Sc bn vt liu

Mc ch ca mn hc nhm trang b cho sinh vin nhng kin thc

c bn v vic tnh ton, thit k cc chi tit my, kt cu cng trnh.

Chng 1. Nhng khi nim c bN

I. Nhim v v i tng ca sc bn vt liu
1. Nhim v
Tnh ton v bn, cng v n nh ca cc b phn cng
trnh hoc cc chi tit my. Khi thit k cc b phn cng trnh hoc cc
chi tit my, ta phi tho mn cc iu kin sau:
- Chi tit khng b ph hng hay m bo iu kin bn.
- bin dng ca chi tit khng vt qu mc cho php hay m
bo iu kin cng.
- Chi tit lun gi c hnh dng ban u hay m bo iu kin n
nh.
2. i tng nghin cu
Vt rn bin dng: v vt liu l cc vt th c tnh n hi tuyt i,
v mt hnh hc ch yu l cc thanh. Ngoi ra cc dng khc nh: tm,
v, ng dy, a, v.v. Thng thng xt mt trong ba cu hnh sau:
Khi (hnh 1.1)
Tm v v (hnh 1.2)
Thanh (hnh 1.3)
Hnh 1.1

Hnh 1.2

F - din tch mt ct ngang

a)

Trc thanh

b)

Hnh 1.3
1

II. Mt s gi thuyt c bn v vt liu

1. Gi thuyt v s lin tc, ng nht v ng hng
Di tc dng ca ngoi lc mi vt rn thc u b bin dng, ngha
l bin i hnh dng v kch thc, l v ngoi lc lm thay i v tr
tng i vn c gia cc phn t cu to nn vt rn y.
Tnh lin tc: vt rn c gi l lin tc nu mi phn t b tu
ca n u cha v s cht im sao cho trong vt th khng c l rng.
Tnh ng nht c ngha l ti mi im trong vt th, vt liu c
tnh cht l - ho nh nhau.
Tnh ng hng l tnh cht c - l ca vt liu theo mi phng
u nh nhau.
2. Gi thuyt v s n hi, bin dng v chuyn v b
Vt rn c gi l n hi (hay r hn, n hi tuyt i) nu c kh
nng phc hi hon ton hnh dng v kch thc vn c sau khi ngoi lc
thi tc dng, bin dng c khi phc hon ton sau khi ht ngoi lc
c gi l bin dng n hi.
Vt n hi tuyn tnh l vt m bin dng l n hi v t l bc nht
vi ni lc. Nhng vt n hi khc c gi l vt n hi phi tuyn.
Bin dng b c th hiu l n nh n mc nh nhng i lng v
cng b. Chuyn v l rt b so vi kch thc ca vt th.
3. Gi thuyt v quan h gia lc v bin dng
Gia ngoi lc tc ng ln vt th v bin dng ca n c mi
quan h biu din bi mt hm s no . Nu hm s l bc nht ta
gi vt liu tun theo quy lut tuyn tnh. Nu hm s khng phi bc
nht ta gi l quy lut phi tuyn. Trong chng trnh sc bn vt liu, ta
ch xt n quy lut tuyn tnh gia lc v bin dng.

q 1 kN/m2

III. Ngoi lc, ni lc

1. Ngoi lc

a)

Ngoi lc bao gm ti trng (tnh v ng)

v cc phn lc lin kt.
P M=P.a

a)

b)

Ti trng gm:
- Lc tp trung
- Lc phn b (hnh 1-4)
- Ngu lc tp trung
(mmen tp trung) hoc
phn b (hnh 1-5).

q=q1.b kN/m

dz

z
2

m (kN/m )

b)

q(z)

c)
a

2. Ni lc

a
l

Hnh 1-5

Phn lc tc dng
tng h chng li tc
dng ca ngoi lc gi l
ni lc.
Phng php mt ct
xc nh ni lc.
Hnh 1-6
Cc thnh phn ni lc
(hnh 1-9) v quy c v du (hnh 1-10):

Hnh 1-4

Hnh 1-7

Hnh 1-9

Hnh 1-8

Lc dc Nz; lc ct Qx, Qy; mmen un Mx, My; mmen xon Mz.

