I S TUYN TNH

Ti liu n thi cao hc nm 2005

Phin bn chnh sa

PGS. TS M Vinh Quang

Ngy 21 thng 4 nm 2006

Bi 2 : Cc Phng Php Tnh nh

Thc Cp n
nh thc c nh ngha kh phc tp, do khi tnh cc nh thc cp cao (cp ln
hn 3) ngi ta hu nh khng s dng nh ngha nh thc m s dng cc tnh cht ca
nh thc v thng dng cc phng php sau.

Phng php bin i nh thc v dng tam gic

S dng cc php bin i s cp trn dng (ct) ca ma trn v cc tnh cht ca nh

thc bin i ma trn ca nh thc v dng tam gic. nh thc sau cng s bng tch ca
cc phn t thuc ng cho chnh (theo tnh cht 3.3 ).
V d 1.1: Tnh nh thc cp n (n > 2)

 1

 2

D =  2
 ...

 2

sau y:
2
2
2
...
2

2
2
3
...
2

...
...
...
...
...

2
2
2
...
n

Bi gii: Nhn dng (2) vi (1) ri cng vo dng (3), (4), . . . , (n). Ta c

 

 1
  1

2
2
.
.
.
2
2
2
.
.
.
2

 

 2
2
2 ...
2   0 2 2 . . .
2 

(1)
0
1 ...
0  =  0
0
1 ...
0  = (2)(n 2)!
D =  0
 ... ... ... ...
. . .   . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 

 0


0
0 ... n 2
0
0
0 ... n 2 
(1): nhn dng (1) vi (2) cng vo dng (2).

V d 1.2: Tnh nh thc cp n






D = 




a
b
b
...
b

b
a
b
...
b

b ... b
b ... b
a ... b
... ... ...
b ... a

Bi gii: u tin cng cc ct (2), (3),. . . , (n) vo ct (1). Sau nhn dng (1) vi (1)
cng vo cc dng (2), (3),. . . , (n). Ta c:





D = 




a + (n 1)b b
a + (n 1)b a
a + (n 1)b b
...
...
a + (n 1)b b

b
b
a
...
b

... b
... b
... b
... ...
... a

 
  a + (n 1)b
b
b
...
b
 
 
0
ab
0
...
0
 
=
0
0
a

b
.
.
.
0
 
 
...
...
... ...
...
 
 
0
0
0
... a b


= a + (n 1)b (a b)n1

Phng php qui np

p dng cc tnh cht ca nh thc, bin i, khai trin nh thc theo dng hoc theo
ct biu din nh thc cn tnh qua cc nh thc cp b hn nhng c cng dng. T
ta s nhn c cng thc truy hi.
S dng cng thc truy hi v tnh trc tip cc nh thc cng dng cp 1, cp 2, . . . ,
suy ra nh thc cn tnh.
V d 2.1: Tnh nh thc

 1 + a1 b 1
a1 b 2

 a2 b 1
1
+
a2 b 2
Dn = 
...
 ...
 an b 1
an b 2

...
...
...
...

a1 bn
a2 bn
...
1 + an b n

Bi gii: S dng tnh cht 2.4, tch nh thc theo ct n, ta c:


 1 + a1 b 1 . . .

 a2 b 1
...


...
Dn =  . . .
 an1 b1 . . .

 an b 1
...

 1 + a1 b 1

 a2 b 1

=  . . .
 an1 b1

 an b 1

 
a1 bn1
0   1 + a1 b1 . . .
a1 bn1
a1 b n
a2 bn1
0   a2 b1
...
a2 bn1
a2 b n


...
...  +  ...
...
...
...
1 + an1 bn1 0   an1 b1 . . . 1 + an1 bn1 an1 bn
an bn1
1   an b 1
...
an bn1
an b n


 1 + a1 b 1 . . .
...
a1 bn1
0 
a1 bn1

 a2 b 1
...
a2 bn1
0 
.
.
.
a
2 bn1



...
...
. . .  + bn  . . .
...
...
 an1 b1 . . . 1 + an1 bn1
. . . 1 + an1 bn1 0 

 an b 1
...
an bn1
1 
...
an bn1











a1
a2
...
an1
an

Khai trin nh thc u theo ct (n) ta s c nh thc u bng Dn1 .

