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    Iec 61378-1

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    BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 61378-1:1999 Convertor transformers — Part 1: Transformers for industrial applications National foreword This British Standant is the English language version of EN 6197811998. was derived by CENELEC from IEC 61378-11907. ‘The CENELEC common modifications have been implemented at the appropriate places in the text and are indicated by aside line in the margin ‘The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PEL/14, Power transformers, which has the responsibility to» — aid enquirers to understand the test; — present to the responsible international European comuittee any enquiries (on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; — monitor related international and European developments and promulgate ‘them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. From I January 1997, all I2C publications have the number 60000 added to the old number. For instance, IEC 27-1 has been renumbered as IEC 60027-1. For a period of time during the change aver from one numbering system to the other, publications may contain identifiers from both systems. Cross-roferences Altention is drawn t the fact tthat CEN and CENELEC Stanards normally include ‘an annex which lists normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications. The British Standards which implement these international or European publications may be found in the BST Standards Catalogue der the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index’, or by using the “Find? facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard docs not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity. from legal obligations. 1 General. _ 4 1.4 $e0p. nn 4 1.2 Classitication 5 1.3 Normal service conditions 6 2 Normative references .. 5 3 Dofinitions e 6 4 Ratings. : 6 i aha at end li ad Saba. 7 4.2 Rated and service voltages os 7 4.3 Rated current 8 5 Load loss and voltage drop in transformers and reactors. si 8 5.1 Determination of transformer load loss under distorted current loading 8 5.2 Eflect of geometrical arrangement of windings on their eddy current losses ue to harmonics. ‘ . 2 5.3 Losses in interphase transformers, currnt‘balancing reactors, saris-smoathing reactors and transductors ...... ome 12 5.4 Voltage drops in transformers and reactors. 13 @ | Tesis for convertor transformers nein ns . KS 13 6.1 Measuroment of commutating reactance and determination of the inductive voltage drop. tears 14 62 Measurement of voltage ratio and phase displacement 4 83 Load loss test. 6 6.4 Temperature rise tests... 5 ‘Table 1 - Connections and calculation factors .... 18 ‘Annexes ‘A. Determination of transtormar service load loss at rated non-sinusoidal convertor current trom measurements with rated transformer current of fundamental frequency 22 B Shorter test currents anc load losses i transformers fr single-way convertors (fotal loss injection) nn. ss 3 ZA. Normative references i internatenal pubkeatons vith their corresponding European publications 2 Figures A Cross-section of a winding strand ... {A2 Terminal identification for winding connection ¥ yyo A.3 Terminal identification tor winding connection 0 4 y 25 29 ost 02.1900 CONVERTOR TRANSFORMERS — Part 1: Transformers for industrial applications 1 General 1A Scope ‘This International Standard deals with the specification, design and testing of power transformers and reactors which are intended for integration within semiconductor convertor plants; it is not applicable to transiormers designed for industrial or public distribution of a.c. Power in general. ‘The scope of this standard is limited to applications of power convertors, of any power rating, for local distribution, at moderate rated convertor voltage, generally for industrial applications and typically with a highest voltage for equipment not exceading 36 kV. This standard is not applicable to transformers for HVDC power transmission. These are high- voltage transformers, and they are subjected to d.c. voltage tests. ‘The standards for the complete convertor plant (IEC 60146, or other publications cedicated 10 particular fields of application) may contain requirements of guarantees and tests (such as insulation, power loss) for the whole plant, including the convertor transformer and possibly auxiliary transformers and reactor equipment. This doos not roliove the application of the requirements of this standard concerning the guarantees and tests applicable to the convertor transformer itself as a separate component before being assembled with the remainder of the convertor plant, ‘The guarantees, service and type tests defined in this standard apply equally to transformers ‘supplied as part of an overall convertor package, or to those transformers ofdered separately but for use with convertor equisment. Any supplementary guarantee or special verification has to he specifically agreed in the transformer contract. ‘The convertor transformers covered by this standard may be of the oil-immersed or dry-type design. Unies specific exceptions are stated in this standard, the transformers are required to comply with IEC 60076 for oll-immersed transtormers, and with IEC 60726 for dry-type transformers. notes 1. For sone convertor applications, itis possible to use common distribution transformers of standard design. ‘The use’! euch standard trarsformers in the special convertor aprlications may require a certain deraiing. This wich deais win ie requirmers (obs paced on specially special care should be ‘aken in considering # i Hawing in the larger cross-section conductors or fol winding 3 EN.61976-1 isnot applicable for alway applications. This standard only deals with transformers with one active part and one interphase transformer. For several active parts in the same tank, an agreoment between the purchaser and manufacturer is necessary regarding te determination and the measurement of the total losses, This standard deals only with transformer star Y and delta 4 connections. For other connections an agreement belween purchaser and manufacturer is necessary. 