The Ultimate Guide To Digital Photography - 4th Edition

DIGITAL
PHOTOGRAPHY
THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO
PAC
WITH KED
EXPE
RT
TIPS
TECH AND
NIQU
ES
FULLY UPDATED 4TH EDITION
MASTER THE BASICS
Cameras and lenses explained
LEARN TO SHOOT
Easy tips for great photos
EDIT AND ENHANCE
Using software to make shots shine
Apply effects
Add mood to your portraits

in a few simple steps
Master exposure
How to get perfect light

in your landscapes
Capture the action
Techniques to make sure

you dont miss the moment
Shooting great pictures has never been so easy.
E-P1
European Camera of the Year.

The original iconic PEN.
E-P2
The enthusiast's PEN includes a high

performance Electronic Viewnder.
NEW E-PL1
The new PEN with Live Guides.

Professional results with minimal effort.
Available from: Amazon, Argos, Currys, Jacobs, Jessops,

John Lewis, Park Cameras and all good Olympus photographic retailers.
Go to www.olympus.co.uk/pen for details and examples of the still images and HD Movie quality possible with a PEN.
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1B(<G*= 31==*- G*B(1EB */B<1E*/' F*=*- .<
=(, 4= 3D? !1< .1<57
( 2KK -=1 <1E'(B *.' =/=1<)-/*/' B1 B(

!<I G(*( F*<B= B( =/=1< B1 =(, 1" E=B 3<B*-=7
B B( B*. B( 1.3B*B*1/ !<1. /1/ / *,1/ */;B
1"< B(*= B / 8E*F-/B 3<* 31*/B7 B;= /1G =B/< */
=B1, ,*B -/== 1! 1B( .,<= EB /*B(< IB 1"<= B(
*/).< *.' =B*-*=B*1/ 1! 1/I7 /BH / -I.3E=
1 (F .1-= G*B( */)1I =B*-*=B*1/ B(1E'(7
( -/= .1E/B 1! B( -3( </' G= -=1 <1E'(B
1F< !<1.
1/* '*F*/' -3( E=<= == B1 B( </' 1!
3<)H*=B*/' -/== / 1/I -=1 */B<1E *B= 1G/ </'7
1GF< B( F*-*-*BI 1! B(*<)3<BI -/== E=*/' B(
-3( .1E/B *= =B*-- <-B*F-I -*.*B / 1G/)</ 1/I
-/== B/ B1 H3/=*F7
B< -3( .1-= =E( = B( CCK 4-1G5 (F
<== B( -E/,I EB*-*B<*/ -11,= 1! B( <-*<
1/*
1*=7 (<;= -=1 / HB/=*1/ */B1 B( (*'(<)/
.<,B 4-B(1E'( *B;= =B*-- FKK 3EB= *B */ 1.3B*B*1/ G*B( B( -*,= 1! *,1/;=
>KK / /1/;= % , 7
-I.3E= / /BH

-B(1E'( B(I;< *B -== F*=*- */ B( .<,B B(/
*/ B( I= 1! #-. = BG1 1! B( '</ 1- .<8E=
1! 3(1B1'<3(I -I.3E= / /BH < =B*-F<I .E( -*F / ,*,*/'7 *B( -1I- E=<= / =1.
*/B<=B*/' .1-= B(I;< G1<B( 1/=*<*/'7
-I.3E= (= <F /*( !1< *B=-! I 1"<*/'
H3B*1/--I 1.3B =7 ( )&KK </' G(*(
=B<B G*B( B( )&2K / 3<1'<== B1 B( )&DK /
)&%K < B( -*'(B=B / .1=B 1.3B = 1/ B(
.<,B7 (*< =/=1< !1<.B ,/1G/ = B( 1E< (*<=
=I=B. (-3= B(*=7 1E< (*<= .<= (F =.--<
=/=1< B(/ B( ) 1! B( .+1<*BI 1! = 41< B(
!E--)!<. =/=1<= 1! B( -*,= 1! /1/;= 2= , /
*,1/;= >KK57 */ B( =/=1< *= B(B .E( =.--< B(
/B*< 3(I=*- =*'/ 1! B( -/= .1E/B / B( 13B*= B(B
'1 G*B( *B / .1< 1.3B B117 1 3<B/< *B= )&KK
</' = G-- = =B/< 2&)&D.. ,*B -/= B(<;= -=1
1.3B #H)!1-)-/'B( D%..93/,:-/= B(B;= 1/-I
D&.. 3 .,*/' !1< =E3<)1.3B B<F- =BE37
( =.--< =/=1< 1! 1E< (*<= .<= ./= B(B
B( =1-EB *.' 8E-*BI 1! B( <=E-B= B(1<B*--I *=/;B =
(*'( = = G*B( 1< !E--)!<. =/=1<=7 1GF<
1E< (*<= =/=1< =B*-- (= =E<! < -.1=B B/

B*.= -<'< B(/ B(B 1! =B/< *'*B- 1.3B7 1E<
(*<= =/=1< .=E<= <1E/ 2> H 2C.. 1.3< B1
B( ? H &.. 1< =1 1! BI3*- 1.3B).< =/=1<7
<I =.-- = </;B -I.3E=;= 1/-I </'7 (
(*'(<)/ )?KK =<*= B<= !1< .1< B<*B*1/- .BE<
3(1B1'<3(<= G(*- B( 1E-)*'*B =<*= B<= !1< B(
.*)</'7 ( )CK !1< */=B/ *= 3- .*)</'
.1- B(B B<E.3= =1. 1! *B= 1.3B*B1<= G*B( !BE<=
=E( = &!3= E<=B .17 3 B B( (*'( / B(<;= -==
B*F*BI */ -I.3E=;= </' EB (, 1F< B( 3' !1< /
*/B<=B*/' /G *<B*1/ */ *B= .1-=7
( /. /BH G*-- !.*-*< B1 ./I / B(
1.3/I *= =B*-- 3<1E*/' '11 .<= G*B(
/ */*F*E- BG*=B7 (
DKK !1< */=B/ B,=
BB<*= G(*( 33-= B1 B<F--<= */ <.1B <'*1/=7
/BH *= -=1 =B*-- B*F B B( -1G B1 .*)</' / 1!
B( .<,B </B-I <-=*/' *B= EB 1/=E.<)!1E=
)H .1- G(*( 1.= */ (1* 1! 1-1E<= / 1=B=

F*1 <1<*/' = G-- = =B*--= 3*-*BI7 -=G(< *B=
). *= -1G)1=B <*F- B1 B( -*,= 1! B( *,1/ CKKK G*B(

3<* 1! G-- E/< A&KK7
C2
B(< )-*, =I=B.=

/ DKK0 /G -== 1! .< '/ B1 33< / *B;=
'*/*/' '<1E/ */ DK2K7 B;= / HB/=*1/ 1! B( 1E< (*<=
=I=B. 3*1/< I -I.3E= / /=1/*7
(*= /G =B/< -- *<1 1E< (*<= *= 'BB*/'
'11 - 1! BB/B*1/ G*B( =F<- .1-= /1G <-=
I 1B( 1.3/*=7 ( #/*/' (<B<*=B* 1! -- 1!
B(. *= B(B B(I;< F<I 1.3B *.*/' B1 = =.--
-*'(B / 31<B- = 31==*- EB <B*/*/' 8E-*BI7
/*B*--I F<I H3/=*F 3<*= < =B<B*/' B1 1.
.1< <-*=B* G*B( .1-= =E( = B( -I.3E= )2
=I=B. 4*/=3*< I B( 1<*'*/- -I.3E= / .1- (*-*/'
!<1. B( -B 20%K=5 /1G F*-- !1< <1E/ A%KK7 1.
.1-= = 1/ B( =I=B. =E( = /=1/*;= E.*H
2 43*BE< 1331=*B5 <.*/ / H3/=*F 13B*1/ =*/
B(I;< =*'/ = <3-./B !1< 1B( =B*--= .<
/ / 3<1!==*1/-)-F- .1<<7 ( 2 1.=
G*B( 2&)2&K.. J11. -/= B(B;= !< =E3<*1< B1 .1=B ,*B
-/== / (/ *B;= !< .1< H3/=*F7
*<1 1E< (*<= .<= (F =/=1<
B( =. =*J = B(B 1! 1E< (*<= .<= =E( = B(
-I.3E= )&%K 1/ B( 3<F*1E= 3'7 (B ./= B(
=* -F- 1! 8E-*BI *= -1=< B1 B(/ 1.3B

