Mt s v d v cc phn t v h thng t ng

Mt s v d v cc phn t
v h thng t ng
Bi:
Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn

Mt s v d v cc phn t v h thng t ng
Cc phn t t ng
Nh cp , mt HTK gm cc phn t c bn sau:
* Phn t cm bin, thit b o lng
* i tng hay qu trnh iu khin
* Thit b iu khin, cc b iu khin th ng v tch cc
Cc loi cm bin, thit b o lng
Bin tr tuyn tnh, bin tr gc quay dng chuyn i s dch chuyn thnh in
p. Ngoi ra cn c th chuyn i kiu in cm v in dung... Nguyn tc chung
o cc i lng khng in nh nhit , quang thng, lc, ng sut, kch thc, di
chuyn, tc ... bng phng php in l bin i chng thnh tn hiu in. Cu trc
thit b o gm ba thnh phn: b phn chuyn i hay cm bin, c cu o in v cc
s mch trung gian hay mch gia cng tn hiu v d nh mch khuch i, chnh
lu, n nh. Cm bin xenxin lm phn t o lng trong cc h bm st gc quay,
truyn ch th gc quay c ly xa m khng thc hin c bng c kh. Bin p xoay
hay cn gi l bin p quay dng bin i in p ca cun s cp hoc gc quay
ca cun s cp thnh tn hiu ra tng ng vi chng. Bin p xoay sin, cos o gc
quay ca rto, trn t cun s cp, thnh in p t l thun vi sin hay cos ca gc
quay . Bin p xoay tuyn tnh bin i lch gc quay ca rto thnh in p t l
tuyn tnh. Con quay 3 bc t do v con quay 2 bc t do c s dng lm cc b cm
bin o sai lch gc v o tc gc tuyt i trong cc h thng n nh ng ngm
ca cc dng c quan st v ngm bn.

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Mt s v d v cc phn t v h thng t ng

Cm bin tc - b m ha quang hc l a m trn c khc vch m nh sng c

th i qua c. Pha sau a m t phototransistor chu tc dng ca mt ngun sng.
ng c v a m c gn ng trc, khi quay nh sng chiu n phototransistor lc
b ngn li, lc khng b ngn li lm cho tn hiu cc colecto l mt chui xung. Trn
a m c khc hai vng vch, ngoi A trong B c cng s vch, nhng lch 90o (vch
A trc B l 90o) . Nu a m quay theo chiu kim ng h th chui xung B s nhanh
hn chui xung A l 1/2 chu k v ngc li.
Thit b o tc nh DC Tachometer, AC Tachometer, Optical Tachometer. Cm bin
nhit nh Pt 56?, Pt 100?, Thermocouple...
i tng iu khin
i tng iu khin c th l thit b k thut, dy chuyn sn xut, qui trnh cng
ngh... l mc tiu iu khin ca con ngi trong cc lnh vc khc nhau.
Cc phn t chp hnh thng dng trong KT l cc loi ng c bc, ng c DC,
servomotor, ng c AC, ng c thy lc kh nn... ng c bc c dng nh
v chnh xc do c cu trc rto v stato kh c bit. Rto thng thng l cc nam
chm vnh cu c cnh c x rnh rng ca sut chu vi ca rto, tp trung ng
sc t ti cc mi rng. Tng t, stato c ch to thng dng c bn bi dy qun
xen k theo cc t cc. Khi c dng in chy qua mt cun dy stato, rto s quay mt
gc n v tr cn bng t thng l giao im ca hai rng stato v rto. Thay i th
t cc cun dy 1, 2, 3, 4 rto s lch mt gc l 90o. C ba cch iu khin ng c
bc: iu khin hnh trnh nng lng thp, iu khin thng, iu khin 1/2 bc.
V cun dy stato c in tr thun rt nh khong 0,2? do vy thng iu khin bng
cc ngun dng thng dng nht l transistor, Fet....
Mt loi o lng iu khin khc cng thng gp trong cng nghip l h thng nhit,
v d nh l nung trong dy chuyn sn xut gch men, l sy trong dy chuyn ch
bin thc phm, h thng lm lnh trong cc dy chuyn ch bin thy sn. Yu cu
iu khin i vi h thng nhit thng l iu khin n nh ha hoc iu khin theo
chng trnh. M hnh ton ca ng c DC v l nhit s c trnh by mc 2.2.2.
K thut giao tip my tnh
Thit b iu khin rt a dng, c th l mt mch RC, mch khuch i thut ton,
mch x l hay my tnh PC. Trc y cc b iu khin nh PID, sm tr pha thng
c thc hin bng cc mch ri (xem mc 2.2.2.2). Gn y do s pht trin ca l
thuyt iu khin ri rc v k thut vi x l cc b iu khin trn c thc thi
bng cc chng trnh phn mm chy trn vi x l hay my tnh. Hin nay my tnh
khng nh l thit b iu khin a nng v tin cy. Phn di y s trnh by mt s
vn lin quan n k thut giao tip my tnh.
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Mt s v d v cc phn t v h thng t ng

