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PORTOFOLIO KASUS

(HAEMATEMESIS
MELENA)

dr. Sakina
RSUD Dr.Soedarsono Kota Pasuruan

Haematemesis: Muntah
darah warna hitam yang
berasal dr saluran cerna
bagian atas
Melena: BAB warna hitam
yang berasa dari saluran
cerna bagian atas.

Ligament of
Treitz

CAUSES OF UGIB
( HEMATEMESIS/MELENA)

ENDOSCOPIC EROSIVE GASTRITIS

BENIGN GASTRIC ULCER

MALLORY-WEISS TEAR

UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL
BLEEDING
Signs

and Symptoms

General

abdominal discomfort
Hematemesis and melena
Classic signs and symptoms of shock
Changes in orthostatic vital signs

Treatment
Follow

general treatment guidelines.


Differentiate life-threatening from chronic
problem.

MANAGEMENT

Resusitasi
ABC

ASSESSMENT OF THE BLOOD LOSS


CLASS 1

CLASS 2

CLASS 3

CLASS 4

Blood loss

750
-15%

750-1500
25-30%

1500-2000
30-40%

>2000
>40%

Pulse rate

<100

>100

>120

>140

BP

Pulse pressure

RR

14-20

20-30

30-40

>35

CNS/MENTAL

Slightly
Anxious

Mildly
Anx

Anx/conf

Conf/leth

Fluid replacement

Crystalloid

Crystalloid

Cryst/blood

Cryst/blood

Gastric acid lowering drugs


PPI.

Clinical trials have shown that an 80 mg bolus of omeprazole


followed by a 72 hour infusion of 8 mg/hour significantly reduces
the risk of re-bleeding and need for emergency surgery.

Somatostatin
This

drug and its analogue octreotide are theoretically attractive


because they reduce mesenteric arterial flow and suppress gastric
acid secretion.

Tranexamic acid

This antifibrinolytic agent has the potential to improve the


stability of the clot and reduce the risk of re-bleeding. Although
one trial showed benefit in treated patients, tranexamic acid is not
often used, possibly because of a fear that its use could lead to the
development of venous thrombosis.

KASUS

IDENTITAS PX
Nama
: Tn F
Usia
: 60 thn
Alamat
: Blandongan
Pekerjaan : Dtng ke UGD RSUD Dr. Soedarsono pada
tanggal 27 Juli 2015 jam 07.45 wib

ANAMNESIS

RPS

RPD

Keluhan Utama: Muntah Darah


Sejak tadi pagi pasien muntah warna coklat kehitaman 1x,
banyaknya +/- 1/2 gelas aqua kecil.
BAB warna hitam sejak 1 hr yll. 1x/hr.
Dada terasa sesak dan perut terasa mual
Demam (-)
Ma/mi : sedikit karena pasien mual dan muntah
Mempunyai sakit lambung sebelumnya sudah di
periksakan ke poli penyakit dalam di RSUD Drsoedarsono
Pasuruan dan 1 minggu yll melakukan pemeriksaan
endoskopi di RSUD Bangil.
-

RPK : RPSos : -

PEMERIKSAAN FISIK

GCS : 456
TTV

TD
Nadi
RR
Suhu ax

:110/70 mmHg
: 106 x/mnt
: 22 x/mnt
: 37 x/mnt

Simetris
Ausk

: suara nafas vesikular simetris, Rh (-) Whez (-)

KU : baik
K/L : A/I/C/D : -/-/-/Thorax :

Abdomen :

Insp
: soefl
Ausk
: BU (+)
Perk/palp: nyeri tekan pada regio epigastrium,
pembesaran/kelainan organ tdk ditemukan.

Eks :

AH +/+ edema -/-

PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG

Dx :
Hematemesis

Oesophagus

Melena e.c Gastritis Erosiva dd Varises

Terapi:
MRS
O2

NC 2 Lpm
Infus (transfusi set) RL 20 tpm
Inj Ranitidin 1 ampl
Inj Omepazole 1 ampl
Inj As Traneksamat 1 ampl

ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
Cause

Portal

Hypertension

Chronic alcohol
abuse and liver
cirrhosis
Ingestion of
caustic
substances

ESOPHAGEAL VARICES

Signs and Symptoms


Hematemesis,

dysphagia
Painless bleeding
Hemodynamic instability
Classic signs of shock

Treatment
Follow

general treatment guidelines.

Aggressive airway management


Aggressive fluid resuscitation

Gynaecomastia in cirrhosis

CAPUT MEDUSAE

SPIDER ANGIOMAS

PALMAR ERYTHEMA

WHITE NAILS

EDEMA EKSTREMITAS

TERAPI

Menghilangkan sumber racun (misalnya


alkohol)
Asupan makanan yang tepat, termasuk vitamin
tambahan
Pengobatan komplikasi :
Asites
Ensefalopati hepatik
Varises esofagus

CONTD...
Asites

tirah baring, diawali diet rendah garam + obat


diuretik (Spironolakton 100-200mg/hr)
Ensefalopati hepatik
neomisin mengurangi bakteri usus penghasil
amonia, diet protein dikurangi 0,5 kg/BB/hr
Varises esofagus
sebelum & sesudah berdarah propanolol
perdarahan akut somatostatin / oktreotid
skleroterapi / ligasi endoskopi

CONTD...
Peritonitis bakterial spontan antibiotika (sefotaksim
iv, amoksilin atau aminoglikosida)
Sindrom hepatorenal atasi perubahan sirkulasi darah
hepar, atur keseimbangan Na & air

GASTRITIS

Adalah proses inflamasi pada mukosa dan sub


mukosa lambung.

Dibedakan menjadi 3 tipe utama :


1. Gastritis hemorogik dan erosif
2. Gastristis aktif kronis,non erosif
3. Gastritis atrofi

GASTRITIS HEMORAGIK DAN EROSIF

ETIOLOGI
Penggunaan OAINS
Iskemia
Stres
Penyalahgunaan alkohol
Trauma(gastroskopi)
Trauma radiasi

GASTRITIS AKTIF KRONIS


NON EROSIF

Akibat kolonisasi bakteri Helicobacter pylori.

Biasanya hanya terbatas pada daerah antrum.

GASTRITIS ATROFI
Mekanisme
Autoantibodi

Gastritis
kelenjar
fundud
atrofi (Tipe
B)

Sekresi asam
Gastrin
Hiperplasia
sel ECL
Karsinoid

Pepsinogen

Sekresi IF
Hiperpla
sia sel G
Metaplas
ia epitel
Karsino
ma

Absorbsi
kobalamine
Defisiensi
kobalamine
Anemia
pernisiosa

H
H22 -- RECEPTOR
RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST
ANTAGONIST

PROTON
PROTON PUMP
PUMP INHIBITORS
INHIBITORS (PPI)
(PPI)

ANTIKOLINERGIK
ANTIKOLINERGIK

ERADIKASI
ERADIKASI H.
H. PYLORI
PYLORI

Dual Tx : PPI + oral AB (dulu)


Tripple Tx : PPI+ metro / amox +
clarithromicin 14 hr
Quadriplle Tx (kasus resisiten) : PPI+
metro + amox + clarithromicin
Komb PPI menguntungkan : me pH
lambung, perbaiki stabilitas & absorbsi
AB kemamp eradikasi
bismuth (Pepto-Bismol)
- sbg Tx tunggal: kemamp eradikasi
hanya 20%
- dpt mengikat dasar ulkus spt sukralfat

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