ng c t trong

Mt s thut ng k hiu oto thng dng

Thut ng

Ch thch

4WD

Bn bnh ch ng
Four - Wheel Driver
H thng chng b cng
Anti-locking Brake System
phanh
B vi sai t ng kim sot
Automatic Slip-Control Diferential
trt
H thng trng trt quay
Anti Slip Regulator
bnh xe
Hp s t ng
Automatic Tranmission
Du hp s t ng
Automatic Transmission Fluid
Tr lc khi phanh khn
Brake Assistance
cp
H thng phun nhin liu
Common Rail Direct Injection
in t ca ng c Diesel
Hp s t ng v cp
Continuously Variable automatic Transmission
H thng iu khin thi
im ng m xu-pp ca Continous Variable Valve Timing Control System
Nissan
Hai trc cam t pha trn
Double Overhead Cam
xi lanh
H thng iu khin thi
im ng, m v hnh
Double-variable camshaft control
trnh lm vic xu-pap ca
BMW
H thng n nh cn bng
Dynamic Stability Control
in t ca BMW
Hp s ly hp kp ca
Direct shift gearbox
Audi
H thng n nh cn bng
Dynamic Stability Control
in t ca Jaguar
H thng n nh cn bng
Dynamic Stability Traction Control
in t ca Volvo
H thng phn phi lc
Electronic Brake-force Distributor
phanh in t
B iu khin ng c
Engine Control Unit
Kho vi sai in t
Electronic Differential Lock
H thng phun xng in
Electronic Fuel Injection
t
H thng tun hon kh x Exhaust gas recirculation
Tr lc li in t
Electronic Power Steering
H thng nh la lp
Electronic System Advanced
trnh
H thng n nh cn bng
Electronic Stability Program
in t
H thng phun xng trc
Fuel Straight Injection
tip

ABS
ASD
ASR
AT
ATF
BA
CDI
CVT
CVTCS
DOHC

Double-VANOS

DSC
DSG
DSM
DTSC
EBD
ECU
EDL
EFI
EGR
EPS
ESA
ESP
FSI

Din gii

ng c t trong
HP

M lc
Horse Power
Chng trnh iu khin
ISC
Idle Speed Control
ch khng ti
H thng iu khin thi
Valve Timing and Lift Control + Valve Timing
iVTEC
im ng, m v hnh
Overlap Control (VTEC+VTC)
trnh lm vic ca xu-pp
ng c c xi lanh b tr
L - Engine
Lines - Engine
thng hng
H thng iu khin thi
thi im ng m v Mitsubishi Innovative Valve-timing-and-lift Engine
MIVEC
hnh trnh xu pp ca Control
Mitsubishi
MT
Hp s thng
Manual Tranmission
H thng n nh cn bng
PSM
Porsche Stability Management
in t ca Porsche
Mt trc cam n b tr
SOHC
Singer Overhead Cam
pha trn xi lanh
H thng trng trt quay
TC
Traction Control
bnh xe
H thng iu khin thi
VANOS
im ng, m xu-pap ca Variable Camshaft Control
BMW
H thng iu khin thi
VarioCam/VarioCam
im ng m xu-pp ca VarioCam/VarioCam Plus
Plus
Porsche
H thng n nh cn bng
VSC
Vehicle Skid Control
in t ca Lexus
H thng iu khin thi
VVT-i
Valve Variable Timing-intelligence
im ng, m xu-pap
H thng iu khin thi
im ng, m v hnh
VVTL-i
Variable Valve Timing and Lift with Intelligence
trnh lm vic ca xu-pp
(van x, ht)

ng c t trong
NG C T TRONG
.1. nh ngha v phn loi:
nh ngha: ng c t trong l mt loi ng c nhit, nhin liu c t chy trc
tip trong khng gian cng tc ca ng c v cng ti din ra qu trnh bin i nhit nng
thnh c nng.
Phn loi: Cn c theo nguyn l hot ng, ta chia ng c t trong thnh cc loi
sau:
+ ng c pht ho bng tia la (Spark Ignition Engine): l loi ng c t trong hot
ng theo nguyn l nhin liu c pht ho bng tia la sinh ra t ngun nhit bn ngoi
khng gian cng tc ca xy lanh. Cc tn gi khc: ng c Otto, ng c xng, ng c gas,
ng c t chy cng bc.
+ ng c Diesel (Diesel Engine): l loi ng c t trong hot ng theo nguyn l
nhin liu t pht ho khi c phun vo bung t cha khng kh b nn n p sut v nhit
cao.
+ ng c 4 k (Four Stroke Engine): l loi ng c t trong c chu trnh cng tc
c hon thnh sau 4 hnh trnh ca piston.
+ ng c 2 k (Two Stroke Engine): l loi ng c t trong c chu trnh cng tc
c hon thnh sau 2 hnh trnh ca piston.
1.2. Mt s thut ng v khi nim thng dng:

