh vkSj jk"V
la?kh; dk;Ze xSj-ljdkjh laxBuksa }kjk fd;s tkrs gSA cgqr ls xSj-ljdkjh laxBu
efgykvksa ds lkFk muds cgqeq[kh fodkl ds ms; ls tehuh Lrj rd Hkh dk;Z djrs
gSAa bdkbZ dk vfUre vuqHkkx xSj-ljdkjh laxBuksa ds mie ls lEcfU/kr gSA
D;k ;s lkjs mie lekt esa tsM
a j dh [kkbZ dks ikV ldsx
a ]s ;g okn-fookn dk ekeyk
gSA geus ns[kk gS bl ikB~;e dh bdkbZ 3 fd ledkyhu lekt esa efgykvksa ds Lrj
esa fodkl gqvk gSA fdUrq fufpr :Ik ls ;g okafNr Lrj rd ugha gSA dkuwu cukuk
;k uhfr;k viukuk ;kstuk;sa vkSj dk;Ze ek= efgykvksa ds Lrj dks pk ugha mBk
ik;sx
a As bu dk;Zeksa ds y{; vkSj ms; vius vki cgqr Js"B gSa fdUrq dsoy mi;qDr
Hkkouk ls mudk f;kUo;u vkSj ;kstuk ds vuqlkj fufnZ"V gks ikuk gh mUgsa
miyfC/k rd ys tk;sxk lEiw.kZ lekt dks bl y{; ds fy;s iz;kl djuk gksxkA

25-9 'kCnkoyh
eq [ ;/kkjk ls tks M + u k

% fyax ifjiz{s ; es]a eq[;/kkjk ls tksMu+ s dh izf;k fyax

lekurk dh izkfIr djus ij yf{kr gSA bldk vFkZ
lHkh {ks=ksa vkSj Lrjksa ij efgykvksa vkSj iq#"kksa ds fdlh
Hkh ;kstukc) dk;Z ds fy, fufgrkFkks dk ewY;kadu
djus dh izf;k ls gSA ;g ,slh uhfr gS ftlls lHkh
jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lektdh; {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa
vkSj iq#"kksa dh cjkcjh dk ntkZ feysAa

lkekftd lq j {kk

% bldk vFkZ ,sls lkekftd dY;k.k ds {ks= ls gS tks

fu/kZurk] o`)koLFkk] v{kerk] csjkstxkjh vkSj cPpksa okys
ifjokjksa dks lkekftd lqj{kk nsrk gSA

lkdY;oknh utfj;;k

% ,slk utfj;k tgka fdlh Hkh ?kVuk ;k O;oLFkk tks fd

cM+h O;oLFkk dk Hkkx gS] mls ,dy :i dh ctk;]
lexz O;oLFkk ds Hkkx ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA

25-10 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

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