CSE-435:

Dr. Hector Munoz-Avila

A Presentation
on

Fuzzy Logic
Presented
by

Osama Ahmed Khan

OVERVIEW

BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
DEMOS
APPROACH
APPLICATION

BACKGROUND

Professor Lotfi Zadeh, UC Berkeley, 1965

People do not require precise, numerical information
input, and yet they are capable of highly adaptive control.
Accepts noisy, imprecise input!

History, State of the Art, and

Future Development

Today, Fuzzy Logic Has

Already Become the
Standard Technique for
Multi-Variable Control !
INFORM 1990-1998

1965

Seminal Paper Fuzzy Logic by Prof. Lotfi Zadeh,

Faculty in Electrical Engineering, U.C. Berkeley, Sets
the Foundation of the Fuzzy Set Theory

1970

First Application of Fuzzy Logic in Control

Engineering (Europe)

1975

Introduction of Fuzzy Logic in Japan

1980

Empirical Verification of Fuzzy Logic in Europe

1985

Broad Application of Fuzzy Logic in Japan

1990

Broad Application of Fuzzy Logic in Europe

1995

Broad Application of Fuzzy Logic in the U.S.

2000

Fuzzy Logic Becomes a Standard Technology and Is

Also Applied in Data and Sensor Signal Analysis.
Application of Fuzzy Logic in Business and Finance.
Slide 4

Types of Uncertainty and the

Modeling of Uncertainty
Stochastic Uncertainty:
The Probability of Hitting the Target Is 0.8

Lexical Uncertainty:
"Tall Men", "Hot Days", or "Stable Currencies"
We Will Probably Have a Successful Business Year.
The Experience of Expert A Shows That B Is Likely to
Occur. However, Expert C Is Convinced This Is Not True.

Most Words and Evaluations We Use in Our Daily Reasoning Are

Not Clearly Defined in a Mathematical Manner. This Allows
Humans to Reason on an Abstract Level!
INFORM 1990-1998

Slide 5

Probability and Uncertainty

... a person suffering from hepatitis shows in

60% of all cases a strong fever, in 45% of all cases
yellowish colored skin, and in 30% of all cases
suffers from nausea ...

Stochastics and Fuzzy Logic

Complement Each Other !

INFORM 1990-1998

Slide 6

Fuzzy Set Theory

Conventional (Boolean) Set Theory:

38.7C

38C
40.1C

41.4C
Fuzzy Set Theory:

42C

39.3C

Strong Fever

37.2C

38.7C

38C
40.1C
39.3C

More-or-Less Rather Than Either-Or !

INFORM 1990-1998

41.4C

42C
Strong Fever

37.2C
Slide 7

Fuzzy Set Definitions

Discrete Definition:
SF(35C) = 0

SF(38C) = 0.1

SF(41C) = 0.9

SF(36C) = 0

SF(39C) = 0.35

SF(42C) = 1

SF(37C) = 0

SF(40C) = 0.65

SF(43C) = 1

Continuous Definition:
(x)

No More Artificial Thresholds!

0
36C

INFORM 1990-1998

37C

38C

39C

40C

41C

42C

Slide 8

INTRODUCTION

What is Fuzzy Logic?

Problem-solving control system methodology
Linguistic or "fuzzy" variables
Example:
IF (process is too hot)
AND (process is heating rapidly)
THEN (cool the process quickly)

INTRODUCTION (Contd.)

Advantages
Mimicks human control logic
Uses imprecise language
Inherently robust
Fails safely
Modified and tweaked easily

INTRODUCTION (Contd.)

Disadvantages
Operator's experience required
System complexity

DEMOS

Fuzzy Logic Anti-sway Crane Controller

DEMOS (Contd.)

Control of a Flexible Robot

DEMOS (Contd.)

Anti-Swing Control of an Overhead Crane

DEMOS (Contd.)

Robot Skating

DEMOS (Contd.)

Fuzzy Shower

Fuzzy Controller for an Inverted Pendulum

http://ai.iit.nrc.ca/IR_public/fuzzy/fuzzyShower.html

http://www.aptronix.com/fuzzynet/java/pend/pendjava.htm

Prevention of Load Sway by a Fuzzy Controller

http://people.clarkson.edu/~esazonov/neural_fuzzy/loadsway/LoadSway.htm

APPROACH
Preliminary Evaluation
Assessment As to Whether Fuzzy Logic Is Applicable for the Given Application

Problem Analysis Before Project Start !

Evaluation Criteria:

Has Fuzzy Logic Been Previously Applied to a Similar

Application With Success?

Is It a Multi-Variable Type Control Problem?

Do Operators and Engineers Possess Knowledge About Any

Relevant Interdependencies of the Process Variables?

Can Further Knowledge About the Process Behavior Be Gained

By Observation Or Experiments?

Is It Difficult to Obtain a Mathematical Model from the Process?

APPROACH (Contd.)

Usage
1.