ng c t trong
+ im cht: l v tr ca c cu truyn lc m ti d c tc dng ln nh piston mt
lc ln n bao nhiu th cng khng lm cho trc khuu quay.
+ im cht di: l v tr ca c cu truyn lc, ti piston gn trc khuu nht.
+ im cht trn: l v tr ca c cu truyn lc, ti piston cch xa trc khuu nht.

+ Hnh trnh ca piston (S): l khong cch gia im cht trn v im cht di.
+ Khng gian cng tc ca xy lanh: l khong khng gian bn trong c gii hn bi:
nh piston, np xy lanh, thnh xy lanh. Th tch cng tc ca xy lanh (V) thay i khi piston
chuyn ng.
+ Bung t (Vc): l phn khng gian cng tc ca xy lanh khi piston im cht trn.
+ Dung tch cng tc ca xy lanh (Vs): l phn khng gian cng tc ca xy lanh c
gii hn bi hai mt phng vung gc vi ng tm ca xy lanh v i qua im cht trn,
im cht di.
+ T s nn (): l t s gia th tch ln nht ca khng gian cng tc ca xy lanh (Va)
v th tch ca bung t (Vc).
Cng thc: = Va / Vc
+ Mi cht cng tc: l cht c vai tr trung gian trong qu trnh bin i nhit nng
thnh c nng. nhng giai on khc nhau ca chu trnh cng tc, mi cht cng tc c
thnh phn v trng thi khc nhau.
+ Qu trnh cng tc: l qu trnh thay i trng thi v thnh phn ca mi cht cng
tc ca xy lanh din ra trong mt giai on no ca chu trnh cng tc.
+ Chu trnh cng tc: l tng cng tt c cc qu trnh cng tc din ra trong mt
khong thi gian tng ng vi mt ln sinh cng mt xy lanh.

ng c t trong
.3. Cc b phn c bn ca ng c t trong:
1.3.1. B khung ca ng c:
B khung ng c bao gm
cc b phn c nh c chc nng
che chn hoc l ni lp t cc b
phn khc ca ng c. Cc b
phn c bn ca b khung ng c
bao gm: np xy lanh, khi xy
lanh, cacte, cc np y, m kn,
bulng , v.v.

+ Np xy lanh: l chi tit

y kn khng gian cng tc ca ng c t pha trn, ni y lp t mt s b phn nh:
xupap, n gnh xupap, vi phun, buji, ng gp kh np, ng gp kh thi, van khi ng, v.v.
Vt liu ch to: gang, hp
kim nhm.
Phng php ch to: c.
Np xy lanh c th c ch
to thnh mt khi (np xy lanh
chung), hoc c ch to ring
cho mi xy lanh (np xy lanh
ring).
+ Khi xy lanh: Cc xy lanh
ca ng c nhiu xy lanh thng
c c lin thnh mt khi (khi xy lanh). Mt trn v mt di ca khi xy lanh c mi
phng lp vi np xy lanh v cacte. Vch ca xy lanh c doa nhn (mt gng).
Vt liu ch to: gang, hp kim nhm, hoc c hn t cc tm thp.
i vi ng c c lm mt bng khng kh, khi xy lanh c gn thm cc tm tn
nhit.
i vi ng c c lm mt bng nc, khi xy lanh c cc khoang cha nc
lm mt.

ng c t trong
+ Lt xy lanh: l b phn c chc nng dn hng piston v cng vi mt di ca np
xy lanh v nh piston to nn khng gian cng tc ca xy lanh. Lt xy lanh c ch to ring
v lp vo khi xy lanh.
Lt xy lanh kh: khng tip xc trc tip vi nc lm mt.
Lt xy lanh t: tip xc trc tip vi nc lm mt. Phn di ca lt xy lanh c cc
vng cao su ngn cn nc lt xung cacte.

+ Cacte: l b phn bao bc, ni lp t cc b phn chuyn ng ch yu ca ng c.

