I S TUYN TNH

MA TRN KH NGHCH
Phin bn chnh sa

PGS TS M Vinh Quang

Ngy 6 thng 12 nm 2004

Ma trn kh nghch

1.1

Cc khi nim c bn

Cho A l ma trn vung cp n, ma trn A gi l ma trn kh nghch nu tn ti ma trn

B vung cp n sao cho
AB = BA = En
(1)
(En l ma trn n v cp n)
Nu A l ma trn kh nghch th ma trn B tha iu kin (1) l duy nht, v B gi l ma
trn nghch o (ma trn ngc) ca ma trn A, k hiu l A1 .
Vy ta lun c: A.A1 = A1 .A = En

1.2

Cc tnh cht

1. A kh nghch A khng suy bin (det A 6= 0)

2. Nu A, B kh nghch th AB cng kh nghch v (AB)1 = B 1 A1
3. (At )1 = (A1 )t

1.3
1.3.1

Cc phng php tm ma trn nghch o

Phng php tm ma trn nghch o nh nh thc

Trc ht, ta nh li phn b i s ca mt phn t. Cho A l ma trn vung cp n,

nu ta b i dng i, ct j ca A, ta c ma trn con cp n 1 ca A, k hiu Mij . Khi
Aij = (1)i+j det Mij gi l phn b i s ca phn t nm dng i, ct j ca ma trn A.
Ma trn

t
A11 A21 An1
A11 A12 A1n
A12 A22 An2 A21 A22 A2n

PA = ..
..
.. = ..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
A1n A2n Ann
An1 An2 Ann
gi l ma trn ph hp ca ma trn A.
1

Ta c cng thc sau y tm ma trn nghch o ca A.

Cho A l ma trn vung cp n.
Nu det A = 0 th A khng kh nghch (tc l A khng c ma trn nghch o).
Nu det A 6= 0 th A kh nghch v
A1 =

1
PA
det A

V d. Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn

1 2 1
A= 0 1 1
1 2 3
Gii
Ta c


 1 2 1

det A =  0 1 1
 1 2 3




 = 2 6= 0



Vy A kh nghch.
Tm ma trn ph hp PA ca A. Ta c:
1+1


 1 1

 2 3



=1


1+2


 0 1

 1 3



=1


A11 = (1)

A12 = (1)



= (1) 


2+1 
= (1) 


0 1 
A13
= 1
1 2 

2 1 
= 4
A21
2 3 




2+2  1 1 
=2
A22 = (1) 
1 3 




2+3  1 2 
A23 = (1) 
=0
1 2 




3+1  2 1 
A31 = (1) 
=1
1 1 




3+2  1 1 
A32 = (1) 
= 1
0 1 




3+3  1 2 
A33 = (1) 
=1
0 1 
1+3

Vy

1 4
1
2 1
PA = 1
1
0
1
2

v do

1
1 4
1
2
2
2
1
2 1 = 21
1 12
= 1
2
1
1
0
1
12
0
2

A1

Nhn xt. Nu s dng nh thc tm ma trn nghch o ca mt ma trn vung cp

n, ta phi tnh mt nh thc cp n v n2 nh thc cp n 1. Vic tnh ton nh vy kh
phc tp khi n > 3.
Bi vy, ta thng p dng phng php ny khi n 3. Khi n 3, ta thng s dng cc
phng php di y.
1.3.2

Phng php tm ma trn nghch o bng cch da vo cc php bin i

s cp (phng php Gauss)

tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn A vung cp n, ta lp ma trn cp n 2n

[A | En ]
(En l ma trn n v cp n)

[A | En ] =

a11 a12 a1n

a21 a22 a2n
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
an1 an2 ann

0 0
1 0

.. . . ..
. .
.
0 0 1

1
0
..
.

Sau , dng cc php bin i s cp trn dng a ma trn [A | En ] v dng [En | B]. Khi
, B chnh l ma trn nghch o ca A, B = A1 .
Ch . Nu trong qu trnh bin i, nu khi bn tri xut hin dng gm ton s 0 th
ma trn A khng kh nghch.
V d. Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn

