TIU CHUN VIT NAM

TCVN 6867-1:2001
AN TON BC X - VN CHUYN CHT PHNG X - PHN 1: QUY NH CHUNG
Radiation protection - Safe transport of radioactive material - Part 1: General provisions
Li ni u
TCVN 6867-1 : 2001 do Ban k thut tiu chun TCVN/TC 85 Nng lng ht nhn bin son
trn c s tham kho tiu chun ca C quan Nng lng Nguyn t Quc t (IAEA) ST 1 Quy
phm vn chuyn an ton cht phng x - 1996, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng
ngh, B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ban hnh.
TCVN 6867-1 : 2001 thay th cc phn lin quan trong TCVN 4985 : 1989 Vn chuyn an ton
cht phng x.
TCVN 6867 - 1:2001 l mt phn ca TCVN 6867.
B tiu chun ny gm 4 phn sau:
- Phn 1: Quy nh chung
- Phn 2: S ban hnh
- Phn 3: S ban hnh
- Phn 4: S ban hnh
1. Phm vi p dng
1.1. Tiu chun ny quy nh vic vn chuyn an ton cht phng x, cht thi phng x dng
rn, lng, kh bng phng tin vn chuyn ng b, ng st, ng thy v ng khng.
1.2. Tiu chun ny khng p dng cho:
- Vic vn chuyn cht phng x trong ni b c s bc x m khng s dng ng giao thng
cng cng.
- Cc vt liu t nhin v cc qung cha ht nhn phng x t nhin m hot phng x
ring khng vt qu 10 ln gi tr quy nh iu 7 ca tiu chun ny.
- Cc cht phng x trong cc sn phm tiu dng c C quan qun l Nh nc v an
ton v kim sot bc x cho php bn n tn ngi tiu dng.
- Cc cht phng x chn on v cha bnh vn cn trong c th con ngi v sc vt.
2. Thut ng v nh ngha
Trong tiu chun ny, s dng cc thut ng sau y:
2.1. Cht phng x (Radioactive material): l bt c cht no c cha cc ht nhn phng x
m hot phng x ring hoc tng hot phng x ca l hng vt qu gi tr quy nh ti
iu 7 ca tiu chun ny.
2.2. Cht phng x dng c bit (Special form radioactive material): l cht phng x
dng khi rn, khng c tnh pht tn hoc dng rn chc v ng trong capsun kn.
2.3. Cht phng x c pht tn thp (Low dispersible radioative material): l cht phng
x dng rn (hoc cht phng x dng rn trong mt v bc kn) m kh nng pht tn hn
ch v khng dng bt.
2.4. Cht phng x c hot phng x ring thp, LSA (Low specific activity material): l
cht phng x m vn c hot phng x ring thp, hoc l cht phng x c gii hn hot
ring trung bnh mc thp. Vt liu che chn bn ngoi cht LSA khng c tnh n khi
xc nh gii hn hot ring trung bnh. LSA c 3 nhm:

a) LSA-I gm:
- Qung hoc tinh qung uran v thori v cc qung khc cha ht nhn phng x t nhin c
dng ch bin cc ht nhn phng x t nhin ny.
- Uran t nhin dng rn cha chiu x, uran ngho, thori t nhin hoc hp cht hoc hn hp
lng hoc rn ca chng.
- Cht phng x m gi tr A2 khng b gii hn (tr vt liu phn hch vi nhng lng khng
c min tr theo quy nh ca C quan qun l Nh nc v an ton v kim sot bc x)
- Cc cht phng x khc c hot phng x c phn b u khp v hot phng x
ring trung bnh c tnh khng vt qu 30 ln gi tr hot phng x ring quy nh ti bng
1 v bng 2 ca tiu chun ny (tr vt liu phn hch vi nhng lng khng c min tr
theo quy nh ca C quan qun l Nh nc v an ton v kim sot bc x).
b) LSA-II gm:
- Nc c nng tri ti n 0,8 TBq/i.
- Cc cht khc c hot phng x c phn b u khp v hot phng x ring trung
bnh khng vt qu 10-4 A2/g i vi cht rn v cht kh v khng vt qu 10 -5 A2/g i vi
cht lng.
c) LSA-III gm cc cht dng rn, khng phi dng bt (v d cht thi c rn ha, cht
c kch hot), trong :
- Cht phng x c phn b trong cht rn, hoc cht phng x c phn b trong tc nhn
ng rn (nh b tng, nha ng, s v.v..);
- Cht phng x t tan hoc cht phng x c cha trong mt khi t tan, trong iu kin mt
bao b v b ngm nc trong 7 ngy th cht phng x b tan vo nc khng vt qu 0,1A 2;
- Hot phng x ring trung bnh c tnh ca cht rn, khng k vt liu che chn, khng
vt qu 2.10-3 A2/g.
2.5. Vn chuyn cht phng x (Transport of radioactive material): l nhng hot ng v
iu kin gn lin vi v lin quan ti s di chuyn ca cht phng x t thit k, ch to, bo
dng v sa cha bao b n chun b, ng gi, sp xp, chuyn ch, bo qun dc ng,
bc d v tip nhn ti im n cui cng ca cht phng x.
2.6. Ngun pht anpha c tnh thp (Low toxicity alpha emitters): l uran t nhin, uran
ngho, thri t nhin, uran - 235 hoc uran - 238, thri - 232, thri - 228 v thri - 230 cha trong
qung hoc c c c bng phng php vt l v ha hc, hoc l ngun pht anpha c chu
k bn r di 10 ngy.
2.7. Vt liu phn hch (Fissile material): l uran-233, uran-235, plutni-239, plutni-241 hoc
bt k hp cht no ca cc ht nhn phng x ny. Uran t nhin v uran ngho cha chiu x
hoc c chiu x trong l phn ng nhit khng c coi l vt liu phn hch.
2.8. Thori cha chiu x (Unirradiated thorium): l thori cha khng qu 10-7 g uran-233 tnh
cho mi gam thori - 232.
2.9. Uran cha chiu x (Unirradiated uranium): l uran cha khng qu 2.10-3 Bq plutoni tnh
cho mi gam uran-235, khng qu 9.106 Bq sn phm phn hch tnh cho mi gam uran - 235 v
khng qu 5.10-3 g uran - 236 tnh cho mi gam uran-235.
2.10. Uran t nhin (Natural uranium): l uran c tch ha hc v cha cc ng v uran
theo t l t nhin v khi lng (khong 99,28% U-238, 0,72% U-235 v mt lng rt nh U234)
2.11. Uran giu (Enriched uranium): l uran c t l U-235 nhiu hn uran t nhin.
2.12. Uran ngho (Depleted uranium): l uran c t l U-235 t hn uran t nhin.