Phn trn cacte (cacte trn) lp t khi xy lanh, trc khuu, trc cam, v.v.
Phn di cacte (cacte di, cacte nht) c chc nng y kn khng gian trong ng
c t bn di. Ni y cha du bi trn.
ng c nh v trung bnh, cacte v khi xy lanh c c lin (thn ng c).
ng c ln, cacte di va l ni cha du bi trn va l ni lp t trc khuu v
cc b phn lin quan. V d: cc ng c cng sut ln ca hng Man B & W, Cummins, v.v.

ng c t trong
1.3.2. H thng truyn lc:
H thng truyn lc c chc
nng tip nhn p lc kh trong xy
lanh ri truyn cho h tiu th v
bin chuyn ng tnh tin ca
piston thnh chuyn ng quay ca
trc khuu.
Cc b phn chnh: piston, thanh
truyn, trc khuu, bnh .
Cc b phn lin quan:
xecmang, cht piston, bc lt c chnh, bc lt c bin, v.v.
+ Piston l b phn chuyn ng trong lng xy lanh. N tip nhn p lc ca mi cht
cng tc ri truyn cho trc khuu qua trung gian l thanh truyn. Ngoi ra, n cn c tc dng
nh mt bm trong vic np,
nn, y kh thi ra khi khng
gian cng tc ca ng c.
Vt liu ch to: gang,
hp kim nhm, thp.
Piston c cc phn c bn:
nh, vy, rnh xecmang,
cht piston, gn chu lc.
nh piston c hnh dng
a dng tu thuc vo c im
t chc qu trnh chy, qu trnh
np - x.
Vy piston c chc nng dn hng cho piston v chu lc ngang khi piston chuyn
ng.
Rnh xecmang l ni lp t cc xecmang. C rnh xecmang du v rnh xecmang kh.
Rnh xecmang kh c b tr pha trn cht piston.
Rnh xecmang du pha di xecmng kh, c th trn hoc di cht piston.

ng c t trong

Xecmang kh c chc nng lm kn bung t v dn nhit t nh piston ra thnh xy

lanh. Trn nh piston c t 2 - 4 xecmang kh. Xecmang pha trn cng l xecmang la, mt
ngoi c m crom.
Xecmang du c chc nng san u du bi trn ln mt gng xy lanh v gt du bi
trn t mt gng xy lanh v cacte du. Trn nh piston c t 1 - 2 xecmang du, c b tr
pha di xecmang kh.
+ Cht piston l chi tit lin kt piston vi thanh truyn.
C 3 phng n lin kt nh sau:
Phng n 1: cht piston c c nh vi thanh truyn v chuyn ng tng i vi
piston.
Phng n 2: cht piston c c nh vi piston v chuyn ng tng i vi thanh
truyn.
Phng n 3: cht piston chuyn ng tng i vi c thanh truyn v piston.
+ Thanh truyn l b phn trung gian lin kt piston vi trc khuu v cho php bin
chuyn ng tnh tin ca piston thnh chuyn ng quay ca trc khuu.
Vt liu ch to: thp.
Phng php ch to: rn, dp.

ng c t trong
Thanh truyn c cu thnh t 3 phn: u
to, u nh, thn.
+ Trc khuu l b phn c chc nng tip
nhn ton b p lc kh trong xy lanh ri truyn
cho cc h tiu th, h tiu th bn trong (trc cam,
cc bm du, bm nc, v.v.), h tiu th bn

ngoi (chn vt, my pht in, v.v.).

Vt liu ch to: thp.
Phng php ch to: rn hoc
c.
Trc khuu c cc b phn: c
chnh (lp trong chnh ca ng
c), c bin (lp vi u to ca thanh
truyn), m khuu (lin kt c chnh
v c bin), cc i trng ( cn
bng lc qun tnh).
1.3.3. H thng np - x:
H thng np - x c chc nng lc sch khng kh, cung cp khng kh cho khng gian
cng tc ca xy lanh, thi kh x t ng c ra ngoi.
Cc b phn c bn ca h thng np - x bao gm: lc khng kh, ng np, ng x,
bnh gim thanh, c cu phn phi kh.
+ C cu phn phi
kh:
C cu phn phi
kh c chc nng iu
khin qu trnh np kh
mi vo khng gian cng
tc ca xy lanh, thi kh
thi ra khi ng c.

ng c t trong
Hu ht ng c 4 k hin nay c c cu phn phi kh kiu xupap.
i vi ng c 2 k, khng
nht thit phi c xupap, chc nng
iu khin qu trnh np x c m
nhim bi piston, ca np, ca x.
+ Xupap l mt loi van c
trng ca ng c t trong, c chc
nng ng m ng ng np, x.
Trong qu trnh hot ng ca
ng c, xupap thi chu nhit thng
xuyn ca kh thi 600 - 700 ( C).
Nn xupap thi c ch to t thp
hp kim cht lng cao.

