V1

V2 City and countryside

V4 Mountains and coast

V6 The environment

V8 Trees, plants and flowers

V10 The animal kingdom

V12 Architecture

V13 Buildings

V14 Homes

V15 House

V16 Garden / Yard

V17 DIY and cleaning

V18 Living room

V19 Dining room

V20 Bedroom

V21 Bathroom

V22 Kitchen

V24 Cooking

V26 Fruit and vegetables

V28 Herbs, spices, nuts and cereals

V29 Packaging

V30 Musical instruments

V32 Toys and games

V34 Hobbies

V36 Sports

V40 Extreme sports

V41 Cycles

V42 Cars

V43 Aircraft

V44 Boats and ships

V46 Vehicles

V48 The body

V49 Hair and make-up

V50 Clothes

V52 Accessories

V54 Computing

V56 Office

V57 Classroom

V58 Shapes, solids and angles

V59 The earth and the solar system

V60 The British Isles

V62 Canada and the United States of America

V64 Australia and New Zealand

Contents

Visual Vocabulary Builder Contents

 V2

City and countryside

City and countryside

1

2
4
5

11

14

13
24

7
10

18

16

25

15

23

19

17

32

31

28

27

26

33

36

37

1
4

6
7

10
9

20

11
13

14

12

16

15

23

21

20

17

22
28

27

29

34

33

35

36

18

City
1 skyscraper
2 crane
3 office block (BrE) / office
building (NAmE)
4 dome
5 museum
6 clock tower
7 hoarding (BrE)
(also billboard
especially NAmE)
8 cinema (BrE) / movie
theater (NAmE)
9 banner
10 flag
11 flagpole (also flagstaff)
12 alley (also alleyway)
13 awning
14 fountain
15 statue
16 shopping centre (BrE)
shopping center
(NAmE)
17 arcade
18 street light
(BrE also street lamp)
19 lamp post (especially
BrE)
20 market
21 market stall
22 road sign
23 theatre (BrE) / theater
(especially US)

8
12

21
22
29

30
34

35

38

40

39

24 shop (BrE)
store (NAmE)
25 cafe (also caf)
26 postbox / letter box
(both BrE)
mailbox (NAmE)
27 busker
28 traffic lights
(NAmE also stoplights)
29 bollard
30 litter bin (BrE)
trash can (NAmE)
31 pedestrian precinct
(BrE) / pedestrian mall
(NAmE)
32 taxi rank (BrE)
(also taxi stand
especially NAmE)
33 railings
34 pavement (BrE)
sidewalk (NAmE)
35 kerb (BrE)
curb (NAmE)
36 parking meter
(also meter)
37 pedestrian
crossing (BrE)
crosswalk (NAmE)
38 cycle lane (BrE)
bicycle lane (NAmE)
39 bus stop
40 high street (BrE)
main street (NAmE)

Countryside

19
24

25
26
32

31

30

37

38

39

40

1 windmill
2 hill
3 hay
4 haystack
5 vineyard
6 copse (also coppice)
7 stream
8 wood (also woods)
9 furrow
10 polytunnel
11 pasture
12 crops
13 tractor
14 field
15 farmyard
16 orchard
17 footpath
18 footbridge
19 stile
20 silo

21 farmhouse
22 stable
23 hedge
24 signpost
25 village green (BrE)
26 village
27 duck pond
28 farm
29 meadow
30 marsh
31 reeds
32 fence
33 barn
34 hedgerow
35 ditch
36 livestock
37 lane
38 bridge
39 river
40 riverbank

City and countryside

V3

Mountains and coast

V4

Mountains and coast

1
2

5
4

12

11

13
16
15

14

18

17
21

19
20

23
24
27

26

25

4
5

10
11

12
13

18

24

23

25
28

29

14

15

Mountains
7

9
10

22

1 summit
2 ridge
3 glacier
4 snow
5 mountain range
6 plateau
7 peak
8 mountain
9 precipice
10 foothills
11 snowline
12 ice
13 source
14 waterfall
15 forest
16 lake

17 conifers
18 glade (also clearing)
19 tributary
20 river
21 meander
22 pass
23 slope
24 scree
25 track
26 boulder
27 valley
28 gorge (also canyon)

28

Coast
6
7

16
20

19

17
21

22

26
27

1 coastal path
2 cave
3 headland (also
promontory)
4 horizon
5 sea (BrE)
ocean (NAmE)
6 lighthouse
7 island
8 cove
9 clifftop
10 dune (also sand dune)
11 estuary
12 wave
13 spit
14 crest
15 foam

16 reef
17 cliff
18 sandbank
19 wake
20 rock
21 rock pool (BrE)
tide pool (NAmE)
22 quay
23 beach
24 bay
25 shingle
26 harbour (BrE)
harbor (NAmE)
27 jetty (NAmE also dock)
28 sand
29 seashore

Mountains and coast

V5

 V6

The environment
The environment

7
2

4
6
1

Acid rain

Causes of the greenhouse effect

Carbon dioxide is produced by vehicle
exhaust fumes (1) and by burning fossil
fuels (2) from power plants (BrE also power
stations), factories and homes. This causes
temperatures to rise. Trees, which absorb
carbon dioxide, are felled by logging, causing
deforestation (3).
Nitrogen oxide comes from vehicles
and power plants, and from agricultural
fertilizers and pesticides used in intensive
farming (4).
Many household products, such as
refrigerators and aerosols, emit CFCs
(chlorofluorocarbons) which damage the
ozone layer.
Methane gas is released from household and
industrial waste in landfill sites (5), and also
from cattle (6).
Sunlight causes these greenhouse gases to
undergo chemical change and react with
water vapour (BrE) (NAmE vapor), creating
acid rain.

Acid rain (7) falls on leaves and bark,

damaging trees and plants in forests.
Nutrients are leached out of the soil, and
plants die.
Acid levels build up in lakes and rivers (8),
poisoning and killing fish.
Acid corrosion attacks buildings, eating
away at metal, stone and wood.
Pollution from smog (9) causes respiratory
diseases such as asthma and bronchitis.

Global warming
Global warming can cause climate change
and environmental disaster. Long-term
changes in temperature, wind, pressure,
precipitation (rain and snow) and humidity
present challenges to our survival.
Environmental degradation, such as
desertification and desiccation, creates
problems in many parts of the world.
Rising temperatures cause ice caps to melt.
Rising sea levels lead to coastal and river
flooding and erosion.
Extreme events occur, such as storms,
drought, forest fires, soil erosion,
landslides, avalanches, tsunamis and the
sudden appearance of pests and diseases.

1
10

2
9

11
9
4
3

8
7
6
4

Solutions and sustainability

Wind turbines (1), solar power and
hydroelectric power (2) provide alternative
sources of energy that are renewable and do
not pollute the air.
In the home, solar panels (3),
insulation, energy-efficient light
bulbs and biodegradable products are
environmentally friendly. Rubbish can be
sorted for recycling in bins (4) and bottle
banks (5), and biodegradable waste becomes
compost (6).
Using a bicycle (7), an electric car (8) or
public transport (9) helps to reduce carbon
emissions. Avoiding long-distance travel and
buying local, seasonal food with low food
miles reduces your carbon footprint.
Reforestation (10) and organic farming (11)
help to restore the earths balance. Trees
give off oxygen, absorb carbon dioxide
and provide habitats for wildlife. Organic
farming is chemical-free.

Some Recyclable Materials

batteries
cans
cardboard
engine oil
fluorescent tubes
glass
organic garden
waste

paper
plastic bottles
scrap metal
textiles
timber

The environment

V7

Trees, plants and flowers

V8

Trees, plants and flowers

Trees

Evergreen trees

berry

foliage
blossom

bud

twig
branch

limb

leaf

trunk

palm

twig

needles

roots

yew

cone (BrE
also fir cone)

rings

tree
wood
bark

fir

log

Deciduous trees

seeds

sycamore
(especially BrE)

acorn

oak

catkin

willow

blossom

conker
(especially
BrE)

horse chestnut

beech nut

beech

seeds

ash

 V9
flower

stalk

anther

stigma
style

thorn

carpel
stem

shoot

stamen

roots

bulb

petal

ovule
ovary

sepal
roots

plant

flower

variegated
leaves

bamboo

bulrush

reed

fern

ivy
dandelion clock

moss

lichen

cactus

nettle

thistle

dandelion

seed head

bluebell

daisy

buttercup

primrose

poppy

tendril

carnation

chrysanthemum

sweet pea

sunflower

thorn

rose

trumpet

daffodil

tulip

iris

lily

orchid

lotus

Trees, plants and flowers

bud

 V10

The animal kingdom

The animal kingdom

Birds

poultry and game

beak / bill
wing
tail

webbed foot

toe
claw

talons

finch

pheasant

duck

turkey

chicken

albatross

puffin

crest

feather

nest

egg

birds of prey

seabirds

carrion

golden eagle

vulture

Mammals
coat

gull

barn owl

primates

muzzle

mane

prehensile
tail

tail
snout

chimpanzee (also
informal chimp)

lion

antlers

paw
whisker

claw

hooves

horn

cetacean

spider monkey

rodents

beaver

red squirrel

marsupials

blowhole

eucalyptus tree

tusk

trunk

sperm whale

joey
pouch

Fish

dorsal fin

tail

bat

scales
fin
ventral fin

trout

gill

koala
(also koala bear)

kangaroo
(also informal
roo)

Reptiles

Amphibians

V11

shell

warty skin
j

fangs

frogspawn

tortoise (BrE) / turtle (NAmE)

forked
tongue

toad

flipper

salamander

turtle
(NAmE also sea turtle)

cobra

frog

Insects

eggs

moth

flea

head
thorax

butterfly
caterpillar
j

chrysalis (also
chrysalid)
antenna

mosquito

abdomen

ladybird (BrE)
ladybug (NAmE)

dragonfly

ant

wing
j

sting (NAmE
also stinger)

mandible

larva
wasp

bumblebee

Crustaceans

grasshopper

beetle

Arachnids
sting (NAmE
also stinger)

antenna

shell

web

claw / pincer

crab

Taxonomy

prawn (especially BrE)

shrimp (NAmE)

tick

scorpion
spider

woodlouse

Living things are grouped on the basis of

Gastropods
their similarities and differences into smaller
and smaller groups. This scientific process of
classification is called taxonomy. The main
groups, from the largest to the smallest, are:
snail
kingdom (animal or plant)
phylum (plural phyla) (e.g. mollusc, arthropod)
class (e.g. mammal, gastropod, insect)
slug
order (e.g. primate, marsupial)
family
genus (plural genera)
species

Cephalopod
shell

tentacle

sucker

octopus

The animal kingdom

hood

tadpole

 V12

Architecture

Architecture

geodesic dome

gargoyle

pedestal

obelisk
keystone

dome
cupola
dome

dome

rotunda

arch

vaulted ceiling
relief
capital

colonnade

cloister

plinth column

portico

Bridges

humpback bridge (BrE)

suspension bridge

cantilever bridge

viaduct

aqueduct

 V13

amphitheatre

fort

battlements

turret
portico

palace

castle

glasshouse

pyramid

pub (BrE)

warehouse

stately home

moat

log cabin

lighthouse

oil rig
oil platform

Work connected with building

hut

barn

pagoda

person

work all [U]

building houses and

other buildings:

builder

building

designing buildings:

architect

architecture

designing roads and

bridges, etc.:

civil engineer

civil
engineering

building walls, etc.

