3.6. Applications of the Chain Rule Contemporary Caleulus 3.6 SOME APPLICATIONS OF THE CHAD ULE ‘The Chain Rule will help us determine the derivatives of logarithms and exponential functions a® . We will also use it to answer some applied questions and to find slopes of graphs given by parametric equations, DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMS Proof: We know thatthe natural logarithm In(x) isthe logarithm with base e,and el) =x forx>0, We also know that D(e) =e, so using the Chain Rule we have (ef) = ef pa), Differentiating cach side of the equation ol) = x , we get that Dee) = D(x) use D(A) =) 44) with few n(x) lM) Ding) x DENG) with x replace and solve for D(In(x) ) to get DCIn(x) ) = ‘The function In( g(x)) is the composition of f(x) =In(x) with g(x), so by the Chain Rule, D(1n( 269) = DCL E6))= F860) #0) = Fay B'e) = ARE ‘Example 1: Find D(In(sin(x))) and D¢In( x? +3) Solution: (a) Using the pattern D(In¢ 60 )= EAP with g(a) =sin(x), then £1) _ D(sinx)) _ costx) D(In(sin(x)))= “glxy” = ~singa) = Sin(ay = 6048). ‘ps (© Using tepaen wih g6)2-P e3.nehowe Dts? eay)e AIL = ‘We can use the Change of Base Formula from algebra to rewrite any logarithm as a natural logarithm, and then we can differentiate the resulting natural logarithm. lox Change tee Fermi fr outne: gy == “REE trapasves bands Example 2: Use the Change of Base formula and your ealeulator to find log,7 and logy 8. solution: ogg? = BE = B88 790, (evoke ah 27) ogg = BS Practice 1: Find the values of logg 20 ,og3 20 and loge ©. @) wsBcrc 43.6 Applications of the Chain Rule Contemporary Caleulus fogeX nx. Putting b= in the Change of Base Formula, logy x = Jogea = Tra + Soany logarithm can be ‘written as a natural logarithm divided by a constant. Then any logarithm is easy to differentiate Inx 1 Loa 1 Proof D(logg(x) )=DCTre = Tay PUlnx) = Raye = KING ‘The second differentiation formula follows from the Chain Rule, Practice 2: Calculate D( log yg (sin(x)) ) and D( logy (e*)) ‘The number e might seem like an “unnatural” base for a natural logarithm, but ofall the logarithms to different bases, the logarithm with base © has the nicest and easiest derivative, ‘The natural logarithm is even ‘elated to the distribution of prime numbers. In 1896, the mathematicians Hadamard and Valle-Poussin, proved the following conjecture of Gauss: (The Prime Numiber Theorem) For large values of x, (ounber of rinses then x) = DERIVATIVE OF a* ‘Once we know the derivative of e* and the Chain Rule, itis relatively easy to determine the derivative of a® for any a>0. ena Proof: If a>0,then &%>0 and 2 nc a® ) Deak) = De el MAD x cinay =X ma. Bxample3: Calculate DCT) and. Ge 28) Solution: (@) D(T*) =7* In7 = (1.95) 7% sin(®) u (b) We can write y as y=2" with u=sin(0). Using the Chain Rule, ‘In{2)cos(t) = sind) ‘An(2)vos(t), 2 Calculate D(sing2*)) and (3) wWsBcTC 23.6. Applications ofthe Chain Rule Contemporary Caleulus SOME APPLIED PROBLEMS Now we cun examine applications which involve more complicated functions, Example 4: A ball atthe end of a rubber band (Fig. 1) is oscillating up and down, and its height {in feet) above the floor at time t seconds is h(t) =5+2sin(u2).. (is in radians) (@) How fast is the ball travelling after 2 seconds? after 4 seconds? after 60 seconds? (b) Is the ball moving up or down after 2 seconds? after 4 seconds? after 60 seconds? (©) Isthe vertical velocity of the ball ever 0.? (2) = cost 2/2) = 0.540 fs , v4) = cos( 4/2) = -0416 fils , and Fig. 1 V( 60} = cos( 60/2) = 0.184 tus (b) The ball is moving upward when t=2 and 60 seconds, downward when ¢= 4. (©) W(t) = c0s( v2) and cos( v2) =0 when t= en2x (n=1,2,...) Example S: If 2400 people now