KHAK Engineering Consulting Bureau SOIL INVESTIGATION for Badawan Bridge (Sulaimany \ IRAQ) Giga G2 pm Jhamaj shailaogs September 2009CONTENTS 1- INTRODUCTION 1.1 - Authorization and Scope 1.2 - Site location 1.3 — Report Layout 2- SEISMICITY OF THE AREA 3- FIELD WORKS 3.1—Boring 3.2 - Recovery of Samples 3.3 Rock — Quality Designation (RQD) 4- LABORATORY TESTING 5. SUB-SOIL CONDITION 5.1 — Sub-soil profile 5.2 — Groundwater Level 6- EVALUATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 6.1 — Atterberg Limits 6.2 — Unconfined Compression Test 6.3 — Consolidation Test 6.4— Soil Texture 7 - STRUCTURAL DESIGN INFORMATION 8- RECOMMENDATIONS 8.1 — Type of footings 8.2 —_Depth of footings 8.3 — Allowable bearing Capacity 8.4 — Drilled Piers and Driven Piles 8.5 — Groundwater 8.6 - Type of Cement RRA R YW YNNNN owBadawan Bridge 1- INTRODUCTION 1.1 Authorization and Scope The Zhear Company requested from KHAK Engineering Consulting Bureau to undertake the geotechnical investigation at the location of the proposed new bridge at Badawan area. This report includes the results of soil investigation for the project. Also it incorporates the results of subsurface exploration, laboratory testing, discussion of test results and recommendations about requirements for foundation designing. 1.2 Site Location The site is located at Sulaimany Governorate, especially at Badawan Area located between Dokan and Chwargorna. The exact location of the bridge is shown in Fig. (2). 1.3. Report Layout The soil investigation for the new project includes digging of 3 bore- holes by drilling machines to a different depths varying between 15.0 to 16.0 m. The boreholes were dug form the present taking samples for laboratory testing. This report presents and discusses the labgfatory t recommendations for the whole site of the project.2. SEISMICITY OF THE AREA According to Iraqi seismic code (No. 2/1997), the ordinary structure may be designed by the equivalent static method using conventional liner elastic analysis. The seismic analysis of structures shall take the dynamic properties of the structure into consideration by equivalent static analysis. In this analysis the seismic hazard and zoning coefficient (Z) are required. The evaluation of seismic hazard in different seismic areas for the design of buildings and structures shall be performed according to the seismic zoning map of Iraq, (Fig. 1), The value of coefficient (Z) can be taken as follows; Zone I IL Zz 0.05 0.07 iil 0.09 ‘The site of the bridge is located in Zone II, so the value of the coefficient (Z) equals to 0.07 should be used in the design. Fig. (1) Seismic zoning map of Iraq3. FIELD WORK 3.1 Boreholes Three boreholes were suggested by the client and drilled by our bureau. The site plan (Figs. 2) shows the locations of the bore-holes. Table (1) indicates the depth of boreholes and also the elevation of the natural ground surface. The boreholes were drilled by using two different methods of continuous auger and continuous core barrel of (45/8 ”) diameter. Table (1): Boreholes depth and depth of bedrock layer Borehole . Depth of No. Elevation of G.L. drilling (m) BH1L 639.841 15.0 BH2 635.912 15.0 BH3 638,510 16.0 3.2-Recovery of samples Continuous core samples were taken by using continuous core barrel. The obtained samples were placed in core box for shipping to the laboratory. Photos at the end of this report show all the obtained core samples, extruded during the soil investigation. 3.3 Rock Quality Designation (RQD) Deere (1964) proposed a quantitative index obtained directly from measurements of rock core pieces. This index, referred the Rock Quality Designation (RQD), is defined as the ratio, Iength of sound core pieces 4 in. (10.16 em) in le of the core run. Length of intact pieces of core > 100 mm ™ RQD= x10 Length of core advance The rating of rock quality may be used to approximately establish the field reduction of modulus of elasticity and / or compressive strength:RQD (%) | Rock Description Epcia/ E tap <25 Very poor 0.15 25-50 Poor 0.20 50-75 Fair 0.25 | 75-90 Good 0.3-0.7 >90 Excellent 0.7-1.0 The RQD values of the core samples were calculated in the field after extruding the core samples from the double core barrel. The values of RQD are shown in the bore-logs appended. The results of RQD for the core samples are ranging between zero % to 60%. 4-LABORATORY TESTING 4.1 Type of Tests 4.1.1 Tests on undisturbed & disturbed soil samples i) Liquid & Plastic Limits. ii) Sieve analysis. 