with bricks:

bricklayer

bricklaying

repairing or building roofs:

roofer

roofing

making doors and window

frames from wood:

joiner

joinery

making and repairing

wooden objects
and structures:

carpenter

carpentry

fitting glass into the frames

of windows, etc.:

glazier

glazing

putting plaster on walls:

plasterer

plastering

fitting and repairing water

pipes, toilets, etc.:

plumber

plumbing

connecting, repairing, etc.

electrical equipment:

electrician

wiring

skyscraper

Buildings

Buildings

 V14

Homes

Homes

town house (BrE)

semi-detached house (BrE)

duplex (especially NAmE)

row house (NAmE)

terraced house (BrE)

fire escape

bungalow (BrE)
thatch

block of flats (BrE)

apartment building (NAmE)

Other types of home

Duplex (especially NAmE) has two meanings: it is a building
divided into two separate homes, each with its own entrance,
or it is a flat/apartment with rooms on two floors, with a
shared entrance from the street.
An apartment building or group of houses in which each flat/
apartment/house is owned by the person living in it but the
building and shared areas are owned by everyone together is
a condominium (especially NAmE) (also informal condo).
A flat/apartment with rooms on two floors, and usually its
own entrance from the street, is a maisonette (BrE).
A house built on one level, that is very wide but not very deep
from front to back, and has a roof that is not very steep, is a
ranch house (NAmE) compare bungalow.
A very large house is a mansion.
An expensive and comfortable flat/apartment at the top of a
tall building is a penthouse.
A set of rooms for an old person, especially in a relatives
house, is called a granny flat (BrE) / in-law apartment /
mother-in-law apartment (both NAmE).

thatched cottage

mobile home (especially NAmE)

houseboat

House

1 chimney pot
2 chimney
3 aerial (BrE)
antenna (NAmE, BrE)
4 ridge
5 gable
6 roof
7 skylight

8 dormer window
9 eaves
10 burglar alarm
11 gutter
12 drainpipe (NAmE also
downspout)
13 shutter
14 windowpane

25 bay window
26 letter box (BrE)
mail slot (NAmE)
27 front door
28 wall
29 garage
30 brick
31 doorstep
32 basement
33 step
34 drive (also driveway)

15 sash window
16 casement window
17 balcony
18 window box
19 windowsill
20 porch
21 tile
22 hanging basket
23 door knocker
24 French window (BrE)
French door (NAmE)

1
3

2
4
6

5
9
12

10

8
11

13

14

17
18

16

15

19

21

20
23

22

26

25
24

27

28

29

31

32

30
34

33

Where you live

Buying or renting a house

The area surrounding a house is the

neighbourhood (BrE) / neighborhood
(NAmE).
A person who lives next or near to you is your
neighbour (BrE) / neighbor (NAmE).
The next house, room or building is next door:
our next-door neighbours
An area where people live that is outside the
main part of a city or town is called a suburb,
or the suburbs. The adjective is suburban:
suburban houses/streets
An area where a large number of houses are
planned and built as a group is called an estate
or a development:
a new housing estate/development
If you go and live in another house, you move,
or move house. You move in/move into a
new house, then move out/move out of it
when you stop living there.

A house that is available to buy is for sale or

on the market:
This property has been on the market for
about six weeks.
A person whose job is to buy and sell houses
and land for other people is an estate agent
(BrE) / real estate agent (NAmE).
When you borrow money from a bank or
building society in order to buy a house, you
take out a mortgage.
If you pay money for the use of a room,
house, etc., you rent it (from sb). The money
that you pay, probably each month, is rent.
The person who rents a room, house, etc.
is a tenant and the person who owns the
property is a landlord (or landlady if it is a
woman):
The landlord has put the rent up again.

House

V15

Garden / Yard

V16

Garden (BrE) / Yard (NAmE)

24 border
25 lawn
26 cane
27 water feature
28 pond
29 cold frame (also
frame)
30 seedling
31 cloche
32 vegetable patch /
vegetable plot

6 conservatory (BrE)
7 pergola
8 climber
9 gate
10 fence
11 sunlounger (BrE)
(also lounger,
BrE, NAmE)

1
2
3
4

greenhouse
shed
hedge
bird table (BrE)
bird feeder
(NAmE)
5 parasol /
sunshade

17 stake
18 deck
19 flowerpot
20 patio
21 planter
22 flower bed
23 compost bin

12 deckchair
13 barbecue
(also BBQ)
14 water butt (BrE)
rain barrel
(NAmE)
15 bench
16 trellis

4
14

12
18

17

11
13

6
23

15

24

10

16

25

22

19 20 21

26

27
28

29

31

30

rakes

lawnmower
(also mower)

fork

wheelbarrow
(also barrow)

hoe

32

spade

hose
watering can
(also hosepipe)

shovel

trowel

StrimmerTM (BrE)

hand fork

sprinkler

 V17

DIY and cleaning

Tools

handsaw

blade

DIY and cleaning

bit

claw

chuck

hammer
drill

plane

mallet

coping saw

screwdriver
hacksaw

head

bradawl
bolt

file

thread

chisel

nut
nail

screw

washer

spirit level

spanner (BrE)
wrench (especially NAmE)

blade

vice (BrE) / vise (NAmE)

adjustable spanner (BrE)

monkey wrench (especially NAmE)
wire cutters

scissors
penknife

toolbox

pliers

Cleaning

Decorating
rung

bucket
(NAmE also pail) feather
duster

dustpan
and brush
broom

mop

squeegee mop

duster

iron

step

ladder

stepladder

squeegee

rubber gloves

vacuum cleaner
(BrE also HooverTM)

ironing board

roller

paintbrushes

 V18

Living room

Living room
5 coal scuttle
6 fire surround
7 fireplace
8 grate
9 hearth
10 poker
11 house plant (BrE also
pot plant)

1 hi-fi system
2 speakers
3 waste-paper basket
(BrE) / wastebasket
(NAmE)
4 mantelpiece (also
mantel especially
NAmE)

22 coffee table
23 remote control
24 radiator
25 magazine rack
26 recliner
27 scatter cushion (BrE)
throw pillow (NAmE)
28 throw
29 sofa / couch
30 occasional table
31 floorboards

12 plant pot
13 armchair
14 rug
15 bookcase
16 ornament (especially
BrE)
17 bookend
18 flat-screen TV
19 vase
20 coaster
21 footstool

15
16
4

11
12

24

26

13

18

17

19

14

27

21

10

23
20

28

22
29

30

25
31

roller

finial
slat

curtain pole (BrE)

curtain rod (NAmE)

roller

venetian blind

roller blind (BrE)

shade (NAmE)

curtains

shutters

lampshade
bulb

table lamp

spotlight
back

arm

desk lamp

floor lamp
(BrE also
standard lamp)

lava lamp

cushion

two-seater sofa (BrE)

love seat (NAmE)

directors chair

rocking chair (also

rocker especially NAmE)

chaise longue

 V19

Dining room
fruit bowl
cheeseboard
cheese knife
sideboard
drawer
cutlery (especially BrE)
flatware (NAmE)
7 napkin

8 bowl
9 plate
10 place mat
(BrE also table mat)
11 side plate
12 glass
13 pepper pot
(especially BrE)
pepper shaker (NAmE)

22
21

23

1
3

24
19

20

17

9
10

12 13 14

11

18

25

15

saucer

21 candle
22 wick
23 carafe
24 dining chair
25 high chair
26 dining table
27 tablecloth

14 salt cellar (BrE)

salt shaker (NAmE)
15 butter knife
16 butter dish
17 serving dish
18 lid
19 gravy boat
20 candlestick

Dining room

1
2
3
4
5
6

16
26
27

cup
handle
cup holder

plastic cup

cup and saucer

prong / tine

salad servers

teaspoon

mug

blade

knife

fork

soup spoon

babys mug /
babys beaker

egg cup

chopsticks

tablespoon

dessertspoon (BrE)

steak knife
fish fork fish knife

stem

beer mug

tumbler

wine glass

champagne flute

 V20

Bedroom

Bedroom

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1 bedside table
(especially BrE)
(NAmE usually
nightstand,
night table)
2 clock radio

10 built-in/fitted
wardrobe (BrE) / closet
(especially NAmE)
11 rail
12 hanger
13 chest of drawers
(NAmE also bureau,
dresser)
14 drawer

headboard
pillow
pillowcase
bottom sheet
double bed
duvet
en suite (BrE, from
French)

11

12
10

15

13

14

3
4
1

15 full-length mirror
16 mirror
17 dressing table (NAmE
also vanity, vanity table)
18 stool
19 fitted carpet (BrE)
wall-to-wall carpet
(NAmE)
20 rug

16
5

8
17

18

20

cradle
hammock

19

cot (BrE) / crib (NAmE)

travel cot

canopy

mattress
mattress

ing top sheet

dd
be blanket

bedpost
patchwork
quilt

valance
base
base

divan (BrE)

four-poster bed

futon
sleeping bag

bedspread
(BrE also bedcover)
(NAmE also spread)

single bed (NAmE

also twin bed)

pump

bunk beds

sofa bed
camp bed (BrE)
cot (NAmE)

air bed (BrE) / air

mattress (especially NAmE)

AmE
ed)

Bathroom
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8 vanity unit (BrE)

9 shower cubicle
10 shower head
11 soap dish
12 shower tray
13 plughole (BrE)
drain (US)

bathroom cabinet
toothbrush holder
beaker
mixer tap
washbasin
soap dispenser
flannel (BrE)
washcloth (NAmE)

22 tap (especially BrE)

faucet (NAmE)
23 bathrobe (also robe)
24 bidet
25 toilet
26 cistern (BrE)
27 toilet paper
28 toilet brush

14 towel rail (BrE)

towel rack (NAmE)
15 hand towel
16 bath towel
17 bathroom scales
18 bath (BrE) / bathtub
(especially NAmE)
19 bath mat
20 tiling
21 bath panel

9
10

11

14
15
22

20
16
4
2
3

5
7

12

13

18
21

17

26

24

27

19

nail file

23

25

emery board

nail clippers

nail scissors

28

nail brush

toothbrush

toothpaste

hairbrush

electric toothbrush

comb

tweezers

blade
blade
razor

shaver (also electric razor)

sponge bag (BrE)

toiletry bag (NAmE)

loofah

sponge

Bathroom

V21

 V22

Kitchen

Kitchen

7 gas ring (especially

BrE) / burner (NAmE)
8 hob (BrE) / stovetop
(NAmE)
9 drawer
10 oven glove (also oven
mitt)
11 grill (BrE)
12 oven
13 fridge (BrE)
refrigerator (NAmE)

1 microwave
2 worktop (BrE)
counter (NAmE)
3 knife block
4 kitchen units
5 cooker hood
6 splashback

22 dishcloth (NAmE
usually dishrag)
23 sink
24 tap (especially BrE)
faucet (NAmE)
25 dishwasher
26 tea towel (BrE)
dishtowel (NAmE)

14 breakfast bar
15 stool
16 toaster
17 door
18 shelf
19 kitchen roll holder
20 kitchen paper (BrE)
paper towel (NAmE)
21 draining board (BrE)
drainboard (NAmE)