Nz
Nz

Nz > 0
Nz < 0

Nz
Nz

Qy Qy > 0 Qy
Qy

Qy < 0

Qy

Mx

Mx
Mx>0
Mx

Mx<0

Mx

Mz>0

Mz<0

Hnh 1-10

IV. Bin dng v ng sut

3

1. Bin dng
Bin dng c bn c phn loi theo thnh phn ni lc trn h
trc qun tnh chnh trung tm.
a. Ko (hoc nn) ng tm (hnh 1-11):
H ni lc mt ct ngang tng ng vi mt lc dc

G
Nz

Hnh 1-11

b. Ct (hay trt) (hnh 1-12)

H ni lc mt ct
ngang tng ng
vi
G
mt lc ngang Q y (hoc
G
Q x ).
c. Xon (hnh 1-13).
H ni lc mt ct
ngang tng ng vi
mt ngu lc c mmen Mz nm trong mt ct

Hnh 1-12

Hnh 1-13

d. Un (hnh 1-14).
Un thun tu: H ni lc mt ct ngang tng ng vi mt ngu
lc c mmen Mx (hoc My). Un ngang: Qy, Mx (Qx, My)

Hnh 1-14

2. ng sut
4

 Cng ca ni lc ti mt im no trn mt ct c gi l
G
ng sut ton phn, k hiu p (hnh 1-15).
JG
P
G
ng sut trung bnh ti im M k hiu l: p tb =
(1-1)
F
ng sut ton phn ti im M:

JG
P
G
2
p = lim
F 0 F [lc/chiu di ]

(1-2)

Hnh 1-17

Hnh 1-16

Hnh 1-15

G
p
ng sut ton phn
phn lm hai thnh phn (hnh 1-15): ng sut
php, k hiu , ng sut tip, k hiu :
p = 2 + 2

(1-3)
G
C th phn ng sut p thnh ba phn theo 3 trc to l ng sut
php
z v ng sut tip
zx,
zy (hnh 1-17).
Quan h gia ng sut v cc ni lc c h thc sau:

Qx = zx dF;Qy = zy dF;N z = zdF ; M x = yzdF;

F

M y = x zdF; M z = ( xzy yzx ) dF

F

(1-4)

Quy c du ca ng sut:
ng sut php c coi l dng nu n i ra khi mt ct.
ng sut tip c coi l dng nu khi quay php tuyn ngoi ca
mt ct cng chiu kim ng h m chiu ca n trng vi chiu ca ng
sut tip.

V. Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng

 Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng biu din bng nh lut Hc

tng qut:

1
x = x y + z ; xy = xy ;
E
G

1
y = y ( z + x ) ; yz = yz ;
E
G
(1-5)

1
z = z x + y ; zx = zx
E
G
E: muyn n hi ca vt liu, [lc/(chiu di)2].
: h s Pot-xng ca vt liu, c gi tr 00,5.
G: muyn trt ca vt liu, [lc/(chiu di)2]

VI. s ho kt cu
Hnh 1-18 l hai s tnh c rt ra t dm thc tng ng, c
s ho bi mt ng trc v cc lin kt.
P1

P2

q
B

A
a)

b)

Hnh 1-18

Hnh 1-19 biu din mt s lin kt qua cc s ho chng v

phn lc lin kt:
R
R

R
N

R
N

ngm
M

gi di ng (gi con ln)

M

ngm trt

gi c nh
R=k.

M=k

ngm n hi

Gi n hi

Hnh 1-19

VII. Lin h vi phn gia ni lc v ngoi lc

6

 Ta nhn thy gia cng ti trng phn b, lc ct v mmen

un s c mi quan h vi phn nht nh.

dz

dz

Hnh 1-20

Thc vy gi s cho dm chu lc bt k nh trn hnh 1-20a. Xt

cn bng ca on thanh hnh 1-20b:

Q y + P (Q y + dQ y ) = 0
dz
(M x + dM x ) = 0
2
dz
P
B qua lng v cng b: Qydz v
2 so vi Mx v M, ta rt ra
iu cn nhn xt:
dQ y = P; dM x = M
M x + Qdz + M 0 + P

Xt cn bng ca on thanh hnh 1-20c:

Q y q.dz (Q y + dQ y ) = 0

M x + Q y .dz + qdz

dz
(M x + dM x ) = 0
2

dz 2
Nu b qua lng v cng b q
2 , ta c:
dQ y
dM x
d 2 M x (z) dQ y (z)
= q(z);
= Qy ;
=
= q(z)
dz
dz
dz 2
dz

(1-6)

Vy o hm ca lc ct bng cng ca ti trng phn b theo

chiu di v o hm ca mmen un bng lc ct. S lin h gi l
s lin h vi phn gia cng ti trng phn b, lc ct v mmen
un.