4.1.2 Tests on undisturbed soil samples iii) Natural dry density and moisture content. iv) Unconfined Compression Test. v) Consolidation Test. 4.2 Method of Testing 4 Undisturbed samples were used for strength and cca aS Te Disturbed or undisturbed samples available were used for classification test. All the tests were carried out according to the recommendations and procedures called for by ASTM and B.S as appropriate or applicable for any given case. 4.3 Presentation of Results All the test results are summarized in tables, as shown in the latter sections.sa]oyarog ay Jo suoTeoo] Suimoys ays ay) Jo AyderBodol (Z) Big Seem pata ee apua uenepeg | soon 2007Photo (1) power drilling machine showing conti core drilling. eee5- SUB-SOIL CONDITION: 5.1 Soil Condition The sub-soil stratification is shown in the boreloges, from which the sub-soil condition can be summarized as follows: (a) A layer of a recent deposits consists of a granular soils of sandy Gravel with silt was found and covering the site. The thickness of this layer at the location of boreholes is ranging between 1.0 to 1.50 m. (b) Second layer of black to brown silty Clay sometimes with fine sand was found. Thickness of this layer is varying between 3.50 to 12.0 m. (c)The Tanjero Formation bedrock consists thin layers of marl and sandstone was found at different depths. This layer is continued to the end of boring. The obtained values of recovery of this layer during drilling is ranged between 47 % to 73 %, while the calculated RQD is ranged between zero to 60 %. (d) Information about depth of the Tanjero Formation bed rock is shown in the Table below; Borehole Depth of Depth of Bed rock layer No. drilling (m) (m) BHI 15.0 5.0m BH2 15.0 5.50 m BH3 16.0 13.50 m 5.2 Groundwater Level completion of drilling for each boring point, and high permeability of the upper alluvial layer , filled with water and was encountered at a depth: varying between 1.20 to 6.10 mas shown in the table below. ee Borehole No. | Depth of drilling(m) | Depth of groundwater table (m) BH2 15.0 1.70 BH3 16.0 5.506- EVALUATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS: 6.1 Atterberg Limits: The values of Liquid limit (LL), Plastic limit (PL), and Plasticity index (PD), for the cohesive layer at different depths are shown in Table (1) below: Table (1) Atterberg limits tests results Borehole Depth Liquid Limit | Plastic Limit | Plasticity No. (a (LL) % PL) % _| Index (PI) % 2.50 -3.0 42.6 28.2 14.4 BH1 5.0- 5.50 37.0 24.5 12.5 7.50-8.0 37.6 28.0 9.6 10.50 — 11.0 42.6 26.5 16.1 3.0 34.8 25.6 9.2 BH2 7.50 8.0 415 26.0 15.5 9.50 -11.0 42.7 27.8 14.9 4.0 - 4.50 Not Plastic. 6.50-7.0 36.0 29.0 7.0 9.0 - 9.50 31.2 24.6 6.6 12.0 - 12.50 44.9 28.0 16.9 14.50-15.0 42.0 26.0 16.0 6.2- Unconfined Compression Test Results: Undisturbed soil samples are collected by small diameter of thin wall tubes (38 mm), which are suitable for conducting unconfined compression tests. Table (2) shows the results of (qu) values of unconfined compression tests, and also shows natural moisture content, bulk and dry unit weight at different depths. Table (2) Unconfined compression test results Test pits No.6.3 Consolidation Properties Consolidation tests are performed on undisturbed cohesive samples by using consolidation ring 50-mm diameter by 19-mm thick. The applied pressure used is in the range of 25 to 800 KN/m*. The results of consolidation tests are shown in consolidation graphs appended on the form of (e-log p) curve. Casagrande’s method is used to determine preconsolidation pressure (Pc). The results of overburden, preconsolidation pressure and consolidation parameters are shown in Table (3). This table indicates that the cohesive layer is overconsolidated soil. These results indicate that the anticipated settlement for the suggested structures will be tolerable. Table (3) Overburden, preconsolidation pressure & consolidation parameters with depth Preconsolidation pressure(P,) dim’) = Initial void | Expansion ratio(e,) | Index (C.) 10 Compressi on Index ic 0.3537, 6.4 Soil Texture: ‘The grain size analysis test was carried out for granular samples and the texture of the tested samples are shown in Table (4) below: Table (4) Soil Texture Clay + Silt Borehole No. 7- STRUCTURAL DESIGN ngs The client has provided the following/information fous; (a) _ It is suggested to construct a reinforced conoreitysk ige. (b) The bridge will be constructed as a reinforced concrete. (©) The proposed bridge has one line of piers and two abutments (ie. the bridge has two spans).ul 8. RECOMMENDATIONS 8.1 Type of Footings Depending on the type of the sub-soil condition and the type of project which is a reinforced concrete bridge, it is recommended to use one of these two alternatives; (a) - Rigid combined footing under each row of the piers. (b) There are soft layers of black sandy silt and brown Clay encountered in BH 3 at a depth 1.50 m and continued to the depth of 135m. So a pile foundation is _ highly recommended. Driven piles or boring in-situ piles can be used. 8.2 Depth of Footings The sub-soil condition consists of a recent deposits layer covering the site at the location of