Nhn ct (n) ca nh thc th hai ln lt vi (bi ) ri cng vo ct i (i = 1, 2, . . . , n 1).
2

Ta c:





Dn = Dn1 + bn 




1
0
...
0
0

0 ... 0
1 ... 0
... ... ...
0 ... 1
0 ... 0

a1
a2
...
an1
an






 = Dn1 + an bn





Vy ta c cng thc truy hi Dn = Dn1 + an bn . V cng thc trn ng vi mi n nn ta c

Dn = Dn1 + an bn = Dn2 + an1 bn1 + an bn = = D1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 + + an bn
V D1 = a1 b1 + 1 nn cui cng ta c
D n = 1 + a1 b 1 + a2 b 2 + a3 b 3 + + an b n
V d 2.2: Cho a, b R, a 6= b. Tnh nh thc cp n

 a + b ab
0 ...
0
0

 1
a
+
b
ab
.
.
.
0
0


... ... ... ...
...
Dn =  . . .
 0
0
0
.
.
.
a
+
b
ab

 0
0
0 ...
1
a+b
Bi gii: Khai trin nh thc theo dng u, ta c:

 1
ab
0

 0 a + b ab

Dn = (a + b)Dn1 ab  . . . . . . . . .
 0
0
0

 0
0
0

...
0
0
...
0
0
... ...
...
. . . a + b ab
...
0
a+b

Tip tc khai trin nh thc sau theo ct (1) ta c cng thc:

Dn = (a + b)Dn1 abDn2 vi n > 3

()

Do :
Dn aDn1 = b(Dn1 aDn2 )
Cng thc ny ng vi mi n > 3 nn ta c
Dn aDn1 = b(Dn1 aDn2 ) = b2 (Dn2 aDn3 ) = = bn2 (D2 aD1 )
Tnh ton trc tip ta c D2 = a2 + b2 + ab v D1 = a + b do D2 aD1 = b2 . Bi vy
Dn aDn1 = bn

(1)

Tip tc, t cng thc () ta li c Dn bDn1 = a(Dn1 bDn2 ). Do cng thc ny ng

vi mi n > 3 nn tng t nh trn ta li c
Dn bDn1 = a(Dn1 bDn2 ) = a2 (Dn3 bDn4 )
= = an2 (D2 bD1 ) = an v D2 bD1 = a2
Vy ta c
Dn bDn1 = an
Kh Dn1 t trong (1) v (2) ta s c kt qu
Dn =

an+1 bn+1
ab
3

(2)

Phng php biu din nh thc thnh tng cc nh

thc

Nhiu nh thc cp n c th tnh c d dng bng cc tch nh thc (theo cc dng

hoc theo cc ct) thnh tng ca cc nh thc cng cp. Cc nh thc mi ny thng bng
0 hoc tnh c d dng.
V d 3.1: Ta s tnh nh thc Dn trong V d 2.1 bng phng php ny.
Bi gii: Mi ct ca Dn c vit thnh tng ca
(2) nh sau:

 1 + a1 b 1 0 + a1 b 2

 0 + a2 b 1 1 + a2 b 2

...
...
Dn = 

.
.
.
...

 0 + an b 1 0 + an b 2
(1) (2)

(1) (2)

2 ct m ta k hiu l ct loi (1) v loi

. . . 0 + a1 b n
. . . 0 + a2 b n
...
...
...
...
. . . 1 + an b n

(1) (2)

S dng tnh cht 2.4 ca nh thc, ta ln lt tch cc ct ca nh thc. Sau n ln tch ta

c Dn l tng ca 2n nh thc cp n. Ct th i ca cc nh thc ny chnh l ct loi (1)
hoc loi (2) ca ct th i ca nh thc ban u Dn . Ta chia 2n nh thc ny thnh ba dng
nh sau:
Dng 1: Bao gm cc nh thc c t 2 ct loi (2) tr ln. V cc ct loi (2) t l nn tt
c cc nh thc loi ny c gi tr bng 0.
Dng 2: Bao gm cc nh thc c ng mt ct loi (2), cn cc ct khc l loi (1). Gi
s ct i l loi (2) ta c nh thc l


 1

0
.
.
.
a
b
.
.
.
0
1
i


 0

1
.
.
.
a
b
.
.
.
0
2
i
 = ai b i
Dn,i = 

 ... ... ... ... ... ... 
 0
0 . . . an bi . . . 1 

ct i
(khai trin theo ct i). C tt c n nh thc dng 2 (ng vi i = 1, 2, . . . , n) v tng ca tt
c cc nh thc dng 2 l
n
X
ai b i
i=1

Dng 3: Bao gm cc nh thc khng c ct loi (2), nn tt c cc ct u l loi (1) v

do c ng mt nh thc dng 3 l


 1

0
.
.
.
0


 0
1 . . . 0 

 ... ... ... ...  = 1


 0
0 ... 1 
Vy Dn bng tng ca tt c cc nh thc ba dng trn v bng
n
X

ai b i + 1

i=1

Nhn xt: Tt c cc nh thc m cc ct (dng) c th biu din di dng tng 2 ct (2

dng) trong cc ct loi (2) (dng loi (2)) t l vi nhau u c th tnh c d dng bng
phng php 3 vi cch trnh by ging ht nh trn.