Define the control objectives and criteria

What am I trying to control?

What do I have to do to control the system?

What kind of response do I need?

What are the possible (probable) system failure modes?

2.

Determine the input and output relationships

Choose a minimum number of variables for input to the FL engine

3.

Use the rule-based structure of FL

Break the control problem down into a series of rules

4.

Create FL membership functions

Define the meaning (values) of Input/Output terms used in the rules

5.

Test, evaluate, tune and retest

APPROACH (Contd.)

The Rule Matrix

Error (Columns)
Error-dot (Rows)
Input conditions (Error
and Error-dot)
Output Response
Conclusion (Intersection
of Row and Column)

-ve
Error

Zero
Error

-ve
Errordot
Zero
Errordot

No
change

+ve
Errordot
Rule Matrix

+ve
Error

APPLICATION

Simple Proportional Temperature Controller

Components
An electric heating element
Variable-speed cooling fan
Functionality
Positive signal output: 0-100% heat
Negative signal output: 0-100% cooling

APPLICATION (Contd.)

Block Diagram of the Control System

APPLICATION (Contd.)

Working
Establish a meaningful system for representing the
linguistic variables in the Rule Matrix
"N" = "negative" error/ error-dot input level
"Z" = "zero" error/ error-dot input level
"P" = "positive" error/ error-dot input level
"H" = "Heat" output response
"-" = "No Change" to current output
"C" = "Cool" output response

APPROACH

Usage
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Define the control objectives and criteria

What am I trying to control?

What do I have to do to control the system?

What kind of response do I need?

What are the possible (probable) system failure modes?

Determine the input and output relationships

Choose a minimum number of variables for input to the FL engine

Use the rule-based structure of FL

Break the control problem down into a series of rules

Create FL membership functions

Define the meaning (values) of Input/Output terms used in the rules

Test, evaluate, tune and retest

APPLICATION (Contd.)
1.

Define the control objectives and criteria

What am I trying to control?

System temperature

What do I have to do to control the system?

Proper balance and control of the functional devices

What kind of response do I need?

Stable Environment temperature

What are the possible (probable) system failure modes?

The lack of the No change region

APPLICATION (Contd.)

What is being controlled and how?

Typical control system response

APPROACH

Usage
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Define the control objectives and criteria

What am I trying to control?

What do I have to do to control the system?

What kind of response do I need?

What are the possible (probable) system failure modes?

Determine the input and output relationships

Choose a minimum number of variables for input to the FL engine

Use the rule-based structure of FL

Break the control problem down into a series of rules

Create FL membership functions

Define the meaning (values) of Input/Output terms used in the rules

Test, evaluate, tune and retest

APPLICATION (Contd.)
2. Determine the input and output relationships

Define the minimum number of possible input product

combinations and corresponding output response conclusions
INPUT#1: ("Error", positive (P), zero (Z), negative (N))
INPUT#2: ("Error-dot", positive (P), zero (Z), negative (N))
CONCLUSION: ("Output", Heat (H), No Change (-), Cool (C))
INPUT#1 System Status
Error = Command-Feedback
P=Too cold, Z=Just right, N=Too hot
INPUT#2 System Status
Error-dot = d(Error)/dt
P=Getting hotter Z=Not changing N=Getting colder
OUTPUT Conclusion & System Response
Output H = Call for heating - = Don't change anything C = Call for cooling

APPROACH

Usage
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Define the control objectives and criteria

What am I trying to control?

What do I have to do to control the system?

What kind of response do I need?

What are the possible (probable) system failure modes?

Determine the input and output relationships

Choose a minimum number of variables for input to the FL engine

Use the rule-based structure of FL

Break the control problem down into a series of rules

Create FL membership functions

Define the meaning (values) of Input/Output terms used in the rules

Test, evaluate, tune and retest

APPLICATION (Contd.)
3.

Use the rule-based structure of FL

The rule structure

APPROACH

Usage
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Define the control objectives and criteria

What am I trying to control?

What do I have to do to control the system?

What kind of response do I need?

What are the possible (probable) system failure modes?

Determine the input and output relationships

Choose a minimum number of variables for input to the FL engine

Use the rule-based structure of FL

Break the control problem down into a series of rules

Create FL membership functions

Define the meaning (values) of Input/Output terms used in the rules

Test, evaluate, tune and retest

APPLICATION (Contd.)
4.

Create FL membership functions that define the meaning

(values) of Input/Output terms used in the rules

The features of a membership function

APPLICATION (Contd.)

A sample case

APPROACH

Usage
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Define the control objectives and criteria

What am I trying to control?

What do I have to do to control the system?

What kind of response do I need?

What are the possible (probable) system failure modes?

Determine the input and output relationships

Choose a minimum number of variables for input to the FL engine

Use the rule-based structure of FL

Break the control problem down into a series of rules

Create FL membership functions

Define the meaning (values) of Input/Output terms used in the rules

Test, evaluate, tune and retest

Thank you
Q/A