3.10 Implicit & Logarithmie Differentiation Contemporary Caleulus 3.10 IMPLICIT and LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION ‘This short section presents two final differentiation techniques. These two techniques are more specialized than the ones we have already seen and they are used on a smaller class of functions. For some functions, however, one of these may be the only method that Works. The idea of each method is straightforward, but ‘actually using each of them requires that you proceed carefully and practice. Implicit Differentiation In our work up until now, the functions we needed to differentiate were cither given explicitly, such as x2 + sin(x) , oF it was possible to get an explicit formula for them, such as solving y= to 3 yiax2=5 to get y= VS=3x2 . Sometimes, however, we will have an equation relating x and y hich is either difficult or impossible to solve explicitly for y ,such as y+ 2y=sin(x) #4 or y+sinly) =x? =x. In any case, we can still find y'=£'(X) by using implicit differentiation, ‘The key idea behind impli explicitly solve for y. This assumption does not require any work, but we need to be very careful to treat y ferentiation is to assume that y is a function of x even if we cannot ‘sa function when we differentiate and to use the Chain Rule or the Power Rule for Functions. Example 1: Assume that y is function of x . 3), w dose 5 ’ Calculate @) D(y?), (0) ECV) and (@) (sinty)) Solution: (@) We need the Power Rule for Functions sinee y isa function of x: DEy*) = 3y? DL) =3y7 9" (©) We nood to use the produet rule and the Chain Rule: 4 a 4 4 BOP?) 2 gO?) ty? 08) 28 age yet ‘ eae'yih sony? (©) Wejust ned to know tat D sine) = cost) and then use the Chain Rue (sin y ))' cost y+" Practice 1: Assume that y is function of x. Calculate (a) D(x?+y2) and ¢b) #e¢sin(2+3y)) Example 2: Find the slope of the tangent ine to the circle x? + y” Sat the point (3,4) with and ‘without implicit differentiation. (©). © wspcrc 43.10 Implicit & Logarithmic Differentiation Contemporary Caleulus Solution: Explicitly: We can solve the equation of the circle for y= 4 25—%7 or y=-V25— Since the point (3,4) is on the top half of the circle (Fig. 1), y=+V 25x? and Doy)= DEV 25—< ) =} (25-92)! DE 25-7) = Replacing x with 3, wehave Implicitly: We differentiate each side of the equation x2 + y?=25 and then solve for y" D(x? +y) = D(25) so 2x +2yy"=0. 2x Solving for y',we have y! =— 3” =— wy ,and, at the point (3.4), Fig | 3/4, the same answer we found explicitly Practice 2: Find the slope of the tangent line to y* — 3x7 = 15 atthe point (2,3) with and without itmplicit differentiation In the previous example and practice problem, it was easy to explicitly solve for y , and then we could differentiate y to got y'. Because we could explicitly solve for y , we had a choice of methods for calculating y', Sometimes, however, we can not explicitly solve for y , and the only way of determining yy" is implicit differentiation Example 3: Determine y" at (0,2) for y* sina) +8 Solution: Assuming that y is 8 function of x and differentiating cach side of the equation, we get D(y?+2y ) =D(sin(x) +8) so 2yy'+2y"=cos(x) and (2y+2)y" = cos(x), £0808) 1» -£9st0) Then y' =e py so, atthe point (02), y' = WET = V6 Practice 3: Determine y" at (1,0) for y+ siny)= x3 —x In practice, the equations may be rather complicated, but if you proceed carefully and step-by-step implicit differentiation isnot difficult. Just remember that y must be treated as a function so every time ‘you differentiate a term containing a y you should get something which has a y' . ‘The algebra needed to solve for yis always easy — if you differentiated correctly the resulting equation will bea linear equation in the variable’ WSBCTC3.10. Implicit & Logarithmic Differentiation Contemporary Calculus Example 4: Find the equation of the tangent line L. to the "tltes' parabola in Fig. 1 at the point a2). Solution: ‘The line goes through the point (1, 2) so we need to find the slope there. Differentiating each side of the equation, we get 29+! +¥-Ts+2-0 D(x2 + 2xy +y? + 3x-Ty +2)=D(O) so 2x 2xy'+2y 42yy!43—7y'=0 and (x4 2y-Ty'=-2x-2y-3 Fo a eae Solving for y', y nally, the equation of the line is y~2=9(x—1) so