.< G*B( -1G< /1*= -F-= B (*'( 4= 3?& !1<
.1< 1/ 5 / .E( BB< I/.* </' G(*(
F1*= B( -*33 (*'(-*'(B= 1! 1.3B= / '*F= =(1B=
.1< /BE<- -11,7 1E -=1 'B '<B< 31B/B*- !1< B(
3(1B1'<3(* <B*F*BI B(B )=BI- */B<(/'-
-/== <*/'=7 / !B I1E / #B 1E< (*<=)=B/<
-/== B1 B( /G =I=B. G*B( / 3B< -B(1E'( =1.
1! B( -/= !E/B*1/= .I /1B G1<, *B;= BB< B1 E=
*B *<1 1E< (*<= -/=7 /= (1* *= !< .1<
-*.*B B(/ !1< =B-*=( =B/<= =E( = /1/;=
-/== 1< *,1/;= ).1E/B EB B(< *= B( 13B*1/ 1! !G
#H)!1-)-/'B( .1-= = G-- = J11.=7
( *"</ BG/ =B/< / *<1 1E<
(*<= -*= */ B( .(/*- =3*#B*1/= <-B*/' B1 B(
-/= .1E/B / *./=*1/= <B(< B(/ B( =/=1<7 *<1
1E< (*<=; *./=*1/= < -*<B-I F<I 1.3B =1
1.3B B(B B(<;= /1 <11. !1< B( B<*B*1/- <$H
.*<<1< B(B #/= B<E 7 ( 1.3B =3= ./
*B;= 31==*- B1 3<1E .<= B(B */ B(1<I '*F B( =B
1! 1B( G1<-= 8E-*BI G*B( 1.3B).< G*'(B
/ *./=*1/=7
/ B1 =1. HB/B *B =E=7 ( 8E-*BI !<1. B(

/G .1-= =*-I 1EB=B<*3= /I 1.3B .< '*F*/'
B( H3B )-F- *.'= -*B /1B 8E*B B B(
3*//- 1! *'*B- 8E-*BI =*/ *<1 1E< (*<= 4/
=B/< 1E< (*<=5 .<= E= =-*'(B-I =.--< =/=1<=
B(/ B( .+1<*BI 1! =7 EB !1< ./I =(1B= I1E;
(<)3E=( B1 B-- B( *"</ 3<B*E-< B -1G
=BB*/'= -1G &KK7
/ B(*/' I1E 1/;B 'B G*B( *<1 1E<
(*<= .< *= B( =E3<)!=B <=31/= / -, 1! =(EBB<
-' B( -I BG/ 3<==*/' B( =(EBB< / B( .<
BE--I B,*/' B( =(1B7 (B;= E= B<E = E=
!1E=*/' =I=B. -- 3(=)BB*1/7 (*= *= F<I !=B
!<B*1/= 1! =1/ !1< '11 EB *B /=
.*<<1< B1 *F<B =1. 1! B( -*'(B /B<*/' B( -/= 1/ B1
*B EB1!1E= =/=1<7 /=B *<1 1E< (*<=
.<= E= B( .*/ *.' =/=1< *B=-! / !1E= E=*/'
.B(1 -- 1/B<=B BB*1/7 (*= *= B( =. = *'*B1.3B .<= / *B;= .E( =-1G< G-- 1F< =1/
*/ .1=B == G(*( *= .1< B(/ /1E'( B1 .*== =(1B7 1
'B /IB(*/' -*, 3<!1<./ I1E (F B1 <=1<B B1
./E--I 3<)!1E=*/' =1 B( EB1!1E= =B3 *= -*.*/B7
B;= / */B<=B*/' *=*3-*/ EB !< !<1. *- */ .1=B ==7
=1/ <G, <-B= B1 -/= (/'=7 E=
B(<;= /1 .*<<1< */ B(= .<= G(/ I1E 1. B1 B,
1/ -/= 1" / #B /1B(< 1/ I1E .E=B HB<.-I
<!E- B( =/=1< ==.-I *= 1.3-B-I H31= / -*=

1/-I <1E/ 27%. GI !<1. I1E< <E*/1E=-I 1*-I #/'<=7 !
I1E 1 B1E( B( =/=1< 41< .1< E<B-I B( -1G)3==
#-B< *<B-I */ !<1/B 1! *B5 B<*3 B1 B( <3*< =(13 .I G- */ 1<<7 (E= I1E =(1E- B<I B1 -*.*B B( /E.< 1! -/=
(/'= / F<I G<I G(/ I1E (/' B(.7
E= B( /G .1-= /;B
-- = EB (F .1< */ 1..1/ G*B( = B(/
=B/< 1.3B= ./I */ B( */E=B<I < /1G <!<<*/'
B1 9*/B<(/'-)-/=: .<= = / E.<-- B<. !1<
= / *<1 1E< (*<= )-*,=7
=3*B B( =-*'(B <G,= B( /G !1<.B (= !1E/
-1B 1! !F1E< G*B( .BE<= G(1 G/B $H*- (*'()8E-*BI
*'*B- .< B(B;= /1B = E-,I = B<*B*1/- =I=B.=7
/ -B DKK0 *<1 1E< (*<= 1E/B !1< 2K6 1! -*/B<(/'-)-/= =I=B.= =1- */ B(
G(*( *=
*.3<==*F !1< =E( I1E/' =I=B.7
*1( (= </B-I 1. !<1. -!B)#- G*B(
*B= 1G/ 1.3-B-I 1<*'*/- */B<(/'-)-/= !1<.B7
B= =I=B. /1B 1/-I (= */B<(/'- -/== EB
1.3-B */B<(/'- .1E-= 1/B*/*/' 1B( -/=
/ =/=1<7 B;= / */B<=B*/' 33<1( EB /1B 1/ G;
<1../ '*//< 1< */ /I1/ B1 1/=*<
E/B*- B(*= /G F<I H3/=*F =I=B. (= / =(1G/ B1
=B/ B( B=B 1! B*.7
.D<0G).& ,.==
<0,K D' &<D=D H.D& 0 . -< )= D'
.0<-0G= <.& 0 ) <.D ,.== K0G . G=5 D D' =)
,H, )D =)-2,K ,,0I= ) <.D 0, ,.&D'= <.&).& <0=G2<(I)(.&, D0 JD<- D,2'0D0 3= 2F? 0< -0<
0. 0, ,.&D'45 GD D'<;= -0< D0 0.=)< D'. *G=D D'
,.&D' 0 D' -< 0G=5
J)-G- 2<DG< )= H<K
)-20<D.D 2<D 0 ,.=;= =2)"D)0. . D' I)< D'
-J)-G- D' -0< J2.=)H . 'H)< D' ,.= I),,
3= 2FF 0< -0< 0. D' D= 0 2<DG<45
I22).& ,.= ). 0-2D), -< )= D'
I0<+ 0 0G2, 0 =0.= *G=D 2<== D' <,= GDD0.
0. D' -< 0K DI)=D D0 < D' 0, ,.= . =,0D D'
.I 0. + ). )D= 2,5
.K .I ,.== 0< = .0I