.3.4. H thng bi trn:

H thng bi trn c chc nng lc, cung cp du n cc
b mt chuyn ng tng i vi nhau nhm lm gim lc ma st
v hao mn.
Cc phng php bi trn: hi du, vung to du, p sut.

a s ng c t trong hin nay c trang b h thng bi trn di p sut. H

thng ny dng bm du nn du n p sut 1.5 - 8 bar, ri cung cp vo mch du chnh ca

10

ng c t trong
ng c, t mch du chnh du c chuyn n cc b mt cn bi trn: c chnh, c bin
trc khuu, cam, mt gng xy lanh, v.v.
1.3.5. H thng lm mt:
H thng lm mt c chc nng gii nhit t cc chi tit nng ca ng c (piston, xy
lanh, np xy lanh, xupap, v.v.)
chng khng b qu ti v nhit. H
thng bi trn cn c chc nng th
hai l duy tr nhit ca du bi
trn trong mt phm vi nht nh
m bo cc ch tiu k thut ca
du bi trn.
Mi cht lm mt l cht c
vai tr trung gian trong vic truyn
nhit t cc chi tit nng ca ng
c ra ngoi. Mi cht lm mt c
th l du, nc, khng kh, hoc l
mt dung dch c bit.
1.3.6. H thng nhin liu ca
ng c Diesel:

H thng nhin liu c chc nng lc

sch nhin liu v cung cp cho
bung t ca ng c.

Cc b phn c bn ca h thng nhin liu ng c Diesel nh sau:

+ Thng nhin liu: bao gm thng nhin liu hng ngy v thng nhin liu d tr.

11

ng c t trong
+ Bm thp p: c chc nng ht nhin liu t bnh cha hng ngy cung cp cho bm
cao p. H thng nhin liu c th c hoc
khng c bm thp p.
+ Lc nhin liu: lc sch nhin liu
trc khi a n bm cao p.
+ ng dn nhin liu: c ng dn thp
p v ng dn cao p.
+ Bm cao p: nn nhin liu c p
sut rt cao (100 - 1500 bar) ri y n vi
phun. Bm cao p cn c chc nng iu
chnh lng nhin liu cp vo bung t
(chc nng nh lng), nh thi im bt
u v kt thc qu trnh phun nhin liu
(chc nng nh thi).
+ Vi phun nhin liu: c cu trc tia nhin liu ph hp vi phng php t chc qu
trnh chy.

Hp s ly hp kp DCT
Hp s tay thng dng hin nay trn dng xe ph thng gip ngi li thay i lc ko v s vng
quay ca bnh xe ch ng vn tc ph hp vi lc cn ca ng theo nhu cu s dng. Tuy
nhin ngoi chc nng trn, xe hi hin i cn i hi hn na m du khi chuyn s v s nhn
nh khi iu khin xe. V th, nhng loi hp s t ng 4, 5, 6 hay 7 cp ln lt ra i. Dng hp s
tay c nhc im l khng to c cm gic m du mi khi chuyn s, cn hp s t ng c kt
cu qu phc tp v lm gia tng lng tiu th nhin liu. Nhng, c mt loi hp s c th loi b
c cc nhc im trn, l hp s- ly hp kp: Dual - Clutch Transmission (DCT) hay cn gi l
hp s bn t ng
S lc lch s
Ngi sng to ra h thng ly hp kp l mt k s t tr tui, Adolphe Kgresse c bit n nhiu nht
trong vai tr ngi pht trin loi xe half-track (vi bnh lp ng trc v bnh xch pha sau), gip chic
xe c th vt qua nhiu loi a hnh phc tp. Nm 1939, Kegresse thai nghn tng v h thng hp
s trang b ly hp kp vi hy vng s dng n trong chic xe huyn thoi, Citroen Traction. Tht khng may,
tnh hnh ti chnh bt li ngn cn k hoch pht trin xa hn ca d n ny.