boreholes. Thickness of this layer is varying between 5.0 to 13.50 m. In case of using combined footing, it is recommended to place the foundations at a different depths varying between 3.0 to 4.0 m depth to ensure that scouring will not be occurred in the future. Table below shows the thickness of the alluvial layer at the location of boreholes and a recommended depth and elevation of placing combined footings; Recommended depth and elevation of foundations at the locations of boreholes Borehole | Elevation of eect of No: = deposits (m) Al 2 Foundations BHI | 639.841 5.0 3.0~.._| 636840 BH2 635.912 5.50 3.0 632.910 BH3 | 638.510 13.50 4.0 634.50 Excavating of the upper depths may be difficult because of the high level of the ground water table and it needs dewatering during excavation and construction of the foundation.2 8.3 Allowable Bearing Capacity In case of using combined footing and according to the results of the field test of (SPT), laboratory tests, and sub-soil condition, it is recommended to consider the following allowable bearing capacity for combined footings:- ; ai ; Depth of foundations (m) ence a eae ou ar |_ 4.0 t05.0m 5 | 750 | 1.57 Modulus of Subgrade ropes Reaction 8.4 Drilled Pier Foundations and Driven Piles. Drilled piers are the most popular of deep foundations, because they have the capability that one single pier can easily carry the entire load from a large column for a tall building. The advantages of drilled piers are that they can carry large seismic loads, and they are easier to install than driven or single small piles, and usually economical. Cast-in-place piers with a diameter of 1000 mm or more and to a depth varying between 10.0 to 15.0 m can be used to transfer the loading to stronger and less compressible soil layers at great depth. There are three stages in constructing piers as shown in the figure; - (a) The shaft is excavated to the desired depth. (b) The reinforcing steel cage is lowered int (©) _ The hole is filled with concrete.B Single pier Capacities (KN) Length of pile (m) Diameter (m) | 10.0m 12.0m 1.0m 920 KN | 1000 KN | 1080kN | 1120 kN 12m 4230 KN | 1330 KN | 1420 KN | 1470 KN 150m | 4780 KN | 1900 kN | 2020 KN | 2080 kN The bed of piles should be penetrated inside bedrock for a length equal to 3 to 4 times diameter of the pile. Also a driven pile of H-section to the same recommended depth of 10.0 to 15.0 m can be used. 8.5 Groundwater The boreholes were filled with water, so dewatering will be required during construction of the combined footings. 8.6 Type of Cement Sulphate content of the soil is low, so ordinary Portland cement can be used with minimum cement content of 330 kg/m? and maximum free water/cement ratio of 0.5 for foundations. af ta 4 334 : | 0 A ‘ a 2 Geotechnical Consultant clm Bo 2 Asal ole iS =354,04 %14 References 1. American Society for Testing and Material “ Annual Book of ‘ASTM Standard” 2. Bowels, E. Joseph (1995) “ Foundation Analysis and Design” Me Graw- Hill Companies 3. British Standards Code of Practice (BS) 4. Craig, R. F. (1997) “Soil Mechanics” E & FN Spon , London. 5. Das, B. M. (1983) “Advanced Soil Mechanics” Mc Graw-Hill Book Companies. 6. Das, B. M. (1990) “Principles of Geotechnical Engineering” Pws-kent Publishing Company — Boston. 7. Das, B. M. (1999) “Principle of Foundation Engineering” Pws-kent Publishing Company — Boston. 8. Day, R. W. (2001) “Soil Testing Manual” Mc Graw- Hill Inc. 9. Head, K. H. (1981) “ Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing” Vol. 1, Vol. 2 & Vol. 3, Pentch press , London 10. Mc Carthy, D. F. (1998) “Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations” Prentice Hall company. 11. Uni Budhui (2000) “Soil Mechanics & Foundation” John Wiley & Sons, Inc , Newyork. 12, Tomlinson, M. J. (1996) “Foundation Design & Construction” Longman Company.Project : Padawan Pridge Location: Sulaimany \ Iraq Log of Bore Hole: BH 1 Recovery | RQD (%) ‘Sample & |Depth Type (m) Soil Description SPT Sandy Gravel with silt ee " Brown Silty Clay 10 Thin layers of green Clay and | =F Sandstone : 11 — Core 4 | 60%: 35% 12 13 Core 2 73% 0% SEREEEERECERREEERRERPRREERR RSH 14 3 : FT 60% 12% 15 eee 2 End of Boring = a 16Project : Padawan Bridge Location: Sulaimany \ Iraq Log of Bore Hole: BH 2 Sample & | Depth spt | Recovery (m) (%) 1 —— 2 vw 3 4 | Black Silty Clay with some of fine sand BBRREEERRESBERSESERE! | Core 1 —— om 43% 10 zB] Tanjero Formation (Thin layers of 11 Marl and sandstone) ~~ g EE é ee End of BoringProject : Padawan Pridge Location: Sulaimany \ Iraq Log of Bore Hole: BH 3 ‘Sample & | Depth. Type | (m) Recovery | RQD Soil Description SPT (%) (%) Silty Sandy Gravel EREEEPEPEEEREEEEE EER 6 Me = Soft black Sandy Silt SeRRERERS Bek 10 E| | i 11 EEE 12 3 Brown Clay a3 14 15 Tanjero Formation (Green Clay) Core 1 16 PEESEBESEESPEEPEREEEES