).& <,= < =<) = ).& )&)D,(=2)"5 '<
< DI0 =2D= D0 D')=5
.K < =)&. =2)",,K 0<
-<= I)D' ( =)L =.=0<= <D'< D'. G,,(<-
E$--5 ')= )= . )-20<D.D ,)-)DD)0. =). D'K;<
=)&. D0 2<0*D . )-& )<, D'D 0H<= 0.,K D'
=-,,< =)L 0 . =.=0<5 K0G DD' =)&.(0<(
)&)D, ( ,.= D0 E$-- ",- -< 0< G,,(<-
2<0==)0.,(,H, -< =G' = D' )+0. ?MM D'
<=G,D I),, =H< :H)&.DD).&; I)D' <+. 0<.<= D0
,, K0G< )-&=5 '<;= ."D D0 ,.== =)&. 0<
D'= =.=0<= D'0G&' D'K . -0< 0-2D .
2<0G -0< '2,K D'. G,,(<- H<=)0.=5 GD K0G
. D0 < ). -). K0G< ,.= '0) ) K0G;< 2,..).&
H< D0 G2&< D0 G,,(<- )&)D, -< I')' -K

0- -0< 2<H,.D ). D' GDG<5
' =0. <=0. ,.= -)&'D
,== = ).& =)&. 0< )&)D, G= )= 0I. D0 D'
0D).&= G= 0. D' &,==5 ')= )=.;D -<,K -<+D).&
2,0K D0 &D K0G D0 GK -0< J2.=)H ,.== H. D'0G&'
K0G< 0, ",-(-< ,.== -)&'D "D 2<D,K I,, 0. K0G<
.I )&)D, 0K5 K0G 0 G= K0G< 0, ",-(=2)" ,.==
K0G -K I,, ". D'D ). =0- ,)&'D).& 0.)D)0.= K0G<
2)DG<= DG<. 0GD ,-0=D G.G=, I)D' H<K ,0I 0.D<=D
2,G= ,00-).& . ',0 D= <0G. <)&'D 2<D= 0 D'
)-&5 )&)D, -<= < < -0< 2<0. D0 D' D=
0 ,)&'D 0G.).& <0G. ).=) D' ,.= . D' -<
0K5 ')= )= G= 0 D' 0.=D<GD)0. 0 )&)D, =.=0<=5
0 -J)-)= D' G= 0 ,, H),, ,)&'D H<K 2)J,
,-.D 0 =.=0< )= 0H< K D).K -)<0,.=5 '=
D. D0 2)+ G2 ).)<D =D<K ,)&'D H<K <),K ,).& D0
,)&'D 0.D-).D)0. . G.I.D D= 0. K0G< )-&=5
)&)D,(=2)" 0D).&= < =)&. D0 =0< D'D =D<K
,)&'D -==)H,K <G).& )D= D5
K0G 0 G= K0G< 0, .0.()&)D,(=2)" ,.== I)D'
K0G< K0G . <G D'= =)( D= K 2K).&
<G, DD.D)0. D0 D' 20=)D)0. 0 ,)&'D =0G<= ). K0G<
='0D=5 D' =G. 0< <)&'D ,)&'D= < .KI'< ). <0.D

0 D' ,.= D<K D0 ='), )D )D'< K =)-2,K '0,).& .
0GD=D<D' '. 0< K G=).& ,.= '005
.== 0< = . =2,)D ).D0 DI0 =)
D&0<)= 2<)-= ,.== . L00-=5 ' ) <. )=
=)-2, 2<)- ,.== 'H "J 0, ,.&D'> L00-= .
H<K D')< -&.)"D)0.5
' )--)D <D)0. 0 -0=D .0H)= D0
D' ) 0 ,.= D'D 0=.;D 'H L00- )= =)-2,K D0 =+
8'K79 L00- )= -0< H<=D), I'K I0G, K0G I.D .
).#J), "J ,.=7 ' .=I< 0-= 0I. D0 6G,)DK
. 0=D5 D;= JD<-,K )!G,D D0 =)&. L00- ,.=
I)D' ,0I )=D0<D)0. . 2).(='<2.== D'<0G&'0GD )D= L00<.&5 . D' I)< D' L00- <.& D' -0< )!G,D
D' 2<0,- 0-= 3= =G2<L00-= ,0I45 )D'
2<)- ,.= '0IH< D' =)&.< '= 0.,K 0. 0, ,.&D'
D0 I0<<K 0GD5 'D -.= 2<)- ,.== < 0D. H<K
='<2 ).5 'D;= -0< I)D' I< &,== ,-.D= ).
2<)- ,.= D'<;= ,== '. 0 ).D<., <#D)0.= I)D'
D' ,-.D= I')' <G= #< . )-2<0H= 0.D<=D5
).,,K 0< &)H. ,H, 0 6G,)DK D' =)-2,< =)&. .
0.=D<GD)0. 0 2<)- ,.= -.= D'K;< G=G,,K '2<
. ,)&'D< = . 0.G=5
D '= D0 =) '0IH< D'D H<K

I 2<0==)0., 2'0D0&<2'<= .0I G= 2<)- ,.==
J2D ). =DG)0 0.)D)0.=5 . <.D K<= D'
D'.0,0&K '). L00-= '= -.D D'D D' =D <
JD<-,K ,0= ). D<-= 0 6G,)DK D0 2<)- ,.==
. D' 0.H.). D0< -.= .I 2<)- ,.==
< 2<0G 0.,K H<K <<,K5 'D =) -0=D =<)0G=
-DG<= . 2<0==)0.,= =D),, 'H D'< 0< 0G< ,.==
). D')< +)D &5 0G;,, G=G,,K ". L00- 0H<).&
D' I)(.&, . 0 D' =2D<G- 2<'2= <0G.
1M(FF--> :-),).&; L00- D'D I),, 0H< -0=D
H<KK =)DGD)0.= DK2),,K <0G. 1(?M--> .
D,2'0D0 0< D').&= =G' = I),,) 2'0D0&<2'K D' -0=D