1.2 Classification Classification of convertors and convertor applications are given in 1.9 of EC 60146-1-1 and in 1.2 of IEC 60145-1-2. From the aspect of transformer design, it is important to distinguish between — applications with ossentially sinuscidal voltago across the transformer, and = applications wth non-sinusoidal voltage where the transformer primary is energized from a convertor circuit for 2.c. power control or variable frequency conversion. Its also imporiant to distinguish between = applications characterized by a continuous load, such as electrolysis, d.c. are furace etc., and = applications with short-time cyclic or irreguler load variation, such as reversible mill motor drives, etc. It is requirad that information about the convertor application be suppiied in the transformer specilication, This is detailed further in folowing subciauses of this standard, 1.8 Normal service conditions Normal service conditions for the transformer shall be in accordance with IEC 6076-1, IEC 0076-2, IEC 60726 and IEC 60146-1-1 It is required that any deviation of the'a.c. voltage from the rated voltage value or tapping voltage value, sinusoidal wave shapo or three-phase symmetry be within the limits of immunity lass B, according to 2.5 af IEC 6D146-1-1. If the convartor transtormer is supplied with non- sinusoidal voltage, invertor or frequency convertor application, It is necessary that information fon the range of variation of service voltage shape and frequency variation be submitted in the specification. It is also important that information be given regarding the d.c- component of the applied voltage cycle. 2 Normative references ‘The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provicions of this part of IEC 61378. At tho time of publication, the aditions indicated were valid. All normative cocuments are subject to ravision, and parties to agreements based on this part of IEC 61378 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currantly vali¢ Intornational Standard HEC 60050(421)'1990, Intemational Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) ~ Chapter 421: Power transformers and reactors IEC 60076-1:1903, Power transiormers — Part 1: General IEC 60076-2:1003, Power transformers ~ Part 2: Temperature rico IEC 60076-31980, Power transformers ~ Part 3: Insulation lovels and dielectric tosts IEC 60076-5 :1976, Power transformers — Part 5: Ability to withstand short circuit IEC 60146-1-1:1991. Semiconductor convertors - General requirements and lino commutated convertors ~ Part 1-1: Specifications of basic requirements IEC 60146-1-2:1992, Semiconductor convertors - General requirements and line commutated convertors — Part 1-2: Application guide EC 60280-1988, Reactors EG 60354-1981, Loading guide for olLimmersed power transformers 1EC 60076-81887, Application guide for power transformers 1EC 60726:1982, Dry-ype power transformers IEC 60905:1987, Loading guide for dry-lype power transformers 3 Definitions For the purpose of this International Siandard, the definitions in IEC 60050(421) (IEV) apply. ‘Additional detinitions of mare specific transiormer and convertor terms are givan in IEC 60076. and IEC 60146-1-1, respectively. Where some of these terms are at variance with earlier general definitions of the ‘same terms, found in the IEV, the terms specified in IEC 80076-1 and JEG 60146-1-1 will take precedence. Particular attention is drawn to the terms defined in 1.8.17, 1.9.18, 1.5.19, and 1.5.22 to 1.5.26 inclusive, of IEC 60146-1-1. 4 Ratings IEC 60076-1 applios, with the following additions and explanations. Transformers for convertor application are loaded with non-sinusoidal current, and sometimes work with non-sinusoidal voltage. Even the frequency may vary considerably in ceriain applications. The rating of the transformers on which the tests will be conducted and to which the corresponding guarantees are related is expressed in sinusoidal quaniilies of fundamental frequency in steady state. ‘The following subclauses provide guidance as to how to determine the transformer rating when the details of the convortor and other information about the loading are available. 4.1. Rated power at rated frequency and load capability ‘The rated power of the convertor transformer is based on the fundamental frequency ‘components of voltage and current, hence the rated three-phase power is: Sq = VEU, xh, where U; is the rm.s. value of the fundamental component of the line-lo-line voltage; Jy is the rms, value of the fundamental componont of the sated line current. ‘Tho tomporaturo rise ard cooling requirements of the transformers shall be determined efter allowance is made for the increased losses due to harmonics (see clause 5). ‘The load capability of a transformer is essentially a matter of temperature rise within the windings. If load variations are rapid, with peaks having a duration of 5 min or less, then the Power rating of the transformer is based on the long-term average value of ihe load losses, Hf the load variations are of longor duration than those defined above, a more detailed study ‘can be made of the maximum temperature peaks during the load pulse or cycle. Guidance tor determination of an equivalent constant loading with respect to the rate of thermal aging of the insulation system can be obtained tram IEC 60354 for ol-immersed transformers, and IEC 60905 for dry-type transformers. The equivalent constant load so determined may be takan ‘as the rated power of the transformer. NOTE ~ the rules abovo are lusttiod by the consid fable? of IEC 60145-1-1, 2 number ot corvontional lead cycle patna are gwen, representing. diferent Corvaner dutice. These ioad eysles should be verified In accordance wit he rules gver above ‘The load variation pattem shall be included by the purchaser in the transformer specification in order to determine a sultabie value of rated power. 