18
17
5

11
10

6
7
2

16

13

12

19
20
14

21
22

15

23

24

9
4
25
26

Appliances

blender (BrE
also liquidizer)

hand-held blender

food processor

electric whisk

Coffee and tea

plunger

spout

pot
filter

electric kettle

espresso maker

cafetire (BrE)
French press (NAmE)

coffee maker
(also coffee machine)

teapot

 V23

Kitchen utensils

bread knife

handle

serrated blade

measuring spoons

point

edge

carving knife

measuring cups

steel
cleaver

timer

measuring jug

peeler

Opening
chopping board (BrE)
cutting board (NAmE)

palette knife

paring knife

kitchen scissors

Crushing, grating, squeezing

lemon-squeezer (BrE)
juicer (NAmE)

potato
masher

grater

corkscrew
tin opener (BrE)
can opener (NAmE)

bottle opener

nutcracker
pestle

mortar

zester
garlic press
(also garlic crusher)
pestle and mortar

Other utensils

pepper mill

tongs

sieve (BrE)
sifter (NAmE)

colander

ramekin
ice-cream scoop

cake slice

ladle

wooden
spoon

whisk

basting spatula fish slice (BrE)

spatula (NAmE)
brush

rolling pin

Kitchen utensils

Measuring

Cutting

 V24

Cook

Cooking
Cooking

When talking generally about preparing

meals, use the verb to cook:
When youre cooking for your family, make
an extra serving.
You can cook food or a meal:
Lucas is cooking dinner.
Cook the onion gently until soft.
or the food or the meal can cook:
Add the meat and let it cook for ten minutes.
There are different verbs for particular ways of
cooking: with water or oil, or in dry heat.
flamb

Fry
You can fry meat, fish, eggs, etc. in a shallow
pan of hot oil, or the meat, fish, eggs, etc. can
fry:
Fry the onion and garlic for five minutes.
The smell of frying bacon made her mouth
water.
Chips (BrE) / French fries (NAmE), etc. can be
completely covered in very hot oil and
deep-fried.
You can saut food by frying it quickly in a
little hot fat:
new potatoes sauted in butter and thyme

wok

spatula

stir-fry
frying pan
(NAmE also skillet)
tongs

fry

barbecue

lid

steamer
saucepan (especially BrE)
(NAmE usually pot)

boil

steam

oven

bun tin (BrE)

muffin pan (NAmE)

bake

casserole /
casserole dish

casserole

Boil
You can boil vegetables, eggs, rice, etc. by
covering them with water and heating to
boiling point (=100C):
Boil the potatoes until tender, then drain.
You can also just boil the water:
Im boiling the water for the pasta now.
or the container the water is in:
Boil a large pan of salted water.
The vegetables, the water, or (in British
English) the container, can boil:
The potatoes were boiling away merrily.
The kettles boiled! Do you want some tea?
(BrE)
If you bring something to the boil (BrE) / a
boil (NAmE) you heat it until it boils; you can
then simmer it or let it simmer by letting it
boil gently for a period of time:
Simmer the carrots in a large pan of water.
Bring to the boil and let it simmer for five
minutes.
You can poach food by cooking it gently in a
small amount of liquid:
Gently poach the salmon fillets for eight
minutes.

Steam
You can steam fish, vegetables, etc. by
placing the food above boiling water in a
covered container with holes in the bottom
so the steam reaches it:
Chinese rice is always white and usually
prepared by steaming.

Roast
chop

You can roast large pieces of meat, potatoes,

etc. by covering the surface of the food with
oil in the heat of an oven.

Grill
You can grill (BrE) / broil (NAmE) food under
direct heat on a grill pan (BrE) / broiler pan
(NAmE).
dice

Bake
You can bake bread, cakes, potatoes, etc. in
the dry heat of an oven or a fire:
He baked a cake for her birthday.
or the bread, cakes, etc. can bake:
While the cake is baking, avoid opening the
oven door.
Baking can be used for things that are baked,
or for the activity of baking them:
A nice smell of baking came from the kitchen.
My grandmother always used to bake/do the
baking on Saturdays.

slice

GRAMMaR POINT

knead

rolling pin

roll out
whisk
potato
masher

grater

mash

grate

whip

The past participle (-ed form) of most

cooking verbs can be used as an adjective
before an item of food, meaning that has
been cooked in this way:
a cooked breakfast (BrE)
a warm breakfast (NAmE)
a boiled egg
sauted potatoes (also saut potatoes)
BUT roast chicken
The gerund (-ing form) of some cooking
verbs can be used as an adjective before
an item of food, meaning suitable to be
cooked in this way:
cooking apples (= that must be cooked
before they are eaten)
stewing steak
or before a piece of equipment, meaning
suitable to be used when cooking in this
way:
a frying pan
a baking tray (BrE) / baking sheet (NAmE)

V25

Cooking

Preparation

 V26

Fruit and vegetables

Fruit and vegetables

Larger fruit or vegetables, that you do not
Some fruit and vegetables are always
eat whole, are uncountable as food:
countable:
duck with spring cabbage
Do you like bananas?
Others may be eaten whole (countable)
Some are always uncountable:
baked apples
Celery is usually eaten raw.
baby carrots
Some may be countable or uncountable,
or prepared in such a way that they are
depending on whether you are thinking of
not eaten whole (uncountable in British
them as plants or as food and on how they are
English but still countable in American
prepared as food. If you are thinking of a fruit
English):
or vegetable as a plant you are usually talking
stewed apple (BrE) / stewed apples (NAmE)
about the whole fruit or vegetable, so it will
grated raw carrot (BrE) / grated raw carrots
be countable:
(NAmE)
Plant the cabbages in rows.
stalk (BrE)
stem (NAmE)

pip (BrE) / seed (NAmE)

core

cherries

stone (BrE) / pit (NAmE)

flesh

seeds

peach

apple

kiwi fruit
skin (BrE) / peel (NAmE)

watermelon

avocado

fig

a bunch of grapes

banana

Citrus fruits

Berries

peel

pith (BrE)

lemon

lime
strawberries

raspberries

blackberries

gooseberries

pip (BrE) / seed (NAmE)

segment

Tropical fruits

mango

grapefruit

orange

mangosteen

persimmon

seeds

passion fruit

pomegranate

pineapple

shell
flesh

starfruit

papaya

durian

coconut

milk

lychee

 V27

garlic

onion

shallots
fennel
cabbage

floret (BrE)

cauliflower

Brussels sprouts

leek

mushrooms
okra

spring onions (BrE)

green onions (NAmE)

broccoli

spear

artichoke
(also globe artichoke)

sweet potato
chilli

asparagus

celery
potato

sweetcorn (BrE)
corn (NAmE)

corn on the cob

aubergine (BrE)
eggplant (NAmE)

yam

Peas and beans

Squash

pod

marrow (BrE)

green beans

pumpkin

kidney beans

courgette (BrE)
zucchini (NAmE)

Root vegetables

peas

chickpeas
(especially BrE)
garbanzos (NAmE)

bean sprouts

Salad vegetables

parsnip

carrot

radishes

lettuce

moolis / daikons

tomato

cucumber
beetroot (BrE)
beet (NAmE)

swede (BrE)
rutabaga (NAmE)

turnip

peppers (BrE)
bell peppers (NAmE)

Fruit and vegetables

clove

 V28

Herbs, spices, nuts and cereals

Herbs, spices, nuts and cereals

Herbs

bay

sage

basil

oregano

mint

parsley

thyme
rosemary
dill
tarragon
chives

coriander
(NAmE also cilantro)

Spices
pod

seeds

cloves

black peppercorns

star anise

cinnamon

cardamom

ginger
saffron
turmeric
paprika
cumin seeds

Nuts

nutmeg

coriander
seeds

Cereals
grain

cashew
peanut
macadamia hazelnut

(also filbert

especially

NAmE)
wheat

pecan

almond

ear of
barley
wheat

maize (BrE)
corn (NAmE)

pistachio

shell

brazil

walnut

chestnut

rye

rice

oats

millet

 V29

Packaging

Packaging

multipack

blister pack

box

box (BrE also

packet)

stick

packet (BrE)
stick (NAmE)

matchbox
cap / top

packet (BrE)
pack (NAmE)

packet (BrE)
package (NAmE)

packet (BrE)
roll (NAmE)

top

tube

sachet (BrE)
packet (NAmE)

straw

roll

carton (BrE)
juice box (NAmE)

tub

carton (BrE also pot)

carton

cork

nozzle

screw-top

top

aerosol can

can

ring pull (BrE)

pull tab (NAmE)

lid

bottle
lid

label

tin

tin / can (both BrE) / can (NAmE)

bag (BrE also packet)

bag

shopping bag

punnet (BrE)

carrier bag
(BrE)

tray

shopping basket

jar

shopping trolley (BrE)

shopping cart (NAmE)

 V30

Musical instruments

Musical instruments
Playing an instrument
When talking generally about playing
musical instruments, the is usually used
before the name of the instrument:
He played the trumpet in a jazz band.
She decided to take up (= start learning to
play) the flute.
The is not usually used when two or more
instruments are mentioned:
She teaches violin, cello and piano.

Brass

Strings

bow

The preposition on is used to say who is

playing which instrument:
The CD features James Galway on the flute.
She sang and he accompanied her on the
piano.
The is not usually used when you are talking
about pop or jazz musicians:
John Squire on guitar
Miles Davis played trumpet.
tuning peg

bat

strings

French horn
chin rest
belly

violin

viola

cello

harp batsman

double bass (BrE)

bass (NAmE)
reed

tuba

tuning slide

Woodwind

bell

key

trombone

mouthpiece

valve

trumpet
key

piccolo

saxophone

flute

clarinet

oboe

bassoon

recorder

Percussion
hi-hat
(also high-hat)

tom-tom

cymbal

glockenspiel

tambourine

snare drum

congas

drumsticks

xylophone

triangle

steel drum

harmonica

castanets

bass drum

drum kit

kettledrum

maracas

 There are four sections of instruments in an

orchestra: strings, woodwind, brass and
percussion.
Different bands or ensembles can be formed
when instruments from the different sections
play separately:
a brass band
a string quartet
a wind band
a jazz trio
Particular adjectives are used before the
names of musical instruments to describe the
type of instrument it is:
a tenor saxophone
a bass drum
a classical guitar
GRAMMaR POINT
The names of instruments can be used
like adjectives before other nouns:
a clarinet lesson
Chopins Piano Concerto No. 1
Shes going to do her cello practice.

People who play instruments

Some musical instruments have a special
name, ending in ist or er for the people
who play them:
The violinist lifted his bow.
The South African drummer, Louis Moholo
Check near the entry for each instrument to
find the correct word. If there is no special
word, you use player after the name of the
instrument:
the quartets viola player
When talking about pop or jazz, people often
use player even when there is a word for the
person like saxophonist or bassist:
A brilliant young sax player
Were looking for a new bass player.

In an orchestra playing classical music,

principal, deputy principal (BrE), associate
principal (NAmE) and assistant principal
(NAmE) are used with the names of
instruments to describe a players position or
importance:
He became principal cellist within a few
years.
A person who directs (or conducts) an
orchestra is a conductor. The principal
violinist (who leads the orchestra) is the
leader (BrE) or the concertmaster (NAmE).