B chuyn i ADC v DAC

Hnh : l s Card A/D v D/A 8 bit. Trong cc ng dng cn chnh xc cao hn
c th s dng card A/D v D/A 12 bit.
Card giao tip vi my tnh
V d Card giao tip s dng IC8255 gn trn slot m rng ca Main Board my tnh
(H.1.13).
Cc loi giao thc truyn tin
RS232C serial Interface, chu ni 25 chn dng truyn d liu ni tip vi tc nh
hn 20.000 bits/second (nm 1969). Khong 1975 n 1977 p dng RS-422, RS-423,
RS-449. RS-449 chu ni 37 chn, tc truyn c th nhanh gp nm ln so vi
RS-232C.
Vo nm 1970-1975 pht trin Bus d liu song song vi IEEE-488.
Nm 1978 - IEEE - 583 c slots cho 25 moduls, ni trc tip vi Bus I/O ca my tnh,
ni song song ti 7 CRATES.

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Mt s v d v cc phn t v h thng t ng

Card AD v DA 8 bit

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Mt s v d v cc phn t v h thng t ng

Card xut nhp

Cc ng dng ca h thng iu khin t ng

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Mt s v d v cc phn t v h thng t ng

minh ha mt h thng iu khin mc cht lng trong b.

Tc dng chy ng ra qua van V1 l bin i, h thng c th duy tr mc cht lng h
= const vi sai s cho php kh chnh xc. Nu mc cht lng trong b khng ng, mt
in p sai lch c to ra qua khuch i a vo b iu khin ng c iu chnh
van V2 khi phc li mc cht lng mong mun bng cch iu chnh tc dng
chy ng vo.
Trong trng hp dng chy vo c tc hng s, phao c hai cp tip im thng
ng, thng m iu khin ng m ng c in AC. trnh ng c b ng
ngt khng dt khot, to hai mc tng ng vng tr Trigger Schmidt h.

H thng iu khin t ng mc cht lng trong b

minh ha mt h thng nh v dng cho b phng tn la.

H thng hi tip ny c thit k nh v b phng kh chnh xc da trn cc lnh t
bin tr R1 l tn hiu vo c t xa h thng. Bin tr R2 cho tn hiu hi tip tr
v b khuch i vi sai, hot ng nh mt b pht hin sai lch. Nu c sai lch, c
khuch i a n ng c, iu chnh v tr trc ng ra tng ng vi v tr trc ng
vo v sai lch bng 0.

Mt h thng t ng nh v tr dng cho

b phng tn la

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Mt s v d v cc phn t v h thng t ng

Robot l mt lnh vc rt quan trng trong ng dng cc HTK.

Vo thp nin 1960, ngi ta bt u nhn ra Robot l mt cng c quan trng tr
gip cng vic ch to, t cc ng dng ca chng trong nhiu h thng ch to khc
nhau c pht trin nhanh chng. L thuyt iu khin t ng, nguyn tc iu
khin thch nghi, cc hm Lyapunov c p dng c c Robot c ng theo
mun hay lc cn thit. Lnh vc ca Robotics cng ty thuc vo cch s dng cc
cm bin quan st v cc my tnh lp trnh cho Robot hon thnh cng vic theo yu
cu.
Robot c sng to ra thc hin nhiu cng vic khc nhau, lm cu ni gia cc
lnh vc ch to, cc nhim v vn chuyn khng gian v chm sc y t. ng dng ch
yu ca Robot l t ng ha qu trnh sn xut. Robot c s dng trong dy chuyn
sn xut xe hi, l mt thnh phn trong tu con thoi khng gian ca NASA, l bn gip
vic cho con ngi Robot tr gip trong cc bnh vin, thc hin cc cng vic ca y
t chm sc bnh nhn. Cc Robot ny s dng cc cm bin quan st, siu m v hng
ngoi iu khin thang my, trnh cc vt cn dc theo ng i, mang cc khay
thc n theo yu cu, ly thuc hay cc vt mu ca phng th nghim, ghi li tnh trng
sc khe ca ngi bnh, bo co cng vic qun l

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