42 Rated and sevice voltages 4.2.1 Transiormer energized from ana.c. power system For a convertor transformer connected to an ac. power system, the rated voltage shall be as specified in 4.4 of IEC 0076-1 and in IEC 60078-8. 42.2. Transiormer energized from a convertor/invertor with or without variable frequency For a convertor application with a considerably distorted transformer voltage, the rated voltage shall be the r.m.s value of the sinusoidal fundamental component derived from the Fourier spectrum of the maximum continuous service voltage. For applications with such a distorted transformer voltage, or with variable frequency, Information shall be given in the specification conceming tho applied voltage under various service conditions. NOTE 1 ~ For the above applications, the amplitude of fx density in the magnet parameter, and not mie ampitude of « non-sinusoiaal voltage. The value ef tux is determined by ine voltage {ime inte’al over a haltcycie. This valve will be the maximum value in corteweus service. I short im higher values of tho vakage-time intogral exist, thoy should alee be Included in the spostication, to permit checking josible overtuning, No-load core losses in transformers are relatively low. Therefore, no correction is necessary for the measured no-ioad loss with regard to voltage harmonics. NOTE 2 - The corresponding fux ripple, boing a time-integra, is relatively smaller than the short time votage peaks. 43. Rated current The rated current of the transformer is the r.m.s. value of the fundamental component of current corresponding to rated power according to 4.1 5 Load loss and voltage drop in transformers and reactors The measurement of load loss shall be carried out with the rated current. The load loss guarantee shall be based on this measurement. The actual load loss in service includes additional loss due to distorted current. This value shall be calculated in accordance with the procedure of 5.1. it is not guaranteed, but shall be provided by the transformer manufacturer for the purchaser. ‘The actual load loss, calculated as above, shall bo used as the base for detormining tho oil and winging temperature rises, and to verify that they do not exceed the values permitted in IEC 60076.2 ‘or ol-immersod transformers and IEC 60726 for dry-type transformers. ‘The temperature-rise type test on the transformer, when specified, shall be conducted with allowance ‘or service load loss (see 5.1 and 6.4). 5.1. Determination of transformer load loss under distorted current loading ‘The load loss in a transformer is conventionally subdivided into loss as measured with dic. (FRloss) and, in addition, eddy loss in windings and connections. and stray losses in Conductive structural parts of the transformer. For transformers with low-voltage high-current windings, in the range of a few kiloamperes, the intemal high current connections require a seperate analysis of the additional eddy loss. The following principles are used in this standard: a) winding connections and metallic shields of high conductivity such as copper or aluminium are linear elements. Their losses are proportional to the equare of the current: P(l)= constant x I? b) a similar relationship is also valid for shields of magnetic core steel, when used in unsaturated conditions: P(8)= constant x B? where Bis the flux density in the magnetic shield; ©) for the stray losses in structural stesl parts, a square law relationship may also be used with reasonable accuracy: P(B) = constant x B* where B® = constant x J? In normal service, the convertor transformer load current is non-sinusoidal hence, when transformed into a Fourier series, it shows a considerable amount of harmonics. This ron- sinusoidal current raises the eddy loss and stray flux loss, and significantly increases the total loss calculated or measured with purely sinusoidal current, A cortection to the higher loss value at rated, non-sinusoidal convertor joad is required for the thermal dimensioning of the transformer, and for the correct calculation of the loss and officioney of the complete convertor insialiation. The harmonic spectrum shall be speotfied by the purcheser prior to the time of placing the order. It is necessary that the harmonic specirum of current at rated load be specified by the purchaser prior to the time of placing the order. In the absence o! specilic inlormation, a harmonic spectrum can be derived according to 3.8.2 and/or 3.6.4 of IEC 60146-1-2. The load losses in convertor application shall be calculated from the harmonic spectrum defined above and the following formulae given in this clause. ‘The following rules are given for the recalculation of the measured loss under test to the loss value valid under the specified convertor loading. List of variables and relationships between them 1 is the rm.s. value of non-sinuscidal line current of the transformer in is the rom.s. value of current fat rated convertor load bon is the rm.s. value of the non-sinusoidal primary phase current at rated load sm is the r.m.s. value of the non-sinusoidal secondary phase current at rated load fer is the f.m.s. value of the primary phase current during load loss tests (first approximation for the Injection of the total load loss) Ist is the rms. value of the secondary phase curent (six phases) during load loss est fn is the rim.s. value of the rated current in the winding under test h is theyr-m:s. value of hermorie current. having order number f be isa sinusoidal primary phase current having an r.ms, value equal to low I isa sinusoidal secondary phase current having an r.m.s. value equal to Joy 1 Is the ems. val of the fondamenial current, at rated load (hat ip equal to he is tho rims. value of tho transformer fundamental primary phase current hs is tho r.m.s. value of the transformer fundamental secondary