12

ng c t trong

Cn iu khin ca hp s DCT

C Porsche v Audi pht trin nhng concept v h thng ly hp kp, mc d n ch c s dng trn nhng
phin bn xe ua hn ch. Nhng chic 956 v 962C phin bn xe ua c lp t h thng Porsche Dual
Klutch - PDK (h thng ly hp kp Porsche). Nm 1986, chic 962 chin thng gii ua Monza 1.000km
dnh cho xe prototype (Monza 1.000km World Sports Prototype Championship). y l chin thng u tin
dnh cho chic xe c trang b h thng PDK cng hp s bn t ng vi nt bm chuyn s. Audi cng lm
nn lch s nm 1985 khi chic Sport Quatro S1 Rally c trang b hp s vi ly hp kp, chin thng,
chinh phc ngn Pikes Peak trong mt cuc ua ln nh ni cao n 4.300m ny
Tuy nhin, vic sn xut thng mi hp s vi ly hp kp khng c tin hnh cho n khi VW l ngi tin
phong trong vic sn xut i tr hp s vi ly hp kp vi s cho php ca cng ty BorgWarners DualTronic.
Hin nay, nhng chic xe c trang b cng ngh DCT ch c bn ti chu u bao gm: Beatle, Golf,
Touran v Jetta ca Volkswagen; TT v A3 ca Audi; Altea, Toledo, Leon ca Seat v Skoda Octavia.
Ford l i gia th hai ng dng sn xut cng ngh ly hp kp, vi s lin kt ca Ford chu u v nh sn
xut m Ford gp 50% vn trong lin doanh GETRAG-Ford. y chnh l h thng m Ford gi l Powershift
System, mt hp s 6 tc vi h thng ly hp kp xut hin ln u ti trin lm t Quc t Frankfurt 2005.
Vi s pht trin nhanh nh th, nhiu ngi t ra cu hi: liu trong tng lai, DCT c loi b loi hp s
t ng v cp CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission) khng?
DCT: i th trc tip ca CVT
C th ni DCT chnh l i th cnh tranh trc tip vi hp s CVT. C hai u gip xe tit kim nhin liu v
gim chi ph sn xut hn so vi hp s t ng truyn thng. Tuy nhin, khi so snh v chc nng v kt cu,
CVT li l r nhng hn ch. M c th l CVT s dng ai truyn m-men v to ra cc cp s, v th trong
qu trnh hot ng d xy ra s trt ai gy tn tht ng k n hiu sut truyn lc, trong khi hp s ly
hp kp vn s dng cc bnh rng xon nh hp s tay thay i t s truyn v m-men. Vi cu to ,
DCT kt hp c u im ca c hai hp s hin rt ph bin trn nhiu dng xe: hp s t ng v hp s
tay.
Cu to v ci tin mi
Tuy gi l hp s ly hp kp nhng DCT li khng c bn p ly hp ngi li s dng mi khi chuyn s.
B i ly hp y thuc loi ly hp ma st t, ngha l cc a ma st c ngm trong du v s tch, ni
ca n c iu khin bng c cu chp hnh: thu lc-in t. Hai ly hp ny hot ng hon ton c lp
vi nhau, mt iu khin cc bnh rng cp s l (1, 3, 5 v bnh rng gi s li), trong khi ly hp cn li c
nhim v iu khin bnh rng gi s chn (2, 4 v s li). Vi kt cu nh vy, khi qu trnh tng s (1 - 2 -

13

ng c t trong
3) hoc gim s (5 - 4) din ra s khng b mt mt cng sut. ng thi, vic gi cc s truyn thc hin
mt cch t ng tu thuc vo ch hot ng ca ng c v sc cn ca mt ng (nu ngi li chn
ch t ng hon ton). V vy n lun m bo c lc ko ph hp vi sc cn chuyn ng, bo m
c cht lng ng lc hc v tnh kinh t nhin liu ca t.

