BORON FAMILY [ARIHANT]

Ga has high IE and electronegativity than Al.

Ga has very low melting point of 303K.
AlCl3, GaCl3 are covalent in anhydrous form but not in solution form. In
solution form hydration energy is very large, this compensates the high
IE and hence metal ions exists in hydrated state.
BCl3 on hydrolysis form boric acid and not B+3.
Both B and Al are amphoteric. They reacts with NaOH to form metaborate and meta-aluminate.
Stability order: Ga+3>In+3>Tl+3
Ga+<In+<Tl+
Ga+ is better reducing agent.
Tl+3 is better oxidising agent.
GaX, InX disproportionates in water. 3GaX(s)Ga(s)+Ga+3+3X(aq).
[spontaneous, G<0]
Stability of hydrides decrease down the group.
AlH3solid polymer.
Lewis acidsAlH3+H(lewis base)AlH4
All members form halides of type MX 3. Except Ti(III) iodide. However TiI
form TiI3 with I2.
Benzene+RX+AlCl3alkyl benzene+HX
B is used as semiconductor.
Crystalline B is unreactive. To react, use hot conc.H 2SO4 and HNO3 or
Na2O2.
With ammonia, B only forms nitride (BN), others form amides.
[2M+6NH32M(NH2)3+3H2]
Metals liberate H2 with acids but HNO3 make Al passive.
Boron forms borides with Mg. 3Mg+2BMg3B2.
Borides are hard and refractory.
Borides are decomposed by acids to form boranes.
Nitric acid make Al passive by forming oxide layer. This layer is useful.
It takes up the pigments. Hence coloring the Al. this layer is increased
by electrolysis [anodizing][dilute H2SO4 with Al anode]
Reaction of Al with O2 is exothermic and is called thermite reaction.
2Al(s)+3/2O2(g)Al2O3(s); H=1670kJ.
A thermite reaction can be started in Al ship if it is hitted by a
missile.
To make bombs using thermite reaction, some oxygen source is used
with Al like Fe2O3 or SiO2.
[Al] thermite reaction is used in metallurgical extraction.
8Al+3Mn3O44Al2O3+9Mn
2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+3Cr.
Boranes are gaseous compounds, they are readily hydrolysed and are
highly inflammable.

 Aluminium hydride are polymeric solid.

To prepare pure crystalline B:
2BCl3+3H2+red hot W ot Ta2B+6HCl
Pyrolysis of BI3; 2BI3+red hot W or Ta filament2B+3I2 [van arkel
method]
Thermal decomposition of B2H6. B2H6+heat2B+3H2