phase current be is the r.m.s. value of the equivalent sinusoidal tost currant for the determination of winding temperature rise len is the rated direct current Ua is the conventional no-load direct voltage h is the harmonic order number Puree Pores Fo Pon Pes Pee Peer Foes Pee Pees Fee Fee Kwe Is the no-load loss at rated voliage Is the transformer load loss with current in, Is the transformer load loss with current Is the winding loss with current f, Is the winding loss with current f, fs the winding toss with current fy is the primary winding loss with hy Js the total secondary winding and associated busbar loss with is, is the winding eddy loss with current 4, Is the winding eddy loss with current by 's the winding extdy loss with current fy is the connection loss with current /, Is the connection loss with current ly Is the connection loss with currant ly Is the connection ecdy loss with current k, Is the connection eddy loss with current hy Is tne connecton eday loss with current fy Js the structural parts stray loss with currant 4, Is the structural pars stray loss wih current fy Is the d.c. resistance of windings Is the a,c. resistance of connections Is the eddy loss enhancement factor for windings (see annex A) Is the eddy loss enhancement factor for connections (see annex A) {s the stray loss enhancement factor for structural parts (see annex A) Is the eddy loss enhancement loss for windings at fundamental frequency (see annex A) Is the exponent to be applied on the frequency harmonic order in calculations of ‘eddy and stray loss enhancement e-Le : Pave = Piven = Fe < Pores = Pw ~ Py «2 where Ay Is seen trom the line side, Foes = Pon Pov X1P Sane Th) DPoen =Fee * Poe: = Po ~ Re XE 7 where Fc is seen from the line side. Fn Pees= Por ~ Pox ki =B{7 se h) Fee = For Kye ==> (per unit) Powe Ry xf “The load loss a! rated current. /, of the transfermer is subdivided into the following terms: |) BR de. loss in windings and connections Ry and Re (measured); ii) eddy losses in windings Pier (calculated); ii) eddy losses in high-currert busbars, when present Poy (derived); iv) stray losses induced in structural stee! parts Pe; (derived) ‘The sum of Pec; + Pgey is the remainder whon tho previous terms from i) and ii) have bon subtracted from the measured total loss. ‘The following relations apply: = (Rw + Ao) + ert Poss + Poe N n(Aw + Fic) + Pwe + Poe + Pe n(Rw +A) + Fe * Pwer * Foe Pees + Foe Pees nores: 1. The eum Pee: + Pact is uprated with a common enhancement ‘actor Fes = Fys to oblain the losses at vated rror-sinusoidal convertor load 2 _Ditforont winginge of a convertor ranetormer may have ctforent valune of rated power and also diforert Proportons cf 1"A and eddy loss. The respective components in the equation above should therelore be Interpreted es tre sum of values calculated for each winding seperctely 3 Rcietanco mossuroments, especialy when tne eeconcary veltage is low and the secondary current is high, ‘ay load to inaccuracios, tocauee of "a elficulies in measuring low resistances; ) the influence of he shart-crcuting device 52 Etfect of gecmetiical arrangement of windings on their eddy current losses due !o harmonics With three-winding transformers, the winding arrangement shall be considered for the caloulation of the eddy current losses and of the supplementary losses in structural steel parts. I is necessary to take into account two cases in the calculation of the effect of the harmonics on the load losses. Case 1 8) For double concentric transiormers with the primarily winding positioned radially betwoen, the two valve windings (negligible magnetic coupling between the iwo valve windings): for the primary winding, the harmonic content of the current is defined by h=pxKet where pis the pulse number of the primary winding and K'ie an integer equal to 1, 2, ~for the two vaive windings, the harmonic content is defined by f= (pia) x K41 where p/2 is the pulse number of one three-phase valve group and K is an integer equal 101, sf b) For transformers with double-way connection with double secondary windings axially disposed and double primary windings axially dieplaced and connected in parallel, the harmonic content is defined by h=(pl2)xk44 where p/2 ie the pulse number of one three-phase valve group and kis an integer equal 101.2...0. Case 2 For transformers with two physical windings, where the outer high currant winding consist of two electrical valve windings, built up of interleaved discs that are consecutive parts of a ‘A and a ¥ connoctod winding, or parts of two Y connocted wincings (magnetic coupling ‘between electrical valve windings is practically 100 %), the harmonic content is defined by: he pxke1 where pis the pulse number and Kis an integer equal 10 1, 2... ‘Compare with examples A.1 and A.2 in annex A. NOTE ~ The ¥ anc a connected valve wincings are each connectes to & six pulse converioy. 5.3 Losses in interphase transformers, current-balancing reactors, series-smoothing reactors and transductors Vihen interphase transformers, current-balancing reactors, series-smoothing reactors and transductors are integral parts of a transformer for connection to a static convertor, the losses of these components shall be derived as stated below. [NOTE ~ The rues lid cown inthis subciause do not imply specication of the inciviul pis the context of # standard 18 of equipment in 5.3.1. Interphase transtormers ‘The supplier shall measure the iron losses at @ frequency equal to the normal service frequency of the interphase transformer, and ai a voltage celculated to provide the magnetic flux corrasponding io operation of tha convertor at rated current, voltage and specifiod phase control. If service frequency cannot be supplied, the calculated loss figure may be used, ‘The losses in tho winding shall bo calculated as the product of the d.c. resistance and the square of the direct current in the winding. 