Music for instruments

Music is composed or written for an
instrument. In a piece of music written for
a group of instruments, each has a different
part to play:
There are parts for oboe and bassoon.
If there is more than one part for the same
type of instrument, the terms first and
second, and sometimes third and fourth, are
used:
Shes a second violin (= plays the second
violin part).
the deep low notes of the third horn
A solo is a part for one instrument playing
alone. A soloist plays it:
She performs regularly as a soloist and in
chamber music.
I love the saxophone solo in this song.
More illustrations at accordion and music.
strings lid
keyboard

piano stool

pedal

grand piano
upright piano

amplifier
fret

bridge

electric guitar

acoustic guitar

banjo

mandolin

balalaika

sitar

V31

Musical instruments

Describing instruments

 V32

Toys and games

Toys and games

FrisbeeTM

kite

skipping rope
sandpit (BrE)
(BrE) / jump rope sandbox (NAmE)
(NAmE)

swing

slide

trampoline

climbing frame (BrE)

jungle gym (NAmE)

teddy bear (BrE also teddy)

soft toy (BrE) / stuffed

animal (especially NAmE)

rag doll

glove puppet (BrE)

hand puppet (NAmE)

rocking horse

building blocks

dolls house (BrE) / dollhouse (NAmE)

Cards

a hand of cards

playing cards / cards

suits

clubs

jack

diamonds

queen

pack of cards (BrE)

deck of cards (especially
NAmE)
hearts

king

court cards (BrE)

face cards (especially NAmE)

spades

ace

joker

To mix the playing cards is to shuffle them:

Shuffle the cards well.
Shall I shuffle?
To give cards to each individual person who
is playing the game is to deal them (out). The
person who does this is called the dealer:
Whose turn is it to deal?
Deal the cards.
To divide the pack of cards into two or three
parts is to cut them:
Cut the cards to see who starts.
A card which is on the table showing the
picture side is face up. A card which is on the
table so that you cannot see the picture side
is face down.
The cards that you have in your hand when
you play cards is a hand.
I knew Id win I had a really good hand (=I
had good cards).

 The official statements that tell you what

you can or cannot do in a game are the rules;
something which is not allowed in a game is
against the rules.
To play a game in a dishonest or unfair way:
cheat; noun [U]: cheating; a person who cheats
is a cheat:
You cant do that, its cheating.
Hes such a cheat.

dominoes

Board games
noughts and crosses (BrE) / tic-tac-toe (NAmE)

pawn
chessboard

A game played on a flat hard piece of wood or

cardboard is a board game.
A small cube with a different number of spots
on each side, used in certain games, is called a
dice (also die especially NAmE) (plural dice).
A small round flat object that is used in some
games to show where a player is on the board is
a counter.
To take a piece or a counter and move it to
another place on the board: move (something):
You can only move your counter one square in
any direction.
The time in a game when one person must do
something (for example move a piece) is called
a move, turn, go (plural goes):
Its your move/turn/go.
Youve just had two goes.

castle / rook

Chess

Chinese chequers (BrE) / Chinese checkers (NAmE)

dice (also die
especially NAmE)
counter
snakes and ladders (BrE)
queen

chess

knight

king

bishop

backgammon

Puzzles
A game that tests your knowledge or
intelligence is a puzzle:
to do a puzzle
a mathematical puzzle
A picture on cardboard or wood that is
cut into small pieces which you have to
join together is a jigsaw (puzzle).
A word game with black and white
squares where you write the word
in the white squares is a crossword
(puzzle). To find the right word, you
have to solve a clue:
I cant do this crossword, the clues are
too difficult.
to solve a crossword puzzle

A stage in the game of chess when a players

king could be taken by the other person is called
check noun [U]. When you are in this position,
you are in check.
When one player cannot move his king out of
check and the game ends is called checkmate
noun [U].
The end of a game of chess when neither player
can win is stalemate noun [U].

sudoku

wordsearch

crossword (also
crossword puzzle)

jigsaw (puzzle)
(BrE) (also puzzle
especially NAmE)

Toys and games

V33

Playing games

golf club

golf course

V34
hole

Hobbies

green

Hobbies

map

bunker
(NAmE also
sand trap,
trap)
golfer

fairway

compass

golf

Golf
orienteering

caving (BrE) / spelunking (NAmE)

bow

target

archer
ice rink

arrow

archery

ice skating

flipper

snorkel
tank
mask

wetsuit

scuba-diving

snorkelling (also snorkeling

especially US)

A game of golf is called a round of golf (nine

or eighteen holes).
At the start of each hole a player tees off by
hitting the ball from the tee (= an area of flat
ground).
The act of hitting the ball is called a shot.
The swinging movement players make with
their arms and body when they hit the ball is
called their swing:
My golf swing is in need of improvement.
Players attempt to hit their ball down the
fairway (= a long strip of short grass),
avoiding the bunker (NAmE also sand trap,
trap) and the rough (= the part of the golf
course with long grass making it difficult to
hit the ball), to the green.
The green is an area of short grass on which
you putt your ball (= hit the ball gently
so that it rolls across the ground a short
distance into or towards the hole).

Snooker, pool and billiards

in-line skating

skateboarding

bowling green

pins

lane

tenpin bowling

bowls
dartboard
dart

cue
pocket
bullseye

table

cushion
cue ball

darts

pool

Snooker is a game for two people, played

on a long table covered with green cloth
(baize). Players use cues to hit the cue ball
(white) against the other balls (fifteen red,
and six of other colours) in order to pot the
coloured balls (= hit them into pockets at
the edge of the table), in a particular order.
Snooker also refers to a position in the game
of snooker in which one player has made it
very difficult for the opponent to play a shot
within the rules.
A game of snooker is called a frame:
He won the frame easily.
Pool is similar to snooker, but is played with
a cue ball (white), a black ball, and two sets
of coloured balls (seven solid colours and
seven striped balls).
Billiards is played with three balls (one
white, one white with a spot, and one red).
Each player uses one of the white balls as the
cue ball. Points are scored by pocketing a ball
after contact with another ball, or by striking
your cue ball against the other two balls.

 V35

potters
wheel

palette
zoom lens

Hobbies

chisel

flash
canvas
easel

photography

painting

magnifying
glass

pottery

woodcarving

stamps

album

model making
knitting
needle

stamp collecting

gardening

crochet
hook

rows

sewing
machine
cross stitch

wool / yarn

knitting

crochet

needle

embroidery

sewing
reel of cotton (especially BrE)
spool of thread (especially NAmE)

Keeping fit
Staying healthy

press-up (BrE)
push-up (especially NAmE)

jogging

yoga

sit-up

exercise bike

barbell

dumb-bell

rowing machine

treadmill

If you are fit (BrE), physically fit, or in

shape (especially NAmE), you are healthy
and strong, especially as a result of diet and
exercise:
Top athletes have to be very fit.(BrE)
The doctor said I should get more exercise
(BrE also take more exercise).
No cream for me Im on a diet.
She cycles up to 90 miles a day to keep
fit. (BrE)
I still run every day to stay in shape.
(especially NAmE)

Aerobics, step, and circuit training

Aerobics involves physical exercises to make
the heart and lungs stronger, often done in
classes and to music:
do an aerobics class
Step is a type of aerobics that you do
by stepping on and off a raised piece of
equipment called a step.
Circuit training is a type of training in which
different exercises are each done for a
short time.

 V36

Sports

Sports
Talking about a particular sport
You can play a specific sport:
Do you play tennis?
This is used particularly for competitive
sports in which one team or person plays or
plays against another:
We played them in last years final.
Who are you playing against this afternoon?
Members of a sports team play for
their team:
He used to play for the Dallas Cowboys.

If the name of a sport or an activity ends in

ing we often use it with the verb to go:
I go swimming twice a week.
Have you ever been rock climbing?
Typical sports and activities with this pattern
include: go skiing; go sailing; go riding (BrE)
or go horseback riding (NAmE); and go
dancing. Check at the entry for each sport to
see if it can be used in this way.
Other sports and activities can take the verbs to
do or to go to:
I do aerobics once or twice a week.
I go to judo (= to my judo class) on Mondays.

Team Sports

court

wicketkeeper

hoop

pitch

batsman
wicket

basket

cricket

basketball

bat
batter

baseball

bat

tackle

catcher
catcher

rugby

baseball
crossbar

goal

jersey

football
goalkeeper

shoulder pad

strip (BrE)
uniform
(NAmE)

football

soccer (BrE also football)

American football (BrE) / football (NAmE)

helmet

blocking
glove

catching
glove

hockey stick

ball

hockey (BrE) / field hockey (NAmE)

skate
face mask
puck

ice hockey (BrE) / hockey (NAmE)

ice rink

 V37

Where sports are played

The area that is specially marked for playing
a sports game is often called a pitch (BrE),
field or court, depending on the sport being
played:
a cricket/ football/rugby/hockey pitch (BrE)
a soccer/baseball field (especially NAmE)
a tennis/badminton/squash/basketball
court
A large sports ground surrounded by rows
of seats for spectators is called a stadium
(plural stadiums or stadia):
an all-seater stadium

Names of American sports teams always

start with the; names of British sports
teams almost never do. Names of sports
teams may look either singular or plural
but always take a plural verb:
The Jazz are playing the Chicago Bulls.
Aston Villa have started the season well.
Teams are often referred to just by the name
of the place they come from. In American
English this means a singular verb is used,
but in British English the verb is still plural.
Cincinnati is having a great season.
Norwich were disappointed with the score.

Swimming

crawl

butterfly

backstroke

breaststroke

Racket sports
racket /
racquet
shuttlecock
court
net

tennis

badminton
bat

squash

table tennis (BrE) / Ping-PongTM (NAmE)

Sports

GRAMMaR POINT

Sports

V38

People who take part in sports

A person who plays a particular sport is
usually called a football/tennis/basketball
player:
Welsh rugby players could get 2000 each
from a new sponsorship deal.
Some sports have a special name for the
players or people who do them. Some of
these names end in -er but others do not
follow a particular pattern. Check near the
entry for each sport to find the correct word.
talented young footballers (BrE only)
an Olympic boxer
top athletes from around the world
cyclists competing in the Tour de France

Track events

hurdle

sprinting
lane

sprinting

hurdling

starting
blocks

Track events
run the 100 metres
run the relay

Field events

bar

the high jump

the discus

the pole vault

Field events
do the long jump
do the high jump
do the pole vault
do the triple jump
throw the javelin
throw the discus
throw the hammer
put the shot
the hammer

the javelin

Equestrian sports
jockey

rider

jump
mallet
racehorse
racecourse (BrE) / racetrack (NAmE)

horse racing

showjumping

polo

 You can do sport (BrE):

Do you do a lot of sport?
or you can play sports (especially NAmE):
We played sports together when we were kids.
but these verbs are not used very often.
It is more usual to talk about liking sport/
sports or being good at sport/sports:
Are you good at sport? (BrE)
Are you good at sports? (NAmE)
What sports do you like best?
Do not say that you practise sport or a sport
if you just mean that you do or play it. Say:
I love sport. (BrE)
I love sports. (NAmE)
(No other verb is necessary.)
NOT I love practising sport.
Say which sports you play:
Every Sunday I play volleyball or badminton
with my friends.
NOT Every Sunday I practise sport with my
friends.
However, you can use the verb practise,
especially in American English (where it is
spelt practice), if it means to train:
The team is practicing for its big game. (NAmE)
The team are in training for their big match.
(BrE)