0--0. <.& 0< D'= ).& ?M(FMM-- 0< ?M(EMM--5
<,D)H,K .I ,== 0 ,.= )= +.0I.
= D' =G2<L00-5 ' )- 0 D'= )= D0 <2, &
G,, 0 ,.== I)D' 0. D'D 0H<= D' I'0, <.& 0
0, ,.&D'= <0- D<G I)(.&, D0 D,2'0D05 ' "<=D
&.<D)0. 0 =G2<L00-= ' <.& 0 1FMM-3F--EFM-- 6G)H,.D45
0,= I)D' D')= <.& <
H),, <0- .0. )+0. )&- -<0. . =H<,
0D'<-.GDG<<=5=D'D'.0,0&K'=2<0&<==H.
G<D'< D' <.& '= 0- H. -0< JD<- 0<
J-2, -<0. .0I '= . 1(F?M-- -0, I')' )=
6G)H,.D D0 1$J L00- <.&5
G2<L00-= < - 20==), 0< 0G2, 0 <=0.=5
' "<=D )= 0.D).G).& H.= ). 02D)= . ,.=
0.=D<GD)0. D'.0,0&K5 ' =0. )= D'D D' -*0<)DK 0
D'- < =)&. 0< ( =.=0<= 0.,K I')' ',2= D0
+2 D')< G,+ . I)&'D 0I.5
'), =G2<L00- . -+ &<D :<<K(<0G.; ,.=
D'D;= <K 0< .K H<KK =)DGD)0. 3D'K;< 2<D)G,<,K
&00 0< '0,)K= I'< K0G;< .0D , D0 D+ K0G< I'0,
+)D &4 D'K 'H D')< <I+=5 )<=D D'K;< .0D G=G,,K
=2),,K =D H<&).& AE5$ D I)(.&, D0 <0G. A$5@
D -J)-G- D,2'0D05 'D -.= 2D'(0(", D=
. D'D -G' -0< )!G,D D0 ')H . ,0I(,)&'D
2'0D0&<2'K I)D'0GD -< ='+ . )!G,D D00
=2),,K D -J)-G- L00- I'< D' 2<DG< )= D
)D= -).)-G- . -<(='+ )= J<D K D'
-&.)"D)0. D0<5 0 -)D)&D D' =0. 0 D'0=
D= =G2<L00-= < .0I 22<).& D'D DG< )-&
=D),)=D)0. = I)D' D' )+0. 1(FMM-- -0, ). D'
2)DG< 0220=)D5 G= 0 D' ,<& .G-< 0 &,==
,-.D= ). =G2<L00- D'<;= -0< '. 0 G.I.D
D= =G' = #< . &'0=D).&5
.,)+ -0=D 0D'< DK2= 0 2<0GD
,.== <.;D ).D)" K -0, .-= 0< .G-<=5 '
2<)-<K IK 0 )=D).&G)=').& D'- )= K 0, ,.&D' .
-J)-G- 2<DG<5 K0. D'D D'K 0D. 'H H<)0G=
2<"J= . =G!J= ).)D).& D')< <,D)H 6G,)DK .
DG<= K0G;,, ,<. = K0G &0 ,0.&5
0G ='0G, < ). -). D'D ,.= .-= < H<K
2<)= . =0- < =0 =)-),< )D;= =K D0 &D 0.G=5 0<
J-2, .0. G.D), <.D,K ' DI0 ) <.D ?M(EMM-L00- ,.==5 . I= ,, D' ?M(EMM-- A%5$($5@

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"
-*/-9&+# B->8 9$-<9

$ 8+$ 9<8< + ->*+<8B /$-<-#8/$8
+8& 8<&8%899-+ &9 -<+ $&) 9 <$ #8<9<
/$-<-#8/$8 @$- ?8 )&?2 >< <$ >)( - $&9 *-9<
*->9 @-8( @9 <(+ -+ <$ 9<8<9 - 8&9 @&<$ 9&*/)
)(%+%@$&< 8+# +8 *8 0 8+# +8 $9
9/8< ?&@ +8 )&( <$ -/<&) ?&@ +8 -+ &#&<)
-*/< 9 -//-9 <- <$ <$8->#$%<$%)+9 ?&@ - +
12 8<&8%899-+ >9 +- <8&/- +- !9$ + $
+- A<8 3>&/*+<2 $< $ & $? @9 + >+8<$)B
(+( - 9&+# 9$-< -8 &< $//+ + 9+//&+#
<$ 9$><<8 < @$< $ )) <$ &9&? *-*+<2 $&9 &9
<$ *-*+< @$+ /899&+# <$ 9$><<8 ><<-+ /<>89
9$-< <$< *-&9 <$ 9+ 8->+ B-> ?+ <$->#$ <$
/$-<- &<9) &9 9<<& /&<>8 ?-& - <$ 9->+9 9*))9
+ *-<&-+ <$< -)->8 )-< - ->8 ?8BB A/8&+2
+7< )) 8<&8%899-+9 >+-8<>+<)B >< @
+ )8+ )-< 8-* $&9 //8-$2 +< /$-<-#8/$B
/8<&>)8)B +& /-/) /$-<-#8/$B &9 )) -><
<&*&+# + -*/-9&<&-+2 $ $/9< *8 &+ <$
@-8) @&)) 9<&)) #&? B-> #8< 9$-< & B-> /&( B->8
*-*+< + <$&+( ->< $-@ B->7? 8* <$ /&<>82
$< 9& -8 9-* <B/9 - /$-<- )+9/
/$-<-#8/$B &9 + -?&->9 -+ 9$8/ $&#$%3>)&$ 99+<&)2
+< (&< +?8 $>8<9 >< -+7< #< -999 @&<$ <$
)<9< + #8<9<2 &<$ <$ -9< - $&#$%+ &#&<)
-*/<9 + &#&<) 9 #<<&+# )-@8 )*-9 -+7< + <- 9/+ *-8 <$+ @ $>+8
/->+9 <- #< B->89) 3>&/*+< 9 #-- 9 /8-99&-+)
@->) $? >9 + /& @ <$->9+ -8 <$8 -8
->8 B89 #-2
->7)) 9 <$&9 9&*/) ?& &+
-<$8 $/<89 <-- + @ *( +- /-)-#&9 -8
8/<&+# &<2 **8 <$< &< -9<9 B-> +-<$&+# <<( &#&<) /$-<-2 - <( )-<9 -8 ?8B 9$-< <$<
/8-99&-+) /$-<-#8/$8 8)99 <- <$ @-8) < )8#
<$B @&)) $? <(+ -C+9 <$< &+7< *( <$ #82
+ & <$ /8-9 -+7< ) ->< <(&+# )-<9 - /&<>89
+ /&(&+# <$ 9< +&<$8 9$->) B->2 &+# -><
/$-<-#8/$B &9 #-- 9<8< >< <$ 9< <$&+# <- - &9
9&*/)B #< ->< <$8 + 9<8< 9$--<&+#2
-+7< *+ B-> 9$->) '>9< (/ 9+//&+# <$
9$><<8 &+&98&*&+<)B <$->#$ <8B <- (/ <$&+(&+#
->< $-@ B->8 9$-<9 @&)) <>8+ -><2 -> + 9&)B ))
@$-) --( -+ <$+&3>9 &+ /$-<-#8/$& -*/-9&<&-+
>< 8 -+ -8 9-* -+&9 /-&+<89 -+ @B9 B-> +
<$&+( ->< &*/8-?&+# B->8 /$-<-#8/$& -8<92
$8 8+7< *+B @B9