8.8.2 Current-balancing reactors ‘The iron losses in current-belancing reactors are small and may be ignored NOTE — The locese inthe wincing ar either @ part of the convertor loss measurement, oF are calculated as the producto! ha die measured resistance and the square ofthe 1m. current in tha wincing 5.9.8. Series-smoothing reactors In general, reference shall be made to section 8 of IEC 60289, ‘The iron losses caused by harmonic ripple current components are small and may be ignored. NOTE ~ The lossas in the winaing are otner part of the converor loss measurement, or are calculated a the producto! the de. resistance end the scuave ofthe direct curent in the wining, 5.9.4 Transductors ILis recommended that the transductor core losses be measured using a wide-band wattmeter. ‘The core shall be excited with a magnetizing force having an amplitude of not less than § 000 A/m at the fundamental frequency. ‘The losses in the high-current circuit through the transductor power winding shall be calculated using the d.c. resistance, measured or calculated at reference temperature, and the r.m.s. value of the non-sinusoidal winding current af rated load. Notes 1_when tagtng tor the core ss. i is permitted 10 use a test winding that is able to achieve th magnetizing force wth a convenient les! current Altaratively, the contra of bas minding may be use, 2 Those losses are derives for use in aticiency calculation, &.4 Voltage drops in transformers and reactors ‘The voltage drops shall be calculated from the loss measurements using the formulae gi 8.5 of IEC 60146-1-1. 6 Tests for convertor transformers ‘All tosts shall bo mado in accordance with IEC 6076-1, IEC 60078-2 and |EC 60076-3 for cl immersed transtormers, and EC 60726 fer dry-type transformers, unless ctherwise specifiod in this clause. The transformer tests are divided into routine, type and special tests in accordance with subclauses 101.1, 10.12 and 10.1.3 of IEC 0075-1 for oll-immersed transformers, and Section 5 of IEC 60726 for dry-type transformers. 6.1 Measurement of commutating reactance and determination of the inductive voltage drop 6.1.1 Commutating reactance To measure the commutating reactance, tne line-side terminsls of the transformer shall be short-circuited. An altemating currant of fundamental frequency as specified in item b) of 6.1.2 shall be passed through two conseculive phases of the same commutating group, and the voltage between these terminals chall De measured. The commutating reaciance 2 x % ie equal to the inductive component of the impedance calculated from this measurement. At least two tests shall be carried out with different pairs of phases in each commutating group, and the arithmetic mean of these measurements shall De taken as the value of the commutating reactance. When the same line winding feeds a commutating group connected in parallel or in series which commutates simulianeously, the windings corresponding to these groups shall be Connected phase-by-phase in parallel for the above tests 6.1.2 Inductive veltage regulation The inductive voltage regulation shall be determined by either of the following two procedures. a) Calculation, using the formula = BXPXE Sy, ta San Dmg Ug b) Measurement as described in 6.1.1, with an tm.s, current equal to Bay 4g Deno nnber fet cota re bean Wh i ide taj the bt dec er 2 ine communion nme ie arn arecanln PAS i; tan ‘eth eal rena chat sege 2” etn nmber a conmung gre curring snuascuety pr pay {In this case, the inductive component of the input voltage, expressed in p.u. of the raled voltage between terminals Uo, represents the inductive vollage regulation dy For the connections given in table 1, the inductivo voltage regulation can be calculated from the results of secondary short-circuit tests specified in column 17, with the exception of connections 3, 4, 6, 9 and 12. For these connections, the shori-circuit test specified in 6.1.1 is, recommended (see 1.5.4 of IEC 60146-1-2), 6.2 Measurement of voltage ratio and phase displacement ‘Tho voltage ratio shall be measured on each tapping. The phase displacement shall be checked. 8.3. Load loss test This tes! shall be performed to obtain tne load loss in the transformer al rated current and jundamenial frequency. The appropriate short-circuit connections for the tests are given in columns 13, 14 and 15 of table 1 for the commonly used connections The losses are measured for each short-circuit combination A, B and C. The measured loss values Pa, Py and Pc are used to calculate the total loss figure by the relevent equation in column 16 of table 1. NOTE - The calculated load lostos For the purposs of thie standard, le of currents having are based on the harmonic current spectrum suppl ctangular waveshape 2y the purchaser The test results shall be corrected to the following reference temperature: ~ 75°C for cil-immersed transformers (see 10.1 of IEC 6076-1); = according to the general requirements for tests in IEC 60726 for dry-type iransformers. 6.4 Temperature rise tests The temperalure rise test procedure for ollimmersed transformers according to §.2.2 of IEC 60076-2 is moditied as described in 6.4.1 and 6.4.2 below. These subclauses also serve as guidance, as applicable, for the testing of dry-type transtormers (see clause 21 of IEC 60726), ‘The purpose of the test is ~ to establish the top cil temperature rise in steady-state condition, with dissipation of tctal loss equal to the loss at rated non-sinusoidal convertor load current, and rated sinusoi transformer voltage; = to establish the winding temperature rise above oll under the same conditions; = to establish tho winding temperature rise above ambient for dry-type transformers. The oll and winding temperature rise values ate determined using the methods des 6.4.1 and 6.4.2. 