V39

GRAMMaR POINT
The names of sports can be used like
adjectives before other nouns:
a tennis match
cycling shorts
a football team
The words sports and sporting (but not
sport) can be used in the same way:
a sports club
sports shoes
a sporting event
sporting goods

helmet
rings

cycling

gymnastics
head guard

boxing glove

Winter sports

the luge

goggles

ski

downhill skiing

binding

foil

the ropes

boxing

bobsleigh (BrE) / bobsled (NAmE)

mask

cross-country skiing

fencing

Sports

Talking about sports in general

 V40

Extreme sports

Extreme sports

paragliding

hang-gliding

snowboarding

abseiling (BrE)
rappelling (NAmE)

skydiving

bungee

Activities that involve danger or speed or

both are often called extreme sports. Many
extreme sports are done on or in water.
Surfing and bodyboarding are similar, but a
surfer stands on a surfboard to ride on the
waves while a bodyboarder lies on their
stomach on a bodyboard. Kitesurfing
involves riding on a type of surfboard and
being pulled along by a kite.
Waterskiing and wakeboarding both involve
being pulled through the water by a fast boat:
a waterskier wears one or two waterskis,
while a wakeboarder stands sideways on a
wakeboard.
Other extreme sports involve jumping from
great heights. Skydivers jump from a plane
and fall for as long as they safely can before
opening their parachutes. You can jump
from the side of a mountain, wearing a kind
of parachute in paragliding, or a frame like
a very large kite in hang-gliding. Parasailing
and base jumping are both also done
wearing parachutes. In parasailing you are
pulled behind a fast boat and rise into the air.
A base jumper jumps from the top of a tall
building or bridge (BASE stands for building,
antenna, span, earth).
In rock climbing, a rope is attached to the
climber and the rock for safety this is called
belaying. The climber wears a harness to
which the rope is attached with a metal ring
called a karabiner.
Skateboarders and snowboarders may ride
on a half-pipe: a U-shaped structure or a
U-shaped channel cut into the snow. They do
jumps and tricks, for example a fakie, an ollie,
or a kick-turn.

bungee jumping

waterskiing

wakeboarding

sailboard
(also
windsurfer)

windsurfing

surfing

jet-skiing

bodyboarding

white-water rafting

kitesurfing / kiteboarding

parkour

 V41

Cycles

handlebar
brake lever
water bottle
brake cable
fork front brake

rear
brake

hub

helmet chinstrap

Cycles

saddle

crossbar

spoke
frame

chain
wheel

D-lock

crank

pump

pedal
tyre (BrE)
tire (NAmE)

reflector

valve

stand

rim

chain

gears

bicycle

light

drop handlebars

stabilizers (BrE)
training wheels (NAmE)

mountain bike

racing bike / racer

tricycle (also informal trike)

unicycle

dirt bike

quad bike
petrol tank (BrE)
gas tank (NAmE)

engine

tandem

silencer (BrE)
muffler (NAmE)

motorcycle (also
motorbike especially BrE)

mirror

kickstand

scooter

Other types of bicycle and motorcycle

An early type of bicycle with a very large front wheel and a very small back wheel is a penny-farthing.
A stationary bicycle that is used indoors to exercise is an exercise bike.
A motorcycle with a small engine and pedals is a moped.

 V42

Musical instruments
Cars

Cars
2

1
3

10
9

12

11

13 14 15

16 17

8
23

18

19

21

25

24
22

boot (BrE)
trunk (NAmE)

20

26

bonnet (BrE)
hood (NAmE)
tail light

exhaust (also tailpipe

especially NAmE)

convertible

saloon (BrE)
sedan (NAmE)

tyre (BrE)
tire (NAmE)

indicator (BrE)
turn signal (NAmE)
aerial (BrE) / antenna
(especially NAmE)
rear
window

1 rear-view mirror
2 visor
3 windscreen (BrE)
windshield (NAmE)
4 windscreen wiper (BrE)
windshield wiper (NAmE)
5 wing mirror (BrE)
side-view
mirror (NAmE)
6 door handle
7 air vent
8 glove compartment
glove box
9 satnav (also sat nav)
10 dashboard
11 milometer (BrE)
odometer (NAmE)
12 speedometer
13 rev counter
14 fuel gauge
15 steering wheel
16 ignition
17 horn
18 gear lever (BrE)
gear shift (NAmE)
19 clutch
20 brake
21 accelerator (BrE) / gas
pedal (especially NAmE)
22 handbrake (especially
BrE) / emergency brake
(NAmE)
23 headrest
24 passenger seat
25 drivers seat
26 seat belt
headlight

wing (BrE)
fender (NAmE)
side
window
door

bumper

people carrier (BrE)

minivan (especially
NAmE)

four-wheel drive

hubcap

hatchback
sports car
(US also sport car)

estate car (BrE)

station wagon (NAmE)

Verbs to talk about driving

to control the direction in which the car is
going: steer
to change direction suddenly: swerve
to signal that your car is going to turn:
indicate
to make a car go faster: speed up,
accelerate, put your foot down
to make a car go more slowly: slow down,
brake, put the brake on

to put the engine into a higher/lower gear as

you get faster/slower: change up/down
to allow another vehicle to go before you:
give way (BrE) / yield (NAmE)
to pass another vehicle because you are
moving faster: overtake
to turn round and go back along the same
road: do/make a U-turn
to stop and leave the car: park

 V43

Aircraft

fin

Aircraft

wing
aileron
rudder
tail

flap
fuselage

elevator

cabin
tailplane

nose

hold
trailing edge

flight deck

undercarriage (also
landing gear)

slat
jet engine

leading edge

cowling
cockpit

rotor blade

propeller

aerobatic display

ski-plane

ski

light aircraft

helicopter

glider

microlight (BrE)

fighter

biplane

skid

seaplane

At the airport

An airport building where journeys begin and end is a

terminal. You go to the check-in desk and say you have arrived
(check in).
You check in the baggage (especially NAmE) that will go into
the hold (= the part of the plane where goods are stored)
but you carry your hand luggage (especially BrE) / carry-on
airship
baggage (especially NAmE) with you onto the plane. If your
bags are heavier than the weight limit you have to pay excess
baggage.
You wait in the departure lounge and when your flight is
boarding (= is ready for passengers to get on) you leave the
terminal from a gate.
When you arrive at your destination in a different country you
disembark and go through immigration. Collect your luggage hot-air balloon
(especially BrE) from baggage reclaim (BrE) / baggage claim
(NAmE) and exit through customs.

basket

 V44

Boats and ships

Boats and ships

the bridge

tug / tugboat

container ship

lifeboat

ferry

skirt

twin hulls

hovercraft
bow

liner

hydrofoil

catamaran

stern

canal boat / narrowboat

More kinds of boat

Any large boat that is used for carrying passengers or
goods by sea is a ship, or (formal) a vessel:
In which country was this vessel registered?
A ship that carries goods from one place to another
is a freighter or cargo ship, and one that is used for
carrying large amounts of petrol, oil, etc. is an (oil)
tanker.
A boat that is used for catching fish is a fishing boat,
and a special type of fishing boat which pulls a long
net through the sea to catch fish is a trawler.
Lifeboat has two meanings: it is a special boat that is
used to rescue people who are in danger at sea, or it is
a small boat that is kept on a ship and used by people
to escape if the ship is going to sink.
Raft also has two meanings: it is a small boat made
of rubber or plastic that is filled with air, or it is a flat
structure made of pieces of wood tied together and
used as a boat.

Groups of boats

sailing dinghy (NAmE also sailboat)

paddle
wheel

paddle steamer (BrE) / paddleboat (NAmE)

cruiser / cabin cruiser

speedboat

A group of boats that sail and work together is a fleet:

a fishing fleet
A group of boats travelling together is a flotilla or a
convoy:
The boats travelled in convoy.
We were travelling in a flotilla of boats.

oar

rowing boat (BrE) / rowboat (NAmE)

 V45

Travelling by boat
paddle

blade

kayak (BrE also canoe)

canoe

pole

punt

gondolier

gondola

You sail a sailing boat or yacht, row a rowing boat, and paddle
a canoe or kayak:
My brothers planning to sail (his yacht) to Bermuda.
They rowed (the boat) back to shore.
You go sailing, go yachting, go rowing and go canoeing.
When you get on a ship you board (it), or (formal) embark:
We boarded the ship at midday.
One passenger had embarked at Alexandria.
When you get off a ship you go ashore, or (formal) disembark.
To begin a journey by sea is to set sail (from/to/for a place):
Twenty competitors set sail from Rio on the round-the-world race.
When you are on a ship you are on board or aboard:
There were a thousand passengers on board.
All aboard please!
When you are sailing on the sea in a ship, you are at sea.
A holiday where you travel by boat and visit a number of places
is a cruise:
Theyre going on a cruise.
A long journey by sea is a voyage:
Captain Cook made his first voyage to the South Pacific in 1768.
If a boat moves backwards and forwards it pitches; if it moves from
side to side it rolls:
The trawler was pitching and rolling violently in the storm.
To be carried along by wind or water in no particular direction is
to drift:
The boat drifted out to sea.

Parts of boats
The side of a boat that is on the left when you are
facing the front: port
The side of a boat that is on the right when you
are facing the front: starboard
The top outside floor of a boat is called the deck:
Lets go and sit on deck.
The other floors are also called decks:
the lower deck of a ship
A small room in a boat where you can sleep is a cabin,
and a kind of bed in a cabin is a bunk or a berth:
a cabin with four berths
The kitchen on a boat is the galley and a round
window is called a porthole.

Steering a boat
A piece of wood or metal in the water at the back of a
boat that is used for controlling its direction is a rudder.
A bar that is used to turn the rudder of a small boat in
order to steer it is a tiller.
A handle or wheel used for steering a larger boat
or ship is called the helm.
The part of a ship where the captain and other officers
stand when they are controlling the ship is the bridge.

spinnaker

mainsail

mast

boom
cockpit
jib

yacht (NAmE also sailboat)

Boats and ships

life jacket
(NAmE also
life vest)

 V46

Vehicles

Vehicles
Buses

double-decker

single-decker

school bus

minibus

bus (BrE also coach)

Trucks, etc.
cab

articulated lorry (BrE) / tractor-trailer (NAmE)

lorry (BrE) / truck (especially NAmE)

transporter

tanker

van

forklift truck

breakdown truck (BrE)

tow truck (especially NAmE)

pickup (also pickup truck)

JeepTM

Transporting goods
Items that are carried by lorries, trains,
aeroplanes and ships are called freight [U]:
a freight train
Items that are carried by road or rail are also
called goods (BrE)(pl.):
a goods vehicle
Items that are carried by air and sea are also
called cargo [C, U]:
a cargo plane

Something that is being carried, usually in

large amounts, is a load:
A lorry shed its load (= accidentally
dropped its load) on the motorway.
A load of goods that is sent from one place to
another is a shipment.
A large metal box in which goods are
transported by sea, rail or road is a container.