- +9>8&+# B-> #< >)) /&<>8 <$< 8 3>&< 9 8<&+
9 8@&+# <<+<&-+ <- <$ < <$< B->78 <(&+# -+2 9
9--+ 9 B-> <)) /-/) <- 59*&)6 <$B7)) <>8+ <- <$
*8 &8<)B <+9 >/ + )--( 9 @(@8 9 <$B78
?8 #-&+# <-2 <- <$< - ->89 &9 <$ < <$<
*+B /-/) @&)) 8-&) &+ $-88-8 + B->7)) #< <$ )99&
$+%&+%8-+<%-%<$% 9$-<2
+& /&<>8 &9 )*-9< )@B9 <<8 <$+ /-9
9$-< 9- <8B /8<&9&+# B->8 9<)<$ <$+&3>9 08<&8%
899-+ &9 9& <- $? @8// $&9 *8 &+ )( </ <*( &< )99 -+9/&>->912 -**-+ <$+&3> -8 9<8<
/$-<-#8/$89 &9 <- -* 8-99 9&<><&-+ @$8 <$B +
596 /-<+<&))B &+<89<&+# 9$-< &+ <$&8 $2 $B <$+
/8%->9 + /89< <$ A/-9>8 9<<&+#9 + @&< -8
/-/) <- +<8 <$ 8* -8 +<>8))B *-? &+<- <$ 8&#$<
/-9&<&-+2 $+ <$B7)) 3>&()B 8&9 <$ *8 + 8 -
<$ 9$-<2 **8 <$< -+ B->7? <(+ ->/) -
/&<>89 *-9< /-/) @&)) (+-@ B->78 <$82 < <$< /-&+<
& B-> 8))B *>9< B-> + - <$ 8<& &) #8->/ 9$-< -8
<$ *&)B )>*2
< #-9 @&<$->< 9B&+# - ->89 <$< /-/)79 /8&?B
9$->) 89/<2 )<$->#$ <$879 +- )@ &+ <$
#&+9< <(&+# /-/)79 /$-<-9 &+ />)& /) <( &<
8-* >9 <$< /-/) B-> -+7< (+-@ @&)) 9-*<&*9 8<
)B @$+ <$B 8)&9 B->78 <(&+# <$&8 /&<>82
8-)B <$
9&+#) *-9< -**-+ *&9<( <$< /$-<-#8/$& +-?&9
*( &9 -+)B <- )--( < <$&8 9>'< @$+ <(&+# /$-<-2
>< @$+ /-/) &+)>&+# B-> -* <- )--( < <$
89>)<9 <8@89 &<79 +-< '>9< <$ *&+ 9>'< <$B7)) ->9
-+ &<79 <$ @$-) /&<>8 + >+@+< (#8->+
)><<8 + &9<8< 8-* <$ 9>'< +->#$ <- 9/-&) <$
9$-< -*/)<)B2 B->7? <8& <- <( +& 9><) /&<>8
- 8-&+ -+ + /-9< -8 &+9<+ 8&#$< B))-@
&##8 &+ <$ (#8->+ &9+7< #-&+# <- $)/ @&<$ <$
*--2 + & B->7? '>9< /<>8 /-&#++< 9$-< - B->8
$&) -*&+# ->< - $&9 -8 $8 89 -+7<
@+< <- #< &< >/ -+ B->8 79 98+ <8@89 -+)B <9 +-<$8 9*)) $&) &+ <$ (#8->+ @&<$ $&9 +#8
>/ $&9 +-9
( )--( < +B /8-99&-+) 9$-< + B->7)) 9 <$<
<$ /$-<-#8/$8 $9 88+# <$*9)?9 9- <$< <$
(#8->+ &9 &<$8 */'< -8 & <$< @9+7< /-99&) <$8-@+ ->< - ->9
B >9&+# 9 @& + /8<>8 9 /-99&) 09 /==12 $+
B->78 -*/-9&+# B->8 9$-<9 B-> 9$->) <8B <- )<8 <$
"
*8 +#) + 8*&+# <- (/ >+@+< -'<9 -><