2.13. Hot phng x ring (Specific activity):ca mt loi ht nhn phng x l hot
phng x trn mt n v khi lng ca loi ht nhn phng x . Hot phng x ring ca
mt cht phng x l phng x trn mt n v khi lng hoc th tch ca cht trong
cc ht nhn phng x v c bn c phn b u.
2.14. Mc bc x (Radiation level): l sut liu tng ng tnh bng mili siv / h (mSv/h)
2.15. S nhim x (Contamination): l s c mt ca cht phng x trn mt b mt vi lng
ln hn 0,4 Bq/cm2 i vi ngun pht bta v gamma v ngun pht anpha c c tnh thp,
hoc ln hn 0,04 Bq/cm2 i vi mi ngun pht anpha khc.
S nhim x khng bm chc l nhim x d ri ra trong iu kin vn chuyn bnh thng.
S nhim x bm chc l nhim x khc vi nhim x khng bm chc.
2.16. Vt nhim x b mt, SCO (Surface contaminated object): l mt vt rn khng phi l
cht phng x nhng c cht phng x bm trn b mt ca n. SCO c phn thnh 2 nhm:
a) SCO-I l mt vt rn m trn :
- Nhim x khng bm chc trn b mt c th tip xc c, ly trung bnh trn 300 cm 2 (hoc
ton b din tch b mt nh hn 300 cm2) khng ln hn 4 Bq/cm2 i vi ngun pht beta,
ngun pht gamma v ngun pht anpha c c tnh thp hoc 0,4 Bq/cm 2 i vi tt c cc
ngun pht anpha khc.
- Nhim x bm chc trn b mt c th tip xc c ly trung bnh trn 300 cm 2 (hoc ton b
din tch b mt nh hn 300 cm2) khng ln hn 4.104 Bq/cm2 i vi ngun pht beta, ngun
pht gamma v ngun pht anpha c c tnh thp hoc 4.10 3 Bq/cm2 i vi tt c cc ngun
pht anpha khc.
- Nhim x khng bm chc cng thm nhim x bm chc trn b mt khng tip xc c,
trung bnh trn 300 cm2 (hoc ton b din tch b mt nh hn 300 cm 2), khng ln hn 4.104
Bq/cm2 i vi ngun pht beta, ngun pht gamma v ngun pht anpha c c tnh thp hoc
4.103 Bq/cm2 i vi tt c cc ngun pht anpha khc.
b) SCO-II l mt vt rn m trn nhim x bm chc v khng bm chc trn b mt vt cc
gii hn quy nh cho SCO-I, ngoi ra c c tnh sau:
- Nhim x khng bm chc trn b mt tip xc c, trung bnh trn 300cm 2 (hoc ton b
din tch b mt nh hn 300 cm2) khng ln hn 400 Bq/cm2 i vi ngun pht beta, ngun
pht gamma v ngun pht anpha c c tnh thp hoc 40 Bq/cm 2 i vi tt c cc ngun pht
anpha khc.
- Nhim x bm chc trn b mt tip xc c trung bnh trn 300cm 2 (hoc ton b din tch
b mt nh hn 300 cm2) khng ln hn 8.105 Bq/cm2 i vi ngun pht beta, ngun pht
gamma v ngun pht anpha c c tnh thp hoc 8.10 4 Bq/cm2 i vi cc ngun pht anpha
khc.
- Nhim x khng bm chc cng vi nhim x bm chc trn b mt khng tip xc c, trung
bnh trn 300cm2 (hoc ton b din tch b mt nh hn 300 cm 2) khng ln hn 8.105 Bq/cm2
i vi ngun pht beta, ngun pht gamma v ngun pht anpha c c tnh thp hoc 8.10 4
Bq/cm2 i vi tt c cc ngun pht anpha khc.
2.17. Bao b (Packaging): l t hp nhng phn cn thit gi kn ton b cht phng x bn
trong. Bao b c th gm mt hoc nhiu ng, vt liu hp th, cu trc ngn cch, che chn
bc x v cc trang b ph tr lm y, lm rng, thng gi v gim p sut; cc thit b
lm mt, gim chn ng c hc, gi v lm cht, cch nhit v cc thit b cn thit bn trong
kin. Bao b c th l mt hp, thng hoc vt ng, hoc c th l cngten, thng bn hoc
cngten hng ri trung gian.
2.18. H bao b (Containment system): l h cu trc gm nhiu bao b c thit k gi
kn cht phng x trn ng vn chuyn.