 V47

caravan (BrE) / camper (NAmE)

camper (BrE) / recreational vehicle (RV)

minibus
(NAmE)

Vehicles

trailer

tractor

taxi (also cab, taxicab)

Trains, etc.

carriage (BrE) / car (NAmE)

rail

platform (BrE)

sleeper (BrE)
tie (NAmE)

engine / locomotive

high-speed train

freight train (BrE also goods train)

passenger train

funicular

underground (BrE) / subway (NAmE)

cable car

steam train

tram (BrE) / streetcar (US)

Construction vehicles

excavator

bulldozer

cement mixer

dumper truck (NAmE also dump truck)

Caterpillar
track
(especially BrE)
tank tread
(especially
NAmE)

 V48

The body
The body

crown of the head

head

hair

middle finger

ear
neck
shoulder
armpit

arm

index finger /
first finger

forehead
bridge of
the nose

temple

chest

nipple

cheek
nose
nostril
mouth

elbow
forearm
back

stomach
navel
waist

small of the back

hip
buttocks

nape of
the neck jaw

palm

lip
gum
tongue
tooth

chin

fingernail
wrist

thigh

the hand

eyebrow
ciliary muscle

leg
calf

knee

heel

instep
toenail

ankle
foot
sole

ball of
the foot

the body

sclera
retina

iris
cornea
lens

arch eyelid
of
the white
foot
eyelash

shin

big toe

little
finger

the face

groin

ring
finger
cuticle
knuckle

thumb

iris
pupil

optic
nerve

tear duct

the eye

eyeball

skull / cranium

breastbone /
sternum

ribcage

cheekbone
jawbone /
mandible
collarbone /
clavicle
shoulder blade /
scapula
humerus
rib
vertebra
ulna

backbone /
spine
hip bone

radius
pelvis

brain

uvula
pharynx
larynx
windpipe /
trachea

thigh bone /
femur

bile duct
kidney
gall bladder
duodenum

shin bone /
tibia

lung

heart
liver

cartilage

tonsil
gullet / oesophagus (BrE)
esophagus (NAmE)

bronchial
tube

tailbone /
coccyx

kneecap /
patella

spinal cord

lung

stomach
spleen
pancreas

colon

large intestine
small intestine

appendix
rectum

bladder
anus

fibula

the skeleton

capillaries

the internal organs

 V49

moustache
(BrE)
mustache
(NAmE)

cleanshaven

sideburns
(BrE also
sideboards)

stubble

crew cut

goatee

beard

shaved head

bald head

receding hairline

long hair

straight
hair

layered
hair

flat-top

spiky

dreadlocks

cornrows

bob
widows
peak

chignon

bun

French pleat (BrE)

French twist (NAmE)

long, wavy

French plait (BrE)

French braid (NAmE)

ringlet

curly

perm

parting
(BrE)
part
(NAmE)

fringe
(BrE)
bangs
(NAmE)

plait (BrE)
braid (NAmE)

shoulder-length

pigtails (BrE)
braids (NAmE)

bunches (BrE)
pigtails (NAmE)

ponytail

Make-up
compact

sponge

mirror

brush

foundation

concealer

blusher
(NAmE also
blush)

powder

eyeliner
(also liner)

eyeshadow applicator

wand

lip gloss

lip liner

lipstick

mascara

nail polish (BrE also

nail varnish)

Hair and make-up

Hair

fer

V50

suit

Clothes

braces (BrE)
suspenders
(NAmE)

lapel

Clothes

tie
striped

rolled-up
sleeve

jacket

polka dots

crease

trousers (BrE)
pants (NAmE)

tartan / plaid

patterned waistcoat
(BrE) / vest (NAmE)

bow ties

coats and jackets

The general word for what you wear is
clothes (plural) or clothing [U] (formal):
She always wears such lovely clothes.
a piece of clothing
A set of clothes that you wear together,
especially for a particular occasion or
purpose, is an outfit.
Any piece of clothing worn on the top part of
the body, especially by women, can be called
a top.
The clothes which some children wear at
school, or which some people wear at work,
are called a uniform [C, U].
When police officers wear ordinary clothes
instead of uniforms, they are in plain
clothes:
a plain clothes police sergeant

Describing clothes and the way

people look
Clothes can be:
attractive and designed well: elegant
untidy and dirty: scruffy
clean, tidy and rather formal: smart
(especially BrE)
not formal: casual
fashionable and attractive: stylish
very fashionable: trendy (informal)
fitting closely to your body: tight,
close-fitting, skintight
not fitting closely: loose, baggy
if a piece of clothing is not too big and not
too small, it fits you:
These jeans dont fit me any more.
If a piece of clothing looks good on you, it
suits you:
Its a nice coat, but it doesnt really suit you.

overcoat

body warmer

raincoat

denim jacket
hood

leather jacket

anorak
short-sleeved
blouse

sleeveless dress

collar

skirt

lining

 a short piece of clothing with buttons

down the front but no sleeves, usually
worn over a shirt and under a jacket:
British English waistcoat
American English vest
a piece of underwear worn under a
shirt, etc. next to the skin:
British English vest
American English undershirt
a piece of clothing that covers the
body from the waist down, and is
divided into two parts to cover each leg
separately:
British English trousers
American English pants
a piece of mens underwear worn under
their trousers/pants:
British English pants (or underpants)
American English underpants
a loose dress with no sleeves, usually
worn over a shirt or blouse:
British English pinafore
American English jumper
a knitted woollen or cotton piece of
clothing for the upper part of the body
with long sleeves and no buttons:
British English jumper
American English sweater
straps for holding trousers/pants up:
British English braces
American English suspenders
short elastic fastenings for holding up
socks or stockings:
British English suspenders
American English garters

Fastening clothes
To talk about fastening a piece of clothing
in general, use do sth up, fasten sth;
opposite: undo sth:
Do your coat up.
Your shirt is undone.
There are some special verbs for particular
types of fastener:
buttons: button sth (up); opposite:
unbutton sth
a zip: zip sth up; opposite: unzip sth
eye

V51
breast pocket

button-down
collar

hoody
sleeve

Clothes

British and American

differences

shirt
belt

cuff

fly

cargo
pants

jeans

pocket

hanger

V-neck

shorts
cardigan

polo shirt

sweaters
(BrE also jumpers)

T-shirt

nightdress (BrE)
nightgown (NAmE)

polo neck (BrE)

turtleneck sweater
(NAmE)

dressing gown
pyjamas
crew neck sweater pajamas (especially (BrE) / bathrobe
(NAmE)
US)

fasteners
buttonhole
teeth

zip (BrE) / zipper

(especially NAmE)

VelcroTM

toggle

button

drawstring

hook

hook and eye

press stud / popper (both BrE)

snap (NAmE)

buckle

safety pin

lace

 V52

Accessories

Accessories
Shoes
toe

slingback

mule

stiletto

wedge

stiletto
heel

ankle
strap

heel

court shoes (BrE)

pumps (NAmE)

platform

clogs

kitten heels

slippers

flip-flops
(NAmE also thongs)

jelly shoe

sandal

flats
(BrE also pumps)

moccasins

tongue
upper
shoelace

sole

lace-ups (especially
BrE) / oxfords
(especially NAmE)

brogues

loafer

trainers (BrE)
sneakers (NAmE)

baseball boots

wellingtons (BrE)
rubber boots (NAmE)

buckle

boot

cowboy boot

hiking boots
(also walking boots)

Bags
strap

clutch bag

handbag (NAmE
also purse)

purse
(especially
BrE) / change
purse (NAmE)

shoulder bag

bumbag (BrE)
fanny pack (NAmE)

backpack (BrE also rucksack)

handle

holdall (BrE)
duffel bag (NAmE)

wallet (NAmE
also billfold)
attach case
(also briefcase)

briefcase

suitcase

trunk

 V53

Hats

panama

band

boater

trilby

bowler (BrE)
derby (NAmE)

cowboy hat

peak
(BrE)
bill
(NAmE)

mortar board

top hat

cap

cloth cap / flat cap

(both BrE)
pom pom
(BrE also
bobble)

visor

beret

hard hat

souwester

hood

baseball cap

crash helmet

beanie

bobble hat

sun hats

Gloves

sombrero

Scarves

fingerless gloves

mitten

glove

scarf

chiffon scarf

Jewellery

stud

clip-on
earring

clasp
bead

chain
pendant

hoop
earring

medallion

locket

dangly
earrings

string of beads
signet ring

wedding ring
wedding band

cufflinks
pearl

charm

bangle

charm bracelet

brooch (BrE)
pin (NAmE)

badge (also button

especially NAmE)

pearl necklace

Accessories

brim

 V54

Equipment

Computing
Computing

screen
flat-screen monitor
system unit

keys

mouse
keyboard
space bar

PC

USB port
CD-ROM
CD/DVD drive

laptop

This computer has a processor speed of 3

GHz (= gigahertz), 2 Gb (= gigabytes) of
RAM (=random access memory) and a hard
disk capacity of 500 Gb.
It comes with a 56K modem and a speech
recognition system.
The multimedia system includes a sound
card with 4D stereo sound and a graphics
card with 128 Mb of video RAM for a high
resolution colour display.
With DVD (= digital versatile disc or digital
videodisc) you can watch films/movies.
You pay extra for the laser printer, scanner
and other peripherals.
The new operating system should be
compatible with existing hardware.
You can download the pictures from your
digital camera and burn them to a CD.
Wi-fiTM (= wireless fidelity) broadband
connections are not only in computer stores
but in coffee shops, public libraries and
bookstores you can log into the Internet
without physically plugging into anything.

Getting started
flash drive / USB drive (also
memory stick especially BrE)

router

flatbed scanner

webcam (NAmE
also WebcamTM)

stylus

screen

PDA

digital camera

MP3 player

headset

PC users should log on to the network by

entering their username and password.
Load the program into the computer.
Save your files onto your hard disk and back
them up onto CDs or DVDs.
Important data is archived on the central file
server.

When things go wrong

I cant log in the server is down.
The system keeps crashing Ive lost all my
files.
Youll have to switch off and reboot.
Error. Username contains invalid characters.
My computer cant read this disk.
The virus in the software was programmed
to corrupt the hard disk.
A firewall provides essential security for your
computer network.
Download and install this patch to fix the
fault.

earbud

microphone

pull-down/drop-down menu

application
(= a word-processing, database,
spreadsheet, etc. program)

PC training schedule - March

Course

Date

Time

Room

spreadsheets

9 March

10.00

A37

spreadsheets

12 March

10.00

A37

intro to DTP

12 March

9.00

A38

DTP (intermediate) 13 March

9.00

A38

dialog box

cursor

User interface
Click on the window to make it active.
You can run several applications at the same
time.
To create a new document, select New from
the File menu.
Insert the cursor at the beginning of the line.
Use the mouse to drag the icon to the
desktop.
Scroll up or down the text by clicking on the
scroll bar.
Search and replace options are activated
from the command prompt.
Interactive computer terminals allow visitors
to take an electronic walk through a virtual
Pompeii.
Screen
desktop

document

scroll bar

This search engine indexes over a million

websites.
Do a search on language schools in the UK.
Brief summaries are hyperlinked to the
complete texts.
The sites webmaster says it has over
100,000 hits a day.
This chat room is a forum for debating civil
liberties issues online.
My email address is joanna_smith@oup.
com (said joanna underscore smith at o-u-p
dot com).
The web address / URL (= uniform/universal
resource locator) is www.oup.com/elt
(said double-U, double-U, double-U dot
o-u-p dot com slash e-l-t).
The website lets you upload photos, then
edit and share them.
You can download images to your PC much
more quickly with broadband than with a
dial-up connection.
Bookmarking a page stores the information
which enables you to revisit a favourite
website instantly.
Cookies are files used by some websites
to gain information about their visitors,
or to simplify the login process by saving
usernames and passwords.
He maintains a personal weblog in which he
writes (= blogs) extensively about film and
his own film-making.
Most spam mails disguise the senders
identity.
VoIP allows you to use your computer as a
telephone, or use the Internet to transmit
your call over ordinary phone lines.