- <$ 8*2 8&#$<)B -)->8 -'<9 /8<&>)8)B 8
<+ <- $? 98&->9)B <8&*+<) <2
-9< /-/) $? $8 - <$ 8>) -
<$&89 + &< &9+7< #>&)&+2 < 9&*/)B 9B9 <$< @$+
B->78 -*/-9&+# /&<>8 <$ *-9< -+?+<&-+))B
<<8<&? + /)9&+# -*/-9&<&-+ &9 -<+ @$+ B->
$? <$ *&+ 9>'< /) < -+%<$&8 -8 <@-%<$&89 -
<$ @B )-+# <$ 8* &))B < <$ &+<89<&-+ -
$-8&C-+<) + ?8<&) )&+ - <$&892 $&9 &9 9 -//-9 </)-+(&+# <$ *&+ 9>'< 9)/%+# &+ <$ +<8 - <$
8* @$&$ &9 <$ *-9< <*/<&+# <$&+# <- - >< -<+
*(9 -8 >)) 9$-<2
$ 8@( &9 <$< 9)?&9$)B -))-@&+# <$ 8>) -
<$&89 @&)) ) <- )) B->8 /&<>89 &+# #-- >< +-< #8<2
$B7)) )) -))-@ <$ 9* 9 *<$- + @-+7< <+ < ?8B &+9/&8&+#2 $<79 @$B <$ 8>) - <$&89 &9 <$ 89<
8>) B-> 9$->) 8( -+ B-> $? 9-* -+ + &+
B->8 -*/-9&<&-+ &)&<&92 + #&+ &<79 + 8 @$8
<$ < <$< <(&+# &#&<) /$-<- -9<9 +-<$&+# &9 --+2
( +& 9 8>)%-%<$&89 /&<>8 <$+ - 9-*<$&+#
>+-+?+<&-+) @&<$ <$ 9* 9>'<2 <79 8
<79 + -?&->9 <$&+# <9B >< +-< )) @B9 - -*/-9&+# /&<>8 @-8( -8 ))
9&<><&-+92 #-- 9$-< @&)) -<+ -*/-9 &+ 9B*/<$B
@&<$ <$ 9>'<2 8$/9 <$ *-9< -?&->9 A*/) - <$<
&9 @$+ B->78 <(&+# /&<>8 - *-?&+# 9>'< 9B
8>++82 -> + >9 <$ 8>) - <$&89 $8 >< @$&$
<$&84 )8)B & <$ 8>++8 &9 *-?&+# 8-* )< <- 8&#$<
8-99 <$ 9$-< &<79 9< <- 8* <$ /&<>8 9- <$< <$B78
< <$ )<%$+ <$&82 $< @B <$B7)) 9* <- 8>++&+#
&+<- <$ )8 9/ &+ <$ +<8 - <$ 9$-< 09 /""12
B-> /-9&<&-+ <$* -+ <$ 8&#$< &< @&)) )--( 9 & <$B78
->< <- 8>+ &+<- <$ 8&( @)) - <$ # - <$ 8*2
$&9 &9 $-< <-/&2 -*
/$-<-#8/$89<$&+(<$<8-//&+#B->8/&<>8<8B->7?
<(+ &< &9 &)>8 + B-> 9$->) $? -*/-9 &<
-88<)B -8$+2 >< 9- @$<4 /&<>8 &9 /&<>82
< + >+ <- &9&/)&+ B->89) +?8 <- 8-/ B->8 9$-<9
+ )@B9 <- <8B <- #< <$ -*/-9&<&-+ 8&#$< -8 B->
9$--< >< 8-//&+# + -<+ *( <$ &8+ <@+
8>&+ 9$-< @&<$ 9-*-+79 +#8 &+ <$ 8* +
#8< **-8B2 < &+ <$8 @&<$ B->8 /$-<- 9-<@879
8-//&+# <--) + -+ @&<$ &<2 $ <$&+# <- 8 &+
*&+ &9 <$< & B-> #- &+ -8 ?8B A<8* 8-//&+# +
(/ -+)B 9*)) 9<&-+ - <$ -8&#&+) 8* B->8
+@)B 8-// /&<>8 @&)) $? *>$ )-@8 89-)><&-+2
+ -<$8 @-89 B-> *B $? $-// + %*#/&A)
/&<>8 -@+ <- 9B " *#/&A)92 $&9 @&)) )&*&< <$
9&C < @$&$ B-> + /8&+< <$ 89>)<&+# /&<>8 @&<$-><
&< #<<&+# )-(B + /&A))< 09 /." -8 *-8 -+
)>)<&+# $-@ )8# B-> + /8&+< + &*#12
$ *'-8&9 <$ C--* )+9 - <$&8 *8 9&*/)B <- '>9< <$
+>*8 - <$&+#9 <$< 8 ?&9&) &+ <$ 9$-<2 $&9 &9 <$
@8-+# @B <- >9 C--* $ -) )+#<$ - <$ *8
$9 $># &*/< -+ <$ @B 9$-< @&)) <>8+ ->< 9&9
'>9< <8*&+&+# $-@ *>$ B-> + 9 - @$<79 <$82
**8<$<<?8B@&%+#)9<<&+#<$/89/<&?
- 9$-< @&)) 9* <- A##8< + &9<-8<2 '<9
)-9 <- <$ *8 @&)) 9* <- >8? @$&$ + #&?
9)&#$<)B +&#$<*8&9$ $))%-%*&88-89 )--( <- /-/)2 $&9
*&#$< @$< B-> @+< -8 <$ 9$-< B-> $? &+ *&+
>< &< 8<&+)B &9+7< !<<8&+#2 -8 <$ 9< /-8<8&<9 <$
*-9< /-/>)8 -) )+#<$ &9 *&>*%<)/$-<- 9<<&+# -
8->+ .DD** 3>&?)+< 09 /=: -8 *-8 -+ 3>&?)+<
-) )+#<$91 + <- 8* <$ 9>'<79 -8 <$< B->7))
+ <- *-? ( 9?8) <2
-+?89)B <$8 8 <&*9 @$+ B-> -+7< @+< <-
C--* &+2 <<&+# <$ *8 <- &<9 *A&*>* C--* @&))
!<<+ /89/<&? 9- <$< ?+ -'<9 9/8&<
9-* &9<+ @&)) 9* )-9 <-#<$82 $&9 &9 <$ )9<
<$&+# B-> @+< & B->78 <8B&+# <- #< 9+9 - <$ 9) -
)8# 9>'< 9>$ 9 <$8)2 <$8 <$+ 9$--<&+#
<$ -><9& 8-* $) *&) @B 9 9--+ 9 B-> 9 &< <8B
@)(&+# 8&#$< >/ <- &< 9<<&+# <$ @&9< C--* + <$+
<(&+# <$ 9$-<2 < @&)) 9* <- )--* *>$ *-8 <&?)B
<$< @B2
- <$ 8&#$< @B <- >9 C--* &9 <- @-8( ->< <$ -)
)+#<$ <$< @&)) 9< -8 <$ /&<>8 B->78 <8B&+# <-
#< + <$+ *-? B->89) +-< <$ C--* <- -*/-9
<$ /&<>8 &+ <8*9 - @$< &9 + @$< &9+7< /<>8
&+ <$ 8*2 ->8 -B 9$->) - <$ C--*&+# +-< <$
)+92 9&-+))B - ->89 B->7)) 89<8&< &+ $-@
)-9 -8 $-@ 8 @B B-> + /$B9&))B *-? B->89) &+
8)<&-+ <- <$ 9>'<2 + <$< 9 B-> *B $? <- 89-8<
<- C--*&+# &+ -8 ->< <- 8* <$ /&<>8 -88<)B >< &<
9$->) <$ )9< 89-8<2
>< <$ *8 -+ <$ #8->+
-8 @-8*79 /89/<&? -+ <$ @-8)2 899 &< #&+9<
)-@ &)&+# + $&< <$ 9$><<8 ><<-+ -8 )&#$<% <<&+#79
B ?&@2 ( )-+#&9$ A/-9>8 + C--* &+ @$&) <$
9$><<879 -/+ -8 @$(B /9B$)& <2 >< B->8
8&+79 /&+( 9>+#)999 -?8 <$ )+9 '>9< <- 9 @$< <$
9$-< @&)) )--( )&(2 >< <$ *8 -+ 9)%<&*8 />< &< &+
<$ 8&# + )-9 <$ --82 **8 <- <( &< -><
#&+ <8@892 )&8<)B -?8A/-92 )&8<)B
>+8A/-92 - @$<?8 <$ $)) B-> ) )&(2 <79 ))
/$-<-#8/$B2 <79 )) #--2 -9< - <$ @$(B 9$-<9 B->
<( @&)) 9-)>< &99<89 >< &< @-+7< $? -9< B->
+B<$&+#2 -> + )9- $? >+ @&<$ <$9 9$-<9 B -&+#
A<8* *->+<9 - 8<->$&+# &+ 9-<@8 <- 9 & B->
+ *( <$* *-8 &+<89<&+# 09 $/<8 ,12 + <-/
- <$< ?8B +-@ + <$+ -+ - <$ -%<$%@)) 9$-<9
*&#$< @-8(2 ->7)) +?8 (+-@ & B-> -+7< <( &<2
!))8#( &(2+2
(2+ +!)8) 1+!? #2 )( ) 8! !128 +!)8) 1+!#
#2#+&#(2 8) 8 1# !8. 2 1 2 8! 8!(#&#8#2 ) '1
288#( 2 1 )(1( 8!); ! 8!1 #2(08 8)) ';! 8) 8!
2# 8!(#/;. ) 2;1 ) 88#( 2!1+ 2!)8 =#8!
8! =!)& 2( #( );2 2 =#8! 8! 2!)8 &)= ?);
( 1)+ 8! '1 #(8) +18;1 +1#)1#8? ') ( 2&8
2'&& +18;1. ''1 8!8 2'&& +18;1 '(2
&1 "(;'1. ( # #8& )'+8 8! '>#';' <#&&
=#&& 2)'8!#( 1);( 5.43 #( # #8& 5** )1 5*4
1 )) 82. ! (8 ) 2'&& +18;1 #2 8!8
')28 &(22 =#&& +1); 2!1+1 12;&82 =#8! &22 #28)18#)(
8 2'&&1 +18;12. ''1 8!8 2'&& +18;12 )8(
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8) '( 2&)= 2!;881 2+2 ;8 &)= =#&& +1); &22
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8) 1' 8! 2!)8. ?); =(8 8) 8 #8 1# !8 ( ?);01