2.19. Kin hng phng x, gi tt l kin (Package): l bao b c cha cht phng x vn
chuyn.
2.20. Bao b ngoi (Overpack): l mt vt bao gi (th d hp hoc ti) do bn gi hng s dng
to thun li cho thao tc x l, xp d v chuyn ch mt chuyn hng gm mt hoc nhiu
kin nh.
2.21. Chuyn hng phng x (Consignment), gi tt l chuyn: l mt hoc nhiu kin, hoc
mt khi hng phng x ca bn gi hng chun b vn chuyn.
2.22. Giao hng (Shipment): l s vn chuyn mt chuyn hng t ni xut pht n ch cui
cng.
2.23. Phng tin vn chuyn (Conveyance)
a) i vi ng b v ng st: gi chung l xe, n v tnh l toa tu ha, xe gong, t ray,
t, xe r moc.
b) i vi ng thy: gi chung l tu thy gm tu sng, tu bin, hoc ch l mt hm cha
hoc khu vc ngn ring trn boong tu
c) i vi ng hng khng: mi loi my bay
2.24. Tu (Vessel): l tu bin hoc tu thy ni a c s dng ch hng.
2.25. Tu bay (Aircraft): gm tu bay ch khch (Passenger aircraft) v tu bay ch hng
(Cargo aircraft). Tu bay ch khch l tu bay ch ngi khng phi l thnh vin i bay,
nhn vin ca bn vn chuyn i lm nhim v, i din thm quyn ca c quan qun l Nh
nc hoc ngi p ti chuyn hng. Tu bay ch hng l tu bay, chuyn dng vn
chuyn hng ha hoc ti sn.
2.26. Xe (Vehicle): l xe chy ng b (gm c xe c ni, tc l xe gm mt u ko v mt
bn r-moc) hoc t ray hoc tu ha. Mi xe moc c coi l mt xe ring bit.
2.27. Ch s vn chuyn (Transport index): l mt ch s c dng quy nh vic kim
sot s chiu x qu liu, c gn ln kin, bc ngoi, cht LSA-I khng ng kin hoc vt
SCO-I.
2.28. Bn gi (Consignor): l c nhn, t chc hoc chnh ph chun b mt chuyn hng
phng x vn chuyn.
2.29. Bn nhn (Consignee): l c nhn, t chc hoc chnh ph tip nhn mt chuyn hng
phng x.
2.30. Bn chuyn ch (Carrier): l c nhn, t chc hoc chnh ph tin hnh vic chuyn ch
cht phng x bng bt k phng tin vn chuyn no.
2.31. Ph chun (Approval): gm mt trong hai loi ph chun sau:
a) Ph chun a phng (Multilateral approval): l s ph chun ca c quan thm quyn
ca nc xut pht thit k hoc vic giao hng v ca tng nc m chuyn hng phng x
c chuyn ch i qua hoc vo trong.
Khi nim i qua hoc vo trong khng bao gm khi nim trn, c ngha l yu cu ph
chun hoc thng bo khng p dng cho nc m cht phng x c chuyn ch trn mt
tu bay qua bu tri nc m khng c k hoch dng li ti nc .
b) Ph chun n phng (Unilateral approval): l s ph chun mt thit k i vi cht
phng x dng c bit, cht phng x c pht tn thp, kin v bao b theo yu cu ca C
quan thm quyn ca nc c thit k .
2.32. Tha thun c bit (Special arrangement): l cc quy nh c C quan thm quyn
ph chun ng p dng i vi vic vn chuyn chuyn hng phng x khng p ng c
y cc yu cu ca tiu chun vn chuyn cht phng x.

3. Quy nh chung v an ton phng x trong vn chuyn cht phng x

3.1. Phi thit lp k hoch bo m an ton phng x cho vic vn chuyn cht phng x.
Tnh cht v quy m ca cc bin php ra trong k hoch phi cn c vo mc v kh
nng b chiu x. K hoch ny phi p ng cc yu cu ca cc iu t 3.2 n 3.5 v iu 4
di y.
3.2. Trong vn chuyn, vic bo v v an ton phng x phi c ti u ha sao cho liu c
nhn, s ngi b chiu x v nguy c chiu x m bo theo nguyn tc cng thp cng tt
ti mc c th, ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) v phi di cc gii hn liu do
C quan qun l Nh nc v an ton bc x quy nh.
3.3. i vi chiu x ngh nghip do cc hot ng trong qu trnh vn chuyn, nu liu hiu
dng:
a) khng qu 1 mSv/nm th khng cn thit phi coi l cng vic c bit, kim x chi tit, lp
chng trnh nh gi liu hoc lu gi kt qu kim x c nhn.
b) t 1 n 6 mSv/nm, cn phi c thc hin k hoch nh gi liu, kim x a im lm
vic hoc kim x c nhn.
c) trn 6 mSv/nm, phi tin hnh kim x c nhn.
Cc kt qu kim x c nhn v kim x ni lm vic phi c lu gi theo quy nh hin hnh.
3.4. Cht phng x phi c cch ly y khi nhn vin v dn chng. Khi tnh ton khong
cch cch ly, phi s dng cc gi tr gii hn liu sau y:
a) i vi nhn vin lm vic thng xuyn trong khu vc l 5 mSv/nm
b) i vi nhm ngi trng yu trong dn chng khu vc cng cng l 1 mSv/nm.
3.5. Cht phng x phi c cch ly y khi phim nh cha in trng. C s tnh khong
cch cch ly l liu phng x m phim nh cha in trng b chiu do vic vn chuyn cht phng
x, khng c vt qu 0,1 mSv i vi l phim nh.
4. Quy nh chung v trng hp s c trong vn chuyn cht phng x
4.1. Trong trng hp xy ra s c bc x trong qu trnh vn chuyn cht phng x, cc quy
nh v ng ph khn cp c cc nc v cc t chc quc t ban hnh phi c xem
xt thc hin bo v an ton cho con ngi, ti sn v mi trng.
4.2. Cc quy trnh ng ph khn cp phi c lp trn c s tnh n vic nhng cht nguy
him khc c th gy hi t phn ng gia cc cht trong mt chuyn vi mi trng khi xy ra
s c.
5. Quy nh chung v bo m cht lng
5.1. Chng trnh bo m cht lng da trn c s chp nhn cc tiu chun quc gia, tiu
chun quc t v cc quy nh ca C quan qun l Nh nc v an ton v kim sot bc x
phi c xy dng v p dng cho cc khu thit k, ch to, th nghim, lp ti liu, s dng,
bo dng v kim tra i vi tt cc cc cht phng x dng c bit, cht phng x c pht
tn thp v cc kin v i vi cc hot ng vn chuyn v lu gi qu cnh. S chng nhn
v cc c im k thut ca thit k c p dng y phi sn sng cho vic kim tra
ca C quan qun l Nh nc v an ton v kim sot bc x. Nh sn xut, bn gi hng
hoc ngi s dng phi sn sng to iu kin cho C quan qun l Nh nc v an ton v
kim sot bc x kim tra trong qu trnh ch to, s dng v chng minh C quan qun l
Nh nc v an ton v kim sot bc x thy rng:
a) phng php ch to v vt liu dng u ng theo cc c im thit k c ph
chun;