y=9x~7, Practice 4: Find the points where the graph in Fig. 2 crosses the y-axis, and find the slopes of the tangent lines at those points Implicit diferentiation is an alternate method for differentiating equations which can be solved explicitly for the function we want, and itis the only method for finding the derivative of a function which we cannot describe explicitly. Logarithmic Differentiation Inston 25 we saw that DCG) ))= “TE}» Hewesimply mop cach ke by £0), we have £ (x) = £6) “D(In( f(x) )) . When the logarithm of a function is simpler than the function itself, itis often easier to differentiate the logarithm of £ than to differentiate f itself. ‘The derivative of f is f times the derivative ofthe natural logarithm of f, Usually itis easiest to proceed inthree steps: _ealeulate In(F(x)) and simplify, (i) caleutate D(1n¢ #9 )) and simplify, and i) multiply the result instep (il) by f(x). ?, and a Yhard” one, Let's examine what happens when we use this process on an "easy" function, f(x) 1(x) =2%. Certainly we don't need to use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of f(x) = x? , but sometimes it i instructive o try a new algorithm on a familiar function, Logarithmic differentiation is the ‘the derivative of f(x) =2* easiest way to: @ wsBcrc ri 33.10 Implicit & Logarithmic Differentiation Contemporary Caleulus 9) fo =2" @ Incteg)= n(x) (@__In(f9) )=In¢2*) =x INQ) (PCa ())) =D(2In¢@)) = 2 Gi) DCIn( f(x) )) = Dx n(2)) = In Gi) £6) = f0)-DEIn( a) )) 2-2 = ae Gil) £'() = £00) D(In( £0) )) Example S: Use the patter £ (x) = (4) ‘D(In( x) )) to find the derivative of f(x) = (@x+7) Solution: () — In( (x) )= In (3x+7)>sin(2x) ) = Sn@x#7) + In{ sin(2x) ) so 3 2eos2n (i) Da 4(9))) = D{SaSx+7) + nl sina))) = SFT + ASR 1s deos(e Then (ii) £%x)=fyD(in())) = Gxe7)sinan (gy + ASE ) = 19 Gx47)4 sin2x) +2 Gx47)* s(x), the same result we would obtain using the product rule, Practice 5: Use | ore fi os ox) a2) oat rractice 5: Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of s(x) = (2x+1)° «x?—4)" x47) ‘We could have differentiated the functions in the example and practice problem without logarithm differentiation, There are, however, functions for which logarithmic differentiation is the only method we ‘can use. We know how to differentiate x to a constant power, B(x") =a +x"! and a constant to the variable power, D(c* ) = c* «n(c), but the function f(x) =x* has both a variable base and a variable power so neither differentiation rule applies to x*. We need to use logarithmic differentiation, Example 6: Find D(x*) («> 0). Solution: (La f(x) =In¢x* y= xIn(x) 1 Gi) DAN £6) }) = Ex AmEx) ) = x DUIn( x) ) + Infx) DEx) =x Cy )+lnGa) (1) = 1 + Int. Then (iii) D(x*) =£'(x) = fx) D(In( f(x) )) = x*-(1 + In(x) ) Practice: Find DEX") (>) Logarithmic differentiation is an alternate method for differentiating some functions such as products and quotients, and itis the only method we've seen for differentiating some other functions such as variable bases to variable exponents WSBCTC3.10 Implicit & Logarithmic Differensiation Contemporary Calculus PROBLEMS In problems 1-10 find dy/dx in two ways: (a) by differentiating implicitly and (b) by explicitly solving for y and then differentiating. Then find the value of dy/dx at the given point using your results| from both the implicit and the explicit differentiation, 1. x24y?= 100, point (6,8) 2. x7 45y?=45, point (5,2) 3. x7-3xy47y=5 , point (2,1) 4. VK + V¥ =5 , point 49) xiv 5. 5 +t5 = 1, poim 4) 6. 1. point (3.0) 7. Inly)+3x-7=0 , point 2e) 8. 16 , point (53) 16, point (5,~3) +78 -3x=8 , point (1.2) 11, Find the slopes of the lines tangent tothe graph in Fig.3 at the points (3,1), (.3),and (4.2) 12, Find the slopes of the lines tangent tothe graph in Fig. 3 where the graph erosses the y-axis. 13, Find the slopes of the lines tangent to the graph in Fig. 4 a the points (5,0), (5,6), and 43). 14, Find the slopes of the lines tangent to the graph where the graph crosses the y-axis. In problems 15-22, find dy/dx using implicit differentiation and then find the slope of the line tangent to the graph of ‘equation atthe given point. Sy=5x7+7 , point (1.3) 16. y?=Say 4x2 421 = 0, point 2.5) 17, yPesin(y)=2x-6 , point (30) 18. y+2ry?