6.4.1 Total loss injection The tolal loss is the sum of the load loss plus the no-load loss. The load loss is the loss developed irom the rated, non-sinusoidal convertor current (see 5.1). The no-load loss corresponds to rated transtormer voltage. The loss injected into the transformar shall be measured. Tho fundamental power-frequency current, |, shall be adjusted to give the specified test value of the total loss, If test faclities make it necessary, it is permissible to reduce the injected power loss to no less than 80 % of the specified value (see 5.2.3 and 5.6 of IEC 80076-2). The temperature rise determined at the end of this test shall then be corrected, notes 41 In @ convorior transformer having two secendary windings of the same rated power, raied voltage, and impedance, shen botn secondaries may be short cteuted simultaneously during this test 2 The possible overload of any winding during a ehert ical! test should be considered in order to determine ‘whether a feduced tes oss should be supplied (see arines B) 6.4.2 Rated load loss injection 6.4.2.1 Two-winding transformer When the top oil tomporature riso has beon established, the test shall continue with a sinusoidal test current equivalent to the load loss at rated convertor current. This condition shall be maintained for 1 h during which measurements of oil and cocling medium temperatures shall be made, The equivalent test current is equal to teed ‘Bul Fu + Re.) +( Five x Aes) F Aw + Ro)+ Pes At the end of the temperature ‘ise test, the temperatures of the two windings shall be determinad. This is done by a series of resistance measurements of the two windinge that ehall be made during the cooling period following the rapid disconnection of the supply and short circuits. For more details, see 5.2.2 and 5.5, as well as clauses C.2 and C.3 of IEC 80076.2. 6.4.2.2 Multi-winaing transformer ‘The most common case is a three-winding convertor transformer with two secondary windings having the same ratad power. Tho secondary throe-phase connection is either star-star with an interphase transformer, or one star- and one delta-connected winding. ‘The equivalent test current for each winding, in turn, shall be supplied and the winding tomporature rise figures shall be obtained ‘The general form for the equivalent current is 1 j 1 lt Po) sR = Pe) Pres ‘The equivalent test current value for each winding shall be obtained using spectfic values for resistance, eddy loss and enhancement factor for the winding. NOTES 1 For transformers with neavy current busbar systems on the secondary sige, It may be eifficult oF impossible to achieve a aia aisconnection of tne short ereuis. n thal case, an agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser should be mace conceming the temperature rse af tne wineings involved 2 ty replaces /, when the enhancement factor, Fye for tho tested winding Is calculated in accordance with nner. Page 17 EN 61378-1:1998 ‘Tho tost shall bo carried out in the following manner. Both seconcaries shall De short-circuited, and the equivalent primary currert shall be supplieg to obiain the temperature rise over the mean ol of the primary winding, Thon each secondary: winging shall in turn be short-circuited and prmary currant supplied 10 give the equivalent current in the tesied secondary winding. These two tests give the winding temperature rises ‘above mean ol for the secondary windings. Attarnatively, only tho first tost, with both secondery windings short-circuited, shall be used. ‘The measured winding temperature rise values of tho secondary windings obtained from thie ‘test shall then be corrected in accordance with 6.6 of IEC 6076-2. 6.4.3. Test of temperature rise on dry-type transformers ‘The test shall be made in accordance with any of the methods given in clause 21 of IEC 60726, with the following meditication. The load current shall be adjusted to correspond to load loss at rated eonverlor current, The adjustment shall be carried out in accordance with annex A and the equations in 6.4.2 for the equivalent current Table 1 - Connections and calculation factors (columne 1 to 9) Po a) Connection “ae | Sarees Vane ste ao Lee | ees cae | “tae Ait ite ; 7 7 7 sTea = 3 Ga Ip ig CCA Sao meno aag OCR 7 ab 3h 2yF] 2 os aT . er (v2 7 a) a Tia steps) oan oa Fa] ™ 1a, (ar) | Wa 2 a Tittet [ele] 6 | ome 08 Heyes: any (wa z a Tuaaee Tepe] ] on O78 me YALE (a7) (vv) F A) as Tigeaae pete) =] one 388 5 | v7 | ee ee war | (yee) 7 WPA Tipe Pe) me | eae one pEerEee (yeoveray) | (yo) ama ROSH eaves TROON TT NST TR “tL = ye] * 7 7 2g ¥ 7a eps] 6 | ome ome Fx vay | (a) 7,3 apa] 3] one O78 “HX (i+d)/(e43) | (v8) TOTES 1 Voir 17.2 9t 1.8.1.4 de la CEI 60148-1.2/ S00 1.7.2 and 1.8.1.4 af EC 60148.1.2. 2 Se reterer au primaire du transtormatour, voir 1.8.2 de la CE! 60146-1-2 ( Refer Yo transformer primary, see is 2ortec aot 3 Serete cndaire dy transtormateur, vor 1.8.8 do la CEI 69146-1-2 / Reter :o transformer secondary, fe9 153 of EC 60146. Tabloau 1 - Montages ot factours de calcul (colonnes 10 & 17) Table 1 - Connections and calculation factors (columns 10 to 17) Tiamidey | coartay | Canvien) | Sones a srtcroue pear esse — ‘resus poses de rerio? sumer “fernaisto be snorcreaed nt | Nonconnemers er” | Temas ‘ota shot "Trubrmerees omonacen | "erste mimeo n ‘wegen 8 carson ea 7% a 2 [se] a a 7 ‘Converse trp, monage awe woe / Sage convert se way coer wae] am | ovr | o | 02 coer) 77 (vara) a (v2) oes | am | ome ose was 733 (flv)) | 2029 | (vere) (rate 5) i= | 2@ | isacs [vas] exe om) | Moped “leas ((sA)/n] | (2nra) | 1898 vos toes Average 1.35 ar Bh va | am [aeaes | te | a8 | Mommas | arts | Nopomoasr an) ai | 2S | aetna SS earns (oa | ) | rswos | $3 | 84 eae 3PM sgeoees sone 19-5 a verona ct 195 ee Bh a G5=P) | Noyearo cos mune rsoe (fle) | (lo) me ‘average of 199 ara Dae ous | ave | vans | 138 | 08 Ta, Pye TH (ea (a Jorswos | Hn & ‘Convair eile, Fanaa nope & Gels] Sle Conaer UNTO CODD way COMCIE os] ta? | ovr | ve * = (ehafn) | 7 | (ya) (ete ia [awe | os [ras 7, Ta (off) | va | ae) ose; vos Pave Te acest P+ | Meroe ces (oven) | 0 as. ase Pe amiss seenge of 135 ar nares A teu. 0,707 (VR); Fw: 0,954 (12 V2) cos = 1 Mh! VE x Uo. Statin nbsinance do Yun doe trie enroulemente de cole / ee th ietance of one call winding nanee Covploge oe Cesplag dee waves Fecturce | Fasourco ce arson ‘vawecomecnors || | G8 | couartsete | cowant sete mertge/ | Trarsomer conoctene eat | “vanes? Gleneion | 08a | Cs vas Uneede | ones Pumas” | éssau/ | Vehe sae cxrrnacor | cont acer (resco (cote) | tes aH ve fi z z 7 eleL? e 2 To | Wertgue 9, mne aves re oa08 coun ransom all) Ww ‘pare 1 Byles Ideal 99, Bt with wo osPIAeA) iret vartomere " a wpa] 3 | om am and (yes)| (ve) 7% a ela] 2 | 7 "x (.9)48) 2 | wenigiaa a wawavee | Koniquentay [rts] @ | tam sounagratan Voanica Pe dentical to 12, but with tw (88) iret vartomere Converter ame, movtages haroghnes# caine voa/ Sal one par nforn dae waycernecione “TT | af re 7% a = [tara | vores < ola cle < cei soras2-1| ce corason Beets | ee 3 tecerres.2 | 1ecema621 conver correcions 6 QB | gst [eters Voir montage numéro 5 / z ah ties Ste connor une 5 < = . 