b) tt c cc bao b c kim tra nh k v khi cn thit, c sa cha v bo dng trong

iu kin tt sao cho cc bao b tip tc p ng mi yu cu v c im k thut lin quan,
ngay c sau khi c s dng li.
6. m bo s tun th
6.1. C quan qun l Nh nc v an ton v kim sot bc x c trch nhim bo m vic
tun th b tiu chun ny. Cc bin php hon thnh trch nhim gm c vic thit lp v
thc hin mt chng trnh kim sot vic thit k, ch to, th nghim, kim tra v bo qun
bao b, cht phng x dng c bit v cht phng x c pht tn thp, v vic chun b, lp
h s, x l v sp xp cc kin hng phng x c thc hin bi bn gi v bn chuyn ch,
chng minh rng cc quy nh ca tiu chun c tun th.
6.2. Cc chuyn hng m vic ph hp vi cc qui nh khc ca b tiu chun ny s khng
c vn chuyn tr phi c s tha thun c bit. i vi chuyn vn chuyn quc t theo tha
thun c bit, phi c s ph chun a phng.
7. Qui nh v cc gii hn hot phng x
7.1. Hot ht nhn phng x c bn
7.1.1. A1 l hot phng x ca cht phng x dng c bit c nu trong bng 1 hoc c
trch t iu 7 v c s dng xc nh cc gii hn hot phng x cho cc yu cu v
vn chuyn cht phng x.
A2 l hot phng x ca cht phng x khng phi l cht phng x dng c bit c nu
trong bng 1 hoc c trch t iu 7 v c s dng xc nh cc gii hn hot phng
x cho cc yu cu v vn chuyn cht phng x.
7.1.2. Cc gi tr c bn ca tng ht nhn phng x c nu trong bng 1 gm:
a) A1 v A2, tnh bng TBq;
b) nng phng x i vi cc cht c min tr; tnh bng Bq/g;
c) gii hn hot phng x i vi chuyn c min tr, tnh bng Bq.
7.2. Xc nh cc hot ht nhn phng x c bn
7.2.1. i vi cc hot phng x khng c nu trong bng 1, vic xc nh cc hot ht
nhn phng x c bn nh 7.1 phi c c quan qun l Nh nc v an ton bc x ph
chun hoc phi c s ph chun a phng trong trng hp vn chuyn quc t. Nu
khng c nhng ph chun trn th p dng cc hot ht nhn phng x trong bng 2.
7.2.2. Khi tnh hot A1 v A2 cho mt ht nhn phng x khng c trong bng 1, mt chui
phn r phng x n trong cc ht nhn phng x xut hin vi mt t l t nhin, v trong
khng c ht nhn phng x con no khi c chu k bn r di hn 10 ngy hoc di hn ht
nhn phng x cha, cn phi c xem xt nh l mt ht nhn phng x ring l; v phng
x c tnh v hot A1 hoc A2 c p dng phi tng ng vi ht nhn cha ca chui
phn r . Trong trng hp cc chui phn r trong bt k mt ht nhn con no c chu k
bn r di hn 10 ngy hoc di hn chu k bn r ca ht nhn cha, ht nhn phng x cha v
ht nhn phng x con phi c xem xt nh mt hn hp.
7.2.3. i vi hn hp cc ht nhn phng x, vic xc nh cc hot ht nhn phng x c
bn c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Xm

1
f (i )
i X (i)

Trong
f(i) l t l hot phng x hoc nng phng x ca ht nhn phng x i trong hn hp;

X(i) l hot A1 hoc A2, hoc nng ht nhn phng x ca cht c min tr, hoc gii
hn phng x i vi mt l min tr tng ng vi ht nhn phng x i;
Xm l gi tr nhn c ca A1 hoc A2, hoc nng ht nhn phng x ca cht c min tr,
hoc gii hn hot phng x i vi mt l min tr trong trng hp mt hn hp.
7.2.4. Khi tng ht nhn phng x c bit tn nhng khng bit hot phng x ca mt
vi trong cc ht nhn phng x , cc ht nhn phng x c th c nhm li v hot ht
nhn phng x thp nht c s dng p dng cng thc 7.2.3. Cc nhm c th da
trn c s tng hot phng x anpha v tng hot phng x bta/gamma khi cc hot
ny bit, s dng cc hot ht nhn phng x thp nht i vi ngun pht anpha hoc
ngun pht bta/gamma tng ng.
7.2.5. i vi cc ht nhn phng x hoc hn hp cc ht nhn phng x m khng r tn th
p dng cc gi tr trong bng 2.
Bng 1. Cc gi tr ht nhn phng x c bn
Hot
phng x
A1

Hot
phng x
A2

Hot phng
x ring vi
cht c
min tr

Gii hn hot
phng x
chuyn hng
c min tr

(TBq)

(TBq)

(Bq/g)

(Bq)

Ac-225 (a)

8 x 10-1

6 x 10-3

1 x 101

1 x 104

Ac-227 (a)

9 x 10-1

9 x 10-5

1 x 10-1

1 x 103

Ac-228

6 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Ag-105

2 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Ag-108m (a)

7 x 10-1

7 x 10-1

1 x 101 (b)

1 x 106 (b)

Ag-110m (a)

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Ag-111

2 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

1 x 10-1

1 x 10-1

1 x 10-1

1 x 105

Am-241

1 x 101

1 x 10-3

1 x 100

1 x 104

Am-242m (a)

1 x 101

1 x 10-3

1 x 100 (b)

1 x 104 (b)

Am-243 (a)

5 x 100

1 x 10-3

1 x 100 (b)

1 x 103 (b)

Ar-37

4 x 101

4 x 101

1 x 106

1 x 108

Ar-39

4 x 101

2 x 101

1 x 107

1 x 104

Ar-41

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 109

As-72

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

As-73

4 x 101

4 x 101

1 x 103

1 x 107

Ht nhn phng x (nguyn t

s)

Actini (89)

Bc(47)

Nhm (13)
Al-26
Americi (95)

Argon (18)

Asen (33)