Kt cu ca hp s DCT

Cc k hiu: 1: Bnh rng xon n khp vi b vi sai; 2: bnh rng thuc b vi sai; 3: trc s cp s1; 4: trc
khuu ng c; 5: trc s cp s 2; 6: Ly hp 2; 7: Ly hp 1; 8: bnh rng xon n khp vi b vi sai; 9: bnh
rng n khp vi b ng tc; BR: Cp bnh rng s
Kt cu ca b ly hp ma st t: Ging nh bin m thu lc, b ly hp ma st t s dng du to p
sut iu khin cc bnh rng. V s ni ngt ca ly hp thng qua cc pit-tng v l xo hi v. iu khin ly
hp ny bng c cu in t v thu lc, ging nh qu trnh iu khin ca hp s t ng.
Kt cu c bit ca DCT chnh l h trc trung tm gm hai trc ng trc lng nhau. Trc th nht (mu ):
mt u (bn tri) lin kt vi ly hp th nht (mu ) bng then hoa, trn thn trc bao gm 3 bnh rng c
kch thc khc nhau n khp vi cc bnh rng trn trc th cp th nht, to ra cc cp s: 1, 3, 5. Trc cn
li (mu xanh), mt u lp vi ly hp th 2 (mu xanh), trn thn trc gm 2 bnh rng n khp vi 2 bnh
rng trn trc th cp th hai to ra 2 cp s 2, 4 v thm mt s li.
Cu to c bit ca h trc trung tm v b i ly hp cho php qu trnh chuyn s nhanh hn v m hn
hp s tay truyn thng. Ti sao vy? Chng ta hy cng hnh dung li thao tc sang s ca hp s tay: Khi
ngi iu khin mun chuyn s, u tin cn phi gim ga sau tc ng vo bn p ly hp ngt ly
hp, do vy m-men ng c khng truyn ti trc s cp ca hp s v ngi li thc hin vic chuyn s.
Tip , ngi li nh bn p v ly hp c ni li ng thi cng sut ng c truyn ti hp s. M-men
c phn b theo trng thi: ON-OFF-ON trong sut qu trnh chuyn s. Nh vy, m du ca xe khi sang
s ph thuc rt nhiu vo k nng ca ngi iu khin. Khong thi gian OFF cng b th xe bt b rung, git
v gim thiu tn hao cng sut my. Tuy nhin, DCT hon ton c th khc phc c im yu trn ca hp
s tay nh vo s hot ng c lp ca hai ly hp. Qu trnh chuyn s nh sau: gi s thi im hin ti,
xe ang di chuyn s 1, lc ny ly hp 1 ng (mu ), ly hp 2 (mu xanh) m, khi dng cng sut
c t ng c qua ly hp 1, qua trc v b ng tc ti trc s cp v ti b vi sai (xem hnh v). Xe tip tc
gia tng tc , my tnh s tm kim v tr s k tip, v bnh rng s 2 c chn. Khi ngi iu khin
chuyn s, ngay lp tc ly hp 1 s c ngt, ng thi ly hp 2 ng, v dng cng sut s vn tip tc
truyn t ng c ti trc th cp v dn ng b vi sai. Nh vy, thi gian chuyn t s 1 ln 2 rt b, do vy
dng m-men gn nh khng b ngt qung. Cng theo nguyn l , khi ngi li gim s chu trnh s din ra
ngc li. Ton b qu trnh chuyn s s c my tnh kim sot v ra lnh cho c cu chp hnh chn
bnh rng v ng hoc ngt tng ly hp. Nu ngi li chn ch t ng hon ton hoc ch iu
khin s tay: ch t ng th b i ly hp hot ng nh mt bin m thu lc ca hp s t ng truyn
thng, cn nu s dng ch s tay, ngi li cng khng phi mt thm thao tc dng chn tri iu
hnh bn p ly hp.
Khi iu khin: Da vo thng tin t cc cm bin: cm bin v tr s, cm bin tc xe, cm bin v tr bm ga, cm
bin tc ng c a v, my tnh s ra lnh iu khin thng qua c cu chp hnh.

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ng c t trong
C cu chp hnh: Trong DCT van iu khin in t ng vai tr l c cu chp hnh, thc hin vic ng
m cc ng du. Van iu khin t bao gm li thp t, cun dy.

Hnh ct hp s DCT

So snh vi hp s tay v hp s t ng truyn thng

Vi hp s tay: hai xe u c ng c cng cng sut th xe s dng hp s DCT cn t thi gian hn hn so
vi hp s tay t c cng 1 vn tc. V ti mi im chuyn s, khong thi gian OFF gn nh bng )
Vi hp s t ng: So vi hp s t ng truyn thng (s dng bin m-men thu lc v c cu bnh rng
hnh tinh) th DCT c cu to n gin, gn nh hn rt nhiu. Tuy v ng cp vn khng th snh ni vi n,
nhng s rt hp l lp trn nhng xe hng trung, va gip gim chi ph sn xut xe va to ra s nhn nh
cho ngi iu khin khi s dng ch t ng v cng to phn khch cho nhng dn m tc ch t
thay i cp s. Vi gi nhin liu ang bin i theo xu hng ngy mt tng, chng ta hy ch xem s thi
thc ca vic tit kim nhin liu s a DCT i n u v ph bin n mc no. Tuy vy DCT vn cn bc
l mt hn ch: do s dng ly hp ma st t nn kh c th truyn ti c lng m-men ln. V vy, hp
s DCT ch c lp trn dng xe du lch nh: Volkswagen Beatle, Audi TT Hin Audi ang l nh sn xut xe
hi s dng DCT nhiu nht cho cc model 2006 A3 V6 3.2, TT 3.2 Quatro, vi tn gi l Direct Shift Gears
(DSG