have a disease, andthe number of people withthe disease appears to double every 3 years then the number of people expected to have the disease in t years is y = 2400-2" {@) How many people are expected to have the disease in 2 years? (8) When are 50,000 people expected to have the disease? (©) How fast is the number of people with the disease expected to grow now and 2.years from now? Solution: (a) In 2-years, y = 2400 +24 = 3,810 people (b) Weknow y = $0,000 , and we need to solve $0,000 = 2400-2" for t, ‘Taking logarithms of teach side of the equation, In(S0,000) = In( 2400-2" ) = In(2400) + (U3) +In(2) 0 10.819 783 + 2310 and (= 13.14 years. We expect 50,000 people to have the disease about 13.14 years from now. fy _ a(21002) (©) Thisisasking for dyidt when «0 and2 years, SF = $2802) propo! yaya) = 5545-2". Now,att=0, the rate of growth of the disease is approximately $54.5-2° = 554.5 peoplelyear, In 2 years the rate of growth will be approximately 554.5 +2" = 880 peoplelyear. temperature “Example 6: Youre riding in aalloon,and atime & Gin minutes) you Tdp=ZE aw Moet eight enpetestaneaon i fe Tih) = TER degrees Fahrenheit, then how fast is your temperature height changing when {= 5 minutes? (Fig, 2) h(x)= 1+sin(t) Fig. 2 WSBCTC3.6. Applications ofthe Chain Rule Contemporary Caleulus Solution: As t changes, your elevation will change, and, as your elevation changes, so will your temperature, It is not difficult to write the temperature as a function of time, and then we could aTH calculate “p> =T'(9 and evaluate (5), or we could use the Chain Rule: ATCO) Ah) _ ATCh) Ane R an or a Cr ae = pe “Cr tones then h(t) = 5+ sin( 3) =4.08 so TS) =—= y+ 284) =-3.64 minute as4oay When t= Practice 4: Write the temperature Tin the previous example as a function of the variable t alone and then differentiate T to determine the value of éT/dt when t= $ minutes. Example 7: A scientist has determined that, under optimum conditions, an initial population of 40 bacteria will grow "exponentially" to £(t)=40-e" bacteria after t hours. (for Osts 15. Calculate (2) Graph (0.465), 110) (b) How fast is the population increasing at time 1? (Find f'(0)) (©) Show that the rate of population increase, £'(0, is proportional to the population, (0), atany time t (Show f F some constant K.) 300. Solution: (a) ‘The graph of y 01s (0, is given in Fig. 3 0 IS 200. 0) = 40-2 =40 bacteria. 15) 109 bacteria, 1015 and £10) = 40+! 196 bacteria number of bacteria a 4 sogtlS FO =H UW) = Hel 40 aoe" $5) 246 80 = 4085 (1/5 ) = 8:0" bacteriamhour. time (hours) Fed) FmRe AE Cae! ab gy 40 FAKED wih K =U PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS Suppose a robot has been programmed to move in the xy-plane so at time t its x coordinate will be sin(®) and its y coordinate willbe . Both x and y are funetions ofthe independent parameter t, x(0) sin(®) and y()=1? , and the path of the robot (Fig. 4) can be found by plotting (69) =(2(0, ¥() ) for lots of values of t x() = sin(0) plot point at WSBCTC3.6 Applications ofthe Chain Rule Contemporary Caleulus s “Typically we know x(0 and (0 and nee find dds, the slope ofthe tangent tne othe graph of (x0. (9). Te Chin Rote says that dy ay ‘ dy _ ia 8 Mo, algehraialy solving for SE , weger SE = SME ewe can calle dt and dul the derivatives of y and x with respect to the parameter t, then we ean determine dy/dx, the rate of change of y with respect to x. Fig. 4 Example 8: Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of (x,y) =(sin(Q,?) when t= 22 Solution: dx/dt = cos(t) and dy/dt=2t. When t=2, the object is atthe point ( sin(2), 27)=(.91 ,4) and the slope ofthe tangent line tothe graph is $= “RE = Saat 59.61 Practice