=4x+7 , point GD) 19, & +sin(y) =x?—3, point 20) 20. (x7 +y? +? 4x? =81, point (0,2N3 > 21,23 + P= 5, point (8,1) 22. xt eostay)=y +3, point (29) WSBCTC3.10. Implicit & Logarithmic Disferentiation Contemporary Calculus 23, Find the slope of the line tangent tothe ellipse in Fig. $ at the point (1,2). 24, Find the slopes of the tangent lines at the points where the ellipse in Fig. $ crosses the y-axis. 25, Find y' for y=Ax?+Bx+C and for x= Ay? + By +C Fie 5 26, Find y! for y=Ax*+B and for x=Ay?+B. 27, Find y for Ax? + Bry + Cy? + Dx + Ey + (69) 28, In chapter 1 we assumed that the tangent line toa circle at a point was perpendicular to the radial line through the point and the center ofthe circle Use implicit differentiation to prove that the line tangent to the cirele . ayy ? (Fig. 6) at (x.y) is perpendicular tothe line through (0,0) and (xy), Fis. 6 29, Find the coordinates of point A where the tangent line to the ellipse in Fig. 5 is horizontal 30, Find the coordinates of point B_where the tangent line to the ellipse in Fig. $ is vertical, 31, Find the coordinates of points © and Don the ellipse in Fig. 5 In problems 3240 find dy/dx in two ways: (a) by using the “usual” differentiation patterns and (b) by using logarithmic differentiation 32. y=x-sin(x) siyewesteept ou y= SBD 35. y= Sax +2) 36. y= 37. y= in) 38, y= cos/(2x-+5) 9, yoVo5— ee Inproblems 41.~ 46, use logarithmic dtferemiation to find dyidx at, ye 808) 42. y= (costx))® 43. ye! oc 2)7 six) ay ae 45, y= B+ sins) )® so (Qx+3)3.10 Implicit & Logarithmie Differentiation Contemporary Caleulus In problems 47 — 50, use the valu in each table to calculate the values of the derivative in the last column. 47, Use Table 1 48, Use Table 2 49. Use Table 3 50. Use Table 4 Table 1 Table 2 to facies | panei y) | re fin eoa | Doneeay) | 2 1 1 0 12 o | sf] is 06 9 | 22 18 1] to] 23 07 3 | 64 | 42 24 2 | 2 | 30 08 Table3 Tabled x | foo finer | ome tea yy | F69 x_| ox finegoa | peinceoay) | 9 rf sf is =I 2 fia] 03 12 2] 2] 07 ° 3 33 | 12 06 3} 7] 19 2 7 1136 | 26 02 Problems $1 5S illustrate how logarithmic differentiation can be used to verify some differentiation patterns we already know (51 and 52) and to derive some new patterns (53-53). Assume that all of the functions are differentiable and that the function combinations are defined. 51. Use logarithmic differentiation on f'g to rederive the product ule: D(fg)=fg'+ gt 52. Use logarithmic differentiation on fg to rederive the quotient rule: D( fig) = e logarithmic differentiation on fg to derive a product rule for three functions: D( Fg’ ) 53, Us 54, Use logarithmic differentiation on the exponential function a® to determine its derivative: D(a) 55. Use logarithmic differentiation to determine @ pattern for the derivative of £8; D(£®) Section 3.10 PRACTICE Answers Practice 1: D(x? +y")= 2x4 2yy" 4 Fe (sin@+3y) ) = cos(2 + 3y}D(2 + 3y) = cos(2 + 3y)Sy! 2, 1 « Practice 2: Explicitly: y= (x? +15)! so y +15) 78.p(ax? +15) = 7x? +15) 7468) Wn Gatetsy Been e4cr =} @3).y Implicidly: D(y>—3x7)=D(15) so 3y?y'—6x=0 and yo 20) 4 When (xy) = (2.3), 2A). Y= Gs WSBCTC3.10. Implicit & Logarithmic Disferentiation Contemporary Calculus Practice 3: y + sin(y D(y+ sing) =D(x? =x) differentiating each side y'tcosty)y! = 3x71 ¥(1 + costy) ) = 3x71 371 T+ cost) Then when (xy) =(1,0), 9" T+ costo) Practice 4: To find where the parabola crosses the y-axis, we can set x =0 and solve for the values of y Replacing x with 0 in x? + 2xy +y?+3x- Ty +2 r+ Vem =4@) _ 14 Vi ye 2 =r ,wehave y? —Ty+2=00 0.3 and 6:7 . The parabola crosses the y-axis approximately atthe points (0,0.3) and (0,6.7) From Example 4, we know that y x Dy 0-06-3 atthe point (0,0.3), the slope is approximately $FGGLT ~ 056, and 0- 134-3 atthe point (0, 6.7), the slope is approximately GETSFST ~-2.56 Practice 5: £'(x) = f(2)D(In(#(%))) and f(x) = 2x +0 Gx?—4)" w+ 7* (In) ) = 34x +1) + Tnx? —4) + hinGR +7), 3 1 4 Gi) Us) = ETO +5I GO + STU) iy Pe =A-DLIMAD)) = Bre WP Oa aeMld BEF + BEL Practice 6: £'(3) =f{x)D(In¢f(9))) and £3) = x8) 50 Any) = Ing xP) = singxy-nG x) (i) DCIa¢f4x) )) = D(singx)la( x) ) = sin(x)-D(An(x) ) + In(x-D( sings) ) = sin(x)~ + In(x)eos(x) singe 1 Gi) £1) =FDLAnCA))) = BOL singe + IMCxyeosce) } WSBCTC