Phng php biu din nh thc thnh tch cc nh

thc

Gi s ta cn tnh nh thc D cp n. Ta biu din ma trn tng ng A ca D thnh tch

cc ma trn vung cp n n gin hn: A = B.C. Khi ta c
D = det A = det(B.C) = det B. det C
vi cc nh thc det B, det C tnh c d dng nn D tnh c.
V d 4.1: Tnh nh thc cp n (n > 2) sau

 1 + x1 y1 1 + x1 y2

 1 + x2 y1 1 + x2 y2
D = 
...
...

 1 + xn y1 1 + xn y2
Bi gii: Vi n > 2 ta c:

1 + x1 y1
1 + x2 y1
A=

...
1 + xn y1

1 x1
1 x2

=
1 x3
... ...
1 xn
|

1 + x1 y2
1 + x2 y2
...
1 + xn y2

...
...
...
...

0
0
0
...
0
{z

0
0
0
...
0

...
...
...
...
...

...
...
...
...

1 + x1 yn
1 + x2 yn
...
1 + xn yn

1 + x1 yn
1 + x2 yn

...
1 + xn yn

1
1 ...
y1 y2 . . .

0
0 ...

... ... ...

0
0 ...
}|
{z

1
yn
0
...
0

Bi vy:

D = det A = det B. det C =

0
nu n > 2
(x2 x1 )(y2 y1 ) nu n = 2

V d 4.2: Tnh nh thc cp n (n > 2)



sin 21
sin(1 + 2 )

 sin(2 + 1 )
sin 22 )
D = 
.
.
.
...

 sin(n + 1 ) sin(n + 2 )

...
...
...
...

sin(1 + n )
sin(2 + n )
...
sin 2n

Bi gii: Vi n > 2 ta c:

sin 21
sin(1 + 2 ) . . .
sin(2 + 1 )
sin 22
...
A=

...
...
...
sin(n + 1 ) sin(n + 2 ) . . .

sin 1 cos 1 0 . . . 0
sin 2 cos 2 0 . . . 0

=
sin 3 cos 3 0 . . . 0
...
...
... ... ...
sin n cos n 0 . . . 0
{z
}|
|
B

sin(1 + n )
sin(2 + n )

...
sin 2n
cos 1 cos 2
sin 1 sin 2
0
0
...
...
0
0
{z

...
...
...
...
...

cos n
sin n
0
...
0

Bi vy:

D = det A = det B. det C =

0 nu n > 2
sin2 (1 2 ) nu n = 2

Bi Tp
Tnh cc
 nh thc cp n sau:
 1 + a1
a2
a3

 a1
1 + a2
a3


a
a
1
+
a3
6. 
1
2
 ...
...
...

 a1
a2
a3

 0
1
1 ... 1

 1
0
x
... x


x
0 ... x
7.  1
 ... ... ... ... ...

 1
x
x ... 0

 5
3
0
0 ...

 2
5
3
0 ...


2
5
3 ...
8.  0
 ... ... ... ... ...

 0
0
0
0 ...


 a1 x . . . x 


 x a2 . . . x 

9. 

 ... ... ... ... 
 x
x . . . an 

 a1 + b 1 a1 + b 2 . . .

 a + b 1 a2 + b 2 . . .
10.  2
...
...
 ...
 an + b 1 an + b 2 . . .

...
an
...
an
...
an
...
...
. . . 1 + an











0
0 
0
0 
0
0 
. . . . . . 
2
5 

a1 + b n
a2 + b n
...
an + bn


 cos(1 1 ) cos(1 2 )

 cos(2 1 ) cos(2 2 )
11. 
...
...

 cos(n 1 ) cos(n 2 )
Tnh cc nh thc cp

 a
0 ...

 0
a ...

 ... ... ...

 0
0 ...
12. 
0
0 ...

 0
0 ...

 ... ... ...

 b
0 ...
(ng cho chnh l a,
 a1 0 . . .

 0 a2 . . .

 ... ... ...

 0
0 ...
13. 
c
0 ...
 1
 0 c2 . . .

 ... ... ...

 0
0 ...

. . . cos(1 n )
. . . cos(2 n )
...
...
. . . cos(n n )

2n sau
0
0
0 ...
0
0
0 ...
... ... ... ...
a
b
0 ...
b
a
0 ...
0
0
a ...
... ... ... ...
0
0
0 ...
ng cho ph l
0 b1
0 ...
0
0 b2 . . .
... ... ... ...
an 0
0 ...
0 d1 0 . . .
0
0 d2 . . .
... ... ... ...
cn 0
0 ...


b 
0 
. . . 
0 
0 
0 
. . . 
a 
b, tt c cc v tr cn li l 0)
0 
0 
. . . 
bn 
0 
0 
. . . 
dn