S: Graph (x,y) = ( 3c0s(0),2sin(0)) and find the slope of the tangent line when t= 2/2 dt dx Faure of change of x9 wih reaps ttl wtih oon increasing or decreasing asthe t-vatiable increases. a ‘measures the rate of change of y(t) with respect tot. dt dx dy dy Example 9 For the parametric graph in Fig. 5,tell whether ©, Bang & me ® sepa aed ae is postive or negative when 122. Solution: As we move through the point B (where 2) inthe direction of increasing Fig 5 ‘values oft, we are moving tothe left so x() is decreasing and & is negative a ay Similanythe values of y( are inereasing so Fis postive, Finally, the slope ofthe tangent it ay tine, > , is negative. ae me dy _ dyldt _ positive {Ascheckon the sgn of © we can also use the result 2 positive. negative) dx dxidt negative wWsBcTC = §3.6. Applications of the Chain Rule Contemporary Caleulus ® ana de Practice 6: For the parametric graph in the previous example, tell whether Ps grap! pr I ied ie is positive or negative when t=1_ and when t=3. Speed If we know the positon ofan object a everytime, then we can determine its speed. The formula for speed comes from the distance formula and looks # lot like it, But with derivatives. > engin gut Prot The apd nobis tia evo, SBEHBBINN gy change in position _ Vian? + (ay)? (ao? + (ay = a as chage pine r = VCR +BY VCR) + CRY ao position Fig. 6 Exercise 10: Find the speed of the object whose location at time ¢ is (x,y) =(sin(®),t?) when and Solution: dx/dt=cos(0) and dyldt=2t so speed =VV (east)? +27 = Veos*(y +4 , speed = Veos%(0) +400) = VIO speed= Veo) +4? = VOR04F = 207 Practice 7: Show that an object whose location at time t is (x.y) = (Ssin(),3 cos(t)) has a constant speed. (This object is moving on a circular path.) When ¢ When ¢ 1, Practice 8: Is the object whose location at time & is (x,y) = (3cos(t), 2sin(t)) travelling faster at the top of the ellipse ( at t= 302) oF at the right edge of the ellipse (at t= 0)? WSBCTC 63.6 Applications of the Chain Rule Contemporary Caleulus PROBLEMS Differentiate the functions in problems 1 - 19 1. In Sx) 2. In?) 3. tnx) 4. n(x*) = xIn(s) 5, In c0860)) 6. cos( ina) 7. Log Sx 8. logy kx 9. tn(sin(s)) 10. Inc kx) 11. logy (sings) ) 12. tage) 13. logs 5* 14, nce) 5, tng 34) 16. ene) 17, is. VeeInGx) 19. Inc V5x=3 ) 20. $f nCcost) 21. day cost in(w)) 22. & imax+b) a dwt) om we) as. esi . a 26. D(xin(a) =x) a7. Insee(x) + una) 28, Find the slope of the line tangent to f(x) =n x) atthe point (e, 1). Find the slope ofthe line tangent to g(x) =e* at the point (1, ©). How are the slopes of f and g at these points related”? 29, Find a point P on the graph of f(x) = In(x) so the tangent line to f at P_ goes through the origin 30, You are moving from left to right along the graph of | y=in(x) (Fig. 7) (a) If the x-coordinate of your location at time seconds is x(0 3¢-42,, then how fast is your clevation inereasing? (b) Ifthe x-coordinate of your location at time t seconds is x(0) =e then how fast is your elevation increasing?” 31, Rumor. The percent of a population, p(t), who have heard a rumor by time ¢ is often modeled 100 +A spvaig, SRO 32, Radioactive decay. If we start with A. atoms ofa radioactive material which has a “half-life” (the m0 = 7 for some positive constant A, Cxleulate how fast the rumor is amount of time for half of the material to decay) of S00 years, then the number of radioactive atoms Teftafter t years is r()=Are™®" where K= "Sogr - Caleulate r'(Q) and show that + proportional to 1(0) (1%) = bx(#) for some constant b). WSBCTC3.6 Applications ofthe Chain Rule Contemporary Caleulus In problems 33 —41 , find a function with the given derivative, 3 cost 34.hW= RET 35.0)= Fam oe) Baws & 40. '() = cos(x) 088 42, Define A(x) to be the area bounded between the x-axis, the Ab) 1 i ‘graph of f(x), and a vertical line at x (Fig. 8). The area under cach "hump" of f is 2 square inches, (@) Graph AQ for 05x59 1 5 Fig x (©) Graph AY) for 02x29, Problems 43—48 involve parametric equations. 