7 a uddtoniase "Yor montage nanero 87 : Et St5 connection nba x e 7 Te = romage aneeo 2% laste] ¥ aaS St coeneclon ror x EY | ARS rn = yale Wor manage name) oY [Ard | HAST BAG Ste connection nonce 8 NOTES 1 Voir 720t1.0.14 dela CE o01401-2/ S40 1.72 an 2. Sevreierrau praia cu Wansformateur, wat 152 de isaoriesenera 3° Snvatorar au ancondae du transto seo Ssaerieceorse ne apie 1 ~ Connections ana calculation ractors (columns 10 1/) (conciuaeay Canny | Watay ] Veo) | Bereecourcrobe pourTonea do | Poros ois dara ‘ratie des peresdurancorracur’ | leserroererts on | ituterpour! Terminals tobe shortcicubed at | astenersrt*” | cermrais be short “ansornor os tet "seedtor Tl vssesin winding svarir Speen a ee on ie mn 2 2 8 % 7 7 | 10 | one +35 | 407 Fe (oan) | 243 248 7a | 10 | 088 | Woyenne eereauima | 28) 42 | 1O0A— 090A | Noyenne coo aut "s5 Se (esa) | 9 atzae 1s | 94 or Re ane Anngeottasea | 61 | 56 verge of 95 and a5 Was ar os26 026 135 25 | 1-95 | 0035 iP.+ 0 | moyenne des resutats "Se (ean | | 243 | 090 ens average of 138 and ae ay | ame [om ves] term 135 (exa/n) | 008) a8 246 ‘Conversa sno, montages Varognes cia vis Sl conver, nonanion daletayconpaclare os] ts | anor 2 Pe 2 (ean | | (4a) roi 1 | we | os 18 rN 128 (oga/n) | 3 ‘Manages &sorvertaaeurs doubles / Doub comer connections ‘Vor mereage 87 Bee conrenion ruber 5 Vor reerioge €7 See onesie rumter 8 ‘Yor erage 87 7 Seo connetion rumor @ ‘Vor reriags 87 [Ses comeston ruber 8 NOTES 4 fu s0,707 (2); tu: 0388 (112 ¥2); cos ix tal V2 x Go 5_restla résistance de un des trois ervouloments de calue/ is he resistance of one cal winding. Annex A (informative) Determination of transtormer service load loss at rated non-sinusoidal convertor current from measurements with rated transformer current of fundamental frequency Using the notations given in the list of symbols in 5.1, the following relations can be written for the winging loss. Parr= Fin x B14 Kiet) Pe Pr f(t Kee x2") Pam = Boy x )R(1+ Kwe xt?) Pu = Aw x0 Au xkwe ext Consequently With x= 2 for windings, the enhancement factor is equal to “Shh ae |m high-current busbar connection systems, tho loss will follow the same basic rule as for ‘windings, but the exponent, x, is lower. With x = 0,8, the enhancement factor for connections is equal 1o Fe=Acxte SY h¥ joe Po) Fox uh) . Based on other studies, the enhancement factor for the stray loes in etructural parts ie taken ae ‘equal to that of busbar systems, Further conventions of loss ealoulations: a) the winding loss Pw; is taken as the sum of the measured Ixy loss and the calculated eddy loss Pes x Py) + Pres b) the sum of the eddy losses Poe; from connections and the stray loss Pee, in structural Parts is equal to the measured total loss P; minus the winding loss Ps according to a) and minus the measured 12> Fig loss of the connections Foes + Poet = ®—(Rur+(!? | Foy + Ro) + (Fe * Pres) + Foe (Peer Pse:) All loss components in the above calculations are adjusted to the reference temperature (see 10.1 of IEC 60076-1 and clause 12 of IEC 60726). The respective components in the equations above shail be the sum of the values calculated for each winding separately. The calcviated eddy losses Pye; in the windings together with the measured /f x Ry loss give an accurate value for the total winding loss Pw. ‘The sum of stray loss from connections and structural parts Pozy + Psz1 can be derived with reasonable accuracy as the difference between the total measured loss P; minus the winding loss Py and minus the measured quantity I? x Ag of the d.c. loss of the connections. Alternative method for calculation of the winding eddy loss enhancement factor A: mote-moourate ‘stlimale’of the eddy) lous Gnhantemiit fhator far windings). Rijs, iin bi made i! the winding eddy loss components trom axial and radial stray fuk, Pyeass ad Pwerasn respectively, are known. These may be calculated at fundamental frequency using 2 finite element method of field analysis. Since the distribution of the harmonic stray flux is the same as thet of the flux at fundamental frequency in conventional windings consisting of individual strands, the following relationships may be derived. Sirand dimensions in relation to penetration depth: 1 XO, KA )2 TT Ay ot( teste?) sa e ‘Axial fax ery 1 xorxh)? 