Hp s 8 tc - Hiu qu hn, mnh m hn

s dng nhin liu hiu qu hn v mnh m hn, hng chuyn sn xut c cu truyn ng ca
c, ZF gii thiu hp s 8 tc mi vi mt con s tit kim nhin liu n tng.
ZF thit k mt th h mi hp s t ng 8 cp cho xe khch, kt hp vi nhng mc tiu c v nh rt
mu thun l tng kh nng vn hnh v tit kim nhin liu. Ra mt ln u tin ti Hi ngh chuyn v t
quc t Vienna ln th 28, hp s 8 tc cho php tit kim nhin liu 6% so vi hp s 6 tc tn tin nht
ca hng. iu t c bi ZF a ra mt khi nim truyn ng mi bao gm 4 b bnh rng hnh
tinh v 5 c cu chuyn s. Hp s t ng truyn c nhiu cng sut hn so vi cc model trc ,
nhng vn ch c kch thc tng t v khng cn thm cc chi tit thm khc lp t. Hp s mi cn
c thit k c th hybrid ha cho c kiu micro hybrid vi my pht in khi ng gn vi trc khuu
hay kiu hybrid song song hon ton.

15

ng c t trong

Nn tng ca th h hp s 8 cp t ng mi l phng php truyn ng

mi gm 4 b bnh rng hnh tinh v 5 c cu chuyn s

Tit kim nhin liu

Hp s t ng a t s truyn mi ca ZF cho php tit kim nhin liu 6%. l mt gi tr tuyt vi so vi
th h th hai ca hp s 6 cp i vo sn xut i tr trong nm 2006 vi s lng ng k. so snh r
rng hn: Ta so snh vi cc hp s 5 cp vn c s dng rng ri ngy nay th lng nhin liu m hp s
8 cp c th tit kim cho bn ln n 14% - mt con s qu n tng.
C hai s cch tn l nhn t chnh cho nhng con s n tng v tit kim nhin liu. So vi hp s 6 cp,
nn tng ca th h hp s mi l 4 b bnh rng hnh tinh v 5 c cu chuyn s. Ch c 2 c cu chuyn s
c m ti mi bnh rng s lm gim tn tht do trt ng k. Bn cnh vic tng hiu sut, phng php
truyn ng mi cn c tng t s truyn cao hn. H thng chng dao ng xon tin tin trong b bin m
cn c nh hng tch cc n tiu hao nhin liu v pht thi CO2. H thng cn cho php kha nhanh ly hp
kha bin m nh th h th hai ca hp s 6 cp. Thm na, ZF cn s dng mt bm cnh gt c gn
song song vi trc.

Chuyn s: Di truyn ng ln hn v hiu sut cao hn cho php hp s mi tit kim nhin liu 6% so vi th h trc.

S kt hp linh hot
Mt trng tm trong khc pht trin hp s ca ZF l tng kh nng vn hnh. T s cng sut trn trng lng
ca hp s mi cao hn v c th truyn c m men xon cao hn vi cng mt trng lng nhng cng

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ng c t trong
ch cn mt khng gian lp t tng t so vi cc model trc y ca ZF. V mt chuyn s m du, tc
p ng v chuyn s, hp s 8 tc cho cho thy s vt tri ca mnh so vi cc th h trc.
Nhng la chn m hp hp s 8 tc cho cng ngh dn ng trn xe khch em li rt ph hp vi xu th
ca thi i. Hp s mi c thit k nh mt m un cho nhng bc khi u xa hn v nhng khi
nim 4 cu ch ng ton thi gian m khng cn thay i phng php dn ng hin ti. Theo , mt bin
m c th c thay th bng mt ly hp mi hoc c th b qua hon ton khi tch hp vi mt ly hp khi
ng. Cc k s thit k cn ch n s tng thch ca hp s mi vi phng php truyn ng 4 cu ch
ng ton thi gian ca ZF.
hybrid ha h dn ng, hp s cho php dn ng c h thng micro hybrid v hybrid song song. Tt c
kh nng hybrid, v th, u c th thc hin c khi kt hp vi hp s 8 cp t ng mi.
c bit, hp s ny s xut hin u tin trn BMW 7-series 2009, mc d ZF tuyn b n nm 2010 hng
mi gii thiu hp s mang tn 8HP ny. Ngoi ra, Audi ca Volkswagen, cc mc xe hng sang thuc nhm
PAG ca Ford nh Jaguar, Volvo hay Land Rover cng c nh trang b 8HP cho cc xe SUV hng sang c
ln.
Hin Lexus ca Toyota l mc xe duy nht c trang b hp s 8 cp cho cc mu LS460 v IS-F.