43, Attime t minutes, robot A is at (t,2¢+ 1) and robot Bis at (12,20? + 1) {@) Where is each robot when 1-0 and t=1? (b) Sketch the path each robot follows during the first minute. (©) Find the slope of the tangent ine, dyidx ,t0 the path of each robot at ¢= 1 minute (d) Find the speed of each robot at t= 1 minute, (€) Discuss the motion of a robot which follows the path (sin(},2sin(t) +1) for 20 minutes. 44, x=E41 YO=P. (a) Graph (x(,y(O) for -1 sts 4. (©) Find dvidt, dy/t, the tangent slope dy/dx ,and speed when t= | and t= 4. 48, For the parametric graph in Fig. 9, 46, For the parametric graph in Fig. 10, determine wnetner #, & ang & eerie wnener #, ® ang & dt’ dt dx dt’ dt dx are positive, negative or zero when are positive, negative or zero when and t=3, t Land t=3. Fig. 9 Fig. 10 WsBCTC 83.6 Applications of the Chain Rule Contemporary Caleulus 47. x()= RAC sin(® ),y(O = RAD c0s(0)). (@ Graph (x09, y(0) for Osta (©) Find dxdt, dy/ét, the tangent slope dy/dx ,and speed when t= 7/2 and x (The graph of (x(t), ¥() ) is called a eyeloid and isthe path of light atlached to the edge ofa rolling ‘wheel with radius R) 48, Describe the motion of two particles whose locations at time tare (cos(t), sin) ) and ( cos(),—sin)). 49, Deseribe the path of a robot whose location at time ¢ is () (ros(o, Sint) (©) (Avostd, Bing) (©) Give the parametric equations so the robot will move along the same path as in pact (a) but in the ‘opposite direction 50, After t seconds, a projectile hurled with initial velocity v and angle @ will be at_x(0 and y(t) -vos( (jt feet -sin(0)*— 161" feet. (Fig. 11) (This formula neglects air resistance) (a) For an initial velocity of 80 feetsecond and an angle of 1/4, find ©0 so y(t) =0. What does this value for ¢ repres st physically, Evaluate x(). () For vand 0 in part (a),caleulate dy/dx. Find t so dy/dx =0 at t,and evaluate x(Q), What does. x(0) represent physically (©) What initial velocity is needed so a ball hit at an angle of 2/4 0.7854 will go over a 40 foot high fence 350 feet away” (@) What initial velocity is needed so a ball hit at an angle of 0.7. will go over a 40 foot high fence 350 feet away? initial speed = position atime ¢ x0.30) (cos), v-sin@)-1) = initial ang Fig. 11 WSBCTC3.6. Applications ofthe Chain Rule Contemporary Caleulus 0 Section 3.6 PRACTICE Answers lox. 1 logge = Te aa Practice2: —D(1ogi9 (sin0))= FETT Disinsy)) = AO e810 (5809) = Gao} Sap nc10) D(log, (8D) = ce" ma ex inn) inp ~ HO Practice 3: D(sin(2)) = oos( 2) B(2*) = cost y2In) 2» & 2 3 = 3 inaywc2) = 3 inayae n n Practices: T=T3R = THT AT | Cetesing DC2)-RDU 4tesing) _ 7201 + costa) « (ete sin(d y Corte sing y =T2(1 00s When 125, GE = =ZULs0s8}) _ 5 52995 Practice 5: When t= 12, Ie Pra Practice 7: spect Practice 8: speed = Vania + (aye)? 6: When x=1: pos. pos., pos. x= 3eos(0) y= sin) Cres sings))? x()=3eos(t) so dxidt =—3sin(t). y(t) = 2sin(t) dy _ dyldt _ 2eosto s0 dyldt= 200s). = “Guat = =sint) dy _ 2oos(w2) _ 20 IK = Seite) = gq =O (See Fig. 12) Fig. 12 When x=3: pos., neg., nee. (= 3sin() and yo Veawety? + Candy = V Geos > + (sing > = Voeos%9 + 9sin"( = VI = 3a constant 2sin() so dl = Vissi)? + (e080 = V9sin?(o + 4e05709 Beos(t) so dx/dt = 3eos(0) and dy/dt =—Bsin(0) . Then x ‘Then seos(t) and y( sin(t) and dy/dt = 2eos(t) When t=0, the speedis Vora? +4ay? =2 When t= 2712, the speed is Vou? +440)2 =3 (faster) wsBcTC 10