44 Mai ou Sea’ t xp tl cere where 1 is the pulse of fundamental frequency; Figure A.1 ~ Cross-section of a winding strand his the harmonic order. The additional rosisianco, Rap, at frequency of order, hx «;, may be defined as Fon = Fhy- Ry 0 where A, is the winding resistance at frequency, hx a The increase of additional resistance Ayoy in relation to Ayo; fundamental frequency, is the same for all winding strands, regardless ef the specific eda) expressed as follows: loss of each strand and may be Pa %) aa Pro WX) Hence the expression for the winding enhancement factor Fwe may be expressed as: Sj ee Puree Se} ee) “a Th) AX) Awer 4 1M) For fol windings the winding enhancement factor may be taken as: Poceey 2b = 34] x (a4) Per “Ah Example A.1: Determination of t former load loce under distorted current load (Scheme as in table 1, connection 5, magnetic coupling between valve windings practically 100 %, p= 6) Transformer rating Rated power (kVA) Rated system voltage (kV) Rated transformer phase current (A) Connection With interphase transformer in common tank Convertor rating ue 354V lay = 50.000 A Harmonic content at rated load: hp = 350 A Harmonie order Ah h 1 1 5 176,010" 7 110,010" 1" a4rxr? 13 26.4x10° 7 11.810 19 106x 10° 23. a7xi0° 25 85x 10° Secondary 2« 12850 ¥3x0;303 yg = 14128 hs Iw = 958A Toy = 14 450A x — Sit) ee 119 : ‘Measurements from tes! report Resistance measurements at 20 °C winding temperature ‘Connected terminals, Measured phase res'siance Corrected values at 75°C (see figure A.2) a A-B-C +0146 «10-3 1, O68 + 014684 OME? 754940 88,9%10 2 3 the +905 +1 x10 anene 288 05.6 40-7 onto 59,510 b-d-t +907 + 4 10-8 O78 + 907 +670 16-7 _aaaxt0-® 38,8x10 o-n 14,7106 17,9108 o-p 13,6«10- 16,5 «10-8 A ae Th oo | rad all a | oe steer Figure A.2- Terminal identification for ion ¥ yy0 Measured load loss ai 75 °C winding tomporature, 60 Hz, and rated ourrent {yp = 950 A and °F loss at 75 °C and rated current for the transformer windings and connections Primary A= 3% 350° 889x107 = 32,7 KW Secondary (P= 3x14 1287x53,5x 10% = — 32,0KW Secondary Fa 3141287 63,8x10% = 32,2kW Winding and connections E 96.8KW Calculated eddy current loss at 75 °C 34kW E 100,9kW : basis for guarantee value ‘Transformer eddy loss in the connections plus stray loss in structural parts Pers + Poey= P,-( PA + Pyes) = 124,3-100,3 Total load lose of the convertor transformer at distorted current Pu = (1,046 x 96,9) + (2,89 x 3,4) + (1,19 x 24) 140 KW (value for fon Yen) Load loss of the intorphase transformer FR = 25 0002 x (17,9 + 16,5) x 10° = 21.6 kW The convertor load current represents a transformer joad of the fundamental current plus the content o! harmonies under all load conditions. ‘The rated power of the transformer is chosen to meet the most severe combination of fundamental and harmonic currents with respect to the thermal requirements. Accordingly the rated transtormer power does not necessanly correspond to the rated convertor load, see 4.1 Example A.2 ~ Determination of transformer load loss under distorted current load (Scheme as in table 1, connection number 12, magnatic coupling between electrical valve windings practically 100 %, p= 12) ‘Transtormer rating Primary Secondary windings Rated power (kVA) 8310 4323 4.280 Rated system voltage (kV) 63 0,588 0,582 Rated transformer phase current(A) yp = 433,7. hg = 2451 hg = 4 246 Connection D a y With two six-pulse bridges connected in series secondary Convertor rating Use ans 1580V 5.200 A Harmonic content at rated load (439,7 /2 451 / 4 246) A ‘Harmonic order Ith ‘ ‘ ' W 718x110" 13 55,2x 10° 23 15,0 x10 2 17~10" ES) see dF (et don eaten atonal minis TA Ap hs. hp hs ma [ae = ‘ew = [eae | as ‘Measurements from test report a | ana [ES ns ee Sree es a ES Ee /\ i \ : LZ. . . Figure &.3 - Terminal identitication tor winding connection D y Monsured load loss at 75 °C, 60 Hz, and rated current hp - 499,7 A and Ig = 2451 A or 4248 A P, = 50,92 KW. Primary 1?R1=9 499,72 «91,7 x 109 = 18,30 KW Secondary [2m 3x 2.4512 x 0,678 x 10-8 = 12,22 KW ‘Secondary [A= 3x 4 246? 0,228 10 = 12,33 kW Winding and connections = 42,94 kW Calculated eddy current loss at 75°C. 1.98kW s 4403KW basis for guarantee value 1:1998 ‘Transformer eddy loss in the connections plus stray loss in structural parts Pees + Pocs= Py - (DPR + Ryes)= 50.92 44.99 =6.59 KW ‘Total loss of the convertor transformer at distorted current Py = (1,008 x 42,94) + (2,34 x 1,39) + (1,06 x 6,59) = 53,52 kW (value for Ipy / Igy) NOTE - The two secondary valve windings per phase have close 10 100 % magnet coupling in the calculations avelopea In examples At and A2. Therelore, the eddy losses of all windings are based on six pulses in example A.1 and twelve pulses in example A2 (see 52), A different design of transformer may rave close to zero magnatic coupling between the sacondary valve wincings. Such a design would require a calculation of Fwe and Fc based on three pulses in example A.1 and 8x pulies in example A? for the secondary valve winding Annex B (informative) Short-circuit test currents and load losses in transformers for single-way convertors (total loss injection) For a single-way connection of a convertor, the relationship between the primary current and the secondary load current per phase Is fp = lg x02 (phase ratio 1:1) During the load loss test the following relationship is true: br =2xler ‘Accordingly, the piimary current is inereased by a factor of 2 during the test In order to supply the total winding losses Pw during load loss tests, it is necessary to increase the primary test currant lpr by lpr Ip. " ak (BP * Pas inclicifditndlnasldaalived Py . 1 lotal Ehren Tierdacy Baeomes . peso} Py) | 2Rve + Pus Fora test case the following relations may be used: Ri P= O15 Ry which gives ‘This test current will give 30 % current overload of the primary winding. Thermal consequences during the test should be taken into consideration. ‘Normative references to intemational publications ‘with thelr corresponding European publications This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text end the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication teferred to applies lincluding amendments). NOTE: When an international publication has been modified by comman mediications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD applies. Publication Title END Year IEC 60050(421) 1990 International electrotechnical vocabulary =~ - ev) Chapter 421: Power transformers and reactors IEC 60076-11993 Power transformers EN 6078-1 1997 (mod) Part 1: General IEC 60076-2 1993 Part 2: Temperature rise EN 6078-2 1997 (nod) 'EC 60076-31980 Part 3: Insulation levels and dielectric tests (mod) +A 1981 HD 398.381 1986. 1EC 60076-51976 Part 5: Ablity to withstand shor-

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