PC training schedule - March

Course

Date

Time

Room

spreadsheets

9 March

10.00

A37

spreadsheets

12 March

10.00

A37

intro to DTP

12 March

9.00

A38

DTP (intermediate) 13 March

9.00

A38

icons

Home page
web browser website

windows

The Internet
There is a wide range range of ISPs
(= Internet Service Providers).
My free time is spent surfing the net in
Internet cafes.
Its a software package that helps you
browse the Web.

contents

link

V55

Computing

Window

 V56

Office

Office

1 wall planner
2 noticeboard (BrE)
bulletin board (NAmE)
3 flip chart
4 data projector
5 laptop
6 meeting/conference
room

22 swivel chair
23 arm
24 printer
25 hard copy / printout
26 castor
27 filing cabinet (BrE)
file cabinet (NAmE)
28 suspension file
29 photocopier

15 mouse mat (BrE)

mouse pad
(especially NAmE)
16 flatbed scanner
17 calculator
18 desk diary (BrE)
datebook (NAmE)
19 desk
20 stationery tray
21 waste-paper basket
(BrE) / wastebasket
(NAmE)

7 water cooler
8 desk lamp
9 workstation / PC
10 partition
11 in tray
(NAmE also in box)
12 out tray (BrE)
out box (US)
13 calendar
14 pen holder

3
4

10

7
11

13

12

14

27

15
19

17
16

20
24

29

28

18
22

21

23

26

25

Stationery and office supplies

paper clips

Bulldog clipTM
ring binder

files

Post-itTM

folders

clip

nib

spiral-bound

fountain pen
staple remover stapler

lead

pencil
sharpener

notebook

notepad

clipboard

index
card

pencil
ballpoint
(BrE also BiroTM)

eraser
correction
card index (BrE)
(BrE also rubber) pushpins (NAmE)
fluid
card catalog (NAmE)
Sellotape TM
(BrE)
Scotch tape TM
(NAmE)

highlighter
felt tip

marker

staples

glue stick

tape dispenser

drawing pins (BrE)

thumbtacks (NAmE)

flap

envelope

rubber band
(BrE also
elastic band)

ink-
pad

rubber stamp hole punch

 V57

6 whiteboard
7 board pen
8 sports field
9 desk
10 school bag

1 projector
2 corridor (NAmE also
hallway)
3 poster

11 backpack (BrE also

rucksack)
12 textbook (NAmE also
text)
13 workbook (BrE)
exercise book (NAmE)
14 exercise book (BrE)
notebook (NAmE)

15 pencil case
16 satchel
17 protractor
18 ruler
19 set square (BrE)
triangle (NAmE)

Classroom

Classroom 4 5 locker
interactive whiteboard

1
2
5

11

10
13
14

12

17 18

15
16

19

burette
(US also buret)

Laboratory equipment

cover

glass rod
dropper
Petri dish

tongs

plunger

syringe
beaker

clamp

spatula

flask

evaporating
dish

stand

gauze mat

pestle

graduated
cylinder

spatula
pipette

crucible

retort
filter paper

tripod

mortar

eyepiece
stopper
objective
lens

flame
test tube

slide

rubber
tubing

magnet
Bunsen
burner

funnel

test tube
rack

microscope

 V58

Shapes, solids and angles

Shapes, solids and angles

Shapes

triangles

quadrilaterals
scalene triangle

square

trapezium (BrE)
trapezoid (NAmE)

rectangle

rhombus

hypotenuse

equilateral
triangle

rhomboid

trapezoid (BrE)
trapezium (NAmE)

right angle

isosceles
triangle

circles

other polygons

right-angled triangle (especially

BrE) / right triangle (NAmE)

semicircle

arc

circumference

side

radius

sector

centre
(also center
especially US)

diameter

chord

quadrant
arc

hexagon

pentagon

Solids

octagon

vertex

tangent

segment

conic sections

edge

face

cone

cylinder

prism

pyramid

cube

tetrahedron

sphere

circle

ellipse

octahedron

parabola

hyperbola

Angles

37
90

acute angle

right angle

143
143

37

40

alternate angles
(also Z angles)

143

143

115

324

reflex angle

obtuse angle

corresponding angles
(also F angles)

interior
angle
108

exterior
angle

72

 V59

The earth

line of longitude

North Pole

The world

Arctic Circle

A
 map is a drawing or plan of the
world or a part of the world.

prime meridian
(also Greenwich
meridian)
(0 longitude)

A
 n atlas is a book of maps and a
globe is a model of the earth in the
shape of a ball.

northern hemisphere

T
 he planet where we live, and its
surface: earth, the earth (also the
Earth).

tropic of Cancer
(23 26 north)

equator
(0 latitude)

T
 he earth, including all the
countries, people, etc.: world (often
the world).

tropic of Capricorn
(23 26 south)

T
 he study of the world, including
its natural and man-made features
(seas, mountains, countries, cities,
etc.), is geography [U]; adjective:
geographical; person: geographer.
line of
latitude

southern hemisphere
Antarctic Circle

International
Date Line
(180 longitude)

South Pole

axis
northern
spring
southern
autumn/fall

21 March equinox

northern
winter
southern
summer

southern
winter

21 June
solstice

northern
autumn/fall

The stars and planets

The planets in the solar system orbit

22 December (= go round) the sun.

Everything that exists, including the
solstice
earth, the planets, the stars, etc. is
called the universe.

southern
spring

The solar system

A
 group of stars with a name is a
constellation and a very large group
of stars is a galaxy.

23 September equinox

A
 piece of rock moving through
space is a meteor and a meteor that
has landed on earth is a meteorite.

orbit

Su

T
 he scientific study of the stars,
planets, etc. is astronomy [U];
adjective: astronomical; person:
astronomer.

ne
ptu
Ne

s
an
u
Ur

urn
Sat

r
ite
Jup

rs

th

Ma

Ear

Ve

nu

the
ry
rcu
Me

Seasons
W
 hen talking about the seasons we
normally do not use the, but we
may do if we want to talk about a
particular winter, summer, etc.:
I love spring its my favourite
season.
That was the summer we went to
Australia.

The seasons

northern
summer

T
 he study of the rocks, etc. which
form the surface of the earth is
geology [U]; adjective: geological;
person: geologist.

T
 he belief that the positions
and movements of the stars and
planets influence what people do
and what happens to them
is astrology [U]; adjective:
astrological; person: astrologer.
See also geographical names

The earth and the solar system

The earth and the solar system

Atlantic
Ocean

Barra

South
Uist

Benbecula

North
Uist

Islay

Skye

Lough

Antrim
Mountains

Tiree

Coll

Giants
Causeway

Lough
Foyle
Londonderry

Stornoway

Lewis

Harris

NORTHERN
IRELAND

There are special adjectives and nouns to

describe people from some cities, for example a
person from London is a Londoner, from Dublin
a Dubliner, from Glasgow a Glaswegian, from
Aberdeen an Aberdonian, from Manchester a
Mancunian and from Liverpool a Liverpudlian.
A Londoner who speaks with the local accent is
also called a Cockney. There are also informal
names for people from some cities: Brummie
(from Birmingham); Scouse or Scouser (from
Liverpool); and Geordie (from Tyneside, which
stretches from Newcastle to the coast).

To refer to the nationality of the people of

Britain or the United Kingdom, you use the
adjective British. English describes people from
England, and should not be used to describe
people from Ireland, Scotland or Wales, who
are Irish, Scottish and Welsh. There is further
information in the notes at the entries for
British and Scottish.

The British Isles is a group of islands that

includes Britain and Ireland, and a number
of smaller islands. The Republic of Ireland
(also the Irish Republic; formerly Eire) is an
independent state occupying the southern part
of the island of Ireland.

O u t
e r

b
e

s
e

The name Britain is also incorrectly used to

refer to the political state, officially called
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland. This is abbreviated to the
United Kingdom or the UK.

Jura

Mull

Rona

th

Glasgow

For th

Stirling

a
olw

yF

Dumfries

Fir th

ir th

Carlisle

ot
evi
Ch

ds

r th
of Fo

n
pla

Lake

Dee

Ty n e

s
Hill

Newcastle
upon Tyne
Sunderland
Durham

Berwick-uponTweed

Aberdeen

St.Andrews

Dundee

Fair Isle

SCOTLAND

Edinburgh
East Kilbride
Kilmarnock yde
Arran
n
Glasgow
er
Ayr Prestwick u t h

So

Orkney
Islands

Shetland
Islands

John oGroats

Perth

ins
Ta y

nta

The
Lowlands

u
Mo

s
ngorm
Cair

Inverness

y Fir

ra
Mo

The
Highlands

Ben Nevis
1344m

Spey

Loch
Ness

Loch
Lomond

Fort
William

nc

Mi
he

Britain or Great Britain (GB) is a geographical

area consisting of England, Scotland and Wales
(but not Ireland).

r
No

d
Hebr
ide
s

Inner

H
st

thw
e

am

Gr
F ir t h o f
Clyde

ds
lan
igh

pi

The British Isles

Cl

M Do
ou neg
nt al
ain
s

Tw
ee
d

100 km

UNITED

Nor th
Sea

50

lake

river

major airport

town or city

over 1 million
inhabitants

capital city

built-up area

internal
boundary

international
boundary

Musical
The instruments
British Isles

peak or
highest point

metres
5000
3000
2000
1000
500
300
200
100
sea level

V60

n
Ede

Dingle

Bay

1041m
Carrauntoohill

Galway Bay

Lough Ree

a
Sh
Lough
Derg

Bo
yn

Douglas

ir th

ot
evi
Ch

Carlisle

Ty n e

s
Hill

The
NorthWest

978m
Scafell Pike

Lake
District

Blackpool
Preston

yF

Lands
End

Truro

WALES

Irish Sea

Exmoor

Plymouth

Dartmoor

The
West Country

Eng

Taunton

Tees

York

Ou

Sea

ENGLAND

UNITED
KINGDOM

The
NorthKingston
East
upon Hull
s

North
York Moors

Middlesbrough

Newcastle
upon Tyne
Sunderland
Durham
Hartlepool

St. Helier

Jersey

lish

Cha

nne

Isle of
Wight

Portsmouth

Hastings

Musical
The instruments
British Isles

Eastbourne

Southampton South Downs Brighton

Bournemouth
Poole

Salisbury

Channel
Islands

St. Peter Port

Guernsey

Exeter

Isles of
Scilly

REPUBLIC
OF IRELAND

Cork

Blackwater

Limerick

Galway

Barrow

Leeds
e
Bradford
Ai r e
Blackburn
Humb
Huddersfield
er
Bolton
Manchester
Anglesey
y
e
s
r
e
y
Liverpool
M
e
Sheffield
Peak
f
f
Li
Dublin
Holyhead
District
Colwyn
Lincoln
Bay
Chester Stokeon-Trent
Caernarfon
1085m
Wicklow
The
Derby
Snowdon
Mountains
Nottingham
Wash
D ee
We
The
nsu
The
Snowdonia
East Midlands
m
Shrewsbury Midlands
Fens
Great Yarmouth
Norwich
Leicester
Wolverhampton
Anglia
East
Peterborough
Birmingham
Cardigan Bay
use
Great O
Coventry
Suir Waterford
Aberystwyth
Northampton
Worcester
Cambridge
Warwick
Ipswich
C
StratfordHereford
Stansted Stour
s
upon-Avon