So snh gia 2 loi ng c

Hin nay, lng xe 4 k trn th trng tiu th mnh hn nhiu xe 2 k. Ngi tiu dng cho rng xe
2 k chy hao xng hn v my khng bn nh 4 k, ch c thanh nin mi "chi" loi xe ny.
Cu to ng c 4 k phc tp hn nhiu ng c 2 k, ng c 4 k phi dng c cu sp-pp (ging
nh nt chai) ng m ha kh v thot kh chy. S ng m ca sp-pp lin quan n nhiu b
phn khc trong my nh sn cam, cam, ct cam, c m. Trong qu trnh hot ng, cc c phn ny
va p, mi mn nhit cao. Do vic to nhit phi c c bit ch trng.
ng c 2 k, vic ht v thot kh chy nh vo pt-tng v cc l ht, l thot nm ngay ti xilanh
my. C cu ng c n gin hn. Vic sa cha xe 2 k cng n gin hn. Tuy nhin nu c s
dng lu ngy, pt-tng, bc b lng, th mt phn ha kh b tht thot qua khe h gia pt-tng v
xilanh. iu ny lm xe b hao xng hn so vi ng c 4 k cng tnh trng.
ng c 2 k c hnh trnh my ngn hn nn xe bc hn nhng cng chnh v vy m cc linh kin
ng c phi chu nhiu lc hn, khin tui th khng th cao bng xe 4 k. Hn na, lc ht nhin
liu ng c 2 k ph thuc trc tip vo lc nn ca pt-tng, nn vi nhng xe b do thng l
rt kh n, nht l vo bui sng.
Tuy nhin bn ca xe cn ty thuc vo ngi s dng. xe 4 k, chy khong 1.500 km, nn thay
nht v nn dng nht c cp cht lng API SE hoc SF, SG.
Vi xe 2 k, phi pha nht vi xng ng liu lng, khong 4-5% vic bi trn dn u ca my
c tt. Pha nht qu t, vic tn nhit v bi trn my km. Pha nhiu qu, vic t chy hn hp
kh khng tt, cng lm nh hng n hot ng ca my. Mt s loi xe 2 k i mi c ch t
pha du bng bm, tuy nhin cn cnh gic vi loi bm ny v bm hng ng ngha vi vic ph tan
lun ng c. Hn na khng nn p ga, cn qu mnh bi iu ny lm cc linh kin phi chu lc
qu ln khin chng b mn nhanh. Khi khng chun, ng c 2 k do rt nhanh.

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ng c t trong
ng c 4 k chy m hn, bn hn nhng cng cn n ch du bi nu nht km s lm
linh kin nhanh mn v do cu to phc tp nn vic sa cha cng rt kh khn.
Khng bit tng lai ca em ny ra
sao, hay cng km ph dng nh
ng c Wankel trc y, nhng
theo li gii thiu ca Hng ch to
ra n th tht l n tng, c th ph
hp s dng cho rt nhiu lai
nhin liu: xng, diesel, kh nn, kh
ha lng, v c bit l hydro, ci

nhin liu sau cng ny chnh l mc tiu ca Pivotal. Lai

ng c ny c bit chnh l ch piston khng chuyn
ng tnh tin m l chuyn ng quay quanh mt cht
(xem hnh s r), cng chnh v th m n t b rung lc hn
so vi ng c thng thng. Mt im ni bt ca lai
ng c ny chnh l t s cng sut/trng lng, cao hn
rt nhiu so vi cc lai ng c hin ti. Pivotal kt
hp vi
vin cng ngh Mace (ch bit ci vin ny l vin
no) ch to ng c th nghim u tin, lai
2.1 lt, bn bung t (v lai ny khng th gi l
xy-lanh c), nhin liu s dng l xng. Kt qu
l cho ra cng sut 170 KW, trong khi ng c ch
nng 65 kg, c ngha l t s cng sut/trng lng
khang chng 2,6 KW/Kg (qu n tng!!!!!). Nu
c ch to s dng nhin liu hydro, t s ny
c th l 1,8 Kw/Kg, vn cn rt xut sc, khi so
snh vi lai ng c xng np thng thng
(khng tng p) tt nht hin nay l V10 ca BMW
vi t s 1,55 KW/Kg.
Vi nhng u im , lai ng c ny t c gii thng ca hi k s t quc t (AEI)

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