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18 8! = '#(;82 )1 ;1#( ( 81 =( 1 )8(
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')28 881#( . 8! 2%? #2 1#&&#(8&? 2;((? ( &1 ?);
( 8 8!8 +18#;&1 28?& ) 2;+1"<#1(8 2!)8 #( 8!
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);8 )( 2)'8!#( &#% 8!8 ;(8#& ?);0< >+1#'(8 =#8!
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); ( 8% '1) +!)8)2 ) $;28 );8 (?8!#(
;8 )=12 ( #(282 ( +1); 2)' ) 8! ')28
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+!)8) 1+!? #2 %+#( 8! '1 ( 2;$8 28#&&.
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;2 #8 ( 2&8 8! 2828 2!;881 2+ ?); ( ,2 +4:-.
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21( #802 &;11. #'+&? &))%#( 8 8! 2( )( 8!
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&2) =1 8!8 8! +8! ) & #( '1) ') #2
>81'&? (11)= 2) (2;1 ?); %()= =!#! +)#(8 8!
'1 #2 );2#( )( )8!1=#2 +182 ) ?);1 2!)8 );&
&;11 =!( ?); #(8( 8!' 8) 2!1+.
% 2;1 ?);1 2;$8 #2 28#&&. ?);01
2!))8#( )=12 =#8 ;(8#& 8!102 () 1@ )1 +#% )(
( 8% #8 #())12. #8! #(282 =8! =!1 8!? 8( 8)
&( )1 288#( ;+ ?);1 81#+) ?); '? !< 8) =#8
=!#& )1 2)'8!#( (812 8! 1'.
)(08 1# 8) ;2 8! 2! #8!1. !( ?);01
;+ &)2 8) ( )$8 8!102 )8( &% ) &# !8 ;8
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+& 2)' )+/; +&28# )<1 #8 8) #;2 8! &# !8. );
( &2) >+1#'(8 =#8! #1(8 ( &2 ( !# !82.
)1 >'+& +& 8! '1 )( 8! 1);( &))%#(
;+=12 8) 8 ( #(2802 +12+8#< )( 8! =)1&.
&..=(-% +(%&=-(-%
A7 B.-7 &.B 0.0+ 0=@7 =&.8 ,E(-% 8&.=8
. .+=8 . +(-(-% B&(= +(%&= 8=7*(-% 7.88 =& 8*D5
++ (= (8-6= 8D -= 8&.=8 . +(%&=-(-% 7 .- . =&
=7(*(8= 80(+ =8 =. &(A (- 0&.=.%70&D3 &=
8( (= .8-6= =* ,@& (- =& BD . 0707=(.- - (
D.@ *-.B &.B =. . (= .7&- =& -C= =(, 8=.7,
.,8 D.@7 BD D.@6++ + =. %(A (= B&(7+3
& ,(- 07.+, . .@78 (8 =&= D.@ -A7 *-.B
C=+D B&7 +(%&=-(-% (8 %.(-% =. 8=7(*3 8(8 +@*
- 0=(- D.@6++ - =. *-.B =& =&-(4@ =..3
=68 ,E(-% &.B ,-D 0.0+ =&(-* =&= =. 0&.=.%70&
+(%&=-(-% D.@ 8&.@+ 8=- B(=& ,7 (- &- -
4@(*+D 0788 =& 8&@==7 B&- D.@ 8 .+=3 &(8 ,(%&=
B.7* B(=& "7B.7*8 @= (=68 &.0+88 B(=& +(%&=-(-% D.@7
7=(.-8 B(++ -A7 4@(* -.@%&3
& *D =. 8&..=(-% +(%&=-(-% (8 D.@7
,768 @+ 8==(-%3 &(8 (8 +,.8= C+@8(A+D =& 0787A
. ,.7 A- ,78 ,(-+D 8 @= 8., ,.7
A- (%(=+ .,0=8 &A (= =..3 (=& D.@7 ,7
8= =. @+ ,. 1,7* B(=& .- =& =.0',.@-=
7.=7D (+2 =& 8&@==7 8=D8 .0- .7 8 +.-% 8 D.@ *0
=& 8&@==7'7+8 0788 .B-3 .@ 8&.@+ &.0@++D
7+(8(-% B&= =& 87= (8 D.@ .0- =& 8&@==7 .7
=& +(%&=-(-% 8=7(*83
= @0 =& ,7 .- =7(0.3 .@6++ +8. - 8&@==7
7+8 077+D B(7 + 7+8 .7 - (-77
7,.= =&= ++.B8 0@8&'.0- 0@8&'=.'7+8 B&- (- @+
,. =. 07A-= =& ==7D 7@--(-% .B- D *0(-% =&
@==.- 07883 .B D.@ - =. @8 D.@7 )@%,-= +..*

= B&7 =& 8=.7, (8 .,(-% 7., - =& 007.C(,=
+D =B- .+=8 . +(%&=-(-%3 = =& 07=@7 8==(-% =.
8,++ A+@ ;/: .7 ;??3 (= @-=(+ D.@ =&(-* +(%&=-(-%
.+= (8 .@= @ =&- .0- =& 8&@==73 .B 8(,0+D B(=
- B&- .+= . +(%&=-(-% &(=8 7+8 =& 8&@==7 @==.=. "-(8& =& 8&.=3 & =7(* (8 =. %= =& C0.8@7 7(%&= (
=& 8&@==7 (8 .0- =.. +.-% =& ,(-= +(%&= (- =& 8*D
7., 8=7=+(%&=8 - 8. .- B(++ ,- =& *%7.@-
.,8 =.. +(%&= - D.@6++ +.8 =& 7, @= .-A78+D
(=68 %.. .7 =& C0.8@7 =. +.-% -.@%& =. %= = +8=
8., =(+ . =& +.@8 (- =& *%7.@- ( D.@ -3
&..=(-% +(%&=-(-% (8 .- . =&.8 8(=@=(.-8
(- B&(& (%(=+ ,7 (8 &@% A-=% .A7
=7(=(.-+ "+, 0&.=.%70&D3 D 7A(B(-% & 8&.= 8 D.@
=* (= D.@ - 8 ( D.@67 %==(-% .A7C0.8 +.B-'.@=
8*(8 (- B&(& 8 D.@ 8&.@+ =7D =. 78 =& =(, =&
8&@==7 (8 .0-3 - . .@78 ( D.@ &A -='8(E
,,.7D 7 D.@ - . B&= =& 07.8 . =* +.8 -
+.8 . 8&.=83
+=&.@%& D.@ - @8 ,.7
8( =&-(4@ .7 "7B.7*8 8(,0+D 0.(-= - 8&..= B(=&
D.@7 ,7 (- (=8 "7B.7*8 8- ,. ( (= &8 .- D.@
- %= ==7 78@+=8 B(=& =&(8 =&-(4@3 =& *%7.@-
8*D (8-6= 0.++@= D =.. ,-D 80@7(.@8 +(%&= 8.@78 8@& 8
8=7=+(%&=8 D.@ - *0 =& 8&@==7 .0- .7 =& @7=(.. 8A7+ -%8 - %= 8@07 0D7.=&-( ,.-=%3
==(-% =& 7,'+(* +..*

- . =& ,.8= 8(-=(-% =8 D.@ - &(A (8
8&.= . B=7++ .7 8=7, B&7 =& B=7 +..*8 +(* (=68
,+= (-=. .- 8,..=& .==.-'+(* ,88 B&(+ =& 7.*8
- 8-7D 7.@- =& B=7 +..* 07=+D -.7,+3 &
BD =&(8 = (8 &(A (8 8(,0+ (=68 +.-% C0.8@73
& 8( =&-(4@ (8 8(,0+ @= (++D
D.@ - - =7(0. @-+88 D 8., ,(7+
=&768 7.* D.@ - 0@= =& ,7 .B- .- - 8=(++
%= =& -%+ D.@ B-=3 = =& 8-8(=(A(=D =. (=8
,(-(,@, 1@8@++D /FF .7 #F 8 0:$2 - 8=
=& 8&..=(-% ,. =. 8&@==7'07(.7(=D ,. 1,7*
.7 A .- =& ,. (+ 8 0:?23 .B 8= =& 8&@==7
80 =. 7.@- "A 8.-8 - 0+ =& ,7 (8+'=(,7 ,.3 .,0.8 =& 8&.= =& BD D.@ B-= (=
=&- 0788 =& 8&@==73 A(-% =& ,7 (- 8+'=(,7
,. -8@78 =&= .- =& 8&@==7 7+8 &8 0788 =& ,7 &8 =(, =. 8==+ 7., (-% ).%%
D D.@7 &-3 +=7-=(A+D D.@ - @8 + 7+8
.7 (-77 7,.=3
&768 (!@+=D =&= .8-6= ., B(=&
8&..=(-% +.-%'C0.8@7 -(%&='=(, 8-8 18 .00.8(=23
& 07.+, (8 =.. ,@& +(%&=3 . %= 07=+D 8,..=&
7,'+(* = =& 8&@==7 -8 =. 8=D .0- .7 +.-%
-.@%& =&= =& B=7 (8 .,0+=+D +@779 =&= @8@++D
,-8 #'/F 8.-8 .7 A- +.-%73 & =7.@+ (8 AB(=& =& 07=@7 . D.@7 ,7 8= =. ,(-(,@, D.@
- - @0 B(=& - .A7C0.8 (,% =.. ,@& +(%&=
B(++ -=7 =& ,7 .A7 =& 74@(7 =- 8.-8 .7

