R

G
INTRODUCTION
OF CELL BIOLOGY
Ajman University of Science & Technology
Facultyy off Dentistryy
Histology & Cell Biology
08 01 112
Dr. Al-Moutassem Billah Khair

INTRODUCTION OF CELL BIOLOGY

Historical Survey:
1 Descriptive period:
1.
mid of 17th century end of 19th century
2 Experimental period:
2.
End of 19th century 3 Molecular
3.
M l l period:
i d
mid of 20th century -

The Discovery of Cells:

INTRODUCTION OF CELL BIOLOGY

The Cell:
The smallest living mass " Protoplasm ", which can live
separately and able to divide to give a copy of itself.
Cells differ by there: Shape,
Shape Size,
Size Structure & Function.
Function
*Cells
*Cells have common features like: Colloidal nature,
Energy requirement & nutrients supply,
supply Cellular association,
association
Life span.

INTRODUCTION OF CELL BIOLOGY

l ifi i
1. Cellll classification:
I.
I Prokaryotic cells:
Describes a cell possessing genetic material in the form of a single filament
off DNA & nott possessing
i a nucleus.
l
P.C. are found in bacteria & blue green algae.

II Eukaryotic
II.
E k
i cells:
ll
Describes a cell possessing genetic material carried on chromosomes, with
the chromosomes in a nucleus which is separated from the cytoplasm by
nuclear membrane.
All organisms, except bacteria & blue green algae, possess eukaryotic cells.

2. Cell structure:
*Cell membrane
**Cytoplasm
l
(cytosol
(
l&
cytoplasmic organelles)
*Nucleus (nuclear envelop,
nucleoplasm, nucleolus
& chromatin)

3. Chemical composition of cell:

*H2O 85% ( free & linked water )
*Proteins 10% ( structural & functional )
*DNA
DNA ( 0.4%
0 4% ) & RNA ( 0.7%
0 7% )
*Lipids 2%
*Other organic compounds 0.4%
*Inorganic compounds 1.5%

4. The cell functions:

I. Metabolism:
The chemical processes of a cell by which nutrition is effected
& it is of two types:

* Catabolism: The decomposition of chemical substances ( Lipids,

Proteins, Carbohydrates, ..etc ) to give simpler organic
substances. It's usually accompanied by a release of energy.
* Anabolism: The synthesis of complex organic compounds from
simpler organic compounds. Requires energy ( ATP ).

4. The cell functions:

II.
II Protoplasmic Properties:

* Irritability: The capacity or ability of the cell to respond to a

stimulus
ti l (Expression
(E
i off life
lif itself
it lf ).)
* Contractility: The property of cells to change their shape & length
to achieve locomotion.
* Conductivity: The property of some cells to transmit a wave of
excitation from one site to another.
* Absorption: The capacity of cell to get in substances from the
environment.

4. The cell functions:

p
p
II. Protoplasmic
Properties:

* Respiration: The process by which oxygen interact with nutrient

material to produce of energy stored in the ATP molecules,
molecules waste,
waste
CO2 & water were also resulted.
* Fermentation: The
Th process by
b which
h h glucose
l
materiall break
b k down
d
with absence of oxygen.
* Secretion: The process by which a cell delivers useful material
y
externally.
* Excretion: The elimination of waste products from the cell.

4. The cell functions:

II. Protoplasmic Properties:

* Movement: The internal movement of protoplasmic components,

movement of cilia, flagella & the movement of leukocyte.
*G
Growth & R
Reproduction:
p
Growth is a pprocess off increasingg the
G
size of the cells as a result of increasing the amount of
pprotoplasm.
p
Reproduction
p
achieved byy cell division either byy
mitosis or meiosis.