As-74

1 x 100

9 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

As-76

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 105

As-77

2 x 101

7 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

2 x 101

5 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 107

Au-193

7 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 107

Au-194

1 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

Au-195

1 x 101

6 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 107

Au-198

1 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Au-199

1 x 101

6 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Ba-131 (a)

2 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Ba-133

3 x 100

3 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Ba-133m

2 x 101

6 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Ba-140 (a)

5 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 101 (b)

1 x 105 (b)

Be-7

2 x 101

2 x 101

1 x 103

1 x 107

Be-10

4 x 101

6 x 10-1

1 x 104

1 x 106

Bi-205

7 x 10-1

7 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Bi-206

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Bi-207

7 x 10-1

7 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Bi-210

1 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Bi-210m (a)

6 x 10-1

2 x 10-2

1 x 101

1 x 105

Bi-212 (a)

7 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 101 (b)

1 x 105 (b)

Bk-247

8 x 100

8 x 10-4

1 x 100

1 x 104

Bk-249 (a)

4 x 101

3 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Br-76

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Br-77

3 x 100

3 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Br-82

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

1 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Astatin (85)
At-211 (a)
Vng (79)

Bari (56)

Berili (4)

Bismut (83)

Berkeli (97)

Brm (35)

Cacbon (6)
C-11

4 x 101

3 x 100

1 x 104

1 x 107

Ca-41

KGH
(khng b
gii hn)

KGH

1 x 105

1 x 107

Ca-45

4 x 101

1 x 100

1 x 104

1 x 107

Ca-47 (a)

3 x 100

3 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Cd-109

3 x 101

2 x 100

1 x 104

1 x 106

Cd-113m

4 x 101

5 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Cd-115 (a)

3 x 100

4 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Cd-115m

5 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Ce-139

7 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Ce-141

2 x 101

6 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 107

Ce-143

9 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Ce-144 (a)

2 x 10-1

2 x 10-1

1 x 102 (b)

1 x 105 (b)

Cf-248

4 x 101

6 x 10-3

1 x 101

1 x 104

Cf-249

3 x 100

8 x 10-4

1 x 100

1 x 103

Cf-250

2 x 101

2 x 10-3

1 x 101

1 x 104

Cf-251

7 x 100

7 x 10-4

1 x 100

1 x 103

Cf-252

5 x 10-2

3 x 10-3

1 x 101

1 x 104

Cf-253 (a)

4 x 101

4 x 10-2

1 x 102

1 x 105

Cf-254

1 x 10-3

1 x 10-3

1 x 100

1 x 103

Cl-36

1 x 101

6 x 10-1

1 x 104

1 x 106

Cl-38

2 x 10-1

2 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Cm-240

4 x 101

2 x 10-2

1 x 102

1 x 105

Cm-241

2 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Cm-242

4 x 101

1 x 10-2

1 x 102

1 x 105

Cm-243

9 x 100

1 x 10-3

1 x 100

1 x 104

Cm-244

2 x 101

2 x 10-3

1 x 101

1 x 104

Cm-245

9 x 100

9 x 10-4

1 x 100

1 x 103

Cm-246

9 x 100

9 x 10-4

1 x 100

1 x 103

C-14
Canxi (20)

Cadmi (48)

Ceri (58)

Californi (98)

Clo (17)

Curi (96)

Cm-247 (a)

3 x 100

1 x 10-3

1 x 100

1 x 104

Cm-248

2 x 10-2

3 x 10-4

1 x 100

1 x 103

Co-55

5 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Co-56

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Co-57

1 x 101

1 x 101

1 x 102

1 x 106

Co-58

1 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

Co-58m

4 x 101

4 x 101

1 x 104

1 x 107

Co-60

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

3 x 101

3 x 101

1 x 103

1 x 107

Cs-129

4 x 100

4 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Cs-131

3 x 101

3 x 101

1 x 103

1 x 106

Cs-132

1 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 105

Cs-134

7 x 10-1

7 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 104

Cs-134m

4 x 101

6 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 105

Cs-135

4 x 101

1 x 100

1 x 104

1 x 107

Cs-136

5 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Cs-137 (a)

2 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 101 (b)

1 x 104 (b)

Cu-64

6 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Cu-67

1 x 100

7 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 105

Dy-159

2 x 101

2 x 101

1 x 103

1 x 107

Dy-165

9 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Dy-166 (a)

9 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Er-169

4 x 101

1 x 100

1 x 104

1 x 107

Er-171

8 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 105

Eu-147

2 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Eu-148

5 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Eu-149

2 x 101

2 x 101

1 x 102

1 x 107

Eu-150(chu k bn r ngn)

2 x 100

7 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Coban (27)

Crom (24)
Cr-51
Cesi (55)

ng (29)

Dysprosi (66)

Erbi (68)

Europi (63)

Eu-150(chu k bn r di)

7 x 10-1

7 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Eu-152

1 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

Eu-152m

8 x 10-1

8 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Eu-154

9 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Eu-155

2 x 101

3 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 107

Eu-156

7 x 10-1

7 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

1 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Fe-52 (a)

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Fe-55

4 x 101

4 x 101

1 x 104

1 x 106

Fe-59

9 x 10-1

9 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Fe-60 (a)

4 x 101

2 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 105

Ga-67

7 x 100

3 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Ga-68

5 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 105

Ga-72

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 105

Gd-146 (a)

5 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Gd-148

2 x 101

2 x 10-3

1 x 101

1 x 104

Gd-153

1 x 101

9 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 107

Gd-159

3 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Ge-68 (a)

5 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Ge-71

4 x 101

4 x 101

1 x 104

1 x 108

Ge-77

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Hf-172 (a)

6 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Hf-175

3 x 100

3 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Hf-181

2 x 100

5 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Hf-182

KGH

KGH

1 x 102

1 x 106

Hg-194 (a)

1 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

Hg-195m (a)

3 x 100

7 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Hg-197

2 x 101

1 x 101

1 x 102

1 x 107

Flo (9)
F-18
St (26)

Gali (31)

Gadolini (64)

Gecmani (32)

Hafni (72)

Thy ngn (80)