8. - D.@6++ (=&7 - @0 B(=& .,0+=+D +-*
B&(= (,% .7 =& ,7 B(++ 7@8 =. =* =& 8&.=
8(- (= *-.B8 =& (,% B(++ .A7C0.83 &(8 (8
07(,7(+D B&D (8 88-=(+ .7 7+(+ B=7++
8&.=8 =& 07=@7 . - %. .B- 8 8,++ 8
;?? .7 A- ;>? ++.B(-% - 8.+@= ,(-(,@, ,.@-=
. +(%&= =. -=7 =& ,73 &(8 (8 8 .00.8 =. =&
,(-(,@, 07=@7 . ; .7 ;// .7 ,.8= (%(=+ .,0=8
- 8@07E..,83
.BA7 (=68 8=(++ 0.88(+ =&= (- -.7,+ D+(%&= D.@
8(,0+D B.-6= + =. &(A 8,++ -.@%& 07=@7
=. ++.B .7 +.-% -.@%& C0.8@73 - =&(8 8 D.@ (=&7 .,07.,(8 - %. .7 =& +.-%8= C0.8@7 D.@ &(A B 8.-8 B(++ 8=(++ %(A 0+8-= +@77(-% .7
D.@ - @8 "+=78 -.=&7 A-=% . (%(=+ 3
- =&(8 8 D.@ - B&=68 ++ -@=7+ -8(=D .7
"+=73 &(8 (8 8(,0+D &(%&'4@+(=D 0( . %+88 =&=68
8+(%&=+D =(-= 7@(-% =& ,.@-= . +(%&= %.(-% (-=. =&
+-8 - =&@8 ++.B(-% .7 +.-%7 C0.8@73
"+=78 7 80(" (- =7,8 . 8=.083 /'8=.0
"+=7 ,-8 .- 8=.0 . +(%&= 7@=(.-3 - .=&7 B.78 (=
B(++ &+A =& ,.@-= . +(%&= %.(-% (-=. =& +-8 8. ( D.@
.@+ &(A .-+D =-'8.- C0.8@7 B(=&.@= .- D.@
- &(A ?F 8.-8 B(=& .-3 (*B(8 ?'8=.0
"+=7 B(++ 8+.B =& ,7 D =B. 8=.08 ,-(-% D.@7 =8.-8 - -.B $F 8.-8 1=& 80 (8 &+A =B(23
&D67 -.= &0 @= =B.' .7 =&7'8=.0 "+=7 (D.@7 *(= % - (-A+@+3
&..?(-% (- :-.D
+,.:? ++ .,0?: &C (9-? :- ,.: .?:+? C( ?& ?.0',.B-? 9.?9F .-?9.+4 &: -
B:B+ B? F.B - .?- %? ?& :, ? ,-B++F (
F.B *-.D D&? F.B89 .(-%4 & :-.D :- ,. (: .-
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8& - ?=&)&=&8 8?$ 8 &+-A8 (?/ +
8= ?/ =- /7-== +C ) C-? $--8 ?=-*=&))C2 ))
C-? + &8 8-* -7* - B=7+) 8=-7# -+ A$&$ =(/ C-?7 (%?/ /$-=-82 )=$-?#$ &=68 /-88&) =- 8=-7
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C-?67 '?8= )--(&+# =- ( ?/ C-?7
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+ ?7+ )) C-?7 )8 7-88 )) =$ &8 +
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/$-=-8 =$= A&)) = -+ -+ &89 &= )8- *(8 =$* @7C
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?=?7 &=&+# - C-?7 /$-=-8 + &=68 /&+ & +-=
&*/-88&) =- /$-=-8 =- =$ &88 = )=7 =2
8&+# 8=&( &8 *-7 B&) 8-)?=&-+ 8

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+=A-7(%==$ @& C-? -+6= + =- /?= &= +7 C-?7
& C-?67 /7/7 =- #- =- )&==) -7= A&=$ +=A-7(
A&7&+# -7 C-? #- -7 *-) A&=$ A&7)88 /&)&=&8
C-? + /?= =$ &8( &=8) -?= - =$ AC 8-*A$72
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C-? 8-* *8?7 - /7-==&-+ & =$ A-78= $//+8 +

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&=$7 &+7*+=) -7 &7+=&)2 + &+7*+=) (?/
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- +C (&+9 =$&8 )@8 C-? A&=$ )-=8 - *&+-7 &+7*+=)
(?/ 8=8 =- 78=-7 7-* 8- &=68 #7= -7 *(&+# 8?7 C-?
(/ )) =$ @78&-+8 - /$-=- ?= + #= *88C 8&+
C-? + =- (/ @7C &+7*+= & C-? A+= =- 78=-72
&7+=&) (?/ 8@8 )) $+#8 8&+ =$ )8= ?))
(?/ 8- &= (/8 '?8= -+ )7#7 &7+=&) )2
68 &+-A8 (?/ =&)&=C )8- #&@8 A -=$7
-/=&-+82 C-? $--8 -/C *- &= A&)) 8&*/)C -/C =$
8)= )8 + -)78 =- C-?7 $-8+ 8=&+=&-+ 7=$7
=$+ -*/&)&+# =$* &+=- (?/ 8=2 $&8 &8 ?8?)
-/=&-+ & C-? $@ C-?7 /$-=-8 A)) -7#+&8 -7 C-? -+6=
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C-?7 )8 A7 $+) -77=)C2 $ ?=&)&=C &8 )8- /)
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C-? + $@ /7@&-?8 (?/ 8=8 )= =- *+# C-?7
$7 &8( 8/ &+=)C2
C-? A+= *-7 /-A7 -@7 C-?7
(?/8 =$7 7 8@7) #-- )=7+=&@8 ?= C-?6))
$@ =- /C -7 =$*2 @+ (?/ 8-=A7 #&@8

C-? *-7 -+=7-) -@7 C-?7 )8 @7C&+# )@)8 -
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#- C-+ (?/ =- /7-== C-?7 +=&7 8C8=* #&+8=
&)?7 A&=$ 78=-7 /7=&=&-+8 + 7-@7C &88 +
@+ --= *+#78 -7 =$ ?)=&*= &+ -/7=&+#
8C8=* &+/++2
7-+&8 7? *# -* >E.E 0AAA27-+&82-*1
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/$-=-8 + -)78 ?= )8- =$ @&=) 8C8=* )8 +
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+A $7 &8( 8$-?) C-?78 &)2
-7=-+ $-8= .! 0AAA28C*+=2-2?(1 &8 + @+

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DIGITAL
PHOTOGRAPHY
THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO
FROM THE EXPERTS AT
STARTT E D FA
FAS
ST
GE T STAR
PERFE
E C T PC SE T UP
GE T T HE PERF
CR A SH C OURSE IN T HE ORY
ENHANC
AN
ND R
RE
E TOUCH
HANC E A
Learn the differences between

the types of digital camera and
how to choose between them
We assess the top photo-retouching

software, and show how to set up
your PC as a digital darkroom
Get to grips with the essentials

you need to know without being
buried in technical details
Masses of techniques and

approaches for using photo-editing
software to give your pictures a boost
TA K E BE T TER PICTURES
SHOW OFF YOUR SHO

SHOTT S
16 pages of simple but effective

advice on composing your shots
to make all your pictures stand out
Learn how to print your photos to

best effect, and quickly get them on
the internet for all the world to see

The Ultimate Guide To Digital Photography - 4th Edition

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Copyright:

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The Ultimate Guide To Digital Photography - 4th Edition

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DIGITAL

FULLY UPDATED 4TH EDITION

MASTER THE BASICS

Cameras and lenses explained

Easy tips for great photos

EDIT AND ENHANCE

Using software to make shots shine

Add mood to your portraits

How to get perfect light

Capture the action

Techniques to make sure

Shooting great pictures has never been so easy.

European Camera of the Year.

The enthusiast's PEN includes a high

The new PEN with Live Guides.

Available from: Amazon, Argos, Currys, Jacobs, Jessops,

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