0 1
1 0
A=
1 1
1 1

1
1
0
1

1
1

1
0

Gii

0
1
[A | E4 ] =
1
1

1
1

1
d1 31 d1
1

1
0
1
1

1
1
0
1

1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0

1
1
0
1

1
1
1
0

1
0
0
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0

0 d1 d1 +d2 +d3 +d4

1

 1 1 1 1

 3 3 3 3
 0 1 0 0 d2 d1 +d2


 0 0 1 0 d3 d
1 +d3

d4 d1 +d4
 0 0 0 1
3

3
1

1
1

3
0
1
1

1
1
1
1
0 1
0
0

0
0 1
0
0
0
0 1

3
1
0
1

3
1
1
0

1
0
0
0

1
1
0
0

1
0
1
0

1
0

0
1

1
1
1
1

3
3
3
3

2
1
1
 1

3
3
3
3

2
1
 1 1

3
3
3
3

2
 1 1 1
3
3
3
3

1
0
0
0
0 1
0
0

0 1
0
d1 d1 +d2 +d3 +d4 0
0
0
0 1


1 0 0 0  23
1
0 1 0 0 
d2 d2
3

1
d4 d4 0 0 1 0 
3
1
d3 d3
0 0 0 1 
3

1
1
1
23
3
3
3
2
31
13 31
3

2
31 31
31
3
2
31 31 13
3

1
1
1
3

32
1
3
1
3

3
1
3
32
1
3

3
1
3
1
3
32

Vy

1.3.3

23
1
3
1
3
1
3

1
3
2
3
1
3
1
3

1
3
1
3
32
1
3

1
3
1
3
1
3
23

Phng php tm ma trn nghch o bng cch gii h phng trnh

Cho ma trn vung cp n

A=

a11 a12 a1n

a21 a22 a2n
..
..
..
...
.
.
.
an1 an2 ann

tm ma trn nghch o A1 , ta lp h

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn = y1

a21 x1 + a22 x2 + + a2n xn = y2

..

a x + a x + + a x = y
n1 1
n2 2
nn n
n

(2)

trong x1 , x2 , . . . , xn l n, y1 , y2 , . . . , yn l cc tham s.
* Nu vi mi tham s y1 , y2 , . . . , yn , h phng trnh tuyn tnh (2) lun c nghim duy
nht:

x1 = b11 y1 + b12 y2 + + b1n yn

x2 = b21 y1 + b22 y2 + + b2n yn

..

x = b y + b y + + b y
n
n1 1
n2 2
nn n
th

A1 =

b11 b12 b1n

b21 b22 b2n
..
.. . .
..
.
.
.
.
bn1 bn2 bnn

* Nu tn ti y1 , y2 , . . . , yn h phng trnh tuyn tnh (2) v nghim hoc v s nghim

th ma trn A khng kh nghch.

V d. Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn

a 1
1 a
A=
1 1
1 1

1
1
a
1

1
1

1
a

Gii
Lp h

ax1 + x2 + x3 + x4

x1 + ax2 + x3 + x4
x1 + x2 + ax3 + x4

x1 + x2 + x3 + ax4

= y1
= y2
= y3
= y4

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Ta gii h trn, cng 2 v ta c

(a + 3)(x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 ) = y1 + y2 + y3 + y4

()

1. Nu a = 3, chn cc tham s y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 sao cho y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 6= 0. Khi (*) v

nghim, do h v nghim, bi vy A khng kh nghch.
2. a 6= 3, t (*) ta c
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 =

1
(y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 )
a+3

()

Ly (1), (2), (3), (4) tr cho (**), ta c

(a 1)x1 =

1
((a + 2)y1 y2 y3 y4 )
a+3

(a 1)x2 =

1
(y1 + (a + 2)y2 y3 y4 )
a+3

(a 1)x3 =

1
(y1 y2 + (a + 2)y3 y4 )
a+3

(a 1)x4 =

1
(y1 y2 y3 + (a + 2)y4 )
a+3

(a) Nu a = 1, ta c th chn tham s y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 (a + 2)y1 y2 y3 y4 khc 0.

Khi h v nghim v do A khng kh nghch.
(b) Nu a 6= 1, ta c
x1 =

1
((a + 2)y1 y2 y3 y4 )
(a 1)(a + 3)

x2 =

1
(y1 + (a + 2)y2 y3 y4 )
(a 1)(a + 3)

x3 =

1
(y1 y2 + (a + 2)y3 y4 )
(a 1)(a + 3)
5

x4 =
Do

1
(y1 y2 y3 + (a + 2)y4 )
(a 1)(a + 3)

A1

a + 2 1
1
1
1 a + 2 1
1
1

=
1 a + 2 1
(a 1)(a + 3) 1
1
1
1 a + 2

Tm li:
Nu a = 3, a = 1 th ma trn A khng kh nghch.
Nu a 6= 3, a =
6 1, ma trn nghch o A1 c xc nh bi cng thc trn.

BI TP
Tm ma trn nghch o ca cc ma trn sau

1 0 3
22. 2 1 1
3 2 2

1 3 2
23. 2 1 3
3 2 1

1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1

24.
1
1 1
1
1
1
1 1

0
1
1 1
1
0
1 1

25.
1 1
0 1
1 1 1 0
nghch o ca cc ma trn vung cp n

1
1

. . ..
. .
0 0 0 1

1+a
1
1

1
1
1+a
1

1
1
1 + a
1

..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
1
1
1
1 + a

Tm ma trn

1 1 1
0 1 1

26. 0 0 1
.. .. ..
. . .

27.