Hg-197m

1 x 101

4 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Hg-203

5 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 105

Ho-166

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 105

Ho-166m

6 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

I-123

6 x 100

3 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 107

I-124

1 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

I-125

2 x 101

3 x 100

1 x 103

1 x 106

I-126

2 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

I-129

KGH

KGH

1 x 102

1 x 105

I-131

3 x 100

7 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

I-132

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

I-133

7 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

I-134

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

I-135 (a)

6 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

In-111

3 x 100

3 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

In-113m

4 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

In-114m (a)

1 x 101

5 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

In-115m

7 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Ir-189 (a)

1 x 101

1 x 101

1 x 102

1 x 107

Ir-190

7 x 10-1

7 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Ir-192

1 x 100 (c)

6 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 104

Ir-194

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 105

K-40

9 x 10-1

9 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

K-42

2 x 10-1

2 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

K-43

7 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Kr-81

4 x 101

4 x 101

1 x 104

1 x 107

Kr-85

1 x 101

1 x 101

1 x 105

1 x 104

Kr-85m

8 x 100

3 x 100

1 x 103

1 x 1010

Kr-87

2 x 10-1

2 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 109

Holmi (67)

Iod (53)

Indi (49)

Iridi (77)

Kali (19)

Krypton (36)

Lantan (57)
La-137

3 x 101

6 x 100

1 x 103

1 x 107

La-140

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Lu-172

6 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Lu-173

8 x 100

8 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 107

Lu-174

9 x 100

9 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 107

Lu-174m

2 x 101

2 x 101

1 x 102

1 x 107

Lu-177

3 x 101

7 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 107

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Mn-52

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Mn-53

KGH

KGH

1 x 104

1 x 109

Mn-54

1 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

Mn-56

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Mo-93

4 x 101

2 x 101

1 x 103

1 x 108

Mo-99 (a)

1 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

9 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 109

Na-22

5 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Na-24

2 x 10-1

2 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Nb-93m

4 x 101

3 x 101

1 x 104

1 x 107

Nb-94

7 x 10-1

7 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Nb-95

1 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

Nb-97

9 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Nd-147

6 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Nd-149

6 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 105

Ni-59

KGH

KGH

1 x 104

1 x 108

Ni-63

4 x 101

3 x 101

1 x 105

1 x 108

Luteti (71)

Magi (12)
Mg-28 (a)
Mangan (25)

Molybden (42)

Nit (7)
N-13
Natri (11)

Niobi (41)

Neodym (60)

Niken (28)

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Np-235

4 x 101

4 x 101

1 x 103

1 x 107

Np-236 (chu k bn r ngn)

2 x 101

2 x 100

1 x 103

1 x 107

Np-236 (chu k bn r di)

9 x 100

2 x 10-2

1 x 102

1 x 105

Np-237

2 x 101

2 x 10-3

1 x 100 (b)

1 x 103 (b)

Np-239

7 x 100

4 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 107

Os-185

1 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

Os-191

1 x 101

2 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 107

Os-191m

4 x 101

3 x 101

1 x 103

1 x 107

Os-193

2 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Os-194 (a)

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 105

P-32

5 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 105

P-33

4 x 101

1 x 100

1 x 105

1 x 108

Pa-230 (a)

2 x 100

7 x 10-2

1 x 101

1 x 106

Pa-231

4 x 100

4 x 10-4

1 x 100

1 x 103

Pa-233

5 x 100

7 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 107

Pb-201

1 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

Pb-202

4 x 101

2 x 101

1 x 103

1 x 106

Pb-203

4 x 100

3 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Pb-205

KGH

KGH

1 x 104

1 x 107

Pb-210 (a)

1 x 100

5 x 10-2

1 x 101 (b)

1 x 104 (b)

Pb-212 (a)

7 x 10-1

2 x 10-1

1 x 101 (b)

1 x 105 (b)

4 x 101

4 x 101

1 x 103

1 x 108

Pd-107

1 x 105

1 x 108

Pd-109

2 x 100

5 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Pm-143

3 x 100

3 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Pm-144

7 x 10-1

7 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Pm-145

3 x 101

1 x 101

1 x 103

1 x 107

Ni-65
Neptun (93)

Osmi (76)

Phospho (15)

Protacti (91)

Ch (82)

Paladi (46)
Pd-103 (a)

Prometi (61)

Pm-147

4 x 101

2 x 100

1 x 104

1 x 107

Pm-148m (a)

8 x 10-1

7 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Pm-149

2 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Pm-151

2 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

4 x 101

2 x 10-2

1 x 101

1 x 104

Pr-142

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 105

Pr-143

3 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 104

1 x 106

Pt-188 (a)

1 x 100

8 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Pt-191

4 x 100

3 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Pt-193

4 x 101

4 x 101

1 x 104

1 x 107

Pt-193m

4 x 101

5 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 107

Pt-195m

1 x 101

5 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Pt-197

2 x 101

6 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Pt-197m

1 x 101

6 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Pu-236

3 x 101

3 x 10-3

1 x 101

1 x 104

Pu-237

2 x 101

2 x 101

1 x 103

1 x 107

Pu-238

1 x 101

1 x 10-3

1 x 100

1 x 104

Pu-239

1 x 101

1 x 10-3

1 x 100

1 x 104

Pu-240

1 x 101

1 x 10-3

1 x 100

1 x 103

Pu-241 (a)

4 x 101

6 x 10-2

1 x 102

1 x 105

Pu-242

1 x 101

1 x 10-3

1 x 100

1 x 104

Pu-244 (a)

4 x 10-1

1 x 10-3

1 x 100

1 x 104

Ra-223 (a)

4 x 10-1

7 x 10-3

1 x 102 (b)

1 x 105 (b)

Ra-224 (a)

4 x 10-1

2 x 10-2

1 x 101 (b)

1 x 105 (b)

Ra-225 (a)

2 x 10-1

4 x 10-3

1 x 102

1 x 105

Ra-226 (a)

2 x 10-1

3 x 10-3

1 x 101 (b)

1 x 104 (b)

Ra-228 (a)

6 x 10-1

2 x 10-2

1 x 101 (b)

1 x 105 (b)

Rb-81

2 x 100

8 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Rb-83 (a)

2 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Poloni (84)
Po-210
Praseodym (59)

Platin (78)

Pluton (94)