Keynes
Milton
e
Colchester
rg
C
Luton
ls
Gloucester
Hil
Us
eo
Brecon
ills
k
Oxford
old
Home
The
H
.t G
w
Luton
Beacons
Milford Haven
ts
Thames
S
Counties
Co Thames
Watford
Estuary
Newport
Swindon
London Southend-on-Sea
Swansea
Bristol
Cardiff
Slough Heathrow
Margate
Salisbury Reading
Canterbury
Bristo
Nor th Downs
Plain
Bath
l Ch a n n e l
Dover
Gatwick

852m
Slieve
Donard

Newry

ISLE OF
MAN

br

am

el

nn

ha

unta
ins

i an
Mo

Lough
Corrib

Belfast
Lisburn

a
Solw

Dumfries

So

Up

Avo
n

Lough
Mask

Mourne
Mountains

Lough
Neagh

Antrim
Mountains

Kilmarnock yde
n
Glasgow
er
Ayr Prestwick u t h

Trent

Ch
ilte
rn

Lough
Conn

Giants
Causeway

Clyde

F ir t h o f

Arran

Wy

Exe

e rn
Sev

S tr
a

Lough
Foyle
Londonderry

e
Ern

nno

s
i n e
n n
e
P
ove
r

Donegal Bay

M Do
ou neg
nt al
ain
s

IRELAND

Avon

Cl

n
Ede
ale
Sw

it o
fD

Atlantic
Ocean

V61

Bro
oks

Bro
oks

Mt. Mckinley
6194m

6194m

YUKON
TERRITORY

Ran
ge

Ran
ge

Vancouver

Vancouver

Kelowna

Kelowna

Great Bear
Lake

Calgary

Edmonton
Calgary

Edmonton
ALBERTA

ALBERTA

Peace

Peace

C
C

Pa

Queen Elizabeth
Islands

Ellesmere
Island

Lake
Winnipeg

Saskatoon chewan
ka t
Sas
Saskatoon
Regina

MANITOBA
Lake
Winnipeg

MANITOBA

N
N

A
A

Southampton
Island

NUNAVUT

O NTA R I O

O NTA R I O

D
D

Hudson
Bay
Hudson
Bay

Southampton
Island

Baffin
Island

Baffin
Island

NUNAVUT

hewan
katc
SASKATCHEWAN
Sas

SASKATCHEWAN

Lake
Athabasca

Lake
Athabasca

Great Slave
Lake

A
A

Victoria
Island

Bylot
Island

Bylot
Island

Greater
Sudbury
Lake Huron

Greater
Sudbury

Gatineau
ONTARIO

Ottawa

Gatineau

MAINE
Portland
Montreal
BurlingtonSherbrooke

Montreal Sherbrooke MAINE

Saint
John

Saint
John

Belcher
Islands

Belcher
Islands

IG

Lake MiLcahkigeaM
n ichigan

A
A

Iqaluit

Iqaluit

CH

Saguenay

Saguenay

QUEBEC

La Grande
QUEBEC
Rivire

La Grande
Rivire

Labrador
Sea
Labrador
Sea

ISLAND

Gulf
of
PRINCE
St.EDWARD
Lawrence

Sydney
Sydney
PRINCE
EDWARDNOVA
Moncton
NEW
ISLAND
SCOTIA
BRUNSWICK
Fredericton
Halifax
Quebec
Saint

NEW
BRUNSWICK

Gulf of
St. Lawrence

FO
U
N EL A
N
D
W B R
L
FO A
A
U DO
N
L A
N
D
B R
D R
L
A
A
A
N
D
N
Smallwood
O
D
D
R
Reservoir
A
N
Smallwood
D
Reservoir

N E
W

St. Johns

St. Johns

Portland
Ottawa
Manchester
Burlington
Lake
Cambridge Boston
Ontario
Syracuse
TorontoONTARIO
Cape Cod
SETTS
MASSACHU
Albany
Lake Huron
A
Manchester
Niagara
Providence
MI
FallsLake Rochester
ISLAND
Cambridge RHODE
CH
Boston
OntarioNEW YORK
Hamilton
Hartford
Syracuse
IG
Green
CONNECTICUT
Toronto
SETTS Cape Cod
MASSACHU
Albany
BuffaloRochester
Bridgeport
Bay
Grand A
Providence
London Niagara
Long
Island
Falls
RHODE
ISLAND
Rapids Detroit
New York
Hamilton
YORK
Hartford
NEW
Green
CONNECTICUT
Newark
Buffalo
Bridgeport
Bay Milwaukee
Grand
Windsor
LondonPENNSYLVANIA
Princeton Long Island
Philadelphia New
Rapids Detroit
York
Cleveland
Atlantic
Lake
Toledo Erie
NewarkNEW JERSEY
PENNSYLVANIA
Ocean
Milwaukee
Pittsburg
Windsor
Chicago
Wilmington
Princeton
Philadelphia
OHIO Cleveland
Baltimore
Atlantic
Lake
Columbus
JERSEY
EW
N
Toledo
INDIANA
Erie
Ocean
DELAWARE
Chicago
MAR Wilmington
WESTPittsburg
YLA
OHIOOhio VIRGINIA Washington
Baltimore
Indianapolis Dayton
ND
D.C.
Columbus
y
n
INDIANA
Chesapeake
DELAWARE
ghe s
Cincinnati
100 200 km
0
Alle untainWashington
io WEST
VIRGINIA MARYBay
LAN
Indianapolis Dayton
Oh VIRGINIA
Mo
Charleston
D
D.C.
y
n
Norfolk
he ins Richmond Chesapeake
Frankfort
g
Cincinnati
e
100 200 km
0
All unta
Bay
VIRGINIA
Mo
Charleston
Norfolk
Richmond
Frankfort
MI

Lake Superior Sault

Sainte
Lake
Marie
Superior
Sault
Sainte
Lake
Marie
Superior

Lake Superior

Canada and the United

Musical
Statesinstruments
of America

A
A
p
pa ppa
la c
l
hia achia
n
n
Mo
M
unt oun
ain tain
s
s

Ellesmere
Island

Queen Elizabeth
Islands
rry
Isl
an
ds
Pa
rry
Melville
Devon
Isl
Island
Island
an
ds
Melville
Devon
Island
Island
Somerset
Island
Prince
of Wales Somerset
Island
Island
Prince
Victoria
of Wales
Island
Island

Great Slave
Yellowknife
Lake

Yellowknife
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES

Seattle
Victoria

Victoria

BRITISH
COLUMBIA

BRITISH
COLUMBIA

Banks
Island

Beaufort
Sea
Beaufort
Sea

Great Bear
Lake

Ocean

Arctic

Banks
Island

Ocean

K
C

Vancouver
Island

ike
ike
Klond Klond

R
e r a r a
d i l ld i l l e
C no r C o r
n
r
r
s t es t e
W e W e
n s n s
t a i a i
C o aC s ot a sMt o uM no u n t

C
O

Vancouver
Island

Juneau

Gulf of
ka
A l a sJuneau

YUKON
Mt. Logan
TERRITORY
5489 5951m
Mt. Saint Elias Mt. Logan
o f Whitehorse
G u l f 5951m
5489
Alaska
Mt. Saint Elias
Whitehorse

Anchorage

Anchorage

Alaska

Alaska

A L A S KMt.
A Mckinley

U SA

LA S KA

YukonA

U SA

Yukon

Fraser Fraser

Arctic

rd

Dela

Canada and the United States of America

e
e
ng
ng
Ra
Ra

ts.
Mts.
nzie nzie M
cke cke
Ma Ma

O
R

Y
K

wr
en
ce

Lia

Hudson Hudson

Dela

ar

nzie nzie
cke acke
Ma
M

La

ar

rd

St.
La

S
t
.
wr Lawr
en
en
ce
ce

EW E
NEW IRN
IR
H E
HAMPS HAMPSH
NT MONT
O
M
VER
VER

Lia

V62

a
Nevad Nevada
Sierra Sierra

Honolulu
Maui

Los Angeles

Hawaii

Mesa

peak or
highest point

Tucson

Tucson
Mesa

metres
5000
metres
3000
5000
2000
3000
1000
2000
500
1000
300
500
200
300
100
200
sea level
100
peak or
sea
levelpoint
highest

Phoenix

ARIZONA

Phoenix

O NTA R I O

O NTA R I O

250

250
500 km

500 km

Corpus Christi

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
s

San
Diego

San
Hollywood
Diego

Winnipeg

o
Ri

lake

international
boundary
international
internal
boundary
boundary
internal
capital city
boundary
over 1 million
capital
city
inhabitants
over
1
town ormillion
city
inhabitants
major airport
town or city
river
major airport
lake
river

HAWAII

Honolulu Hawaii
HAWAII
Oahu
Maui

Oahu
Kauai

Kauai

Canyon
ARIZONA

ad
lor

Co

Regina

l P a l i a n i sn

Grand

Grand
Canyon

ad
UTAH
lor
Co

S
N

CALIFORNIA
Berkeley
NEVADA
Fresno
San Jos
Death Las
4418m
CALIFORNIA Valley Vegas
Mt.Whitney
Fresno
Death Las
Bakersfield
4418m
Valley Vegas
Mt.Whitney
Hollywood
Bakersfield
Angeles
Los

N
I

San Francisco

Sn

I
A

Pacif ic
Ocean
Pacif ic
Ocean

ak
eBoise

Sn

Idaho Falls
ak
e
Salt
Great Salt
Lake
Lake
City
Salt
Great SaltProvo Lake
Lake
City
NEVADA
UTAH
Provo

OREGON

TN AT

Boise
IDAHO
Idaho Falls

Saskatoon
Regina

Lake
Winnipeg

Lake
Winnipeg

Saguenay

Saguenay

QUEBEC
ISLAND

Gulf
of
PRINCE
St.EDWARD
Lawrence

orid

Flor

id

Fl
Miami
ey
Key West
aK

Atlantic
t l caenat ni c
AO
Ocean

Canada and the United States of America

Gulf of Mexico

Gulf of Mexico

Sydney

Sydney
PRINCE
EDWARDNOVA
Moncton
NEW
ISLAND
SCOTIA
BRUNSWICK
Fredericton
Halifax
Quebec
Saint
Moncton
NOVA
City
John
SCOTIA
MAINE
Fredericton
Halifax
Quebec
Saint
City
John
MAINE

NEW
BRUNSWICK

Thunder
Bay
Montreal
Lake
Winnipeg
Superior
Thunder
NORTH DAKOTA
Ottawa
t
a
e
r
G
Bay
Montreal
Lake
M
Duluth
Falls
GreatMONTANA
Bismarck
NEW
L a ke s
Superior
Lake Huron
HAMPSHIRE
Lake
Fargo MINNESOTA
NORTH DAKOTA
Ottawa
Great M I C H
Ontario
Toronto
Billings
M
MONTANA
Duluth
I
SETTS
MASSACHU
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