VIII. Biu ni lc
Biu ni lc l biu th s bin thin ca cc thnh phn ni lc
dc theo trc thanh.
1. v biu ni lc cn thc hin theo trnh t sau:
Xc nh cc thnh phn phn lc lin kt cn thit
Phn on v dng phng php mt ct xc nh cc thnh phn
ni lc trn tng on thanh.
Da vo quy lut phn b tng thnh phn ni lc v biu ni
lc cho tng loi ni lc.
Kim tra li biu ni lc
2. v nhanh v kim tra biu ni lc cn:
Da trn cc nhn xt v bc nhy:
Ti mt ct c t lc tp trung, biu lc ct c bc nhy, tr
s bc nhy bng tr s lc tp trung.
Ti mt ct c mmen tp trung, biu mmen un c bc
nhy, tr s bc nhy bng tr s mmen tp trung.
Da trn cc lin h vi phn gia ngoi lc v ni lc:
Trn on thanh khng c lc phn b (q = 0), biu lc ct (Qy)
l hng s, mmen un (Mx) l ng bc nht.
Lc phn b q=const Qy bc nht, Mx l ng bc hai.
Nu trn on thanh m q(z) l a thc bc n Qy l mt ng
bc (n+1) v Mx l mt ng (n+2).
Trn on thanh c q>0 (hng ln) th Qy ng bin, trn on
thanh c q<0 (hng xung) th Qy nghch bin.
Trn on thanh c Qy>0 th Mx ng bin, trn on thanh c
Qy<0 th Mx nghch bin. Ti mt ct Qy = 0, Mx t cc tr:
+ Cc i khi q < 0 (c chiu hng xung q )
+ Cc tiu khi q > 0 (c chiu hng ln trn q)
Da trn tnh i xng v tc dng ca ti trng:
B lm ca biu mmen un Mx lun hng ly chiu tc dng
ca lc phn b.
Trng hp h c kt cu i xng chu ti trng i xng, biu
mmen un s i xng, biu lc ct s phn i xng qua
trc i xng ca h. Nu kt cu i xng chu ti trng phn i
xng th biu lc ct i xng v biu mmen un phn i
xng.
3. V d minh ho
8

V d 1.1.: Cho mt dm chu lc nh hnh 1.21. V biu ni lc

Qy, Mx.
Bi gii:
Bc 1: Xc nh phn lc lin kt:

G
a
q.a
F = YB .3a + M + P.a q.a. = 0 YB =
<0
2
2

m ( )
A

Chiu YB ngc li hnh v. Ta i chiu YB xung di.

Fy = YA YB + P q.a = 0 YA = YB = q.a > 0 .
2
Vy chiu ca YA gi nguyn.

Bc 2: V biu lc ct.
Trn on AC c ti trng phn b u q = const, vy biu lc ct
q.a
l dng. Ti C c lc
l hm bc nht. Ti A c lc tp trung YA =
2
tp trung P=q.a hng ln
trn nn biu Qy c bc
nhy ng bng P. Trn on
CB, biu lc ct l hng s
v bng phn lc lin kt ti
B.
Bc 3: V biu m
men un.
Trn on AC biu
mmen l hm bc 2, ng
parabol c b lm hng ly
chiu ca ti trng q. Trn
on CB, biu Mx l hm
bc nht. Ti B, m men c
gi tr chnh bng m men
Hnh
tp trung M lm cng th
1 21
di. Ti D, ta c Qy = 0 nn Mx t gi tr cc tr.
Trn hnh 1.21 biu din biu Qy v Mx ca dm.