Radi (88)

Rubidi (37)

Rb-84

1 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

Rb-86

5 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 105

Rb-87

KGH

KGH

1 x 104

1 x 107

Rb(t nhin)

KGH

KGH

1 x 104

1 x 107

Re-184

1 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

Re-184m

3 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Re-186

2 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Re-187

KGH

KGH

1 x 106

1 x 109

Re-188

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 105

Re-189 (a)

3 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

KGH

KGH

1 x 106

1 x 109

Rh-99

2 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

Rh-101

4 x 100

3 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 107

Rh-102

5 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Rh-102m

2 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Rh-103m

4 x 101

4 x 101

1 x 104

1 x 105

Rh-105

1 x 101

8 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 107

3 x 10-1

4 x 10-3

1 x 101 (b)

1 x 108 (b)

Ru-97

5 x 100

5 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 107

Ru-103 (a)

2 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Ru-105

1 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Ru-106 (a)

2 x 10-1

2 x 10-1

1 x 102 (b)

1 x 105 (b)

4 x 101

3 x 100

1 x 105

1 x 108

Sb-122

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 104

Sb-124

6 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Sb-125

2 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Sb-126

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

5 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Reni (75)

Re(t nhin)
Rodi (45)

Radon (86)
Rn-222 (a)
Ruteni (44)

Lu hunh (16)
S-35
Antimon (51)

Scandi (21)
Sc-44

Sc-46

5 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Sc-47

1 x 101

7 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Sc-48

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Se-75

3 x 100

3 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Se-79

4 x 101

2 x 100

1 x 104

1 x 107

Si-31

6 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Si-32

4 x 101

5 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Sm-145

1 x 101

1 x 101

1 x 102

1 x 107

Sm-147

KGH

KGH

1 x 101

1 x 104

Sm-151

4 x 101

1 x 101

1 x 104

1 x 108

Sm-153

9 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Sn-113 (a)

4 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 103

1 x 107

Sn-117m

7 x 100

4 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Sn-119m

4 x 101

3 x 101

1 x 103

1 x 107

Sn-121m (a)

4 x 101

9 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 107

Sn-123

8 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Sn-125

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 105

Sn-126 (a)

6 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Sr-82 (a)

2 x 10-1

2 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Sr-85

2 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Sr-85m

5 x 100

5 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 107

Sr-87m

3 x 100

3 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Sr-89

6 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Sr-90 (a)

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 102 (b)

1 x 104 (b)

Sr-91 (a)

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Sr-92 (a)

1 x 100

3 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

4 x 101

4 x 101

1 x 106

1 x 109

1 x 100

8 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Slen (34)

Silic (14)

Samari (62)

Thic (50)

Stronti (38)

Triti (1)
T(H-3)
Tantan (73)
Ta-178 (chu k bn r di)

Ta-179

3 x 101

3 x 101

1 x 103

1 x 107

Ta-182

9 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 104

Tb-157

4 x 101

4 x 101

1 x 104

1 x 107

Tb-158

1 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

Tb-160

1 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Tc-95m (a)

2 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

Tc-96

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Tc-96m (a)

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 107

KGH

KGH

1 x 103

1 x 108

Tc-97m

4 x 101

1 x 100

1 x 103

1 x 107

Tc-98

8 x 10-1

7 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Tc-99

4 x 101

9 x 10-1

1 x 104

1 x 107

Tc-99m

1 x 101

4 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 107

Te-121

2 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

Te-121m

5 x 100

3 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 105

Te-123m

8 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 107

Te-125m

2 x 101

9 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 107

Te-127

2 x 101

7 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Te-127m (a)

2 x 101

5 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 107

Te-129

7 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Te-129m (a)

8 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Te-131m (a)

7 x 10-1

5 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Te-132 (a)

5 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 107

Th-227

1 x 101

5 x 10-3

1 x 101

1 x 104

Th-228 (a)

5 x 10-1

1 x 10-3

1 x 100 (b)

1 x 104 (b)

Th-229

5 x 100

5 x 10-4

1 x 100 (b)

1 x 103 (b)

Th-230

1 x 101

1 x 10-3

1 x 100

1 x 104

Th-231

4 x 101

2 x 10-2

1 x 103

1 x 107

Th-232

KGH

KGH

1 x 101

1 x 104

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 103 (b)

1 x 105 (b)

KGH

KGH

1 x 100 (b)

1 x 103 (b)

Terbi (65)

Techneti (43)

Tc-97

Telu (52)

Thori (90)

Th-234 (a)
Th(t nhin)

Titan (22)
5 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

Tl-200

9 x 10-1

9 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Tl-201

1 x 101

4 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 105

Tl-202

2 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 105

Tl-204

1 x 101

7 x 10-1

1 x 104

1 x 104

Tm-167

7 x 100

8 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

Tm-170

3 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Tm-171

4 x 101

4 x 101

1 x 104

1 x 108

U-230 (phi hp th nhanh)(a)

(d)

4 x 101

1 x 10-1

1 x 101 (b)

1 x 105 (b)

U-230 (phi hp th trung bnh)

(a)(e)

4 x 101

4 x 10-3

1 x 101

1 x 104

U-230 (phi hp th chm)(a)(f)

3 x 101

3 x 10-3

1 x 101

1 x 104

U-232 (phi hp th nhanh)(d)

4 x 101

1 x 10-2

1 x 100 (b)

1 x 103 (b)

U-232 (phi hp th trung bnh)

(e)

4 x 101

7 x 10-3

1 x 101

1 x 104

U-232 (phi hp th chm)(f)

1 x 101

1 x 10-3

1 x 101

1 x 104

U-233 (phi hp th nhanh)(d)

4 x 101

9 x 10-2

1 x 101

1 x 104

U-233 (phi hp th trung bnh)

(e)

4 x 101

2 x 10-2

1 x 102

1 x 105

U-233 (phi hp th chm)(f)

4 x 101

6 x 10-3

1 x 101

1 x 105

U-234 (phi hp th nhanh)(d)

4 x 101

9 x 10-2

1 x 101

1 x 104

U-234 (phi hp th trung bnh)

(e)

4 x 101

2 x 10-2

1 x 102

1 x 105

U-234 (phi hp th chm)(f)

4 x 101

6 x 10-3

1 x 101

1 x 105

U-235 (phi hp th tt c cc
kiu)(a),(d),(e),(f)

KGH

KGH

1 x 101 (b)

1 x 104 (b)

U-236 (phi hp th nhanh)(d)

KGH

KGH

1 x 101

1 x 104

U-236 (phi hp th trung bnh)

(e)

4 x 101

2 x 10-2

1 x 102

1 x 105

U-236 (phi hp th chm)(f)

4 x 101

6 x 10-3

1 x 101

1 x 104

U-238 (phi hp th tt c cc
kiu)(d),(e),(f)

KGH

KGH

1 x 101 (b)

1 x 104 (b)

U (t nhin)

KGH

KGH

1 x 100 (b)

1 x 103 (b)

Ti-44 (a)
Tali (81)

Thuli (69)

Uran (92)

U (c lm giu n 20%
hoc t hn)(g)

KGH

KGH

1 x 100

1 x 103

U (ngho)

KGH

KGH

1 x 100

1 x 103

V-48

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 105

V-49

4 x 101

4 x 101

1 x 104

1 x 107

W-178 (a)

9 x 100

5 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

W-181

3 x 101

3 x 101

1 x 103

1 x 107

W-185

4 x 101

8 x 10-1

1 x 104

1 x 107

W-187

2 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

W-188 (a)

4 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 105

Xe-122 (a)

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 109

Xe-123

2 x 100

7 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 109

Xe-127

4 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 103

1 x 105

Xe-131m

4 x 101

4 x 101

1 x 104

1 x 104

Xe-133

2 x 101

1 x 101

1 x 103

1 x 104

Xe-135

3 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 103

1 x 1010

Y-87 (a)

1 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

Y-88

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Y-90

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 105

Y-91

6 x 10-1

6 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 106

Y-91m

2 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Y-92

2 x 10-1

2 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 105

Y-93

3 x 10-1

3 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 105

Yb-169

4 x 100

1 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 107

Yb-175

3 x 101

9 x 10-1

1 x 103

1 x 107

Zn-65

2 x 100

2 x 100

1 x 101

1 x 106

Zn-69

3 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 104

1 x 106

Zn-69m (a)

3 x 100

6 x 10-1

1 x 102

1 x 106

3 x 100

3 x 100

1 x 102

1 x 106

Vanadi (23)

Wonfram (74)

Xenon (54)

Ytri (39)

Yterbi (70)

Km (30)

Zirconi (40)
Zr-88

KGH

KGH

1 x 103 (b)

1 x 107 (b)

Zr-95 (a)

2 x 100

8 x 10-1

1 x 101

1 x 106

Zr-97 (a)

4 x 10-1

4 x 10-1

1 x 101 (b)

1 x 105 (b)

Zr-93

Ch thch
a) Hot A1 v A2 gm c hot ca cc ht nhn phng x con chu c chu k bn r nh
hn 10 ngy
b) Cc ht nhn phng x cha m v con chu ca ht nhn cn bng trong khong 100
nm c lit k di y:
Sr-90

Y-90

Zr-93

Nb-93m

Zr-97

Nb-97

Ru-106

Rh-106

Cs-137

Ba-137m

Ce-134

La-134

Ce-144

Pr-144

Ba-140

La-140

Bi-212

Tl-208 (0.36), Po-212 (0.64)

Pb-210

Bi-210, Po-210

Pb-212

Bi-212, Tl-208 (0.36), Po-212 (0.64)

Rn-220

Po-216

Rn-222

Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Po-214

Ra-223

Rn-219, Po-215, Pb-211, Bi-211, Tl-207

Ra-224

Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208 (0.36), Po-212 (0.64)

Ra-226

Rn-222, Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Po-214, Pb-210, Bi-210, Po-210

Ra-228

Ac-228

Th-226

Ra-222, Rn-218, Po-214

Th-228

Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb212, Bi-212, Tl208 (0.36), Po-212 (0.64)

Th-229

Ra-225, Ac-225, Fr-221, At-217, Bi-213, Po-213, Pb-209

Th-t nhin
Po-212 (0.64)

Ra-228, Ac-228, Th-228, Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208 (0.36,

Th-234

Pa-234m

U-230

Th-226, Ra-222, Rn-218, Po-214

U-232

Th-228, Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208 (0,36), Po-212 (0.64).

U-235

Th-231

U-238

Th-234, Pa-234m

U-t nhin
Th-234, Pa-234m, U-234, Th-230, Ra-226, Rn-222, Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Po214, Pb-210, Bi-210, Po-210
U-240

Np-240m

Np-237

Pa-233

Am-242m

Am-242

Am-243

Np-239

c) Lng c th c xc nh bng cch o tc phn r hoc o mc bc x khong cch

qui nh tnh t ngun phng x.
d) Cc hot ny ch p dng i vi cc hp cht ca uran c cng thc ha hc UF 6, UO2F2
v UO2(NO3) c iu kin vn chuyn bnh thng ln tai nn.
e) Cc hot ny ch p dng i vi cc hp cht ca uran c cng thc ha hc UO 3, UF4,
UCl4 v hp cht ha tr 6 c iu kin vn chuyn bnh thng ln tai nn.
f) Cc hot ng ny ch p dng i vi cc hp cht ca uran khng phi l hp cht qui nh
(d) v (e) trn.
g) Cc hot ny ch p dng i vi uran cha chiu x.
Bng 2. Hot ht nhn phng x c bn i vi cc ht nhn phng x khng bit tn
hoc hn hp ca chng

Cht phng x

Hot
phng x
(A1)

Hot
phng x
(A2)

Hot
phng x
ring vi
cht c
min tr

Gii hn hot
phng x
chuyn hng
c min tr

TBq

TBq

Bq/g

Bq
1

1 x 104

Ht nhn phng x pht beta v

gamma

0.1

0.02

1 x 10

Ht nhn phng x pht anpha

0.2

9 x 10-5

1 x 10-1

1 x 103

0.001

9 x 10-5

1 x 10-1

1 x 103

Ht nhn phng x khng xc nh